Sample in country packet for students

Galapagos

Senior Explorers

In Country Lesson Packet

Global Citizenship Being a global citizen

➜What makes a global citizen? ➜Global citizenship as a tourist ➜Political history of Ecuador ➜Impact of Dollarization

Negotiations

➜Basic Practice ➜Common Negotiation Terminology ➜Common “Hard Tactics” ➜Playing a different game ➜Galapagos Negotiation Background ➜Galapagos Cases

Systems Thinking

➜Summary of Components ➜Identifying Loops

Contents Media Production

Camerawork

➜Interesting Angles ➜Planning and combining shots ➜New perspectives

Production!

➜Sample Script ➜Sample Storyboard ➜Create your own storyboard

Project Planning

➜What’s in a Genre? ➜Content and Audience ➜Checklist

The Galapagos Islands Scientific History

➜Do you know Darwin? ➜Map of The Voyage of the Beagle ➜Pages from Voyage of H.M.S Beagle ➜Natural Selection at Work ➜Exercise: Darwin’s Finches

Human History

➜Notable figures ➜The Galapagos Affair ➜The Air Base on Baltra ➜Forms of Artistic Expression ➜Visions of Galapagos

Art of the Galapagos

➜Forms of Artistic Expression ➜Visions of Galapagos

Global

Citizenship

What is a global citizen?

Global citizenship requires speaking English fluently because English has become the common language for business, academics, and tourism. An example of this is almost every international airport uses English to announce arrivals and departures. Global citizenship requires because An example of this is Global citizenship requires because An example of this is Global citizenship requires because An example of this is Global citizenship requires because An example of this is

There are many possible elements of global citizenship. What do you think are the most important? Choose four elements from the box (or add your own), and add the reasoning and an example for each. One is done as an example.

speaking English fluently speaking several languages

having empathy for others studying economics

studying world history traveling to other countries

following news from around the world living abroad

being open to new experiences having friends from other countries

knowing how to use the latest technologies traveling in the developing world

Prioritize the following from 1-9

Exercising Global

Citizenship When Abroad

When traveling to a new country, you should… _____ Purchase souvenirs. Find the perfect item to remember your trip! _____ Study the history of the country and its people. Understand the background and significance of the sites that you visit! _____ Learn the basics of the language. Be able to communicate with those around you! _____ Study the geography of the country. Be able to map your itinerary! _____ Do something adventurous! Being in a different country is the best place to try on a ‘new you’! _____ Study the natural history and current ecology. Understand the wildlife (birds, animals, plants, etc) that you see around you! _____ Talk to natives from the country. Strike up a conversation and ask them about their daily lives, plans for the future, hopes and dreams. Make new friends! _____ Communicate with your friends and family back home through photographs, video, postcards, and letters. Share the adventure! _____ Have fun! Being a tourist is about enjoying the experience, after all!

The past is never dead.

It's not even past.

William Faulkner

!

Pursuing the history of any nation always begins with a list of

events, dates, and people. We begin sometime before

‘independence’, move through a few wars, a few elections, and

several ‘discoveries’.

The importance of studying history lies not in the memorization of

these items, but in the consideration of how each may affect life in

the modern world. The events of the past continue to impact us

today, shaping our habits, perceptions, and interactions.

Knowing history is knowing how the past influences the present.

Thus, the careful consideration of a nation’s history is perhaps the

most critical factor for ensuring travel as a true global citizen.

Read the following pages, consider how each may impact life

Ecuador today.

Political History of Ecuador

Year(s) Event Impact Today?

1535

Spanish conquistadors

annihilate the Incan Empire,

conquer the native

Ecuadorians, and establish

colonial rule over Ecuador.

1820-1830

With support from the

Venezuelan liberator Simon

Bolivar, Ecuador achieves

independence.

1941

Tensions arise over disputed

Amazon territories, and Peru

invades Ecuador. A peace

accord is brokered, with

Ecuador relinquishing half of

its territory.



