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Russian Deutsche text for translation exam
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UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
GESTION DES RESSOURCES HUMAINES
2013 COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS / EDITORS
27 August 2013
2013 CONCOURS DE RECRUTEMENT DE
TRADUCTEURS / ÉDITEURS DE LANGUE RUSSE
le 27 août 2013
PART 1
PARTIE 1
Questions booklet
Fascicule de questions
SAMPLE
1
PART 1
Translation of a general text in English into Russian
Instructions
Please translate the text in this examination paper into Russian.
Please note that this paper is eliminatory. Only candidates who are successful in this
paper will have their other papers marked.
The time allowed for this part of the examination is 3 hours. You are responsible for
managing your time.
The use of black or blue pen is required.
Please write your answers in the assigned answer booklet.
You should write only on every second line.
Only answers written in the odd-numbered (1,3,5,….), lined pages will be marked. You
may use the even-numbered (2,4,6,….), blank pages for drafting.
Please do not remove any page from this booklet.
SAMPLE
2
General text
In the 19th century, the heyday of European colonialism, those two great imperial rivals,
Britain and France, agreed to carve up not merely the world, but the universe. The
capacity to describe that universe depends on the ability of scientists to relate their
discoveries to the fundamental quantities of length, time and mass. The British gained
control of time, which is why the Earth’s prime meridian runs through Greenwich, a
suburb of London. The French annexed length and mass.
They kept them, in the form of two lumps of metal, in sealed jars in the International
Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, a suburb of Paris. The metre was the distance
between two scratches on a bar composed of a special alloy of platinum and iridium. The
kilogram was the weight of a lump of a similar alloy. The foot and the pound, to British
chagrin, were legally agreed to be mere fractions of these fundamental units.
Science moves on. Time is now defined by readily available clocks that use caesium
atoms as their pendulums, while distance is specified in terms of the speed of light in
metres per second, and these days that speed can be measured with great accuracy using
easily purchased equipment. Mass, however, remains stubbornly stuck in Paris, under
three concentric glass lids strangely reminiscent of cheese covers, which are intended to
stop it either absorbing or shedding matter and thus changing in value.
Unfortunately, the cheese covers have not worked. Over the years the standard kilogram
has put on weight, or possibly lost it. Nobody quite knows which. But they do know that
it is not the same kilo that went under the lids in 1889.
Science would thus love to be free of this awkward lump of metal, but attempts to define
mass objectively—with reference to, say, the mass of a proton—have always foundered
on the question: “So how do you measure that?” For all the fancy equipment that
scientists now have for monitoring the behaviour of caesium atoms and the value of the
speed of light, no one has come up with a more accurate way of measuring mass than
taking the Parisian ingot out of its sarcophagus from time to time, and putting it on a set
of scales.
Some physicists do believe they have an answer. It involves Planck’s constant (the
fundamental principle of quantum physics), the speed of light and an apparatus called a
watt balance. If a meeting next year approves this idea, the Parisian mass will at last
become redundant. But the watt-balance approach itself has critics, for such balances are
costly.
Being able to weigh things without reference to a bit of Bonapartist bullion would mean
that all means of measurement were based on universal truths rather than mere artefacts.
That would bring cheers from mensuration laboratories around the globe. But the
measuring itself will still be done by human minds, with human ideas of what sorts of
thing to measure, and of how to make those measurements make sense—what axes, in
other words, to use to define the universe of the measured. And here, at least, there is a
sop for French self-esteem: though mass will no longer be Parisian, at least the co-
ordinates will remain Cartesian.
SAMPLE
UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
GESTION DES RESSOURCES HUMAINES
2013 COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS / EDITORS
27 August 2013
2013 CONCOURS DE RECRUTEMENT DE
TRADUCTEURS / ÉDITEURS DE LANGUE RUSSE
le 27 août 2013
PART 2
PARTIE 2
Questions booklet
Fascicule de questions
SAMPLE
1
PART 2
Translation into Russian of a text in Arabic, Chinese, French or
Spanish
Instructions
Please translate into Russian one of the texts in Arabic, Chinese, French or Spanish in
this examination paper.
