DISSERTATION
ON
IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AT
SINGHPUR, TILOI, AND BAHADURPUR BLOCKS OF RAEBARELI DISTRICT (U.P.)
USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHNIQUESSUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF
POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN REMOTE SENSING & GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMSUBMITTED BY
HARSHITA SINGH
PGDRSGIS- II SEMESTER
Roll No.: 514702
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:Dr. S.P.S. JADAUN
SCIENTIST SD, SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
AGRICULTURE RESOURCE DEVISION
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHYNATIONAL POST GRADUATE COLLEGE
AN AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE OF LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY
2, RANA PRATAP MARG, LUCKNOW, 226001
2014-2015
CERTIFICATEIt is certified that HARSHITA SINGH, a student for
Post Graduate Diploma In Remote Sensing & Geographical
Information System of the Department of Geography, National PG
College has working under our guidance and supervision during the
session 2014-2015 and the present dissertation titled
IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR SERICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AT
SINGHPUR, TILOI, AND BAHADURPUR BLOCKS OF RAEBARELI DISTRICT (U.P.)
USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS TECHNIQUES submitted by him is a
bonafide genuine work and no part of this has been submitted for
any other work.Supervisor
Dr. RITU JAIN
Assistant professor
National PG College,
Lucknow PREFACE
The reduction of rural poverty continues to be a paramount goal
of the developing countries like India. According to the survey of
World Bank 70% of worlds population is under poverty line in rural
areas. Establishment of rural based industries like Sericulture, in
particular can be effective in creating new jobs & providing
supplemental income, for all villagers especially for women. Being
a rural agro based industry; it can play a vital role to improve
the socio-economic status of rural & backward areas.
This project entitled Identification of Suitable Sites for
Sericulture Development at Singhpur, Tiloi and Bahadurpur Blocks of
Raebareli District (U.P.) using Remote Sensing &GIS Techniques
which has led to the identification of sites in respect of
different categories of culturable wastelands suitable for
Sericulture Development in district of Uttar Pradesh. This report
and appended maps highlights the suitable categories for
sericulture development in the Raibarely, district. It is hoped
that the information generated on culturable wastelands will be
useful at plot/village level for purpose of the Sericulture
development
Date:
DECLARATIONI hereby declare that this submission is my own work
and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no
material previously published or written by another person nor
material which to a substantial extent has been accepted of any
other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of
higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in
the text.
(HARSHITA SINGH)
(P.G.D.R.S.)
Roll No.: 514702ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIt provides immense pleasure to
acknowledgement this project t at its various stages. It would not
have been possible to develop such a project without the
contribution and great deal of encouragement on the parts of
numerous individuals. So, it becomes obligatory on my part to
extend my regards to all .I extend my deepest thanks to Dr. P.K.
SINGH, H.O.D-National P.G College. I extend my heartiest thanks to
Dr. Ritu Jain for her support. I am highly grateful to Sri Rajiva
Mohan-Acting Director, RSAC, U.P for giving us opportunity to
undergo this training. I express my deepest regard to Dr. B.Lal
(Head Training Division), Dr. R. K. Upadhyay (Scientist S.D &In
charge ARD) for their throughout support and guidance. Its my
radient sentiments to place on records Dr. S. P. S. Jadaun
(Scientist S.D & Project Manager-Sericulture Div),Dr.
KaushlendraSingh (S.D),Sri Narendra Kumar, all the project
coordinators for their rigorous support & motivation that has
lead to completion of my project. I would like to thank all the
scientists and employee of RSAC who directly and indirectly helped
me to complete this project.I also want to thanks to Mr. Atul
Mishra, Dr. Bandna Singh Chandel ,Mr. Umesh Kumar, Mr. Vinod Kumar
Tewari , and my classmate Vijyanti Singh and all the members of
RSAC who have throughout supported & guided me.Harshita
SinghTABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
1. Certificate
22. Preface
33. Declaration
44. Acknowledgment
55. List of Tables
96. List of Figure and Diagrams
97. List of Maps
108. Chapter-1: An overview of dissertation
11
Introduction
12
Aims & objectives
23
Hypothesis
24
Review of literature
27
9. Chapter-2: General Description
29
Study area
Geography
Topography
River system and water resource
Climate
Agro-climatic conditions
Soil
Minerals
Forest
Administrative setups
10. Chapter-3: Socio-economic Status
37
Socio-economic status of Raebareli
Industrial scenario of Raebareli
Population status of Raebareli 2001-2011
Population status of rural-urban population of Raebareli
2011
11. Chapter-4: methodology
44
Landscape & soil parameters considered for land evaluation.
Best Period for Mulberry Rearing
Suitability criteria for mulberry plantation Criteria for
Determination of Land Suitability Classes
12. Chapter-5: Results
49
Results13. Chapter - 6: Summary & Conclusion
66
Summary
67 Conclusion
70
14. Chapter-7: Bibliography
73 Bibliography
74 Abbreviations
75LIST OF TABLES
PAGE NO. Table 1: Status of Silk Production (metric-ton) in
Uttar Pradesh
18 Table 2: Available minerals in study area
35 Table 3: Statuses of Tehsils & Blocks
36 Table 4: Industrial scenario of Raebareli
38 Table 5: Details of existing micro & small enterprises
and artisan units in the district (2010-11)
39 Table 6: Population Status of Raebareli District according to
Census of 2001 and 2011
40 Table 7: Raebareli district rural-urban population 2011
42 Table 8: Landscape & soil parameters considered for land
evaluation. 45 Table 9: Best Period for Mulberry Rearing
46 Table 10: Suitability criteria for mulberry plantation
46 Table 11: Criteria for Determination of Land Suitability
Classes
47 Table 12: Landscape Parameters on different selected
sites
51 Table 13: Culturable Wasteland
52LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE NO. Figure-1 Variety-Wise Raw Silk Productions
(2004-13)
16 Figure-2: Graphical Presentation of Population and Literacy
Growth (Census 2001 & 2011) of Raebareli District of U.P.
