Sales person receive RM200/week plus Sales person receive RM200/week plus 9% of their gross sales for that week. 9% of their gross sales for that week. Write an algorithms to calculate the sales Write an algorithms to calculate the sales person’s earning from the input of gross person’s earning from the input of gross salarysalary

Input the first salesperson’s sales in dollarsInput the first salesperson’s sales in dollars

While the input is not -1 While the input is not -1

Calculate the salesperson’s wages for the Calculate the salesperson’s wages for the weekweek

Print the salesperson’s wages for the weekPrint the salesperson’s wages for the week

Input the next salesperson’s sales in dollarsInput the next salesperson’s sales in dollars

end whileend while

Input the first salesperson’s sales in dollarsInput the first salesperson’s sales in dollars

While the input is not -1 While the input is not -1

//Calculate the salesperson’s wages for the //Calculate the salesperson’s wages for the weekweek

Wages = RM200 + (Sales * 9%)Wages = RM200 + (Sales * 9%)

Print the salesperson’s wages for the weekPrint the salesperson’s wages for the week

Input the next salesperson’s sales in dollarsInput the next salesperson’s sales in dollars

end whileend while

Write an algorithms that inputs a series of 10 Write an algorithms that inputs a series of 10 numbers, and determines and prints the largest numbers, and determines and prints the largest of the numbers with 3 variable of the numbers with 3 variable COUNTER- a counter to count to 10, keep track COUNTER- a counter to count to 10, keep track the numberthe numberNUMBER - current input numberNUMBER - current input numberLARGEST - largest number found so farLARGEST - largest number found so far

Input the first number directly into the variable Input the first number directly into the variable largestlargest

Increment counter to 2Increment counter to 2

While counter is less than or equal to 10While counter is less than or equal to 10

input a new variable into the variable numberinput a new variable into the variable number

If number is greater than largestIf number is greater than largest

replace largest with numberreplace largest with number

Increment counterIncrement counter

Print the value of largestPrint the value of largest

Annual Interest = principal * rate * days /365Annual Interest = principal * rate * days /365Develop an algorithm using pseudocode will input Develop an algorithm using pseudocode will input principal, rate, and days for several loans, and will principal, rate, and days for several loans, and will calculate and display simple interest for each loan, calculate and display simple interest for each loan, using the formulausing the formula

Input the first loan principal in dollarsInput the first loan principal in dollars

While the input is not -1 While the input is not -1 Input the interest rateInput the interest rate

input the term of the loan in daysinput the term of the loan in days

calculate the simple interest for the loancalculate the simple interest for the loan

Print the simple interest for the loanPrint the simple interest for the loan

Input the loan principal for the next loanInput the loan principal for the next loan

The factorial of nonnegative integer n is written n! and The factorial of nonnegative integer n is written n! and defined as n!=n*(n-1)*(n-2)*…*1 for n greater than or defined as n!=n*(n-1)*(n-2)*…*1 for n greater than or equal to 1 and n!=1 for n=0. Write an algorithms that equal to 1 and n!=1 for n=0. Write an algorithms that read a non read a non -ve integer and computes and prints it factorial-ve integer and computes and prints it factorial

DoDo

Input number positiveInput number positive

while number is negativewhile number is negative

While number >=0While number >=0

if number = 0 thenif number = 0 then

factorial = 1factorial = 1

elseelse

factorial = factorial * nfactorial = factorial * n

end ifend if

n=n-1n=n-1

end whileend while

What wrong with this pseudocode ?

Introduction to CIntroduction to C

C language character set C language character set & tokens& tokens

Reserved wordsReserved words IdentifiersIdentifiers ConstantsConstants String constantsString constants PunctuatorsPunctuators OperatorsOperators

Reserved wordsReserved words– keywords that identify language keywords that identify language

entities, such as statements, data entities, such as statements, data types, and language element types, and language element attributesattributes

– they have a special meaning to they have a special meaning to compilercompiler

– must appear in the correct locationmust appear in the correct location– C reserved word must be typed fully C reserved word must be typed fully

in lowercasein lowercase– const, double, intconst, double, int

IdentifiersIdentifiers– when writing a program, we must come up with when writing a program, we must come up with

additional words to represent and reference certain additional words to represent and reference certain program entities.program entities.

– Needed for program variables, functions, and other Needed for program variables, functions, and other program constructsprogram constructs

– Rules for constructing identifiersRules for constructing identifiers can consist of the capital letters A and Z, the lowercase can consist of the capital letters A and Z, the lowercase

letters a to z, the digits 0 to 9, and the underscore letters a to z, the digits 0 to 9, and the underscore charactercharacter

first character must be a letter or an underscorefirst character must be a letter or an underscore virtually no length limitation, compiler only recognize first virtually no length limitation, compiler only recognize first

32 character as significant32 character as significant reserved word cannot be used reserved word cannot be used case sensitive case sensitive

ConstantsConstants

Four types of constants ; integer, Four types of constants ; integer, floating point, character, and floating point, character, and enumerationenumeration

Integer can be +ve or -ve numbers Integer can be +ve or -ve numbers and can be decimal, octal or and can be decimal, octal or hexadecimalhexadecimal

/*File Name : prog1_1.cDefinition : A simple program that displays a message.

