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G I S Principles & Practices
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Publishing-in-support-of,
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING
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Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001
Website: www.educreation.in
________________________________________________________________
© Copyright, 2018, G.S. Kumar
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of its writer.
ISBN: 978-1-5457-1889-6
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The opinions/ contents expressed in this book are solely of the authors and do not represent the opinions/ standings/ thoughts of Educreation or the Editors . The book is released by using the services of self-publishing house.
Printed in India
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G I S Principles & Practices
Some Notes
G.S. Kumar
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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Contents
Chapter Topic Page
Introductory Remarks xiii
Prologue xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 GeoSpatial Technology 1
1.2 GIS Everywhere 1
1.3 Content 2
1.4 Scope 3
1.5 Policies 4
2. GIS in India 5
2.1 GeoMap Society (GEMS) 5
2.2 GIS India 6
2.3 Other GIS Journals 7
2.4 Aerial Photogrammetry 7
2.5 Policy environment in geospatial domain –
Maj Gen Dr R Siva Kumar (Retd)
9
2.5.1 Maps 9
2.5.2 Survey of India
2.5.3 Digital Technologies 10
2.5.4 The Great Trigonometric Survey
(GTS)
11
2.5.5 Map Restrictions 12
2.5.6 Ideal geospatial policy
environment
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3. Spatial Data Capture 15
3.1 Integration 15
3.2 Indian Satellite RS 15
3.3 Data Base Issues 16
3.4 RS Data Capture Techniques 17
3.4.1 General 17
3.4.2 Radio Detection And Ranging
(R A D A R)
18
3.4.3 Terrestrial Laser Scanner
4. Cost, Accuracy and Planning Aspects 24
4.1 Map Accuracy 24
4.2 Control points 25
4.3 Cost Aspects 26
4.4 Policies & Technology 27
5. Maps; Map Projections, Datums & Coordinate Systems
29
5.1 Ancient background 29
5.2 Survey of India 29
5.3 Horizontal Datums 30
5.4 Vertical Datums 30
5.5 Map Projections 32
5.5.1 Examples of Conic Projections 35
5.6 Symbols 35
5.7 Thematic maps 35
5.8 Engineering maps 36
5.9 Cadastral (more in chapter 8 ) 36
5.10 Digital Maps 36
5.11 NORTH 36
5.12 Survey of India maps 37
5.13 U T M 38
5.13.1 Overlapping grids 39
5.13.2 UTM zones of India 40
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5.14 NMP map numbering 41
5.15 Features of NMP 42
5.16 G S T Policy 42
6. NAVSTAR – GPS & Other Systems 44
6.1 NAVSTAR 44
6.2 Handheld GPS receivers 45
6.3 Navigational Systems 46
6.4 The Indian Regional Navigation
Satellite System (IRNSS)
46
6.5 Differential Global Positioning
System (DGPS)
47
6.6 Augmented reality (AR)
6.7 Concluding note
49
50
7. Field Surveys 51
7.1 Principles 51
7.2 Levelling observations 51
7.3Traditional land survey methods 53
7.4 Current field survey methods 53
7.4.1 Total Station survey 53
7.4.2 GPS Survey
7.4.3 Lase Ranger
7.4.4 LiDAR
7.4.5 3D scanning Example
54
54
54
55
7.5 Concluding remarks 55
8. Cadastral Surveys 57
8.1 Introduction 57
8.2 Goa Experiment 57
8.3 Madhya Pradesh Experiment 58
8.4 Angul-Nalco project in Orissa 59
8.5 Resurvey project in Andhra Pradesh/ ILIS, Nizamabad
59
8.6 A new approach in Telangana 60
8.7 Issues 60
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8.8 Registration & Title 61
8.8.1 Australia 62
8.8.2 Revenue department records kept changing
63
8.8.3 Project G-Triangulation –
Gurugram
63
8.9 UK Example 65
8.10 Land titles 67
8.11 Establishing System to Register
Title of Lands
67
8.12 Author‘s note 69
9. Digital Photogrammetry 70
9.1 Some Points 70
9.2 Aerial Photograph 70
9.3 Data Capture through
photogrammetry
72
9.3.1 Digital Photogrammetry common to all platforms
72
9.3.2 Ground Control Points (GCP‘s) 73
9.4 LIDAR survey of Godavari 74
10. Issues 76
10.1 National Map Policy – 2005 76
10.1.1 Some relevant extracts 76
10.1.2 Two Series of Maps 76
10.1.3 National Topographical Data Base
(NTDB)
77
10.1.4 Applicability of Previous
Instructions
77
10.1.5 Contents of OSM 77
10.2 Guidelines For Implementing
National Map Policy
77
10.3 Remote Sensing Data Policy 78
10.3.1 License 78
10.3.2 Permission 78
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10.3.3 Government‘s right
10.3.4 Rights on foreign satellite
imagery of India
78
78
10.4 Violation of National Map Policy 79
10.5 Some Views (Extracts)
10.5.1 License raj S D Baveja 79
10.5.2 Incomplete NK Agrawal 81
10.5.3 Dampening K V Ravindran 82
10.5.4 A misnomer Pramod K Singh 83
10.6 One Nation – One GST Policy 87
10.6.1 Divide and Rule Policy 87
10.6.2 Nizamabad project 88
11. G I S 90
11.1 Evolution of GIS 90
11.2 GIS Definitions 70
11.3 Open Source GIS 90
11.4 Q GIS 94
11.5 Vector and raster data in GIS 95
11.6 Symbology 98
11.7 Attribute data 99
11.8 GIS Layers 99
11.9 Some Advantages – Summarised 101
11.10 Traditional – 2D, 3D and 4D 101
11.11 Scope in GIS 101
11.12 Remarks 102
11.12.1 Lack of coordination in GIS 102
11.12.2 Digital map data 103
11.12.3 Google maps 103
11.12.4 N S D I 103
12. GIS Applications 105