40 Figure 3: Rural and Urban Population, Literacy Growth (Census
2001 & 2011) in Rural and Urban Areas of Raebareli District,
U.P
43 Figure-4: Methodology Chart
48LIST OF MAPS
PAGE NO. Map-1: Location map (study area)
22 Map-2: Tobosheet map of study area
30 Map 3: Soil Depth map
53 Map4: Drainage permeability map
54 Map5: Erosion Map
55 Map 6: pH map
56 Map 7: Soil texure map
57 Map 8: Slope Map
58 Map 9: Study area on Satellite Image map
59 Map: 10: Suitable sites satellite map (Bahadurpur)
60 Map: 11: Suitable sites map (Bahadurpur)
61 Map: 12: Suitable sites satellite map (Tiloi)
62 Map: 13: Suitable sites map (Tiloi)
63 Map: 14: Suitable sites satellite map (Singhpur)
64 Map: 15: Suitable sites map (Singhpur)
65 CHAPTER -1AN OVERVIEW OF DISSERTATIONINTRODUCTIONSilk is the
protein fiber produced by silk worm for spinning cocoon. The
purpose of cocoon is to provide a protective casing to the silk
worm during the most critical period of its life i.e. the pupal
stage. Basically there are two proteins which forms the silk fiber
i.e. Fibron & sericin (a waxy substance which encases the
Fibron). These proteins are synthesized by the silk worm from the
leaf it feeds on, during its larval period. The Silkworm undergoes
4 distinct stages in its life cycle. Egg, Larva, Pupa & Moth.
The Moth lays eggs and from these tiny ant-like worms hatch out and
feed on mulberry leaves, this second stage called larva or
caterpillar. The larva when fully grown spins silk into a cocoon
around itself. Inside the cocoon the worm is transformed into the
pupa which is the third stage. After some days pupa develops into
the moth, which is the final stage. The moth comes out of the
cocoon and after copulation the female moth lays eggs. This life
cycle is thus repeated. The length of the cycle varies form region
to region & forms one species, to another depending on factors
like climate, vegetation & temperature.
Sericulture is both an Art & Science of raising silk worms.
Sericulture is an ecofriendly agro-industry which increases
biodiversity and the end point of which is SILK. Silk is the most
graceful Fabric in the world with unparallel grandeur, inherent
affinity for dyes, light weight, high durability and natural sheen.
It is also known as Queen of Textiles the world over.
Silk, as a wearable fiber, was first discovered by the Chinese
empress XI Ling Shi during 2,640 B.C. and its culture & weaving
was a guarded secret for more than 2500 years by the Chinese. Silk
was a profitable trade commodity in China & it became one of
the principal elements of the Chinese economy and hence the trade
route got the name Silk Route even today Silk reigns supreme as an
object of desire and fabric of high fashion. Being a rural
industry, the production and weaving of silk are largely carried
out by relatively poor sections of the society and this aspect of
Sericulture has made it popular and sustainable in countries like
China and India. Silkworm Rearing It is a cottage activity as
distinct from mulberry cultivation. This activity needs much manual
attention & skill. There are four Silkworm races viz.
univoltine bivoltine,and Trivoltine and multivoltine. In the
univoltine, the silkworm passes through only one cycle and remains
dormant in the egg stage or in the pupa stage in the cocoon for a
long time; i.e. it has only one breed or generation in a year. The
multivoltine has cycles after cycles, where a cycle just takes only
six weeks. The univoltine are very sensitive to high temperature
and are to be reared in cooler regions. The cocoons are bigger in
size & possess more silk. The multivoltines are suitable to
warm regions and many rearings can be had in a year. But size of
the cocoon is smaller and its quality is low. The Bivoltine &
Trivoltine fall in between these two.
Types of Silk Mulberry Silk: What is commonly called silk is
mulberry silk.Bombyx mori, a native of northern China or Bengal, is
the silkworm which produces Mulberry Silk. It is found in all
voltines. Mulberry sericulture is being practiced in almost all the
states of India. The production of Mulberry silk involves a series
of processes. As it predominates over other types of silk, here a
special mention has been made of the processes of its
production.
Tasar Silk: Tasar Silk is produced by a species called
Antheeraca Mylitta. This exists in the form of nearly 19 ecotypes
thriving between 450 & 750 metres above mean see level (MSL).
It is a wild species found in uni, bi and trivoltines. It is
polyphagous in nature. The main food plants of Tasar silk worms are
Assan, Arjun & Sal Tasar silk is copperish coloured& does
not possess the lusture of mulberry silk. A new strain of Tasar
worm has been developed from Antheraea Pernyii& Antheraea
Royelie which feed on Oak trees abounding at 600-1800 m above MSL.
Oak Tasar Silk is yellow to white in colour, and it is the finest
among the non-mulberry silks. Tasar culture is found in Bihar,
Orissa M.P., Karnataka & Andhra Pradesh. Eri silk: Eri silk is
also known as Endi and ranks next to tasar in commercial
importance. The genus Philosomia comprises 17 species distributed
mainly in the indo- Anetratien region. The silk worm Phelosamis
Rivoinie thrives in India NAD is Multivoltine, yielding from worm
is caster lerres, papayas payam. Eri cocoons are white and brick
red in colour. Ericulture is found in Orissa, Bihar, W.B. Madhya
Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Muga silk: Muga silk is obtained from the worms Anthereaa
samensis which are Polyphagus, primarily feeding on som and salu.
This type of silk is golden yellow to creamy white in color with a
lusterous look. Muga silk is almost the monopoly of Assam, but it
is also found in Meghalay.
Sericulture Development using Remote Sensing Project SITE and
other satellite based communication applications have reached the
far-flung areas of the country. The INSAT and EDUSAT based services
have strengthened the reach of health care and quality education.
Village Resource Centres of ISRO are an integration of space
technology based services, emanating from satellite communication
and earth observation. Village Resource Centres provide digital
connectivity (Video Conferencing & Information transfer) and
spatial information on natural resources and development. The
network of Village Resource Centers being established in the
country can be successfully utilized in Sericulture potential sites
identifications and its extension system. Through latest remote
sensing satellite data along with GIS data base generated by
different nationwide projects, potential culturable wastelands for
Sericulture development can be easily identified.Sericulture
Industry China leads the world with 79.1% of the total production
of silk production. India, the second producer of silk in world has
17.5% share in global raw silk production. (Source: ISC website
update as on July 2011).