The time allowed for this part of the examination is 1 hour and 30 minutes. You are
responsible for managing your time.
The use of black or blue pen is required.
Please write your answers in the assigned answer booklet.
In the upper right hand corner of the first page of the answer booklet, please indicate the
language of the text you selected.
You should write only on every second line.
Only answers written in the odd-numbered (1,3,5,….), lined pages will be marked. You
may use the even-numbered (2,4,6,….), blank pages for drafting.
Please do not remove any page from this booklet.
SAMPLE
2
Arabic Text
االيأقجههقجلم هه ا لتواجههالامههأزمل إنههنلة خههق أنلظق اههنلجلسههةلااليأههق ل هه نلن هه ل هه صلنههملاماتههقشلاض ههلوهه اقجلمأههههقلعههههقج ل ههههةلتاههههق لاضإنههههنلالهههه ل ل لههههولنههههقل خههههيعةلتههههظ ل ادتاههههقرلن هههه شلامااههههرعل امرعق ههههنلام،ههههتأنعل
ل ن كسلذمكلع ىلام ز أنلا ياقمأنلبرنيهق.نههقلحههقال هقلنههملت ا ههل 2011تاق زههالالقمههنلان خههق أنلننهه لا هه رلامعههود لن هه لعههق ل جلل54خهه نلامااههرلة لعل
فه لةال،هقئألاملقئن علف ه لعهملا هيزرادلتهف لام جته لاضفقد هنلب هكةل هونةل ه لقشلاام ق لاملقوةل م نهكلامهل مفل جئل هر قجلحبخبلتا راشلالكوننلامأزنأن.ل24
باأزههنلةلقمأههنلت ههه للظ ههنلا هههياقبنلان خههق أنلامل مههنلبهه لتناأهه جلامهههأزملعههملاملاههأ لضنهه لامليتهه لا ع ههمللعههةل دلم ههههق لل702 امرعق ههههنلام،ههههتأنلل وهههه لع2013ن أههههوالل املأههههقللامن أاههههنل اللاخل ههههنلإههههريلة لتههههوفيلام هههه ا ل
لن ل صلنملاماتقشلاض لو اقج.ل7.7قلع للغيلقلنملاخلنقشلالأو نلملعههه لا هههيارادلجللد للعهههةلاضنههه لامليتههه ل ام هههقن لاملقوهههأ عللهههقل لة ل ههه ال ههه بلاضإنهههنلة لا وههه رابقشل
ن ههه شلنا اهههنلنهههملا ههها ل اهنأهههقدلجلن ههه لاخلهههنقشلاض ق هههأنعلبهههقمي انملنههه لإ هههق ل عههه لجلنخهههيو قشلامااهههرل و لامي ن ل.اضنملام ائةل
ا هههي مهههنل هاريلنهههملجهيههههقلتاهههو لالكونهههنلةاللاضإنهههنلتاهههو لةنكق أقإهههقلاملقمأهههنلجلسهههةلعاههه لجلاملواإ هههنلام قنهههنلم ت أهبلم هنلاضف هق ل مأقتال لبيتزهةلنخهي ت قمهبلاويزه لامه قبأبلت،ه رلامهناالامهدلتهدلع أههقلعوائهلع هي عل
لع ىلاض وا .لل
اللالكونههنلتواجههالن ههك نلام جتهه لبخهه بلامن اعههقشلاماظ أههنلجلة لع نههةلمههرئأسلالكونههنل ههقدلاملخي ههقدلان لة لاموفهههق لبي هاتهههالل. ونأهههقلادلتهههف لام جتههه لاضفقد هههنثههه الظقف هههقشعلبقنوهههقفنلة لا هههيزرل عهههقلاويزههه لامههه
ظهههه دالنهههملتاههههق لامووههه لان خههههقكلةالل ل كهههمللنههههق ل ههههر للعتهههوفيلاضنههههوا لامكقفأهههنلمخههههلااليأقجهههقشلاملي ههههرد ملعقجة.