1970s

Following the discovery of oil,

Ecuador’s government budget,

exports, and per-capita

income increase fivefold. As

industry develops, a small

middle class begins to

emerge.

1981

After 150 years of a mix of

military and civilian rule,

President Jamie Roldos dies

in a mysterious plane crash.

Conspiracy theorists point to

US constituents with interests

in Ecuadorian oil.

2000

Facing spiraling inflation,

contracting GDP, and default

on external debts, Ecuador

dumps the national currency

and dollarizes the economy.



2006

Rafael Correa is elected as

President. Correa has called

for taxes on the oil industry

and announced that Ecuador

would default on ‘illegitimate’

foreign debt.

2008

65% of Ecuadorians vote in

favor of a new constitution,

which expands the powers of

the President, increases

spending on health care and

the poor, and enshrines the

protection of indigenous

people and the environment.

The impact of dollarization

What do these charts tell us?

What else do we need to know?

Poverty Headcount

GDP Growth Rate

Real Interest Rate

Congratulations! Your uncle has left you a small piece of land on Isabela and 100,000 USD. This land, roughly one acre in size, is in a good location for a hotel, with possible access to roads and sources of water and electricity. It has never been developed, but your uncle did secure permits to build a hotel of 20-30 rooms on the land. These permits can be transferred to another person. Your lawyer has told you that the value of the land was assessed at 85,000 USD in 2000, and 120,000 USD in 2010. If a hotel with 25 rooms is constructed on the land, then the value of the land could increase to well over 1 million USD. You have been approached by a local businessman who would like to purchase the land. Your cousin has already offered to buy your land for 100,000 USD. You would like to see if you can do better than that.

Side A

Congratulations! Your uncle has left you 1 million USD! You would like to use the money to build a hotel of 25 rooms on Isabela. You have done the budgeting, and know that building the hotel will cost: Construction Materials: 450,000 USD Construction Labor: 250,000 USD Incidentals: 50,000 USD Permits for hotel: 50,000 USD This leaves 200,000 USD to purchase land on which to build your hotel. Your lawyer has told you of a piece that may be for sale. This land, roughly one acre in size, is in a good location for a hotel, with possible access to roads and sources of water and electricity. It has never been developed. The value of the land was assessed at 80,000 USD in 1990 and 85,000 USD in 2000. Your cousin has a similar piece of land available for purchase for 125,000 USD. You would like to see if you can do better than that.

Side B

Common Negotiations Terminology

BATNA

BATNA

WIN-SET

WIN-SET

ZOPA

Common “Hard Tactics” of Positional Negotiations

Deliberate Deception

Psychological Warfare

Positional Pressure Tactics

Playing a different game: Principled Negotiations

Separate the people from the problem

Focus on interests, not positions

Invent options for mutual gain Insist on using objective criteria

Endangered Galapagos

In 2007, UNESCO added the Galapagos to its list of ‘Endangered World Heritage Sites’, a painful illustration of the impotence of the international conservation movement. The Galapagos Islands had been one of the first World Heritage sites to be listed by UNESCO in 1978. Such a listing was intended to ensure that the fragile ecosystem of the Galapagos Islands would be protected for all time. Instead, the Galapagos had experienced rapid change. From 1978 onwards, the Galapagos experienced a massive increase of human activity. The average rate of population growth in the 300 square kilometers reserved for human settlement has been 6.4% per year, three times greater than in mainland Ecuador. Illegal immigrants from the mainland have largely contributed to its population increase. The archipelago attracted some 140,000 tourists each year, putting continuous pressure on the islands’ flora and fauna ecosystems. Both the population increase and the rising number of tourists visiting the islands have led to a substantial rise in imports. One of the adverse effects of the growth in trade was the introduction of domestic animals and plant sorts previously unknown to the island group, which, in turn, threatened the native unique plant and animal life.

