SAMPLE ANSWERS 2 PAD 390

Question:

1. a) Explain the importance of political element in the field of development administration

b) Describe three (3) contemporary challenges faced by developing nations in their continuous effort for development

Answer:

a) Political Element in the field of development administrationi. Political element is needed in order to bargain the trust of

people so that they will participate in development effortii. The political stability is an important element in ensuring the

substance of development administration such as resources is not misuse or abused

iii. Other relevant points will also be consideredb) Contemporary aspects of the developing nations that need to be

considered in the development process:i. Consideration for NGOs as they constitute the third largest

component of a nation apart from the government, the people and the civil society

ii. Emphasis on the issue of human capital as one of the problems of developing nations is the lack of skillful workers and expertise

iii. The enhancement of education system so that developing nations may have equal capabilities with their counterparts in the developed nations

iv. Other relevant points will also be considered

Question:

2. Explain four (4) inpacts of urbanization in Malaysia during the 1960s that led to the formation of the New Economic Policy in 1970

Answer:

a) Students must start by giving introductionb) Impact of urbanization in Malaysia that lead to the formulation of the

New Economic Policy during the 1970s:i. Population polarization became uneven since there wereares

which are more or over developed than othersii. Obvious economic gap between racesiii. Political unrest (to a certaion extent due to racial politics)

c) Student must conclude their answer

Question:

3. a) Differentiate with examples between’duration of change’ and ‘magnitude of change’ in the social change process

b) Explain any three (3) characteristics of change

Answer:

a) Duration of change refers to the question of how long a particular change form endures after it has been accepted. It may refer to the life span of long-term (transitory) change phenomenaExample: The NEP was designed in a way to achieve its objectives for twenty years

Magnitude of change is how much change has taken place. It may be based on a three-part scheme of incremental or marginal, comprehensive, and revolutionary changesExample: Hoe the education process in Malaysia developed

b) Strategies of change:i. Change is naturalii. Change is a continuous processiii. Change is needediv. Change is uniform v. Change takes place within a society

Question:

4. “People are rational and they follow their rational self-interests once these are revealed to them” – Chin and Benne

Based on the above statement, discuss four (4) strategies of planned social change.

Answer:

The statement is referring to the empirical-rational methods of planned social change by Robert Chin and Kenneth D. Benne

The strategies include:

i. The basic research and dissemination of knowledge to general education

ii. Personal selection and replacementiii. The use of systems analysts as staffs and consultantsiv. Applied research and the development of linkage syatems for

diffusing its findingv. Utopian thinking as a strategy in the form of future scenariosvi. Emphasis on more adequate communication in interpersonal

relations

Question:

5. a) Describe the concept of development as it was propagated in the 1980s

b) Elaborate on three (3) mechanisms of diffusion as suggested by Kroeber

Answer:

a) Concept of development in 1980si. During this period, development no longer synonym with

economic development, but equity should be the parameter to measure development

ii. Equity indicates:a) The guarantee of provision of basic needsb) The creation of employment

iii. In this sense, development must be able to create employment and avoid inequality

iv. Any relevant points other than given above will also be considered

a) Mechanisms of diffusion as coined by Kroeber:i. Religionsii. International immigrationiii. Trade and commerceiv. Colonialization and imperialismv. Insinuation

Question:

6. Discuss five (5) advantages of the Economic Corridors launched by Prime Minister Dato’ Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in facilitating economic growth and development in Malaysia

Answer:

a) Student should start their answer by giving introduction on Economic corridors

b) Advantages of those economic corridors in facilitating economic growth and development in Malaysia:i. Those plans concentrating on very different but complimentary

sectors that may boost the economy. NCER concentrating on agricultural and food production as to prepare it to be regional logistic hub. ECER on oil and gas production and WPI on infrastructure development

ii. Those plans will strengthen the international industrial linkages due to the foreign investment incentives

iii. Those plans may also optimize spatial distribution of economic activities which will lead to lots of employment creation that may reduce the incidence of poverty

iv. Those plans may also strengthen the existing main economic drivers and diversify into new economic growth sectors

v. Any relevant point other than given above will also be consideredc) Students should conclude their answer

Question:

7. a) Define Administrative reform

b) Explain four (4) factors trhat can help in the implementation of admnistrative reform in Malaysia

Answer:

a) Any complete definition of administrative reform with elaborationi. Administrative reform can be defined as a positive efforts to

bring about changes to the government administrative system towards a more efficient and effective public service (Abdullah Sanusi Ahmad)

ii. You can also give definition of administrative reform by other scholars that you have studied

b) Alternatives to overcome barriers to administrative reformation:i. Consultationii. Localization of technologyiii. Professionalism and motivationiv. Public trustv. Service for society or society orientedvi. Education and training in administration

Question:8. “The primary obstacles to development are administrative rather than economy”Elaborate on the contributions of development administartion since 1950s.

Answer:a) Student should begin their answer by giving introductionb) Contributions:

i. Reduce and lastly alleviate povertyii. Reduce inequality and unemploymentiii. Improve and increase the efficiency of administrationiv. Develop economic opportunities and society through

integrationv. Other relevant answer will be considered

c) Student should conclude their answer

Question:9. Expansion of organizational capabilities is one of the primary efforts in development since 1970s. Elaborate on four (4) Malaysian achievements resulted from this efforts.

Answer:a) Students should answer first by giving introductionb) Four advantages that we have achieved through this effort:

i. Focus on implementation of development projects and re-distribution throughout the nation

ii. A more balanced development throughout nation boundariesiii. Provide an extensive administrative developmentiv. Fight against povertyv. Provide a more accountable and efficient organizations and

government agensiesvi. Provide and cater to local problems more efficiently

c) Give conclusion to the answer

Question:10. Discuss with examples how the biological variables have brought changes in the society.