The establishment of rural industries like Sericulture, in
particular, can be very effective in creating new job opportunities
and providing supplemental income. Being a rural agro based labour
intensive industry this sector can also play vibrant role in
checking migration from rural to urban areas and development of the
rural India can be made certain/sure.
Sericulture Industry in India If fashion is a fine art, the silk
is its biggest canvas, and if silk is the canvas, then all its
weavers, dyers, designers, embroiderers are the greatest artists.
Indian silk has enthralled fashion watchers and all categories of
consumers across the world with its vast range of motif, techniques
and brilliant hues. India is the second largest producer of raw
silk after China & the biggest consumer of raw silk and silk
fabrics.
Indias traditions & culture bound domestic market & and
amazing diversity of silk garments that reflect geographic
specificity have helped the country to achieve a leading position
in silk industry. Our country is the second largest producer of
non-mulberry silk, accounting for about 15 % the global raw silk
production. Non-mulberry Sericulture practices in almost all states
of the country but Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil
Nadu, together account for about 98% of the total Non Mulberry silk
production in the country. Non Mulberry Sericulture, also known as
forest Sericulture mainly consists of tropical and temperate Tasar,
Eri and Muga
Variety-Wise Raw Silk Productions (2004-13)Figure 1:
India has the unique distinction of being the only country
producing all the four known commercial silks viz. mulberry,
tropical tasar, eri&muga. The states having silk production as
their culture/tradition are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, West Bengal,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu etc. and non-traditional states like
Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan etc. make a lot of
demand against a little supply of silk. So there is a need to
improve the production of silk. India is the only country where all
four types of silk (Mulberry, Tasar, eri&muga) can be produced
in various states due to its climatic diversity. Host plant of non
mulberry silk worm is Morusindica.Morus & Alba.Tasar silk worm
food plant are Asan / Teminaliatomentosa & Arjun (T. Arjuna).
Primary host plants of Eri silk worms are (a) Castor
(Ricinuscommunis) (b) Kssery (Heteropanaxfragrans) and (c) Topioca
(Manihotutilissima). Muga Silk worm rearing can be done on (a) Som
(Machilusbombysina) (b) Soalu (L. polyantha) (c) Mezankari (L.
CitrataBlume) & (d) Dighloti (L. SalicifoliaRexb. Status of
Sericulture in Uttar Pradesh First time in Uttar Pradesh,
Sericulture was started in 1947-48 at Doiwala, Dehradun. I.S.T.P.
(Integrated State Tasar Programme) was started in Mirzapur
(1975-76) in those days, it was the only programme running in
Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. According to Central Silk Board (2012),
total consumption of silk in Uttar Pradesh is 5000 metric-ton per
year against which the total production of silk is 157 metric-tons
per year. Varanasi District of Uttar Pradesh has good market of
quality silk and the weavers of silk are found in Varanasi,
MaunathBhanjan, Mubarakpur (Azamgarh), Chandera (Lalitpur).
Mulberry, Eri and Tasar producing Districts of Uttar Pradesh are
given below:
Table: 1 Status of Silk Production (metric-ton) in Uttar
Pradesh
NEED FOR STUDYIn recent years sericulture has achieved on or
moues progress in evolving suitable mulberry varieties, and
techniques to bring about new silkworm races suitable for tropical
climatic conditions. With the evolution and introduction of more
productive silkworm races, the productivity has increased &
sericulture has become a highly remunerative activity. Attracted by
these advantages more & more farmers have taken up sericulture
and the industry has spread to most to almost all states in India .
However Karnataka has been the leading producer of mulberry silk
accounting for more then 50% of its production in the country.
Karnataka is now regarded as the silk hub in India. Mulberry
cultivation in Karnataka is concentrated in the district of Mysore.
Banglore, koler, Tumkur & Mandye. Originally, the mulberry crop
was Introduction in the Mysore district &its surrounding area
as a dry crop. Subsequently it was grown as an irrigated crop in
certain concentrated pockets of kolar & Banglore districts. The
entry of mandya district into the field recent. The farmers in
nontraditional areas of the state are quick in seizing the
opportunities before them and have accepted mulberry cultivation
& silkworm rearing as a highly profitable enterprise.
Type of Culturable Wastelands which can be used easily for
sericulture development: Gullied/Ravine Land Gullies are formed as
a result of localized surface run- off affecting the unconsolidated
material resulting in the formation of perceptible channels causing
undulating terrain. Gullies develop from rills which are tiny water
channels with a few centimeters deep, formed as a resultant impact
of heavy rainfall and wearing action of run-off generated there
from. These are the first stage of excessive land dissection
followed by their networking. Ravines are basically a extensive
systems of gullies developed along river courses.
They are commonly found in sloping lands, developed as a result
of concentrated run-off. They appear in light yellow to bluish
green in color depending on the surface moisture and depth of
erosion. They vary in size, shape with irregular broken network
pattern. Further classification of this morphology of bed material
of the ravines. Two categories are recognized in ravine lands.
Medium -Medium ravines that have a depth ranging from 2.5 to 5.0
metres.
Deep -Deep ravines that a depth of more than 5 meters. Land with
scrubThese areas possess shallow and skeletal soils, at times
chemically degraded, extremes of slopes, severely eroded and lands
subjected to excessive aridity with scrubs dominating the
landscape. They have a tendency for intermixing with cropped areas.
They appear in light yellow to brown to greenish blue depending on
the surface moisture cover and vary in size from small to large
having either contiguous or dispersed patter.2 sub-classes are
possible to be delineated based on the presence of vegetation cover
on such lands.Land with scrub-Dense This category Wasteland of was
found in Raebareli district The vegetal cover is often more than 15
percent. Scrublands are associated with moderate slopes in plains
and foot hills and are generally surrounded by agricultural
lands.
Land with Open Scrub
Wasteland of this category is found in Raebareli district This
category has a similar description as mentioned in the earlier
class excepting that they possess sparse vegetation, generally less
that 15 percent or devoid of scrub. This land is generally prone to
deterioration due to erosion and has a thin soil cover.
