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Sports and Games

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EDUCREATION PUBLISHINGRZ 94, Sector - 6, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110075Shubham Vihar, Mangla, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh - 495001

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© Copyright, 2019, Author

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ISBN: 978-93-88910-83-5Price: Rs.200.00

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Printed in India

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Sports and Games:

History and Terminologies

Dr. Nafih Cherappurath &

Prof. Dr. M. Elayaraja

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Preface

Sports and games share a common body of knowledge but they do not all have the same

perspective on how the knowledge is applied. This book has been written for those who are

passionate about sports and games. Even though many people know about various games, its

history and terminologies are least known to them. Inculcating the history, terminologies and

all other relevant information of 25 different sports and games, the book will be beneficial for

general readers as well as experts in the field of physical education and sports. This book is

written in a simple language and this makes the book readable for the widest possible audience.

While writing this book for the widest possible audience, my goal was to make them understand

the history, governing bodies and various terminologies of sports and games. More importantly,

I believe that knowledge in these fields would help the readers to understand the sports and

games without difficulty. I hope this book converse not only mere terminologies and history

but also its enthusiasm and sense of purpose.

We take this opportunities to tender our gratitude to management, Educreation Publishing for

giving us this privilege to author this book. We also extend our thanks to Mr. Aravind

Nandakishor, Ms. Betsy Thomas, Ms. Amila Anjum PT, Ms. Alakanada Lal, Mr. Hari Krishnan

H.A and Fahad. P who stood as a constant support at all the stages of publishing this book. We

also thank our families and friends who supported and engorged us for writing this book. Last

but not the least, we thank god almighty for helping us whenever we faced difficulties while

writing this book.

Authors

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Contents

Chapter 1 – Archery

Chapter 2 – Athletics

Chapter 3 – Badminton

Chapter 4 – Baseball

Chapter 5 – Basketball

Chapter 6 – Boxing

Chapter 7 – Cricket

Chapter 8 – Cycling

Chapter 9 – Fencing

Chapter 10 – Football

Chapter 11 – Golf

Chapter 12 – Gymnastics

Chapter 13 – Handball

Chapter 14 - Hockey

Chapter 15 – Judo

Chapter 16 – Rugby

Chapter 17 – Shooting

Chapter 18 – Softball

Chapter 19 – Squash

Chapter 20 – Swimming

Chapter 21 – Table Tennis

Chapter 22 – Tennis

Chapter 23 – Volleyball

Chapter 24 – Wrestling

Chapter 25 – Yoga

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Chapter 1

Archery

Archery is a combination of art and sport that demands the ability to shoot arrows with the help

of a bow. The word “archery” has its origin from the Latin “arcus”. Looking back at its

historical origins, archery was used for the purpose of hunting and fights. However, in today's

age, it primarily occurs as a competitive sport and as an activity for leisure. There are terms

related to it based on the level of expertise. Someone who is involved in the sport of archery is

usually known as an archer (or even a Bowman). While on the other hand, a person who has

an enthusiasm for the sport and is experienced at it is also known as a toxophilite.

History

The bow has a history of being a crucial form of weapon since the prehistoric times for the

purpose of hunting and combat, with the exception of Australia. However, it was limited to that

and archery was also used for recreation. The presence of archery among ancient Egyptians

and Greeks can be detected in the classical epics; one prime example is the event in which

Odysseus wins the hand of Penelope. The Mongols, Huns, Seljuq, Turks, and other wandering

cavalry bowmen controlled large parts of Asia for the first 15 centuries after the advent of the

1st century CE. The frequent victories of England in the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) were

the effort of long archers. The region of continental Europe were dependent upon the crossbow,

principally in Switzerland, some places in Germany, France, and the Low Countries. By the

turn of the 16th century, archery as a weapon was replaced by advanced armaments like firearms

in times of war. A group of military employed the use of one-third bowmen compared to that

of gunned soldiers, which was evident when the Spanish Armada tried to invade England in

1588. By the end of the century, the bow had earned the status of an undesirable weapon.

Despite its unpopularity at the war front, the bow and the arrow were still being utilised as a

hunting weapon. It went on to become a sport in England equally enjoyed by the noble and the

common classes. The first English archery societies go back in time to the 16th and 17th

centuries. The prince of Wales (George IV) assumed the patronage of the Toxophilite Society

in the year 1787 and set the lengths to 100 yards (91 meters), 80 yards (73 meters), and 60

yards (55 meters).The distances set by him are the ones that are used up to this day, most

popularly in the British Men’s Championship York Round (arrows are shot in six, four and two

dozen from these three distances). In the year 1844, the first of the Grand National Archery

