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8/3/2019 Salary Survey Aug 11
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2011Optics and PhotonicsGlobal Salary Report
A Comprehensive Survey
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2011Optics and Photonics
Global Salary ReportA Comprehensive Survey
The International Society for Optics and Photonics
SPIE International Headquarters
PO Box 10 | Bellingham WA 98227-0010 USA
Tel: +1 360 676 3290 | Fax: +1 360 647 1445 | [email protected] | SPIE.org
SPIE Europe
2 Alexandra Gate, Ffordd Pengam, Cardiff, CF24 2SA, UK
Tel: +44 29 20 89 4747 | Fax: +44 29 20 89 4750 | [email protected] | SPIEeurope.org
Sponsored by
SPIE Career Center
spie.org/salarysurvey
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Introduction
In April and May of 2011, SPIE conducted a Global Salary Survey of the optics and
photonics communitythe largest survey of its kind. The goal of the survey was to
capture the full breadth of employment and compensation patterns across regions,
disciplines, and types of organizations. Questions addressed professional focus, level
of education, type of employer, earnings level, and much more. This report summarizes
the surveys main results.
SPIE sent survey invitations via email to its global database. Over 7000 valid responses
were gathered, with 96% of participants located in North America, Europe, and Asia.
Respondents from Latin America/Caribbean, Oceania, and Africa provided the balance
of data. Ninety-three countries are represented in the sample1. For complete survey
methodology, see page 9.
SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report 1
Survey Responses by Region
North America Europe AsiaLatin Americaand theCaribbean
OceaniaAfrica
48.90%
2.40%
0.70%
27.90%
18.90%
1.20%
n=7359
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LocationNorth America and Oceania (Australia/New Zealand) stand out as the regions with the highest
salaries, with median earnings well above those of all other areas. North American median
incomes are 77% higher than Europe, double those of Latin America/Caribbean, and more than
four times greater than Asias. This data does not account for Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
A large portion of regional income gaps is explained by the level of economic development of
countries within each region. Splitting European and Asian countries into higher-income and
lower-income3 subcategories narrows the gap between North America/Oceania and higher-
income subsets of Asian and European countries. Asias wealthier countries median income is
20% below North Americas, with Europe at 57% below.
Africa (n=49)
Asia (n=1393)
Latin America/Caribbean (n=177)
Europe (n=2056)
Oceania (n=87)
North America (n=3597)
$11,746
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
$19,999
$49,992
$58,000
$97,200
$102,400
Salary by Location
2 SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report
Key Findings
The median salary for survey respondents is $75,000,2 with a very wide distribution.
The factors most associated with higher salaries are North American location and
non-university employment.
Initial research indicates that men make more than women, although other factors,
such as location and employer type distribution, are still being analyzed. A more
comprehensive report will be made available to SPIE members.
The highest-paid discipline is aerospace engineering/research, with a median income
of $105,152.
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$102,400
$97,200
$85,242
$65,250
$49,992
$17,782
$15,470
$11,746
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
North America (n=3597)
Oceania (n=87)
Asia, higher income (n=243)
Europe, higher income (n=1668)
Latin America/Caribbean (n=178)
Asia, lower income (n=1150)
Europe, lower income (n=388)
Africa (n=49)
Median Salary by Location, with Asia and Europe by Income Level
SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report 3
In comparison to broader populations within surveyed countries, the optics and photonics
community fares quite well. For instance, the average earnings of United States survey
participants is $101,202 versus the average population at $52,507. For Poland the gap is
narrower, at $21,766 in the survey versus $18,380 in the country as a whole.4
2010 Average Gross Wages by Country
(full-time year-round, from Wikipedia)4
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0
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Employer TypeThe median salary of non-student employees of universities and research institutes is
less than any other employer segment.5 This relationship holds across all geographic regions:
people workng in industry and government earn more. In lower-income Asian countries,
median wages at non-academic employers6 is double that of universities and other researchinstitutes. Conversely, in Latin America and the Caribbean, the salary premium is only 7% at
non-academic organizations.
University/research institute (n
=3316)
Civilian government (n=497)
Self-employed/consultant (n=71)
Military/defense (n=269)
Company/corporation (n=3206)
$52,944
$91,350
$96,000$100,000
$100,000
Median Salary by Employer Type
Median salary and premium, by region,for academic and non-academic employers
Academic Non-academic Premium for Non-Employers Employers academic Employment
Asia, lower income $13,923 $27,846 100%
Africa $10,730 $19,885 8
North America $85,000 $110,594 30%
Europe, higher income $61,653 $80,000 30%
Oceania $89,640 $110,700 23%
Europe, lower income $17,782 $21,070 18%
Asia, higher income $79,204 $92,816 17%
Latin America and the Caribbean $51,307 $54,688 7%
4 SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report
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Median Salary by Primary Discipline
Salary by DisciplineAerospace engineering/research, sales, and marketing are the disciplines with the highest
median earnings, averaging $101,551. Civil/environmental engineering/research, biomedical
engineering/research, and physics fall at the opposite end of the spectrum, with an average
salary of $47,850.
SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report 5
Salary gaps between disciplines are partly explained by their distribution across academic and
non-academic institutions. The highest-paying disciplines are most prevalent in non-academic
organizations, with the top three disciplines represented by 597 non-academic organization
respondents versus 81 working at academic institutions. Conversely, the three lowest-earning
disciplines are represented by 1076 respondents at academic organizations versus 432 at
non-academic employers.
Within non-academic organizations, the range of median salaries is $83,077-$115,000. For
academic organizations, the range among non-student employees is $27,407-$85,550. The
relationship between higher-pay and non-academic employment holds across all disciplines.
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
Aerospace engineering/research (n=273)
Sales (n=255)
Marketing (n=150)
Systems engineering/research (n=247)
Manufacturing engineering/research (n=245)
Optical systems engineering/design (n=684)
Illumination engineering/research (n=49)Interdisciplinary engineering/research (n=176)
Materials engineering/research (n=302)
Mechanical engineering/research (n=224)
Laser engineering/research (n=392)
Optical design (n=152)
Other (n=662)
Chemical engineering/research (n=131)
Electrical engineering/research (n=646)
Nanotechnology engineering/research (n=288)
Computer science/software engineering/research (n=501)
Photonics engineering/research (n
=494)Physics (n=916)
Biomedical engineering/research (n=497)
Civil/environmental engineering/research (n=95)
$105,152
$79,500
$78,600
$78,000
$77,500
$75,600
$68,500
$67,883
$65,250
$62,948$60,000
$56,000
$27,550
$80,000
$100,000
$99,502
$99,004
$89,560
$87,000
$86,100$85,360
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Median salary by discipline for country incomelevel and academic/non-academic employers
Higher- Lower- Non-income income academic Academic
countries countries Employers Employers7
Aerospace engineering/research $115,000 $15,470 $115,000 $78,500Systems engineering/research $107,000 $26,268 $107,630 $52,800
Sales $100,500 $28,636 $100,000 $46,254
Marketing $100,000 $20,837 $100,000 $23,375
Optical systems engineering/design $100,000 $15,470 $100,050 $52,000
Illumination engineering/research $99,500 $34,094 $92,500 $55,050
Interdisciplinary engineering/research $97,200 $33,228 $107,250 $54,660
Manufacturing engineering/research $97,200 $22,021 $96,000 $47,600
Chemical engineering/research $95,000 $21,076 $100,000 $46,700
Mechanical engineering/research $95,000 $23,063 $100,000 $27,407
Laser engineering/research $94,250 $15,470 $97,588 $48,000
Electrical engineering/research $93,000 $18,564 $96,000 $47,780
Optical design $90,700 $18,069 $90,000 $56,283
Other $90,000 $17,017 $90,000 $57,600
Materials engineering/research $89,000 $34,418 $100,000 $35,298
Computer science/softwareengineering/research $84,000 $18,701 $83,077 $48,000
Photonics engineering/research $83,200 $15,670 $92,000 $66,768
Physics $76,850 $17,181 $100,000 $49,996
Nanotechnology engineering/research $75,113 $15,470 $96,000 $55,558
Civil/environmental engineering/research $65,850 $10,056 $85,577 $85,550
Biomedical engineering/research $65,250 $17,897 $99,000 $65,000
6 SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report
Country income level also has an impact on median salaries of different disciplines. In the
lowest-paid category, civil/environmental engineering/research, only 48% of respondents work
in higher-income countries. In contrast, 85% of the aerospace engineering/research workers
are located in higher-income countries.
Within higher-income countries, the range of median salaries across disciplines is $65,250-
$115,000. Within lower-income countries, the range is $10,056-$34,418. The wage gap betweenhigher- and lower-income countries is consistent across all disciplines.
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Other Factors Influencing SalaryOther factors that influence s include job title, years employed, and size of organization.
Unsurprisingly, top organizational leaders enjoy the highest salaries while students anchor
the bottom of the range. Seniority also tracks well with salary levels, although the relationship
between organization size and income is uneven.
Median Salary by Job Title
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000 $160,000
Director/Executive (n=615)
Academic Dean, Director, V.P., Provost (n=69)
Supervisor/Manager (n=916)
Lead/Senior level (n=1816)
Full Professor (n=527)
Staff (n=1581)
Assistant or Associate Professor (n=965)
Technician (n=314)
Graduate or undergraduate student (n=556)
$142,400
$130,000
$104,293
$99,004
$88,454
$60,900
$47,850
$39,150
$22,000
SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report 7
The income levels of host countries explain salary differences by organization size.
The smallest and largest organizations, both at the top of the median earnings list, and arealso the most concentrated in higher-income countries.