12.1 Land use of a colony 105
12.2 Water Cess Dues of a Colony 106
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12.3 Garbage points of a colony 106
12.4 Bank Customer spread 107
12.5 Demographic data of a particular income range
107
12.6 Area of influence of a Bank 108
12.7 GIS Mapping of crime data in
Hyderabad
109
12.8 Digital Map support for Navigation
map of Hyderabad
109
12.9 High accuracy House-hold Survey 110
12.10 DGPS based integrated survey 110
12.11 High accuracy heighting 110
12. 12 Blood supply by Drones 110
13. Khichdi 111
13.1 CARTOSAT-1 111
13.2 Surveying 112
13.3 Road network Information 112
13.4 3D Mapping 112
13.4.1 Generation of Cadastral Maps 113
13.5 U S G S 113
13.6 INSPIRE 114
13.7 India‘s National Map Policy:
HOPE vs HYPE
13.8 UK‘s Mapping Agency
114
116
13.9 British Raj tradition 116
13.10 Dangerous Policy 117
13.11 Land Surveyor/ GIS professional 117
13.12 Surveying with Drone 120
13.13 Dr P.Wong 121
14. Questions & Answers 123
Abbreviations (selected list) 126
Epilogue 127
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xiii
Introductory Remarks
Dr. DP Rao (Padmasri),
Former Director, NRSC
It is not easy to give introductory remarks for a book written by
a civil engineer by education, by a geologist/geomorphologist
by education. However, the surveying and mapping experience
of the author and use of maps and remote sensing data for preparation of thematic maps addressing needs of the nation,
during my four decades of experience, has tempted me to
accept the author‘s request to give a few remarks on the
contents of the book.
GIS principles and practices is an attempt to compile series
of professional lectures by the author in various educational
institutions and other forums. Motivated by the experience of
running a popular journal GIS India and training programs in GIS, the contents cover various issues that need to be
considered for a successful GIS in practice. Having worked
extensively with topographic maps, gained an insight into the
intricacies of maps, accuracy in maps, datums, map projections and differences with cadastral maps etc. helps in appreciating
spatial data integration issues using GIS. Some aspects of
importance of ground control points in arriving at required
accuracies are listed.
Navigation systems, field surveys, examples of cadastral surveys, particularly those involving digital photogrammetry
using aerial photos are highlighted, the reading of which
educates the reader for choosing appropriate method for a
given occasion.
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There is considerable discussion on Map Policy, the
changing policy over time and similarly on remote sensing data
costing and policy on availability. The concerns of user for obtaining maps, digitization of maps, availability of high
resolution data are highlighted. The status of National Spatial
Data Infrastructure and its functional problems are also
discussed.
Finally, GIS the core issue of the book and its practical
application are covered with considerable details on its
evolution and various stages of development leading to latest
4D GIS and open source GIS and web based GIS.
Spatial data like maps and satellite images and its variants
like GPS and Total Station Survey etc are essential for
preparing national, regional and local thematic maps for
development. With the availability of Indian Remote Sensing data, integration of various sets of spatial information in GIS
format is made easy as it can be manipulated to suit a
particular use. A very significant example is the concept of
Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) which
was executed as a national project by Dept.of Space. There are other equally important examples like Drinking Water Mission,
Wasteland Mapping for reclamation of wastelands and many
more.
The IMSD example is not only successful but proved critical to several regions dependent on ground water for agriculture
and related activities. It is heartening to see several NGOs
taking up rainwater conservation. The River Rejuvenation
Program successfully going on in some southern states, thanks to the initiative taken by Sri Sri Ravishankar (Art od Living
guru), is a good example of GIS in practical use. I am sure
several agencies including private companies are conducting
GIS mapping in several parts of the country. I am happy that
the author tried to bring this to light.
In the process one may find some topics repeatedly
covered and at times the reading may sound like a Khichidi. But
Kichidi has its own special taste. This book covering practical
aspects of integrating desperate spatial data and technologies will be useful to students as well as others with interest in GIS.
A must book for libraries and individuals with interest in GIS.
*****
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Prologue
This book is a collection/compilation of technological
information/notes on GIS, views and ideas mainly based on the author‘s professional experience. The objective is to share
specific knowledge of GIS that would help better understanding
of GIS applications which are growing rapidly. This book will
supplement the material in existing text books and internet on
the various aspects of GIS.