History of Conflict

The development of sea cucumber fishing in the archipelago in the early 1990s has led to several conflicts. Owing to the global demand for sea cucumbers, spiny lobster, and (illegal) shark fins, the gross income of the Galápagos fishing sector skyrocketed. By some reports, it was possible to earn $500 a day, compared to a yearly income in Ecuador of $1324. With money to be made, many locals declared themselves to be fishers and mainland Ecuadorians began to flood the islands. The number of registered pepinos (sea cucumber fishers) in Galápagos rose more than 70% from 1999 to 2000 alone. Efforts by park officials to place restrictions on the sea cucumber harvest led to the shooting of one park official and threats to other officials working for the park and for the Charles Darwin Research Station. In 1995, the Ecuadorian government tried to place a ban on sea cucumber fishing. The Galapagos representative in Congress, Eduardo Veliz Rinones fought against the ban, writing his own conservation bill and pushed it through Congress. When the President Ballen vetoed the bill at the last minute, Congressman Veliz stirred up a rebellion in the Galapagos. Riots ensued throughout he the islands. Officials seized about 80,000 sea cucumbers that had been fished illegally and arrested over 30 fishermen.

The Rise of Tourism

Structured tourism in the Galapagos began in the late 1960s, with less than ten hotels and ships catering 2,000 tourists annually. Tourism was slow to develop, with visitation in 1985 under 20,000 per year. Limits on the number of boat permits led to the replacement of small tour boats with increasingly larger vessels, often owned by non-Galapagos citizens. The Galapagos did not have enough experienced and knowledgeable guides to service this influx. Many large companies hired outside guides with less familiarity with the islands. The economic inflows of tourist dollars did not reach many Galapagos citizens.

Special Law on the Galapagos

In 1998, the Ecuadorian government managed to pass the Special Law on the Galapagos, which inter alia

➜ established the Galapagos Marina Reserve out to 40 miles offshore ➜ prohibited fishing in that protected area to all but local residents using ''artisanal'' means ➜ required a quota system for lobster and sea cucumber harvests

The Special Law defines four human population types in the Islands:

1. undocumented or “illegal” workers from the mainland of Ecuador 2. “permanent residents” or the native population of Galapagos 3. “temporary residents” or workers subject to legal residence restrictions of labor contracts, 4. “tourists.”

Despite the Special Law, the fisherman lobby remained strong. In 2004, forty marines were called in to reinforce the guards at the National Park and the Darwin Research Center, as the fishermen protested the reduction of their harvest. The fishermen had threatened to kill Lonesome George unless the government gave into their demands. Tourism also increased markedly. By 2006, there were at least 80 vessels and 65 hotels capable of simultaneously accommodating nearly 3,500 guests per night. More than 120,000 tourists arrived in the archipelago in 2005. UNESCO’s decision to include the Galapagos Islands on its List of World Heritage in Danger drew international attention to the plight of the islands. This decision met with fierce opposition by many residents who feared a decline in tourism.

SOURCES:

Center for Galapagos Studies. http://galapagos.unc.edu/about/galapagosislands Bruce Epler. Tourism, the Economy, Population growth, and Conservation in the Galapagos. http://www.darwinfoundation.org/english/_upload/Epler_Tourism_Report-en_5-08.pdf NY Times. Where Darwin Mused, Strife Over Ecosystem http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/27/world/27GALA.html Carol Ann Bassett. (2009) Galapagos At the Crossroads Henry Nicholls. (2007) Lonesome George: The Life and Loves of the World's Most Famous Tortoise. John Kricher (2006) Galápagos: A Natural History. Allegretti, Arren Mendezona; Vaske, Jerry J.; Finchum, Ryan (2012) Conflict and normative sanctions among Galapagos fishermen Viva Travel Guides. The Galapagos Fishing War. http://www.vivatravelguides.com/south-america/ecuador/the-galapagos-islands/galapagos-overview/galapagos-ecotourism-and-manag/the-galapagos-fishing-war/

http://galapagos.unc.edu/about/galapagosislands

http://galapagos.unc.edu/about/galapagosislands

http://www.darwinfoundation.org/english/_upload/Epler_Tourism_Report-en_5-08.pdf






http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/27/world/27GALA.html

http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/27/world/27GALA.html

You have been asked to represent the Galapagos fishing industry

(consisting of 2000 families) in the upcoming negotiations. They

are concerned that UNESCO’s decision will result in further

tightening of restrictions on fishing harvest. Currently, the

regulations include:

➜ Sea Cucumber quotas of 50,000 pounds annually

➜ Lobster quotas of 200,000 pounds annually

➜ A complete ban on harvesting of shark fins

➜ Restrictions on fishing permits to 2000 Galapagos

residents

The fishermen understand the necessity of preserving the marine

habitat, and are willing to accept reductions in the number of fishing

permits. However, they feel that the Ecuadorian government has

restricted their livelihoods and ignored the destruction caused by

the tourism industry. Unless the agreement includes new income-

generating opportunities, the fishermen are ready to protest once

again.

Case A

*Please note that the details of this case are fictionalized for the purposes of the negotiation

You have been asked to represent the Ecuadorian government in the

upcoming negotiations.

Embarrassed by the international attention, the government has stated

that it will take “all necessary actions” to get the Galapagos Islands

removed from the list of endangered World Heritage sites.

This includes new regulations restricting the number of tourists entering

the Galapagos to 95,000 per year. However, the government is also

aware of the potential lost revenues from this action. The government is

willing to lower the tax on the tourism industry from 5 percent to 1

percent of profits, but only if the industry can increase the share of

tourist dollars flowing to Galapagos citizens.

Finally, the government wishes to avoid another protest from the fishing

industry. The current fishing regulations include:

➜ Lobster quotas of 200,000 pounds annually

➜ Sea Cucumber quotas of 50,000 pounds annually

➜ A complete ban on harvesting of shark fins

➜ Restrictions on fishing permits to 2000 Galapagos residents

The government would like to cut the fishing permits to 1500 Galapagos

residents, and has set aside 5 million USD to assist current fishermen

in new employment opportunities. The government wishes to ensure

that this money only benefits fishermen, however, and not the tourist

industry.

Case B


You have been asked to represent the Galapagos tourist industry in the upcoming negotiations. Data from the tourist industry show: The tourist industry recognizes the necessity of removing the Islands from the list of endangered sites and is willing to make concessions to achieve this goal. The tourist operators have long been interested in contracting with fishermen to engage in boating tours in the Marine Reserve, but are concerned about the impact on their profits. The tourist industry understands that the number of tourists will need to decrease, but refuses to accept any deal without a cut in taxes to at least 3 percent.

Case C


2004 2005 2006

Number of Tourists 100,000 122,000 125,000

Tax % on Profits 5 5 5

% of Employees who are Galapagos citizens

35 20 25

You have been asked to represent UNESCO in the upcoming negotiations. UNESCO will only remove the Islands from the list of endangered sites if the following conditions are met: ➜ The Ecuadorian government increases funding and patrols to

control the illegal harvesting of shark fins. ➜ Tourism in the islands is restricted to 100,000 visitors annually. ➜ Any tourist activities must be environmentally sensitive Acting under its mandate to “build peace in the minds of men and women worldwide”, UNESCO seeks to find an equitable solution to the Galapagos Island dispute. Therefore, UNESCO will only accept the negotiation results if all parties agree.

Case D


Variables

➜Elements in a story that vary over

time

➜Qualitative or quantitative

➜Dynamic

➜Phrased in neutral language

Links

➜Represent causality

Thought Bubbles

➜Indicates the thinking that leads to the action/choice

Delays

➜Shows the slowdowns naturally

occurring in a system

SYSTEMS THINKING SUMMARY OF COMPONENTS

You have a reinforcing loop if…

➜The story you are hearing is self-feeding, self-perpetuating, growing, or declining. ➜The story can either be about growth (virtuous cycle) or a spiral of death

(vicious cycle). ➜When you begin at any variable in the loop and go all the way around the

loop, if that variable is still going in the same direction as when you stated, you have a reinforcing loop.