انعهه لامووهه لان خههقكلجلامهه لب ههالجلالقمههنلظ ههيللل لبخهه بلت ا ههل خهه نلحههفلدئههأسلنرعهه لامههأزملم دا ههقشل ظو ل ،فلامخكقاللجل اصلالق لجلاضنهملام ه ائة. هلنهملالاه لاميته قشلامووه ل اللله الل وه للاماارل
الههنل عهه الع هههىلامل ر أق ههةلغههيلنخههيارلع ههىلاملخههيو لامههاظ ةعل نههق لالكونههنلامههدلت زههةلجلسههةلوهه ل نههتلعقش.لنخيو لاملن انلب كةلعق علف لعملادتاقرل خ نلام قمن لتو فلع لنملامل ر
ة ههقل ههل ل ههه الهه دلصي،ههواللنههمل اللا هه لامههأزملة لنربهه لاوقعههنل اةلتاعأقتههالع ههىلأام ز أههنلا ياقمأههنلفاههاعل عههههه لاملن زهههههقشلام قن هههههنلجلاوهههههق للطهههههقم وااملن اهههههنلب عز ههههههقعل بهههههع لبهههههران لالكونهههههنلجلامي اأهههههفلنهههههملامااهههههرل
لان خقك.
Chinese Text
SAMPLE
3
80年代以来的自由化改革使许多拉美国家建立起统一的社会保障体
制,即依赖市场和个人储蓄的保障计划,这在一定程度上消除了原
来在国家管理体制下的分配不公现象,但也相应地产生了新的社会
分化和保障不平等问题。这种不平等源于市场体制自身的缺陷。以
私有化养老金制度为例,由于退休金水平完全取决于参保者个人的
收入状况和在资本市场上的投资回报情况,因此,这种制度对于富
有的社会中上层来说是有利的,从而也能得到他们的认同和支持;
而对于无储蓄能力的社会底层来说,他们处于弱势地位,因而社会
底层不支持这种制度。现实表明,在进行养老金制度改革后,大多
数拉美国家的社保覆盖面呈下降趋势:由于劳动力市场的不稳定性
、就业方式的变化等因素,大量自雇者、失业者及贫困群体被排除
在私营体制之外。在正规部门就业人口与非正规就业人口之间,在
不同职业者之间,在城乡之间,养老金收入的差距呈扩大化趋势。
French Text
SAMPLE
4
L’argument revient en boucle, à propos de l’Egypte : les élections ne signifient pas la
démocratie. Cela est tout à fait vrai, et la France en sait quelque chose. Le 29 mai 2005,
par une majorité de près de 55 % des voix, le peuple français a rejeté le traité instaurant
une Constitution pour l’Europe. Malgré ce choix clair, le traité a finalement été imposé.
En mai 2012, à la suite d’une longue campagne présidentielle, le peuple français a élu
François Hollande ; résultat, sa politique est à l’exact opposé de ses promesses.
Ainsi donc, les élections ne signifient pas la démocratie. Mais peut-on imaginer une
démocratie sans élections, une démocratie qui piétine les élections ?
On dit souvent, pour l’Egypte, que le peuple se serait exprimé dans la rue et que le
président Morsi aurait perdu sa légitimité. Les responsabilités de Morsi sont écrasantes
dans la crise actuelle, mais l’argument de la perte de légitimité est dangereux, comme
celui qui invoque les risques d’instabilité. Rappelons qu’il y a bientôt quarante ans,
l’armée chilienne renversait le président Salvador Allende, avec les mêmes arguments, et
qu’elle disposait alors d’un vaste soutien dans une partie de la population. La question
qui se pose est : qui décide ? Et, à chaque fois, la réponse est : l’armée.