Seasonal Waterlogged
Waterlogged land is that land where the water is at or near the
surface and water stands for most of the year. Wasteland of this
category has been shown in chapter 6 (Pg. No. 74). The duration of
water logging is for less than 6 months in a year.
Land affected by salinity/ alkalinity
Wasteland of this category was also found in Raebareli district.
Lands that are affected by salinity/alkalinity portray the
qualities that have adverse effect on the growth of most plants due
to action or presence of excess soluble salts (saline) or high
exchangeable sodium. Salt affected lands appear in different tones
of dull white to white on the satellite data in different
geographical conditions. In the irrigated alluvial plain of Punjab.
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and north-eastern Rajasthan, they appear in
bright white to white tone, while in inland coastal areas, like
Gujarat, they appear in light blue tone. The size and shape of
these land units vary from small to big, contiguous to
non-contiguous. In the coastal belt like parts of Surat, Eastern
part of Tamilnadu, they are seen in small patches midst irrigated
crop areas. Coastal saline soils may be with or without ingress or
inundation by sea water. Land affected by salinity/
alkalinity-Strong These patches appear bright white in color. These
lands do not support any kind of vegetation during any season.
Chemically, their Electrical Conductivity (EC) levels (dS/m) are
between 8 and 30, pH 9.0 and 9.8 and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage
(ESP) is between 15 and 40.
Land affected by salinity/ alkalinity-medium They appear dull
white to light red in tone and are often associated with some scrub
vegetation or salt-resistant crop during kharif season. Chemically,
their Electrical Conductivity (EC) levels (dS/m) are between 8 and
30, pH 9.0 and 9.8 and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) is
between 15 and 40.Map 1: Location mapAIMS AND OBJECTIVE Awareness
for local people or farmers of the study area Thus the farmers of
rural public can get extra benefit from culturable wasteland
through intercropping.
To trace out the culturable wasteland which are mostly suitable
for host plant of silk warm. To study the Socio-economic status of
Raebareli district. To identify the cultural wastelands in selected
blocks of Raebareli district.
mapping location, and area extent of cultural wasteland in
selected block of Raebareli. To map the landscape characteristics
(soil theme) and with soil properties, which are responsible
directly and indirectly for plantation of mulberry.
Acreage estimation of potential suitable sites for Sericulture
development in selected Block of Raebareli district of
U.P.HYPOTHESISThe Chinese has used silk since the 27th century
B.C., During the Roman Empire, silk was sold for its weight, in
gold. The Chinese domesticated silk worms and fed them with
mulberry leaves. They unwound the, silkworms' cocoons to produce
long strands of silk fiber.Silk is one of the oldest fibers known
to man. Its discovery as a weave able fiber is credited to the Lady
Xi Ling Shi, the 14-year-old bride of the Emperor Huang Ti, the
so-called 'Yellow Emperor'.
One day in 2640BC, according to Confucius, she was sitting under
a mulberry tree, drinking a cup of tea into which a silk cocoon
fell from above. She noticed the delicate fibers start to unravel
in the hot liquid and has been credited as the first person to
'reel' or unravel a silk cocoon and use the filament to create a
yarn for weaving. Whether or not the legend holds true, it is
certain that the earliest surviving references to silk production
place it in China and that for nearly 3 millennia, the Chinese had
a global monopoly on silk production.
The Chinese kept the secret of the beautiful and value added
material that, they were producing from the rest of the world for
more than 30 centuries. Travelers were searched thoroughly at
border crossings and anyone caught trying to smuggle eggs, cocoons
or silkworms out of the country were summarily executed. Demand for
this exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now
known as the 'Silk Road,'. of which mention is made as early as
300BC in the days of the Han Dynasty, taking silk westward and
bringing gold, silver and wools to the East.
Silk was exported along the Silk Road (the ancient trade route
linking China and the Roman Empire). This trade brought China a
great wealth, but the Chinese did not give away the secret on how
silk was produced.SERICULTURE IN INDIASilk is a way of life in
India. Over thousands of years, it has become an inseparable part
of Indian culture and tradition. No ritual is complete without silk
being used as a wear in some form or the other. Silk is the
undisputed queen of textiles over the centuries. Silk provides much
needed work in several developing and labor rich countries.
Sericulture is a cottage industry par excellence. It is one of the
most labor intensive sectors of the Indian economy combining both
agriculture and industry, which provides for means of livelihood to
a large section of the population i.e. mulberry cultivator,
co-operative rearer, silkworm seed producer, farmer-cumrearer,
reeler, twister, weaver, hand spinners of silk waste, traders etc.
It is the only one cash crop in agriculture sector that gives
returns within 30 days. This industry provides employment nearly to
three five million people in our country. Sericulture is cultivated
in Karnataka, Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharastra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Bihar, Orissa etc.
Though India is the second largest silk producer in the World
after China, it accounts for just 5% of the global silk market,
since the bulk of Indian silk thread and silk cloth are consumed
domestically. Germany is the largest consumer of Indian silk. The
sericulture industry is landbased as silk worm rearing involves
over 700,000 farm families and is concentrated in the three
Southern states of Karnataka, Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. (The
states of Assam and West Bengal are also involved in the industry
to a certain extent).REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Maximization of mulberry leaf yield per unit area will lead to
the realization of the most important objectives namely increased
cocoon production per ha. And reduced cost of production
(krishnaswami,1990).Mulberry cultivation is an applied science,
which involves are detail study of morphological, fhysiological and
ecological features. The study in encompasses cultivation
techniques suited for the production of best mulberry leaves suited
for the raring of silkworms and to obtain rich harvest of such
leaves from a constant cultivation area reasonably inexpensive
manner. Sericulture provides subsistence to approximately 6 million
people in India (Anuradha and Pullaiah,1992). Textile industry is
heavily dependent on natural silk, as the world market requires
about 25 million kg. of silk every year. Over 99% Indian silk is
Mori silk, since mulberry foliage constitutes the chief feed for
the silkworm (Datta 1994). The precise origin of sericulture India
is not very clear. However,the historians believe that sericulture
industry was brought to India from Chaina through Khotan in 140
B.C.Modern days sericulture started during 1875 during the regime
of Tipu sultan rular if Mysore kingdom, who brought mulberry from
Bengal to south and planted it in Kollegal and adjoining areas,
while the silkworm Bombyx mori races were brought by him from China
(Mundkar and Muniraju, 2002). The important multipurpose trees and
referred to as the attractant for the silkworm cocoons and on the
whole in the entire operation of sericulture. The presence of
volatile alcohol, 3, yhexanol in the leaves of mulberry. The
cultivation of mulberry serve as the attractant foe the silkworm
strains and cultures. Besides being an important host plant,
mulberry is also one of the important multipurpose trees and
referred to as kalpavirushka (Dandi and Ramesh, 1987) as all the
part of the plants have many uses. Some spec ies of mulberry are
grown for their edible fruits and timber. Vijayan et al. (2000)
observed a distinct genotypic effect for shoot differentiation from
the leafblade showed a very high frequently of shoot
differentiation compared to the other genotypes. Kim et al (1985)
achieved elongation of the shoot induced from hypocotyls segments
of mulberry by gradual reduction rather than abrupt removal. Mhatre
et al. (1985) reported that presoaking of explants in cytokinings
prio to culture was beneficial for shoot bud induction in axillary
bud are leaf explants whereas stem segments proved recalcitrant.