SYSTEMS THINKING HOW TO IDENTIFY LOOPS

You have a balancing loop if…

➜The story you are hearing is self-correcting, goal-seeking, or

oscillating.

➜When you begin at any variable in the loop and go all the way around

the loop, that variable is now going in the opposite direction as when

you started, you have a balancing loop.

Media

Production

BASIC ANGLES AND SHOTS

Close Up

This shot gives us detail and emotions

What are they thinking, what are they feeling?

Medium Shot: This shot shows us what the characters are DOING.

Wide Shot: This shot establishes the scene. Where are we?

Turn on your video cameras and try your hand at filming each

of these types of shots.

Remember: it’s important to have different types of camera

angles to tell a good story.

Medium Shot

This shot tells us

what the characters are DOING



Wide Shot

This shot establishes the scene.

Where are we?



You need to make a 30 second PSA demonstrating the

importance of guarding your possessions in the airport.

What shots do you need?

What camera angles should you use for each shot?

Planning and

Combining Shots

Shot Subject Camera Angle

Passengers waiting (crowd) Wide

New Camera Perspectives

Now try filming from new and different perspectives.

Try these now and try to incorporate some of these techniques

into your filming each day.

➜Try lying on your back – What kind of perspectives does this view

offer?

➜Film from standing on top of a chair.

➜Spin in a circle with the camera filming, facing outward.

➜Find a person or object you’d like to film. Walk around the object or

person in a circle, keeping the camera on the person or object in the

center.

➜Choose another person or object you’d like to film. Now take ten steps

away from the person/object. Turn the camera on and walk slowly

towards the object you are filming. Now do it in reverse, pulling out

and taking a few steps backwards.

➜Pick an interesting angle of your own and try filming from it!

Note, limit your use of the zoom feature on the camera. The zoom will make it

harder to edit and look less professional. If you want to get closer or further

from something you’re filming, move the camera.

Sample Script

Sample Storyboard

Blank Storyboard

Blank Storyboard

Blank Storyboard

Blank Storyboard

What’s in a Genre?

Take some time to explore the different video genres and their

examples below. Notice that there is a difference between genre

and content.

Public Service Announcement

Less to Moderately Challenging

Production Level

➜Messages in the public interest

distributed by the media without charge

➜Objective of raising awareness,

changing public attitudes and behavior

towards a social issue

➜Examples: The Need for Penguin

Habitats on the Galapagos, End

Childhood Hunger with Jeff Bridges

Travel/Promotional Video

Moderately Challenging

Production Level

➜A video promoting a particular

organization, project, trip, etc.

➜Videos encourage/recruit travelers by

highlighting what visitors might

experience there

➜Example: Lonely Planet Travel TV

Educational Videos


Production Level

➜Primary purpose is to educate

audiences with information

➜Often about wildlife, geography, and

history

➜Example: Tortoise Restoration Project

News Report


Production Level

➜ Informs the public about a current event

in the news

➜Fast-Paced, mixes studio and field

reports

➜Example: CNN Headline News

Short Documentary

Challenging

Production Level

➜An-depth look at a particular issue,

telling a more nuanced story often over

time

➜ It may be historical, scientific, political,

cover a topic of human interest

➜Example: Black and Blue: Beneath the

Gulf Oil Disaster

Content and Audience

It is critical to define a specific topic and audience for your

video. The more specific and focused both are, the more

effective your project will be.

Topics might include the following:

➜Sustaining Ecotourism in the Galapagos

➜Mysteries behind Darwin’s exploration

➜The Problem of Sea Turtles Nesting Habits

Your audience might be:

➜Classmates in my high school

➜People who read my weekly blog

➜Students who might be interested in joining the

program next summer

➜Kids in North America who care about the

environment

Checklist

Genre selected

Audience Chosen

Team Roles

Assigned

Script Drafted Storyboard

Drafted

Crucial footage

determined

The

Galapagos

Islands

Do you know Darwin?