Parfois, l’armée a pu jouer un rôle positif. Ce fut le cas lors du soulèvement des colonels
contre le régime dictatorial au Portugal, la fameuse Révolution des œillets. Mais, dans la
grande majorité des cas, les militaires arrivés au pouvoir ont imposé des régimes
dictatoriaux.
Un autre exemple pertinent est celui des élections palestiniennes de janvier 2006. Pour la
première fois depuis des dizaines d’années, une élection relativement libre avait lieu.
Résultat : les Palestiniens envoyaient à l’Assemblée une majorité de députés du Hamas.
Tous ceux qui s’étaient faits les apôtres de la démocratie expliquèrent alors doctement
que les Palestiniens avaient mal voté. Il s’ensuivit une guerre civile inter-palestinienne et
une coupure entre Gaza et la Cisjordanie. Finalement, la démocratie n’a avancé ni à Gaza
ni en Cisjordanie.
Spanish Text
SAMPLE
5
Nelson Mandela agoniza en un hospital de Pretoria y es probable que cuando se publique
este artículo ya haya fallecido, pocas semanas antes de cumplir 95 años y reverenciado en
el mundo entero. Por una vez podremos estar seguros de que todos los elogios que
lluevan sobre su tumba serán justos, pues el estadista sudafricano transformó la historia
de su país de una manera que nadie creía concebible y demostró, con su inteligencia,
destreza, honestidad y valentía, que en el campo de la política a veces los milagros son
posibles.
Todo aquello se gestó en la soledad de una conciencia, en la desolada prisión de Robben
Island, donde Mandela llegó en 1964, a cumplir una pena de trabajos forzados a
perpetuidad. Las condiciones en que el régimen del apartheid tenía a sus prisioneros
políticos en aquella isla rodeada de remolinos y tiburones, frente a Ciudad del Cabo, eran
atroces. Una celda tan minúscula que parecía un nicho o el cubil de una fiera, una estera
de paja, un potaje de maíz tres veces al día, mudez obligatoria, media hora de visitas cada
seis meses y el derecho de recibir y escribir sólo dos cartas por año, en las que no debía
mencionarse nunca la política ni la actualidad. En ese aislamiento, ascetismo y soledad
transcurrieron los primeros nueve años de los veintisiete que pasó Mandela en Robben
Island.
En vez de suicidarse o enloquecerse, como muchos compañeros de prisión, en esos nueve
años Mandela meditó, revisó sus propias ideas e ideales, hizo una autocrítica radical de
sus convicciones y alcanzó aquella serenidad y sabiduría que a partir de entonces guiarían
todas sus iniciativas políticas. Maravilla pensar que Mandela, perfectamente consciente
de las vertiginosas dificultades que encontraría en el camino que se había trazado, lo
emprendiera, y, más todavía, que perseverara en él sin sucumbir a la desmoralización un
solo momento, y veinte años más tarde, consiguiera aquel sueño imposible: una
transición pacífica del apartheid a la libertad, y que el grueso de la comunidad blanca
permaneciera en un país junto a los millones de negros y mulatos sudafricanos que,
persuadidos por su ejemplo y sus razones, habían olvidado los agravios y crímenes del
pasado y perdonado.
(Mario Vargas Llosa, El País) 366 words
SAMPLE
UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES
OFFICE OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
GESTION DES RESSOURCES HUMAINES
2013 COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS / EDITORS
27 August 2013
2013 CONCOURS DE RECRUTEMENT DE
TRADUCTEURS / ÉDITEURS DE LANGUE RUSSE
le 27 août 2013
PART 3
PARTIE 3
Questions booklet
Fascicule de questions
SAMPLE
1
PART 3
Translation into Russian of a specialized text or a text in a third
UN language
Instructions
Please translate into Russian one of the following texts in this examination paper: option
(i) one of the four specialized texts (economic, legal, social/political, or
scientific/technical); OR option (ii) one of the texts in a language different from the one
selected in Part 2. In option (ii), if the French text was selected in Part 2, for example,
you must now select a text in Arabic, Chinese or Spanish.