*/# include <stdio.h>int main(){

printf(“This is my first C program.\n”);return 0;}

Output This is my first C program.

Parts of A C ProgramParts of A C Program Comments LinesComments Lines

– /*……..*//*……..*/– is used to comment your program while writing itis used to comment your program while writing it

Library FileLibrary File– # include <stdio.h># include <stdio.h>– # indicates a preprocessor command# indicates a preprocessor command– file with extension .hfile with extension .h– stdio.h is a library file that contains standard I/O stdio.h is a library file that contains standard I/O

functionsfunctions

Main() FunctionMain() Function– indicates the logical beginning of the programindicates the logical beginning of the program– consist of function header and function bodyconsist of function header and function body– Function Header int main()Function Header int main()

int indicates the function returns an integer value.int indicates the function returns an integer value.

– Function BodyFunction Body {{

printf(“This is my first c program.\n”);printf(“This is my first c program.\n”);

return 0;return 0;

}}

Statement format, Statement format, – every statement will end with ;every statement will end with ;

output function, printf()output function, printf() Escape character, \nEscape character, \n

– \b, back space\b, back space– \r, carriage return\r, carriage return– \\, backslash\\, backslash– \”, double quotation\”, double quotation– \t, tab\t, tab

ExamplesExamples

Printf(“\\ Hello \\ \t “ Good bye \” \n Printf(“\\ Hello \\ \t “ Good bye \” \n “);“);

OUTPUTOUTPUT

\ Hello \ “ Good bye “\ Hello \ “ Good bye “

Data Types in CData Types in C

Basic Data TypeBasic Data Type– charactercharacter charchar– integer numberinteger number intint– floating-point numberfloating-point number floatfloat– double precision numberdouble precision number doubledouble– typeless/valuelesstypeless/valueless voidvoid

Class of DataClass of Data

Character constantsCharacter constants string constantsstring constants Integer constantsInteger constants floating-point constantsfloating-point constants

Displaying NumbersDisplaying Numbers

Printf(“control string”, arg1, arg2,Printf(“control string”, arg1, arg2,…);…);

exampleexampleprintf(“A Simple Control String”);printf(“A Simple Control String”);

Output : A Simple Control StringOutput : A Simple Control String

printf(“The sum of 1 and 2 is printf(“The sum of 1 and 2 is %d%d), ), 1+2);1+2); Conversion specification

argument

Conversion SpecificationConversion Specification%c - single character%c - single character

printf(“%c”,’A’);printf(“%c”,’A’); AA

%d - signed decimal integer%d - signed decimal integer

printf(“%d”,10);printf(“%d”,10); 1010

%f - floating-point num.,decimal notation%f - floating-point num.,decimal notation

printf(“%f”,5.6);printf(“%f”,5.6); 5.6000005.600000

%e%e - floating-point num., e notation - floating-point num., e notation

printf(“%e”,52.6);printf(“%e”,52.6); 5.26e15.26e1

Conversion SpecificatiomConversion Specificatiom

%o octal%o octal printf(“%o”,100) 120printf(“%o”,100) 120

%d decimal %d decimal 100 100

%x hexadecimal%x hexadecimal 64 64

Floating point numbersFloating point numbers

printf(“[ 10.3f ]”, 21.12); printf(“[ 10.3f ]”, 21.12);

[ 21.120 ][ 21.120 ]

10.3 = display the number in a total field of 10 10.3 = display the number in a total field of 10 and 3 digit to the right of the decimal point. and 3 digit to the right of the decimal point.

Conversion Specification Conversion Specification FlagsFlags

- (minus sign) left justify- (minus sign) left justify

+ display the + or - sign of the number+ display the + or - sign of the number

blank display blank if +ve and - if -veblank display blank if +ve and - if -ve

ExampleExampleprintf(“This number is : %+.2f \n”, 123.456);printf(“This number is : %+.2f \n”, 123.456);

printf(“Next number is : %+d \n”, -123);printf(“Next number is : %+d \n”, -123);

OUTPUTOUTPUTThis number is : +123.45This number is : +123.45

Next number : is -123Next number : is -123

DISPLAYING CHARACTERSDISPLAYING CHARACTERS

The character representationThe character representation

StorageStorage 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

““%c”%c” AA

““%d”%d” 6565

Displaying Formatted Displaying Formatted StringsStrings

printf(“[%-20s]”,”Pure C”); [Pure C ]printf(“[%-20s]”,”Pure C”); [Pure C ]

[%20.4s][%20.4s] [ Pure] [ Pure]

[-%20.4][-%20.4] [Pure ] [Pure ]

[%.4s][%.4s] [Pure] [Pure]

#include <stdio.h>#include <stdio.h>

int main()int main()

