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Safety and Efficacy of Denosumab for Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
Jean-Yves Blay1; Sant Chawla2; Leanne Seeger3; Robert Henshaw4; Edwin Choy5; Robert Grimer6; Stefano Ferrari7; Peter Reichardt8; Piotr Rutkowski9; Scott Schuetze10; David Thomas11;
Antonio Lopez Pousa12; Yi Qian13; Ira Jacobs13
1University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France; 2Sarcoma Oncology Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA; 3Musculoskeletal Radiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA;
4Georgetown University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA; 5Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; 6Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK; 7Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy; 8HELIOS Klinik Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany; 9Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; 10University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI; 11Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; 12Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; 13Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
Acknowledgements and Disclosures
• Funding for the study and assistance with presentation preparation was provided by Amgen Inc.• J. Y. Blay has received corporate-sponsored research funding from and has served as an advisory
board member for Novartis, GSK, Roche, MSD, and PharmaMar. • S. Chawla has received corporate-sponsored research funding from and has served as an
advisory board member for Amgen, Threshold, Cytrax, GlaxoSmithKline, and Berg Pharma. • R. Henshaw has received corporate-sponsored research funding from and has served as an
advisory board member for Amgen. • E. Choy has received research funding from the Liddy Shriver Sarcoma Initiative and has served
as a consultant to Amgen, Sanofi-Aventis, and Biomed Valley Discoveries. • S. Ferrari has received funding from Amgen, Molmed, PharmaMar, and Pfizer and received
support from Takeda to attend scientific meetings. • P. Reichardt has served as an advisory board member for Novartis, Pfizer, Bayer, MSD/Merck,
and as a speakers’ bureau member for Novartis, Pfizer, MSD/Merck, Amgen, and PharmaMar. • P. Rutkowski has served as an advisory board member for Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squib (BMS),
and MSD and as a speaker’s bureau member for Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, BMS, and MSD. • D. Thomas has received research support from Amgen Inc. • Y. Qian and I. Jacobs are employees of Amgen Inc. and have received Amgen stock/stock
options. • L. Seeger, R. Grimer, S. Schuetze, and A. Lopez Pousa have no relationships to disclose.
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone (GCTB)
• Locally aggressive, destructive primary bone tumor
• Causes pain and swelling and impairs mobility and function1
• No standard or approved medicinal therapy
• Surgical intervention often associated with significant morbidity2
1. Mendenhall WM, et al. Am J Clin Oncol. 2006;29:96-9. 2. Thomas DM, Skubitz KM. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21:338-344.
Denosumab in GCTB
• GCTB stromal cells, thought to be the neoplastic component of GCTB, express high levels of RANK ligand (RANKL) that stimulate the formation of RANK-positive tumor giant cells from RANK-positive osteoclast precursors.1-6
• High levels of RANKL also stimulate giant cell activation and survival and tumor-induced bone lysis.3-5
• Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL.6
• Denosumab inhibits bone destruction by preventing RANKL-mediated formation, activation, and survival of osteoclast-like giant cells.5
1. Atkins GJ, et al.. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1339-1349.2. Huang L, et al. Am J Pathol. 2000;156:761-767.3. Roux S, et al. Am J Clin Pathol. 2002;117:210-21.6
4. Lau YS et al. Hum Pathol. 2005;36:945–54.5. Branstetter DG et al. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 8(16):4415-24.6. Bekker PJ, et al. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19:1059-66.
Objectives
• To evaluate the safety profile of denosumab in patients with GCTB treated with denosumab
• To evaluate time to disease progression in patients with unsalvageable GCTB
• To evaluate the proportion of denosumab-treated patients with salvageable GCTB who do not require surgery, for whom surgery is delayed, or who are able to undergo a less morbid surgery
• This prespecified interim analysis includes all eligible patients enrolled between September 9, 2008 and March 25, 2011 (the analysis cut-off date)
• Additional results from this study are being presented in posters at CTOS:
– Results of independent imaging assessments (poster 144)
– Effects of denosumab on pain and analgesic use (poster 143)
Study Design
1 8 15 2 3 4 5
Denosumab 120 mg SC
Months 7 to N
Cohort 2: Salvageable GCTB with planned surgery
Cohort 1: Surgically unsalvageable GCTB
6
Adults or skeletally mature adolescents with GCTB
Cohort 3*: Patients who transitioned from previous denosumab GCTB study
*No loading doses on days 8 and 15 N = number of months on study
Primary Endpoint
• Safety profile of denosumab
Key Secondary Endpoints
• Cohort 1: Time to disease progression• Cohort 2: Proportion of patients without any surgery
at month 6
Results: Study Participation
Cohort 1: 170 patients
149 on study at interim analysis cutoff date
169 analyzed for efficacy * 169 analyzed for safety *
Cohort 2: 101 patients
20 Discontinued Study10 Protocol-specific
criteria1 Adverse event2 Consent withdrawn2 Disease progression5 Other
81 on study at interim analysis cutoff date
100 analyzed for efficacy † 101 analyzed for safety †
Patients Enrolled: 282
21 Discontinued Study2 Complete tumor
resection7 Adverse event1 Consent withdrawn1 Disease progression2 Requirement for
alternative therapy1 Pregnancy7 Other
*In cohort 1, 169 patients received investigational product. †In cohort 2, 101 patients received investigational product, but one cohort 2 patient was ineligible (no written informed consent) and was therefore excluded from the efficacy analysis. ‡Cohort 3 patients are included in the safety analyses but not in the efficacy analyses in this presentation.