They inferred that pre- restment confers a wheareas stem segment
proved recalcitrant.The field performance of plants raised in Virto
showed certain characteristics which could beuseful for obtaining
more yield of leaves per plant,such as more branching, short
internodes and variation in phyllotaxy in mulberry (Rao and Bapat,
1993).CHAPTER- 2GENERAL DESCRIPTIONSTUDY AREAThe district of
Raebareli, which was created by the British in 1858, is named after
its headquarters town. Tradition has it that the town was founded
by theBharsand was known as BharauliorBarauliwhich in course of
time got corrupted into Bareli. Since about the begining of the
media level period of indian history the region in the south of
which the area covered by the district of Raebareli lies has been
known as Avadh or Subhah of Avadh. In the north it streched as far
as the foothills of the Himalayas and in the south as far as the
Ganga beyond which lay the Vatsa country. There is no doubt that
the district has been civilised and settled life since very early
times.
Study area is covered in 8 toposheets, viz- 63F/2, 63F/3, 63F/6,
63F/7,63F/8, 63F/10, 63F/11, 63F/12 it is shown in Map 2.
GEOGRAPHYThe district is irregular in shape but fairly compact. It
forms a part of the lucknow Division and lies between Latitude 25
49' North and 26 36' North and Longitude 100 41' East and 81 34'
East. On the North it is bounded by tehsil Mohanlalganj of district
Lucknow and tehsil Haidergargh of district Barabanki, on the east
by tehsil MussafirKhana of district Sultanpur and on the south east
by Pargana Ateha and the Kunda tehsil of district Pratapgargh. The
southern boundary is formed by the Ganga which separates it from
the district of Fatehpur. On the west lies the Purwa tehsil of
district Unnao.According to the 1991 census the area of the
district was 4,609 sq. km. The area is liable to vary every year by
reason of the action of the Ganga, for a small variation in the
deep stream of the river makes a very noticable change in the area
of the district, which occupies the thirty fourth place in size
among the districts of the State.
TOPOGARPHYThe district as a whole, is fairly compact tract of
gently undulating land. The elevation varies from about 120.4 m.
above sea level in the north west to 86.9 m. above sea level in the
extreme south east, on the banks of the Ganga. The highest points
are the crowns of the watersheds of the different drainage channel
which serve to divide the district into five main physical units,
The ganga Khadar, the Ganaga upland, the southern clay tract, the
central tract or the sai upland and the Northern clay tract.
RIVER SYSTEM AND WATER RESOURCESThe district is drainned by the
Ganga, the Sai and their tributaries although some of them join the
main stream after passing the confines of the district.
CLIMATEAs stated earlier this district lies in the vast Gangetic
plains of north India at an elevation of 100 to 120 meters, sloping
gently to south east. Relief from the summer heat arrives with the
mansoon in second half of June, through the weather may often
remain sultry. The winter sets in November and last up to February
Generally.AGRO CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The climate of Raebareli is almost dry Annual Rainfall is about
900-1000 mm,is seen mainly during July to September. Study area
covers 6 Agro climatic zones . The details are given below:
AES-1(Ganga Khadar region): Light brown sandy loam to sandy,
generally structure less, poor in water holding capacity and
organic matter,moderately alkaline,restricted drainage,surface
soils poor in lime content but the middle layer is calcareous,
medium in soluble salts. Carbonates & sulphates practically
absent.AES-2(Ganga Recent Alluvium region): Light gray brown at
surface to pale brown at lower depth, poor to average water holding
capacity neutral in reaction and poor in organic matter.Generally
non calcareous with fair drainage, medium in soluble salt contents
with predominance of bicarbonates and chlorides.AES-3(Ganga Flat
region):Light gray to light brownish gray, sandy loam, average
water holding capacity , neutral in reaction, slightly calcareous,
look in organic matter content, impeded drainage and prone to
salinity in the water logged areas, average in soluble salts but
injurious carbonetes are absent.
AES-4(Sai Upland Region):Brown at surface and lighter brown,
sandy loam, average water holding capacity, neutral non-calcareous,
fair drainage, low in soluble salts mainly comprising of
bicarbonates and chlorides of sodium.AES-5(Sai Low Land region):The
colour varies from gray to grayish brown at the surface to slightly
light at water holding capacity, neutral in reaction but lower
layers moderately calcareous. High soluble salts that increase with
depth.
AES-6(Sai Flat region):Surface soil gray in colour which darkens
below, becoming gray again in the third horizon.Texture Is clay
loam at surface and heavier below, average water holding capacity,
neutral in reaction and medium water soluble salts comprising
mainly bicarbonates and chlorides of sodium.SOIL OF RAEBARELI
Major part of Raebareli soils is sodic and in these soils crop
cultivation without any modification, becomes very difficult. Under
these conditions rice-wheat cropping system immerged as predominant
one.Rice is the most important crop of the district followed by
moong and urd that are grown during Kharif season. Dhaincha is a
major green manuring crop. During winter wheat with its salt
tolerant varieties isthe most important Rabi crop. Other important
crops of Rabi season are bengal gram, pea, mustard etc.