The time allowed for this part of the examination is 1 hour and 30 minutes. You are
responsible for managing your time.
The use of black or blue pen is required.
Please write your answers in the assigned answer booklet.
In the upper right hand corner of the first page of the answer booklet, please indicate the
specialized area or language of the text you are translating.
You should write only on every second line.
Only answers written in the odd-numbered (1,3,5,….), lined pages will be marked. You
may use the even-numbered (2,4,6,….), blank pages for drafting.
Please do not remove any page from this booklet.
SAMPLE
2
Economic text
If any economy is known for its industrial might, it is China. Manufacturers, miners,
utilities and builders accounted for over 45% of China’s gross domestic product (GDP) in
2012. In America, by contrast, they typically contribute less than 20%. China, according
to caricature, makes things you can drop on your foot. America merely designs, brands
and peddles them.
Chinese industry is unusually large not just in comparison with post-industrial America,
but also when set alongside other economies. According to calculations by Ejaz Ghani of
the World Bank and Homi Kharas, now of the Brookings Institution, manufacturing’s
share of China’s GDP was more than 18 percentage points above the global norm in
2005. Services, in contrast, were almost eight points below.
Armed with data like these, critics have accused China of a factory fetish. Subsidised
land, credit and power have favoured industry, which tends to be capital-intensive and
power-hungry. A cheap yuan has also favoured manufactured items, which can be sold
abroad, over services, which often cannot be.
But 2013 may be the year that China’s services officially step out of the shadow of its
smokestacks. According to the national statistics, services (which include transport,
wholesaling, retailing, hotels, catering, finance, real estate and scientific research, among
other things) accounted for 44.6% of China’s GDP in 2012. That is less than one point
behind industry’s 45.3%. And services are growing faster.
The strength of services may reflect the ongoing rebalancing of Chinese demand away
from exports and towards consumption. Their rise may also help to promote that
rebalancing. Because services tend to be labour-intensive, their expansion should
encourage faster job creation, higher wages and greater household spending. That would
serve the world economy well, too.
SAMPLE
3
Legal text
In the 1990s experts were convinced that crime would keep rising. Law-abiding citizens
would retreat to gated communities, patrolled by security guards. Politicians and police
chiefs could do little except bluster and try to fiddle the statistics.
Now, it is clear that the pessimists were wrong. America’s crime wave was breaking. Its
cities have become vastly safer, and the rest of the developed world has followed.
Some crimes have all but died out. Last year there were just 69 armed robberies of banks,
building societies and post offices in England and Wales, compared with 500 a year in
the 1990s. In 1990 some 147,000 cars were stolen in New York. Last year fewer than
10,000 were. In countries such as Lithuania and Poland the gangsters who trafficked
people and drugs in the 1990s have moved into less violent activities such as fraud.
Cherished social theories have been discarded. Conservatives who insisted that the
decline of the traditional nuclear family and growing ethnic diversity would unleash an
unstoppable crime wave have been proved wrong. Left-wingers who argued that crime
could never be curbed unless inequality was reduced look just as silly.
The biggest factor may be simply that security measures have improved. Car
immobilisers have killed joyriding; bulletproof screens, security guards and marked
money have all but done for bank robbery. Alarms and DNA databases have increased
the chance a burglar will be caught. Some crimes now look very risky—and that matters
because the main deterrent to crime is the fear of being caught.
Better-trained police officers could focus on new crimes. Traditional measures tend not to
include financial crimes such as credit-card fraud or tax evasion. Since these are seldom
properly recorded, they have not contributed to the great fall in crime. Unlike rapes and
murders, they do not excite public fear. But as policing adapts to the technological age, it
is as well to remember that criminals are doing so, too.
SAMPLE
4
Social/political text
In 1961 Israel kidnapped Adolf Eichmann from Argentina and put him on trial for crimes
committed 20 years earlier. His trial in Jerusalem was a model of meticulous process. The
prosecutor was Israel’s attorney-general; the defence lawyer, a leading German attorney;
the proceedings were broadcast. They were everything the Holocaust was not: open,
subject to evidence and challenge, and legal.