Answer:

a) Start answering by giving introductionb) How biological variables have brought changes in the society:

i. Ecology: the relationship between mankind and other living things

- Natural resources for food, medicine and other needs- Environment, clean air, water, etc.- Ecological balance- Pollution

c) Demography:- Population density- Physical and social illness- Family planning- Change of values and resistance

d) Conclusion of the answer

Question:11. a) Explain two (2) types of change agents

b) Explain four (4) roles of change agents in guided or planned change

Answer:a) Two (2) types of change agents:

i. Bureaucracyii. Secondary change agentsAccording to Kotler (1972), the secondary change agents are supporters to the leaders who he considered as the formal change agents

b) Four (4) roles of change agents in guided /planned changei. To identify the needs of change among target groupsii. To establish change relationship with the target groupsiii. To identify problems faced by the target groupsiv. To identify target groups’ goals and alternativesv. To establish the desire of change among target groups

Question:12. a) Define development

b) Explain four ($) demerits of conservative perspectives of development

Answer:a) Define development:

Definition of development,”....A multidimensional process, which includes changes to the fundamental structure of society, attitude and institution...” (Todaro, 1982)i. It requires change to the entire social system so that ir is

consistent with the fundamental needs of the individuals and the various groups within the siciety

ii. Development should provide them avenues to leave the condition of life that is marked with inconveniences to a condition that is perceived to be better spiritually and materialistically

b) Four (4) demerits of conservatve perspective of developmenti. Those who are diligent will gain benefits, on the other hands,

those who are lazy would suffer the consequences of their own free choice

ii. Decision making is based on individual, family, or company that is acting in respond to create an equilibrium and harmonious market

iii. The effect from such an economic activity is the elevation of desire and individual ego for the sake of maximizing freedom and and wealth

iv. Social change will only happen as a response to actions taken freely by individuals with limited intervention from the government

v. The effect of the economic activities will create imbalances of society

vi. Creation of a monopolistic economy

Question:13. a) Distinguish hard core poverty from relative poverty

b) Explain three (3) alternatives suggested by The Human Development Report 1997 to overcome economics problems faced by developing countries

Answer:a) Distinguish hardcore poverty from relative poverty

Poverty line is a level of personal or family income falls below which one is classified as poor according to government standards – it is also called poverty level and absolute povertyHard core poverty – a condition of absolute povertyRelative poverty – Levels of poverty determined by comparing income in quartiles – normally the lowest quartile

b) Three (3) alternatives suggested by The Human Development Report to overcome economic problems faced by developing countries:i. Initiate people-centered policies that give individuals,

households and communities sexpanded access to economic, social, political and personal assets

ii. Work towards gender equality, both as an ends and means to eradication of poverty

iii. A minimum target should be 3 % per capita income growth per year

iv. Improve the management of globalization, including better trade policies and fairer rules and fairs terms and conditions for poor country to enter markets

v. Create a political environment so that the poor people and the poor communitiescan be heard rather than be suppressed or opressed

Question:14. “Besides ensuring sustainable provision of basic facilities to the society, rural development is also concerned with changing mindsets among the rural folks”Elaborate on four ($) emphasis given by the Malaysian government in rural development since independence.

Answer:a) Start your answer by giving introductingb) Emphasis given to rural development by Malaysian Givernment since

independence:i. Emphasis on wide area integrationii. Emphasis on rural folks who are pooriii. Emphasis to encourage rural folks to move on their own

collectively for common purposesiv. Emphasis to improve productivity of rural folksv. Encourage target groups to use basic needs

c) Conclusion of your answer

Question:15. Explain the following:

a. Two (2) rationales of administrative reformsi. Introduction of the answerii. Two rationales:- To rationalize the overall structure and processes of the

machinery of government in developing countries- According to Caiden (1990)...the major thrusts of the new

administrative reform agenda are privatization and corporatization, de-bureaucratization, re-organization, more effective public management to achieve the value for money approach

- Efforts to overcome the law and order of administrations which are lacked of experience, resources and trained personnel

iii. Conclusion of the answer

b. Post take-off stage of Rostow’s theory of economic growthi. Introduction of answerii. Discussion:- Excellent economic scenario- High public participation in economic activities- Government focus on new industries and urbanization- Lesser people live in shanties and underdeveloped areas

- Distribution of income is more equitableiii. Conclusion of your answer

c. Marx’s conflict theory of social changei. Introduction to the answerii. Discussion:- Society will not flourish without conflict- History of mankind is the history of social struggle- Capitalism – socialism - Communism- Changes occurred due to conflict

iv. Conclusion of the discussion

d. Political Modernizationi. Introduction of your answerii. Political modernization: increasing political culture and

affordability of political institution to maintain and sustain the stability of politics

iii. Is needed in order to:- Have more political participation of the masses- Have nore accountability of the government- Have more respect of human rights and freedom- Encourage nationalism and democracy

iv. Conclusion of the discussion

e. Self-esteem as core value of developmenti. Introduction of answerii. Discussion:- It is related to a sense of worth and self-respect, of not being

used as a tool by others for their own needs- However, because of the significance attached to material

values in developed nations, worthiness and esteems nowadays increasingly conferred only on those countries who possess economic wealth and technological power – those that have “developed”

- iii. Conclusion of discussion

f. Relative poverty and its measurementi. introduction of your answerii. Discussion:- Household income level below a given proportion of average

national income. The relative poor in high-income countries lack access to natural goods, entertainment, recreation, quality health care, education and other pre-requisites for upward social mobolity

- Measure of poverty is in-term of:...land possession...properties...children contribution...share

iv. Conclusion of discussion