During Zaid fields usually remain vacant due to unavailability
of irrigation water.Geographical, climatic and edaphic
characteristics of the district determine the type of the farming
systemto be followed . The district comprises a flat gently
undulating tract and is characterised by sixphysiographic tracts
namely Ganga khadars , Ganga Recent Alluviams, Ganga flats, Sai
uplands Sai lowlands and Sai flats. These physiographic divisions
have contributed to the development of six specificsoils
association in the district. Climate is semi arid and is
characterized by average rainfall of 923 m.mwith mean maximum and
minimum temperature of 44.2 0C and 2.30C, respectively . Loamy
sand, sandyloam, clay loam and silt loam soils are found in the
district. Loamy sand and sandy loam soils are generally light
shallow , low water retentive and deficient in nutrients where as
silt loam and clay loamsoils are deep, highly water retentive and
medium to highly productive. There are four major farming systems
in the district based on nature of soil and degree of assured
irrigation. (a) Pure cropping (b)Mixed farming (iii) Agri-horti and
(iv) Agri-Silvi. The mustard.SOIL TYPES:
Ganga Khadar : This soil covers 14836 ha.area out of total area.
Light brown, sandy loam to sandy, generally structure less, poor in
water holding capacity and organic matter, moderately alkaline
,restricted drainage, surface soil poor in lime content but the
middle layers is calcareous, medium is soulable salts. Carbonates
& sulphates practically absent. Ganga Recent Alluvium:This soil
covers 14516 ha.of total area. Light gray brown, at surface to pale
brown at lower depth,poor to average water holding capacity neutral
in reaction and poor in organic matter.
Ganga Flat: This soil covers 108392 ha. Area out of total area
Light gray,to light brownish gray, sandy loam average water holding
capacity ,neutral in reaction ,slightly calcareous ,low in organic
matter content ,impeded drainage and prone to salanity in the water
logged areas ,average in soluble salt but injurious corbonates are
absent .Sai Upland: This soil cover 5914 ha.area out of total area
.Brown at surface and lighter brown, sandy loam ,average water
holding capacity, neutral non calcareous fair drainage low and
soluble salts mainly comprising of bicarbonates and chlorides of
sodium . Sai low land :This soil covers 126556 ha.area out of total
area the colour various from gray to grayish brown at the surface
to slightly light at lower depth light texture at surface but
becoming heavier below ,average water holding capacity , neutral in
reaction but lower layers moderately calcareous .
Sai flat :This soil covers 193116 ha.area out of total area
.Surface soil gray in colour which darknes below, becoming gray
again in the third horizon. Texture is clay loam at surface and
heavier below, average water holding capacity, neutral in reaction
and medium water soluble salts comprising mainly bicarbonates and
chlorides of sodium.AVAILABILITY OF MINERALS.
The district forms a part of the Gangetic plain which is of
recent origin according to geological chronology and revels
ordinary gangetic alluvium. The district being a part of the
alluvial plain conforms to the same geological sequence as the
plain itself. The only mineral of importance are reh and brick
earth. Near about 90 brick fields are engaged to manufacture the
bricks. There is no mineral available for industrial purpose in the
district of Raebareli.Table-2;-
S.NONames of MineralsProduction in Tones (2013-14)in LAKHS
MAJOR MINERAL
1Brick clay and local sand91.53
FORESTAs per Forest Department, the forest covers an area of
4002 hectares in district Raebareli. It is divided in 4 ranges viz;
Raebareli, Dalmau, Bachhrawan and Lalganj. Largest forest range is
Bachhrawan. In this 1019.20 hectares covered by forest. The areas
of such land already planted with trees like Dhak, Khair, Babool,
Shisham, Neem, Vilayati, Babul, Arjuna, Kanji, Siras, Eucalyptus,
Mango, Mahuva and Jamun are 544 hectares in tehsil Raebareli, 500
hectares in tehsil Salon, 348 hectares in Tehsil Dalamau and 61
hectares in tehsil Maharajganj, Groves in the district consist
mostly of mango and mahuva trees.
ADMINISTRATIVE SETUPFor administration purpose the district has
been divided into 5 sub divisions, 5 tehsils, 15 blocks, 132 Nnyay
panchayat and 700 gram sabha, 1284 revenue villages, 8 developed
villages and 33 under developed villages.
The statuses of Tehsils & Blocks are given below:
Table-3S.NoTehsilBlock
1
Raebareli (Sadar1. Harchandpur
2. Sataon
3. Rahi
4. Amavan
2Dalmau1. Dalmau
2. Jagatpur
3. Rahania
3Lalganj1. Lalganj
2. Sareni
4Maharajganj1. Maharajganj
2. Bachhrawan
3. Shivgarh
5Unchahar1.Unchahar
2. Deen Shah Gaura
CHAPTER -3SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUSSOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF
RAEBARELI DISTRICT (U.P.)
Today Sericulture shows a picture of a well knit agro-based
labour intensive activity which plays a significant role in the
development of rural economy. Sericulture being an agro based rural
industry, is highly suitable to provide employment to the farmers
& landless labours It is mainly a rural and labour intensive
industry requiring potential for profit and foreign exchange
earnings. As an agro based industry, Sericulture has two main
aspects. The first is an agriculture aspect in which mulberry is
cultivated & Silkworm are rerred and the second is an
Industrial aspect in which the cocoons are reeled , Silk processed,
woven into fabric, dyed & printed. So the finest product of
Sericulture is Silk. This always has demand in the global
market.