Now consider the trials under way at the International Crimes Tribunal in Dhaka, the
capital of Bangladesh. There too, men are being tried for dreadful crimes committed
many years ago, in this case in 1971, during Bangladesh’s war of independence from
Pakistan. The defendants have been accused of genocide, mass murder, mass rape and
attempting to exterminate whole groups of people. But their trials have fallen a long way
short of Israel’s model of due process.
The government has interfered in the court’s deliberations. Public discussion of the
proceedings has been restricted. The number of defence witnesses was curtailed. In one
case, the presiding judge resigned and the death sentence was handed down by three men
who had not heard all the witnesses. In another, the defendant was represented by a
lawyer who did not have nearly enough time to prepare a case. That also ended in a death
sentence. These are profound judicial failings, falling short not only of the standards of
the Eichmann trial but also of the requirements of Bangladeshi law.
Sadly, most Bangladeshis are cheering on the tribunal’s flawed proceedings. When the
court passed a life sentence (rather than a death sentence), the crowds that gathered to
protest against this leniency were the biggest that had been seen in Dhaka for 20 years.
Now the government wants to rewrite the law to allow death sentences to be applied
retrospectively. Few seem to care a jot for due process; rather, everybody thinks that the
defendants are getting their just deserts.
SAMPLE
5
Scientific/technical text
Which source of renewable energy is most important to the European Union? Solar
power, perhaps? (Europe has three-quarters of the world’s total installed capacity of solar
photovoltaic energy.) Or wind? (Germany trebled its wind-power capacity in the past
decade.) The answer is neither. By far the largest so-called renewable fuel used in Europe
is wood.
In its various forms, from sticks to pellets to sawdust, wood (or to use its fashionable
name, biomass) accounts for about half of Europe’s renewable-energy consumption. In
some countries, such as Poland and Finland, wood meets more than 80% of renewable-
energy demand. Even in Germany which has poured huge subsidies into wind and solar
power, 38% of non-fossil fuel consumption comes from the stuff. After years in which
European governments have boasted about their high-tech, low-carbon energy revolution,
the main beneficiary seems to be the favoured fuel of pre-industrial societies.
The idea that wood is low in carbon sounds bizarre. But the original argument for
including it in the EU’s list of renewable-energy supplies was respectable. If wood used
in a power station comes from properly managed forests, then the carbon that billows out
of the chimney can be offset by the carbon that is captured and stored in newly planted
trees. Wood can be carbon-neutral. Whether it actually turns out to be is a different
matter. But once the decision had been taken to call it a renewable, its usage soared.
In the electricity sector, wood has various advantages. Planting fields of windmills is
expensive but power stations can be adapted to burn a mixture of 90% coal and 10%
wood (called co-firing) with little new investment. Unlike new solar or wind farms,
power stations are already linked to the grid. Moreover, wood energy is not intermittent
as is that produced from the sun and the wind: it does not require backup power at night,
or on calm days. And because wood can be used in coal-fired power stations that might
otherwise have been shut down under new environmental standards, it is extremely
popular with power companies.