Meetings- the British championships was held at York, and the Grand National Archery

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Society was declared as the controlling body of the sport in the United Kingdom. After the

founding of the Fédération Internationale de Tir à l’Arc (FITA; Federation of International

Target Archery) in Paris, international rules were standardized in 1931. The United Bowmen

of Philadelphia was the first American archery organization that started in 1828. In the

beginning, archery as a sport was a popular sport among the upper and middle class as a form

of recreation. The advent of the 1870s witnessed the rise of many archery clubs. In 1879, a

number of eight clubs joined together to start the National Archery Association of the United

States. In the year 1939, the National Field Archery Association in the United States of America

was initiated to encourage hunting, roving, and field archery. After 1930, there was a

phenomenal increase in the number of archers around the world, especially in the United States.

By the end of the 20th century, there were possibly around 10 million American participants

in all forms of the sport. It included different forms of archery like the archers who use it for

hunting game; those who compete by shooting at targets at different distances for accuracy;

and those who work towards for higher targets in “flight” shooting.

The archery events for men were held in the Olympic Games in 1900, 1904, 1908, and 1920,

preceding the events for women, which began in 1904 and 1908. After they were suspended

for a period of time, they only began in 1972.They were reintroduced for both men and women

and have been going on since then. World championship matches have been conducted

consistently annually or biennially from 1931 (with the exception of the World War II years).

FITA, the international governing body of the sport was organized and their events (including

Olympic Games from 1972) are shot at metric distances, and from 1957 to 1985 in double

FITA rounds. In 1985, to cater to audience, a new championship round called as the grand

FITA round with single-elimination matches was initiated. The grand FITA round initially

started in the Olympic Games in the year 1988. It was then the team competition was

established to the programmes. The 1992 Olympic Games had the first appearance of the FITA

Olympic round, a championship round of single-elimination and head-to-head matches.

The World Archery Federation (WA)

The World Archery Federation (WA, previously denoted as FITA) is the supreme body in the

sports world of archery. It is located in Lausanne, Switzerland. It comprises of 156 national

federations and other archery associations. It is recognised by the International Olympic

Committee. FITA was established on 4 September 1931 in Lwow, Poland (presently known

as Lviv, Ukraine). The seven founding member states of FITA were France, Czechoslovakia,

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Sweden, Poland, the United States, Hungary and Italy. The objective of the organization was

to maintain consistency in conducting archery championships and to reenter archery to

the Olympic Games as the sport had not been conducted since 1920. FITA finally succeeded

in returning archery to the Olympic programs in 1972.

Terminologies of Archery

Armguard – A protective against the strike of the bowstring, worn on the inside of the left

forearm. It is usually made of leather padded with felt.

Arrow Case – A box made of wood or other material, in which arrows are transported. Each

arrow is usually kept separate from its fellows.

Arrow Plate - A piece of horn, pretty shell or leather, just above the handle on the left side of

the bow, through which the arrow passes as it leaves the bow.

Arrow-shaft – The wooden shaft or steel of an arrow.

Arrow-smith – A person whose business it was to make metal arrowheads.

Artillery – A word that referred to bows and arrows in old days.

Ascham – A tall, narrow cabinet in which bows and arrows are kept.

Backed Bow – A bow that is backed with rawhide, wood, fiber or sinew.

Backing - Any substance which is used for backing bows.

Balloon Feather - A feather which is cut parabolicaly, or curved.

Barb – A projection on a hunting head, which prevents it from easily being withdrawn.

Barrelled - An arrow which is heavier in the middle and tapers towards each end.

Bass or bast - The twisted straw back of a target.

Belly - The belly of a bow is the rounded side, held towards the archer while shooting.

Bobtailed Arrow – An arrow which is thicker at the pile end and tapers to the nock.

Bow Stave – The stick, stave or piece of wood from which the bow is made.

Bowyer – A maker of bows.

Brace – To string a bow.

Bracer – A synonym for armguard.

Brash – Wood is called brash when it is brittle.

Broad-head – A large flat hunting head.

Butt - A hillock or mound of earth or sod on which target faces are attached to be shot at.

Carriage Bow – A bow joined under the handle in a ferrule so that it comes apart and

enables easy transportation.

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Chested Arrow – An arrow is chested when it is thickest towards the nock end and tapers to

the pile and the nock.

Chrysal or Crisal – A crushed line of fibers running across the grain, usually in the belly of

a bow.

Clout – A small white faced target with a black bull’s eye used in archery golf and clout

shooting.

Cock Feather – The feather placed at right angles to the nock and is usually of a different

colour from the other two.