INDUSTRIAL SCENARIO OF RAEBARELITable-4:
DETAILS OF EXISTING MICRO & SMALL ENTERPRISES AND ARTISAN
UNITS IN THE DISTRICT (2010-11)Table 5:
Source: DIC Raebareli
Population Status of Raebareli District according to Census of
2001 and 2011:-
An official census 2011 detail of Raebareli, a district of Uttar
Pradesh has been released by directorate of census operations in
U.P.Description20112001Remark
Total population3,405,5592,872,335Increased by 18.56%
Male1,752,5421,472,230Increased by 19.03%
Female1,653,0171,400,105Increased by 18.06%
Male Literates1,165,9658,10,498Increased by 43.85%
Female Literates799,878449,049Increased by 78.12%
Child population482,517530,789Decreased by 9.09%
Population Growth18.56%24.35%Decreased
Sex Ratio943951Increased
Table 6:Figure-2Graphical Presentation of Population and
Literacy Growth (Census 2001 & 2011) of Raebareli District of
U.P. There was change of 18.56% in the population compare to
population as per 2011 in the previous census of India 2001,
Raebareli district recorded increase of 24.35% to its population
compare to 1991. The Initial provisional data released by census
India 2011 shows that density of Raebareli district for 2011 is 739
people per square k.m. In 2001, Raebareli district density was 629
people per square km. Raebareli district administrator 4,609 km2 of
area. With regards to sex ratio in Raebareli it stood at 943 per
1000 male compare to 2001 census figure of 951.
Child sex ratio 926 girls per 1000 boys compare to figure of 941
girls per 1000 boys of 2001 census data.
Average literacy rate of Raebareli in 2011 were 67.25 compare to
53.79 of 2001. For 2001 census same figures stood at 67.61 and
39.30 in Raebareli district.
Child sex ratio as per census 2011 was 926 compare to 941 of
census 2001. In 2011, children under 0-6 age formed 14.17% of
Raerbareli district compare to 18.48% in 2001, there was net change
of -4.31% in this compared to previous census of India.
RAEBARELI DISTRICT RURAL-URBAN POPULATION 2011Table
7:DescriptionRuralUrban
Total Population3,097,564307,995
Male Population1,592,449160,093
Female Population1,505,115147,902
Child Population (0-6)447,62734,890
Male Child(0-6)232,22418,277
Female Child(0-6)215,40316,613
Total Literates1,750,026215,817
Male Literates1,046,389119,576
Female Literates703,63796,241
Child Percentage (0-6)14.45 %11.33 %
Male Child Percentage14.58 %11.42 %
Female Child Percentage14.31 %11.23 %
Sex Ratio945924
Child Sex Ratio (0-6)928909
Average Literacy66.04 %79.02 %
Male Literacy76.93 %84.32 %
Female Literacy54.56 %73.30 %
Figure 3:-
Rural and Urban Population, Literacy Growth (Census 2001 &
2011) in Rural and Urban Areas of Raebareli District, U.PCHAPTER -
4
METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGYThe process of identification of potential areas for
Sericulture development involves evaluation of water & soil
quality for the cultivation of silk worms foods plants as well as
rearing of silk worms. Mulberry is the only food plant for silk
worm Bombyxmori. The assessment of site suitability for Sericulture
involves matching the climate water & land qualities with the
requirements of the silk worm food plants (FAO, 1976; Sys, 1985;
Sys etal, 1993) and silk worm rearing. It needs interpretation and
integration of soils, climatic parameters, vegetation & other
aspects of land, like cultivable wastelands & slope using GIS.
The cultivable wasteland categories have to be evaluated for
introducing Sericulture.LANDSCAPE & SOIL PARAMETERS CONSIDERED
FOR LAND EVALUATION.Table 8:
Best Period for Mulberry RearingTable 9:SUITABILITY CRITERIA FOR
MULBERRY PLANTATIONTable 10:
Criteria for Determination of Land Suitability Classes
Table 11:
METHODOLOGY CHARTFigure 4:
CHAPTER - 5
RESULTS
RESULTSThis study was carried out on Identification Of Suitable
Sites For Sericulture Development At Singhpur, Tiloi, Bahadurpur Of
Raebareli District Using Remote Sensing And GIS Techniques. during
2014-15 in Singhpur, Tiloi, Bahadurpur Block of Raibareli district
of U.P. . Four categories of culturable Wasteland were found
suitable for sericulture development in this block viz. under Land
with open scrub, Seasonal Water logged, Moderate sodic land, severe
sodic land. Results shows that 3101.90, 1378.98 and 350.41 ha.
culturable wasteland was found under different categories of
culturable wasteland in Singhpur, Tiloi and Bahadurpr Block,
respectively (Table no.--). Table no. 13 reveals that Singhpur
Block has 797.16, 1169.74, 127.13 and 1007.86 ha. culturable
wasteland under Land with open scrub, Seasonal Water logged,
Moderate sodic land, severe sodic land . Tiloi block has 115.59,
734.94, 88.66,and 439.77ha. Culturable wasteland under Land with
open scrub, Seasonal waterlogged ,Moderate sodic,Severe sodic land
category. Bahadurpur block of Raibareli has 107.31 ,45.50, 62.20,
& 1350.41ha. culturable wasteland under Land with open scrub,
Seasonal waterlogged,Moderate sodic land, Severe sodic category.
(Table no. Deep soil, well & marginal drainage, slight,
moderate & nil erosion , pH range 6.5-9.5 , fine loamy &
fine loamy calcareous. soil texture was formed on different
selected sites suitable for sericulture development in study
area.Table No 12:S.No.BlockTehsilLandscape Parameters on different
selected sites
Soil DepthDrainageErosionpHSoil Texture
1SinghpurSinghpurDeepWell, Poorly to imperfectNone to slight,
Moderate6.5-7.5Fine loamy,Fine loamy calcareous, Coarse Loamy
2TiloiTiloiDeepWell, Poorly to imperfectNone to slight,
Moderate6.5-7.5Fine loamy,Fine loamy calcareous
3BahadurpurMaharajganjDeepPoorly to imperfectModerate,
Slight6.5-7.5Fine loamy,fine loamy calcareous.