{{

printf(“[30s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);printf(“[30s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);

printf(“[%-30s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);printf(“[%-30s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);

printf(“[%15.6s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);printf(“[%15.6s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);

printf(“[%.6s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);printf(“[%.6s] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);

printf(“[%5s|] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);printf(“[%5s|] \n”, “Universiti Malaysia Sarawak”);

return 0;return 0;

}}

[ Universiti Malaysia Sarawak][ Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]

[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ][Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ]

[ Univer][ Univer]

[Univer][Univer]

[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak] [Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]

VariablesVariables

Variable type declarationVariable type declaration

variable type variable list;variable type variable list;

variable type - must be valid C data variable type - must be valid C data typetype

variable list - consists of one of more variable list - consists of one of more variable names separate by variable names separate by commascommas

Common ErrorsCommon Errors

Forgetting to declare variables Forgetting to declare variables before using thembefore using them

placing variable declaration in the placing variable declaration in the middle of the programmiddle of the program

forgetting the data type or forgetting the data type or declaring a wrong data typedeclaring a wrong data type

forgetting the ; at the end of the forgetting the ; at the end of the statementstatement

Variable initializationsVariable initializations

It is possible to assign an initial value to a It is possible to assign an initial value to a variable when it is declared.variable when it is declared.

int I, x;int I, x;

char ch = ‘A’char ch = ‘A’

float f _number = 10.00;float f _number = 10.00;

C does not automatically initialize declared C does not automatically initialize declared variablesvariables

Variable Names/identifierVariable Names/identifier

1st character must be a letter or an 1st character must be a letter or an underscore, rest can be combination of underscore, rest can be combination of letters, underscores, or digit.letters, underscores, or digit.

Case sensitiveCase sensitive number of character is compiler-dependentnumber of character is compiler-dependent whitespace character and special character whitespace character and special character

(!,$,()) is not allowed within a name(!,$,()) is not allowed within a name no keyword and reserved wordno keyword and reserved word

Data Type ModifierData Type Modifier

Integer modifiers - usually is 2 bytesInteger modifiers - usually is 2 bytes Data Type Data Type Max Max MinMin

short/short intshort/short int 127127 -128-128

intint 3276732767 -32768-32768

long/long intlong/long int 2147483647 -2147483647 -21474836482147483648

unsigned shortunsigned short 255255 00

unsigned or unsigned int unsigned or unsigned int 6553565535 00

unsigned long or unsigned unsigned long or unsigned

long intlong int 4294967295 4294967295 00

Data Type ModifierData Type Modifier

Floating-Point modifiers - usually is 8 Floating-Point modifiers - usually is 8 bytesbytes– only one modifier, long doubleonly one modifier, long double

long double long_double; /* declare a long long double long_double; /* declare a long double double type type variable */variable */

Declaration & Initialization Declaration & Initialization StatementStatement

long int LongNumber;long int LongNumber;

long Lnum = 100L; /* 100 is fit in short but with this long Lnum = 100L; /* 100 is fit in short but with this declaration declaration

will forces to store in 4 bytes */will forces to store in 4 bytes */

long A_Long = 5l;long A_Long = 5l;

unsigned positive=35353U;unsigned positive=35353U;

unsigned long count1;unsigned long count1;

short counter;short counter;

long double Dlarge;long double Dlarge;

long double LD=1.1e+3000long double LD=1.1e+3000

What You Have Learn ?What You Have Learn ?

/* */ /* */ comment linecomment line #include directive#include directive preprocessor commandpreprocessor command int main ()int main () {{ declaration statementsdeclaration statements initialization statementsinitialization statements statementsstatements return 0;return 0; }}

OperatorsOperators

A symbol performs a specific mathematical A symbol performs a specific mathematical or logical operation.or logical operation.

Arithmetic OperatorsArithmetic Operators

+ + additionaddition

-- substractionsubstraction

** MultipleMultiple

// DivisionDivision

%% RemainderRemainder

Mixed OperandMixed Operand

If all operand are integer type, then the result is an If all operand are integer type, then the result is an integerinteger

If any operand is a floating-point or double If any operand is a floating-point or double precision type, then the result ia a double precisionprecision type, then the result ia a double precision

ExamplesExamplesprintf(%.2f”, 10.0/5);printf(%.2f”, 10.0/5); float/intfloat/int floating pointfloating point

2.002.00

printf(%.2f”, 10/5.0);printf(%.2f”, 10/5.0); int/floatint/float floating pointfloating point2.002.00

printf(%.2f”, 10.0-5);printf(%.2f”, 10.0-5); float-intfloat-int floating pointfloating point5.005.00

Assignment OperatorAssignment Operator

Lvalue = RvalueLvalue = Rvalue

• Variable• Constant• Expression

• Variableint x, y, z;char ch;float fnumx = 10;ch = ‘C’;fnum = 100.55;y = x*2z = y;

Thanks…will continue on Thanks…will continue on next lecturenext lecture