Median Salary by Years Employed
$0 $20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000 $140,000
More than 30 years (n=821)
26 to 30 years (n=702)
21 to 25 years (n=742)
16 to 20 years (n=729)
11 to 15 years (n=1109)
5 to 10 years (n=1369)
Less than 5 years (n=1799)
$120,000
$115,000
$108,750
$99,000
$88,400
$60,000
$38,000
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Median Salary by Size of Organization
$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000 $50,000 $60,000 $70,000 $80,000 $90,000 $100,000
More than 5000 employees (n=2095)
Less than 10 employees (n=328)
2501 5000 employees (n=955)
51 - 100 employees (n=421)
11 - 50 employees (n=701)
101 250 employees (n=704)
251 1000 employees (n=1210)
1001 2500 employees (n=945)
$95,000
$79,875
$75,037
$72,800
$72,500
$63,602
$62,175
$60,900
Percentage of organizationslocated in higher-income
countries
More than 5000 employees 85%
Less than 10 employees 85%
2501 5000 employees 77%
11 - 50 employees 77%
51 100 employees 74%
101 250 employees 71%
1001 2500 employees 68%
251 1000 employees 65%
8 SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report
The income rankings based on firm size track very closely to the distribution of these
organizations across higher- and lower-income countries.
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MethodologyIn April and May of 2011, SPIE sent email survey invitations to its global customer database.
Surveys were completed online using Vovicis enterprise survey tool. Results were filtered to
yield 7,359 valid responses. Any response lacking salary data was removed, as were duplicates.
Microsoft Excel was utilized to create summary statistics and related disaggregations.Response was voluntary and open. Invitees were encouraged to respond by an iPad raffle and
early access to this report.
1. Sample countries, with number of respondents per country: United States (3371), China, Republic of (534), Germany (372), UnitedKingdom (299), Canada (225), France (196), Italy (196), Spain (172), Japan (158), Russian Federation (143), India (134), Korea, South
(106), Netherlands (105), Taiwan (102), Israel (92), Australia (80), Singapore (78), Brazil (76), Sweden (57), Belgium (56), Switzerland(55), Mexico (47), Austria (45), Iran (39), Finland (37), Portugal (36), Romania (36), Turkey (33), Czech Republic (30), Ireland (28),Ukraine (27), Denmark (26), Malaysia (24), Chile (23), Pakistan (22), Greece (21), Poland (21), Egypt (20), Norway (19), Armenia (18),Lithuania (14), Argentina (13), Colombia (11), Saudi Arabia (11), South Africa (11), Hungary (10), Belarus (9), Bulgaria (8), New Zealand(7), Slovenia (7), Latvia (6), Slovakia (6), Thailand (6), Algeria (5), Kuwait (4), Croatia (3), Estonia (3), Ethiopia (3), Iraq (3), Jordan (3),Kenya (3), Lebanon (3), United Arab Emirates (3), Azerbaijan (2), Bangladesh (2), Bosnia (2), Ecuador (2), Georgia (2), Iceland (2),Indonesia (2), Liechtenstein (2), Malta (2), Moldova (2), Morocco (2), Nepal (2), Nigeria (2), Peru (2), Philippines (2), Qatar (2), Serbia(2), Uzbekistan (2), Bahrain (1), Costa Rica (1), Cyprus (1), Dominican Republic (1), Monaco (1), Mongolia (1), Solomon Islands (1),Sudan (1), Swaziland (1), Tunisia (1), Uruguay (1), Yemen (1).
2. U.S. dollars are used throughout. Local currencies were converted in July 2011 using market exchange rates. Salary figures includetotal yearly compensation, both base pay and bonuses.
3. The higher-earning regions, North America and Oceania, are composed of countries with similarly high per capita gross nationalincome (GNI) levels. Europe and Asia are composed of a much broader mix of income levels. For example, the survey samplefor Asia includes Pakistan, China, and Japan, with per capita GNIs of $1050, $4260, and $42,150 respectively. Similarly, Europe
includes Ukraine, Poland, and Denmark, at $3010, $12,420, and $58,590.Subcategories were created by using the per capita GNI of New Zealand as the lower boundary of the higher-income subcategory,at $29,050. New Zealand has the lowest per capita GNI in the North America and Oceania groups. This $29,050 per capita GNIthreshold is used throughout this report when referring to higher-income and lower-income countries. For information on percapita GNI, see http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/world-bank-atlas-method
4. Average is used for comparison because median wage data is unavailable for most countries. The average wage data is drawnfrom http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage
5. Students have been filtered out of academic institution calculations in all representations of academic versus non-academicemployers.
6. The category non-academic employers is composed of company/corporation, military/defense, self-employed/consultant, andcivilian/government. Academic employers is composed of university/college and other research institute.
7. Non-student employees.
SPIE 2011 Optics and Photonics Global Salary Report 9
Notes:
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spie.org/salarysurvey