Table No. 13S.No.BlockTehsilCategories of Culturable
Wasteland
Land With Open ScrubSeasonal Water loggedModerate Sodic
LandSevere Sodic LandTotal Area (ha.)Class
1SinghpurSinghpur797.1601169.7467127.1391007.863,101.90S1, S2,
S3
2TiloiTiloi115.596734.94988.661439.771,378.98S1, S2, S3
3BahadurpurMaharjganj107.3145.50162.205135.40350.41S2, S3
Total1,020.0661,950.1967278.0051,583.034,831.29
Map 3:
Map 4:
Map 5:
Map 6:
Map 7:
Map 8:
Map 9:
Map 10:Map 11:
Map 12:Map 13:
Map 14:
Map 15:
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY &
CONCLUSION
SUMMARYStudy entitled Identification of suitable sites for
sericulture development at Singhpur, Tiloi and Bahadurpur blocks of
Raebareli district (UP.) using Remote sensing & GIS techniques
the, reveals following outputs for Raebareli district major
components for the selection of suitable sites were the criteria
for evaluation and limitation rating of terrain and soil for the
development of sericulture food plants.The erosion condition varies
from Nil to Moderate. Slope was Near level to level, while the
drainage was well and Marginal on some selected sites, soil of Fine
loamy to Fine loamy calcareous texture .PH range 6.5 to 9.5.and
deep soil was found on different sites from categories of
culturable waste land were found in the study area. Some medicinal
plants, pulses, oil seeds & floral plants can be grown
successfully as Inter cropping with silk worm food plants.
Being rural based Agro-Industry, Sericulture needs less
specialized skill and hence suits to women well.
It involves mostly indoor activities, less physical energy and
manual labour.
Sericulture needs minimum investment with long life and short
gestation period and it can play very important role in
socio-economic development of rural areas especially.
It provides continuous job with frequent income and scope for
utilizing several byproducts for value addition and thereby can
check migration from rural to urban areas.
Mulberry leaves have been found effective in lowering the Blood
Sugar and Arterial Pressure. Mulberry leaves are used in preparing
green tea together with its root and stem, which is effective in
decreasing Blood Pressure. Dopamine is found in mulberry leaves at
high concentration which is used in gargles for curing the throat
Inflammation.
Among various extracted from mulberry shoots, polyphenols or its
derivatives have been seen to increase fur growth in rabbit and
sheep.
Pactine and glucose found in stem of mulberry are used for
making hair and skin supple.
Mulberry being a member of Moraseae Family, specialized for
their Latex Producing capacity has the property of healing the
wounds and injuries, also can be used as Dermal Ointment.
Mulberry Fruit juice is very good to drink during Convalescence
(Being well again after illness), nourishes the skin due to high
source of Vitamin -C.
Mulberry Fruit juice is very good for Heart, Brain and Spleen
(An organ near stomach , controls quality of blood)
Its Juice helps curing Diarrhoea and intestinal ulcers.
Additional Benefits of Sericulture
Among various substances extracted from stem of Mulberry shoots
is used to increase fur growth of Rabbits and Sheep, Which will
increase the income of farmers who have pets of this type.
Leaves of Mulberry also can be used for fattening of animals
which can be utilized to increase the weight of Mutton.
Mulberry leaves have high ration of plant protein in it and the
green shoots.
If the leaf of Mulberry mixed with other grasses (food) @ 1.5
2.0 kg for cattle feed, the milk production capacity of milk
yielding animals can be raised amazingly.
Mulberry stem is used in components of tanning and coloring
purpose.
Bark of Mulberry is used as Purgative and Vermifuge.
Cosmetics are also prepared by the Mulberry plants for the
nourishment
of skin and hair.CONCLUSION Study area has 4831.3053 ha. Total
area under culturable wasteland. Study area has 157.14, 845.65,
3755.66 ha. area under S1,S2,S3 categories respectively.
Singhpur block has maximum culturable wasteland area (3101.90)
suitable for mulberry sericulture among all three blocks studied.
Bahadurpur block has only S2, S3 class of culturable waste land
suitable for sericulture development .While the remaining two
blocks has all three classes (S1,S2,S3) of culturable wasteland
suitable for sericulture development.
R.S. and GIS techniques proved very useful for identification of
culturable wasteland.
Image 1: Field Visit
Image 2: Field visitCHAPTER - 7BIBLIOGRAPHYBibliography
Note on the performance of Indian Silk Industry and functioning
of centre Silk Board, Centre Silk Board, Banglore. 18 March
2013.
Wood, Jolie M.F. (2011). "Contentious politics and civil society
in Varanasi". In Ajay Gudavarthy. Re-framing Democracy and Agency
at India: Interrogating Political Society. Anthem Press.
ISBN9780857283504. ISC Website, July 2011.
http://silks.csb.gov.in/nesac.
http://silks.csb.gov.in/nesac/about-silks-2 Vera, Zak (2010).
Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission. Author House.
ISBN978-1-4389-0020-9. Raghubanshi, A. S. & A. Tripathi. 2009.
Effect of disturbance, habitat fragmentation and alien invasive
plants on floral diversity in dry tropical forests of Vindhyan
highland: a review. Tropical Ecology 50:57-69
Indian Silk 47(5), 2008 htttp://envfor.nic.in.
SYS, C., Ranst, V., Debaveye, J. and Beernaert, F. (1993), Land
Evaluation part III, crop requirement, Agriculture publication
Number 7, ITC, Netherlands. Technical guidelines and procedure
manuals, NESAC & CSB.
I.S.T.P. (Integrated State Tassar Programme)
Regional Eri research Station, Central silk board, Mendipathar,
East Garo Hills, Meghalaya Rao, U.R. 1991, Remote Sensing for
Suitable Development, General of Indian Society of Remote
Sensing,19,217-236.Abbreviations AES: Agro Ecological Situation
CSB: Central Silk Board EDUSAT: Educational Satellite EC:
Electrical Conductivity
NESAC: North Eastern Space Applications Centre
RSAC: Remote Sensing Applications Centre
DEM: Digital Elevation Model
SRTM: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
GIS: Geographical Information System
RS: Remote Sensing
SPARRS: Survey of Potential & Actual Area under Sericulture
Through Remote Sensing
INSAT: Indian Satellite
KVK : Krishi Vigyan Kendra
DOS: Department of Space
APIB: Agricultural Planning & Information Bank
VRC: Village Resource Centre
SILKS: Sericulture Information Linkages & Knowledge
System
LGP: Length of Growing Period.
PET: Potential Evapotranspiration
ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization
NWUM: National Wastelands Updating Mission
UPSLRP: Uttar Pradesh Sodic Land Reclamation Project
SITE: Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
SISDP: Space Based Information System for Decentralized
Planning
LULC: Land use Land Cover
NRIS: National Resource Information System
Toposheet Index Map of Study Area
Map: 2
FIELD VISIT PHOTOGRAPHS
75