Cohort 3: 11 patients
0 Discontinued Study
11 on study at interim analysis cutoff date
11 analyzed for efficacy ‡ 11 analyzed for safety‡
Results: Baseline Demographics and Disease Characteristics
Characteristics(All enrolled patients), n (%)
Cohort 1Surgically
UnsalvageableN = 170
Cohort 2Salvageable,
Surgery PlannedN = 101
Cohort 3Patients from
Previous StudyN = 11
Female 102 (60) 57 (56) 5 (45)Age, median (min–max) 33 (13–83) 34 (16–69) 30 (22–63)Location of target lesion
Femur, tibia, fibula, or patella/knee 14 (8) 57 (56) 1 (9)
Sacrum 42 (25) 4 (4) 2 (18)Lung 42 (25) 2 (2) 3 (27)Pelvic bone 23 (14) 12 (12) 0 (0)Humerus, radius, ulna, or metacarpus 11 (6) 17 (17) 1 (9)
Vertebrae: cervical, thoracic, or lumbar 21 (12) 3 (3) 3 (27)
Skull 7 (4) 0 (0) 0 (0)Pelvis (soft tissue only) 2 (1) 0 (0) 0 (0)Other 8 (5) 6 (6) 1 (9)
Results: GCTB Characteristics
Characteristics(All enrolled patients), n (%)
Cohort 1Surgically
UnsalvageableN = 170
Cohort 2Salvageable,
Surgery PlannedN = 101
Cohort 3Patients from
Previous StudyN = 11
GCTB disease type
Primary 48 (28) 63 (62) 2 (18)
Recurrent 122 (72) 38 (38) 9 (82)
Prior GCTB therapies
Surgery 130 (76) 44 (44) Unknown
Radiation 42 (25) 6 (6) 0 (0)
Chemo/Immunotherapy 24 (14) 2 (2) 0 (0)
IV bisphosphonates 32 (19) 10 (10) 0 (0)Oral bisphosphonates 7 (4) 1 (1) 0 (0)
• The median number of doses was 13 (range, 1-33).• The median time on study was 10 months (range, 0-29).
IV: intravenous
Disease Status (Investigator-Determined)
N1 = number of enrolled patients who were eligible and received ≥ 1 dose of denosumab and had a disease status evaluation.
Cohort 1: Surgically Unsalvageable (N1 = 159*) Cohort 2: Salvageable, Surgery Planned (N1 = 93*)
Complete response
Partial response
Stable disease
Disease progression
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
8 (5%)
57 (36%)
93 (58%)
1 (1%)
Complete response
Partial response
Stable disease
Disease progression
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
17 (18%)
37 (40%) 38 (41%)
1 (1%)
Best Response During the Assessment Period
• 6 patients (4%) in Cohort 1 experienced disease progression at some time during the assessment period; the median time to disease progression was not reached.
Clinical Benefit (Investigator-Determined)
N1 = number of enrolled patients who were eligible and received ≥ 1 dose of denosumab.
Pain reduc-
tion
Improved mobility
Improved function
Other0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
48 (28%)
38 (22%)32 (19%)
6 (4%)
Cohort 1: Surgically UnsalvageableN1 = 169*
Cohort 2: Salvageable, Surgery Planned
N1 = 100*
Pain reduc-
tion
Improved mobility
Improved function
Other0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
50 (50%)
33 (33%)
23 (23%)
10 (10%)
Best Response During the Assessment Period
Radiologic Response to Denosumab
Pre-Treatment Week 19 Post-Treatment
Radiologic Response to Denosumab
Baseline Week 5 Week 37
Planned Versus Actual Surgery in Cohort 2
Surgical Procedure, n* (In decreasing order of morbidity)
Baseline Planned (N =100)
Actual Total (N = 26)
All surgeries 100 26
Major surgeries 44 3
Hemipelvectomy 4 0
Amputation 17 0
Joint/prosthesis replacement 9 1
Joint resection 14 2
En bloc resection 37 6
En bloc excision 4 0
Marginal excision 1 0
Curettage 13 16
Other 1 1
No surgery 0 74
• Of the 71 patients in Cohort 2 who had the opportunity to be on study for ≥6 months, 64 (90%) did not have any surgery by month 6.
• By the analysis cut-off date, 74 of 100 patients (74%) in Cohort 2 had not undergone surgery.
* n = number of patients
Adverse Events
Patients with Adverse Events, n* (%) All Patients
N = 281*Any adverse event 236 (84)
Adverse events occurring with > 10% frequency
Arthralgia 55 (20)
Headache 51 (18)
Nausea 48 (17)
Fatigue 45 (16)
Back pain 42 (15)
Pain in extremity 41 (15)
Grade 3,4, or 5 adverse events 50 (18)
Serious adverse events 25 (9)
Adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation 14 (5)
Adverse event of interest
Adjudicated positive ONJ 3 (1)
Resolved† 2 (1)
Hypocalcemia (none serious) 15 (5)
Serious infections 5 (2)
New primary malignancy 3 (1)
Based on Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA; version 14.1 and CTCAE version 3.0)* n = number of patients who received ≥ 1 dose of denosumab† By the cutoff date, 2 cases were resolved and 1 case was not resolved
Summary
• The safety profile of denosumab in these patients with GCTB was consistent with that observed in other denosumab trials; no new risks were observed– ONJ and hypocalcemia, known risks of denosumab, were
observed at a low rate consistent with that seen in other studies• 96% of Cohort 1 patients had no disease progression at any time on
study, as determined by the investigator• Of 100 patients for whom surgery was planned:
– 74 had no surgery – 16 of 26 had less morbid surgeries than planned
• Denosumab delayed disease progression, prolonged the time to surgery, and reduced the need for morbid surgery in most patients, representing a potential new treatment option for patients with GCTB