Quiz Rules

You must answer each question

You must put down a “wager” beside each answer from 1-9. Each number can only be

used once. If you get the answer correct, you win your wager.

QUESTIONS WAGERS When was

Charles Darwin

born?

What job was Darwin

supposed to take

before becoming a naturalist?

What was the primary purpose of the Beagle expedition?

a) To break record time to circumnavigating the globe b) To map the harbors and coastlines of South America c) To establish a colony on the Galapagos Islands d) To find gold in South America

What was Darwin originally

interested in studying on the islands?

a) 1709 b) 1901 c) 1809 d) 1825

a) Clergyman b) Farmer c) Teacher d) Lawyer

QUESTIONS WAGERS

How many skins, bones, and carcasses

did Darwin ship back to England

from his voyage on the Beagle?

On Punta Alta, which animal did Darwin NOT find remains of?

a) A giant ground sloth b) An extinct form of horse c) An armadillo d) An ostrich

What birds originally fascinated

Darwin on the islands?

Which of the following statements about

Darwin is true? a) He failed to convince people that life evolves b) He thought that the biggest animals are at an advantage in

natural selection c) His book did not sell well d) None of the above

True or False? Darwin himself described and identified most the fossils that that he

collected in South America

What happened to the tortoises

collected by

Darwin and the Beagle crew?

a) 1,112 b) 3,475 c) 5,436 d) 10,001

The Voyage of the Beagle

Pages from Voyage of H.M.S Beagle: A Naturalist’s Voyage Round the World

by Charles Darwin. Illustrated Version 1889.

Natural Selection at Work in The Galapagos

© California State University Department of Biology

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Darwin’s Finches

Look at the drawings of finishes from the Galapagos Islands. ➜What would each finch be best

suited to eat? ➜What would each finch be

unable to eat? ➜Where would each finch spend

most of its time? ➜What else would you

hypothesize?

Notable Figures in the History of the Galapagos Islands

Fray Tomás de Berlanga William Dampier Jose Maria Villamil

Look at the portraits and listen to the lecture ➜What do you notice? ➜How are the men similar? ➜How are they different? ➜How do you think modern-day Galapagos

citizens feel about each of these men?

The Galapagos Affair

Dore Strauch and Dr. Friedrich Ritter The Wittmer Family

Listen to the story. What do you think really happened? Will we ever know the truth?

Robert Philippson, Rudolf Lorenz, and "Baroness" Eloise Wehrborn de Wagner-Bosque

ARTISTIC EXPRESSION There are many ways of expressing yourself

artistically, including photographs, drawings, abstract art, jewelry, and poetry.

Look at the following depictions of iguanas. All were

inspired by marina and land iguanas in the Galapagos.

Which would you like to create? Which one ‘scares’ you?

Fran Hogan

Tom Pohrt

Marty Magic

Tony Johnston

VividScreen

Visions of the

Galapagos

Look at the images

on the following pages

What vision do they depict of the

Galapagos Islands?

What ideas are they trying to convey?

Lemaître engraving of “Chatam” 1850

Engraving: Gigantic Land Tortoise,—A Present for Her Majesty.

In July 13, 1850 issue of Illustrated London News

Leong, S/Sgt. Sing Centerfold cartoon of “The Rock”

from the The Caribbean Breeze. Vol. 4, No. 10, Nov. 1944. New

Orleans, LA: Sixth Air Force.

Chancellor, John. 1980. Painting. HMS Beagle in the Galápagos

Mike Keefe. Denver Post. 2001

Fishermen- Puerto Villamil (Isabela Island) © UNESCO 2006

T-Shirt for Sale on isakoos.com (14.99)

Starbucks Galapagos Special Reserve San Cristobal Coffee, launched in 2010

Galapagos Tablet-PC, manufactured by Sharp for Japanese market in 2011

Documents

Sample in country packet for students