Author benefited from the following:
30 years of experience in Survey of India in Surveying &
Mapping 40 years of experience in delivering lectures ( and
interactions) on maps & GIS in schools, colleges and various
Institutions (like – NAARM, ESCI, WALAMTARI, CGG, etc )
25 years of publishing GIS India monthly journal started in 1992.
25 years of experience in private sector in organising GIS
training, events, guiding projects, participation in
conferences, Consultancy jobs. Last but not the least, association with committed
professionals.
The list is long if I consider my professional experience of
more than 55 years. Most recently, I was greatly benefited from my association with Dr. DP Rao (Padmasri), Dr.TH
Choudary (Padmasri), Dr. V.Raghav Swamy, Dr. Swarna Subba
Rao, Prof IV Murali Krishna, Maj Gen. Dr R.Siva Kunar,Mr. NK
Agrawal, Mr. KK Pappan, Brig JS Ahuja, Mr. P.Satyanarayana, Mr. VS Rao. Mr. MS Swamy. Mr. BN Rao...... many others, last
but not the least Mr. Rakesh Bhatnagar now in Hyderabad after
a long stay in USA, continuing his support for all our GIS
related activities right from 1990.
During 1990‘s, I got intensely involved with GIS. Brig
N.Dhal (retd Director, SoI ), late Prof Afzal Mohd ( Ex-Vice
chancellor Ambedker University).Mr. PVS Madhusudan Rao and
Dr B. Nagarajan influenced me a lot in shaping my ideas about
GIS.
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In my GIS journey so far, many from India and abroad
extended their valuable cooperation. An attempt has been
made in Chapter 2-GIS India, to cover the names and organisations. But this does not cover all.
At office, Mr.Naga Srinivas and Mr. B Srinivas have been
great support of strength. Sincerity of Office boy Suresh and
driver Arjun provided great comfort in fulfilling responsibilities.
And of course I include my son, Maj Shiva Kiran, a PhD in
GIS and a practising professional with special interest
/commitment to develop GIS applications and for his support in
this endeavour.
My son Maj (Dr.) Shiva Kiran has been in this field for the
last 20 years - Both of us living together, thinking together, discussing/arguing together, working together, planning
together..... most of the time about GIS. We firmly believe that
adoption of GIS will help the country to get rid of legacies which
breed corruption and inefficiency.
The author has experienced the evolution of photogrammetry from manual to digital, chain survey to Mobile
mapping, field surveys to image verification. This evolution in
the last three decades has been revolutionary. Generally, new
technology does not replace traditional technology completely. For example, air travel and bullock cart both are existing even
today. Surface taping is still in practice for measurement in
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spite of Total Station. In case of photogrammetry, digital
photogrammerty has totally replaced conventional and manual
photogrammetry.
Content in this book may appear to be randomly distributed
and this could be because of the effort to include material of
practical importance wherever considered necessary.
Today, Map means Digital map. It is a combination of data from traditional map, Satellite Remote Sensing, GPS, Surveying
and other sources integrating into Geographical Information
System (GIS). Right from hiring a cab to engineering
applications, it is the Map combined with application SW that has become a part of our daily lives.
As the technology or system of GIS has been evolving,
experts and experienced professionals have been expressing
and sharing valuable informative opinions. Such views and opinions have been included appropriately in this work.
Attempt has been made to arrange the material in the form
of chapters, but it has become difficult to classify as
overlapping became unavoidable to maintain some level of
continuity.
I end this note believing that the material of this book will
be of use to everyone with an interest in GIS. Shortcomings/
deficiencies are bound to be there. The author will be thankful
for comments which can be emailed to: [email protected]
- G.S. Kumar
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G I S Principles & Practices
1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GeoSpatial Technology
Geographical Information System (GIS) over a period of about
four decades evolved necessitating use of new terms like – Geomatics, GeoInformation Technology, Spatial Information
technology, GeoSpatial Technology. This is a natural outcome
because GIS has embraced many disciplines and Technologies.
Most of the IT Companies have started GIS departments.
Terrestrial Laser Scanner is an example of surveying & Mapping for GIS data base
combining several technologies.
Maps, Total Station, Levelling, Land surveying, GIS, Remote
Sensing, Photogrammetry, Cartography, LiDAR, Laser, Drone
based surveys, etc are now integral part of Geospatial Technologies (GST). So, it has become necessary to use several
technologies and skills to provide working solutions for any
project big or small. Terrestrial Laser Scanner is an example of
surveying & Mapping for GIS data base combining several
technologies.
1.2 GIS Everywhere
Ordering food or hiring a cab or constructing road or dam, GIS
plays important role. Some examples:
1. Blood supply by Drones : The world’s first commercial drone
delivery service has launched in Rwanda
http://qz.com/809576/zipline-has-launched-the-worlds-
first-commercial-drone-delivery-service-to-supply-blood-in-
rwanda/ 2. GPS Based Surveying for Mapping of Canal Alignment in GIS
Environment - A Case Study of a Branch Canal of Alimineti
Madhava Reddy project, Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh,
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