Crest – The decoration on an arrow. Each archer has one’s own colour scheme which

identifies his or her particular arrow.

Crossbow – A weapon made out of short steel or horn bow set crosswise on a stock, used in

old days.

Crow Bill – An arrow head of horn, as used in Northern France.

Curl – A curl or swirl in the grain of bowstave.

Dead Shaft – An arrow that has no life or spine and that flies sluggishly.

Down Wind – When the wind is on the archer’s back.

Draw – Pulling an arrow from the proper distance.

Drawing Fingers – The fingers used in pulling an arrow.

Drift – The drift to either side of a mark caused by a cross wind.

End – Six arrows shot one after the other.

Eye – The loop at one or both ends of a bowstring.

Finger Tips – Leather stalls or protectors for the three tips of the shooting fingers.

Fistmele – The distance between the handle and the string when the bow is strung or, the

distance from the base of the hand when clenched to the tip of the extended thumb.

Fletch – Putting the feather on an arrow.

Fletcher – An arrow-maker.

Flight Arrow – A long, light arrow with very small feathers used for shooting at distance.

Flight Shooting – Distance shooting; to see how far you can send an arrow.

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Flirt – The movement of an arrow when it jumps out of its steady line of flight.

Follow the String - When a bow takes a set or a bend in the drawing direction, it is said to

follow the string or have a set.

Foot – The piece of hardwood spliced to an arrow-shaft.

Footed Arrow – An arrow footed with a piece of hard wood at the head end.

Fret – The same as a Crisal.

High Braced – When the distance between handle and string of bow that is strung is over

seven inches. It is better to high brace a bow than to low brace one.

Holding – The slight pause just before you loosen the arrow.

Home – An arrow is home when it is fully drawn and ready to be shot.

Horns – The tips of a bow made of cow horn, steer horn or stag horn, in which the notches

for the string are cut.

Jointed Bow – A carriage or two piece bow.

Kick – A bow is sad to kick when a jar is felt after a shot, due to unevenly tailored limbs.

Long Bow – Any bow of 5'6" in length or over.

Loose – To let go the string with the shooting fingers, that is to shoot the arrow.

Nocks – The grooves cut in the wood of the bow or in horn, fiber or metal tips, in which the

loop of the bow string fits; the notch in the arrow.

Nocking – The point on a bowstring where the arrow is nocked or placed when you are ready

to shoot.

Over-bowed – A bow too strong for its user.

Overshoot – To shoot beyond the mark.

Over-strung – When the string is too short for the bow.

Pair – An archer's pair has come to mean three, i.e., two arrows and a spare is a pair of

arrows. Three feathers are called a pair.

Petticoat – The rim of the target. It is outside the last or white ring, and has no value in the

count.

Pile – The head of an arrow, its point.

Pin –A small black knot in yew or osage.

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Pinch – The same as Crisal.

Pin Hole – The exact center of the gold of a target.

Point Blank – The range is said to be point blank when the arrow flies flat to the mark.

Quiver – A receptacle that hold arrows. They are of various shapes, sizes and materials.

Some are worn at the waist and some at the shoulder.

Reflexed Bow- A bow with the ends reflexed or curved back in a graceful arc.

Release – To let the arrow and string go; To shoot the arrow.

Round – The number of shots at given distances, as in the American and York Rounds.

Rover – One who indulges in field shooting or rovers.

Roving – The act of shooting over fields and woodland with no particular target stumps but

trees, bunches of leaves etc. being the marks.

Run – The string is said to have a run when one of the strands in the bowstring lets go.

Sap Wood – The part of wood right under the bark. It is white in yew, about the same colour

as the heart wood in both Osage and lemonwood.

Self-Arrow – An arrow of a single piece of wood.

Self-Bow – A bow made of one piece of wood; a single stave.

Serving – Whipping or winding with thread.

Shaft – The arrow.

Shaftment – That portion of the arrow to which the feathers are glued.

Shake – A crack in a bow-stave running along the length with the grain.

Shooting Glove – A glove made in a way that the three shooting fingers have protection

across the tips.

Spine – That quality in an arrow that permits it to get around the bow and straighten itself

efficiently. Spine is not stiffness alone, but some other elusive quality.

Steele – The shaft of an arrow or, the body of an arrow.

Tackle – All the equipment of an archer, his bow, arrows, armguard, finger guards, quiver

etc.

Upshot – A final round or return end. A reckoning.

Wand – A stick set up as a mark to shoot at.

Weight – In actual grains, the weight of an arrow. The number of pounds pull a bow has.

Whip Ended – When a bow is too thin or weak at the tips, it is called whip ended.

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