SAMPLE
6
Arabic text
تواجههالامههأزمل إنههنلة خههق أنلظق اههنلجلسههةلااليأههقصلمههالنلنت ههشل ههفالنههملامجاههقللاا هه ل ههلجق ل االيأقجههق لم هه ا ل امرعق ههههنلام،ههههتأنعل ادتجههههقرلنلهههه للامجاههههرعل لههههولنههههقل خههههي عةلتهههه ظتل مأههههقلعههههقجتل اههههةلتجههههق لااإنههههنلالهههه ل ل
ل نلكسلذمكلع ىلاملز أنلا ياقمأنلبرنيهق.جلل54عل نههقلحههقالاهقلنههملتسا هه ل خههانلامجاههرلة ل2011 أنلننهه لا هه رلام ههود لنم هه لعههق ل تجق زههالالقمههنلا خههق
مانهكلامه علف هتلعهملامهيزرادلته ف لامتجاهشلاافقد هنلب هكةل هونةل له لقللااملق لاملق ةل فه لةال،هقئألاملقئنل مفل جئل هر ق لحبخبلتا راللالكوننلامأزنأن.ل24
ظمههنلا مهههياقبنلا خههق أنلاملل مههنلباأزههنلة قمأههنلتا ههه للبهه لتنجأهه جلامهههأزملعههملاههأ لاملانهه لامليتهه لا ع ههملل ههةل اللاخلمههههنلإهههه ريلة لتههههوفيلام هههه ا ل املأههههقللامن أجههههنل امرعق ههههنلام،ههههتأنلل هههه لع2013ن أههههوالل دلملههههق لل702
لنت شل فالنملامجاقللاا ل لجق .ل7.7قلع لل غيلقلنملاخل نقللالأو نلملمهههابلااإنهههنلة لا هههمرابقلل عههه لا مهههيارادلجلاملهههقنشلاملق هههأشعللهههقل لة ل هههااللاانههه لامليتههه د لل هههةل ل
اهنأهههقدلجلنل ههه لاخلههه نقللاامقمهههأنعلبهههقميسانملنههه لإ هههق ل عههه لجلنخهههيو قللامجاهههرل نلههه للنا اهههنلنهههملا لههه ا لل.اانملام ائةل مو لامي ن
نكق أقإهههقلاملقمأهههنلجلسهههةلعاهههسلجلاملواإ هههنلاملقنهههنلم مهههنل امهههيه اريل نهههملجهيههههقلتاهههو لالكونهههنلةاللااإنهههنلتجهههو لة قبأبلت،ه رلامهنجالامهدلته دلع أههقلعوائه لعاهي عل تمقمهبلاويزه لامه لبيتزهةلنخهي مأقتال ت أهبلم هنلاافلهق ل
لع ىلاا وا .لل
بخههابلامنساعههقللام اظ أههنلجل اللالكونههنلتواجههالن ههك نلامتجاههشلة لعتنههةلمههرئأسلالكونههنل ههقدلاملخي ههقدلا عهههقلاويزههه لامههه لة لاموفهههق لبيله اتهههالل. ونأهههقلثهههتالظقف هههقلعلبق هههقفنلة لامهههيزرادلتههه ف لامتجاهههشلاافقد هههن
ظهههه دالنهههملتجههههق لامو ههه لا خههههقكلةالل ل كهههمللنههههق ل ههههر للع تهههوفيلاانههههوا لامكقفأهههنلمخهههه لااليأقجهههقللاملي ههههرد ملعقجة.
دامههقلل ا عههت لامو هه لا خههقكلجلامههات لب ههالجلالقمههنلظمههي لبخههابلتسا هه ل خههانلحههفلدئههأسلنرعههسلامههأزملم ل ل س ه لنهملالاه لاميته قللامو ه ل اللله الل ه للامجارل ظو ل ،فلامخكقاللجل االالق لجلاانهملام ه ائة.
الع هههىل نههق لالكونههنلامههدلتلزههةلجلسههةل هه ل نههتل مأقمههةلغههيلنخههيارلع ههىلاملخههيو لامهه اظ ةعل عههاملمر الههنللنخيو لاملنمانلب كةلعق علف تلعملادتجقرل خانلامامقمنل تو فلع لنملامل ر عقل.
اةلت اعأقتههالع ههىلأاملز أههنلا ياقمأههنلفاههاعل ة ههقلمههل ل ههه الهه دلصي،ههواللنههمل اللا ههس لامههأزملة لنربهه لاوقعههنلاملن زهههههقللاملقن هههههنلجلاوهههههق للبههههه ع لبهههههران لالكونهههههنلجلاميفجأهههههفلنهههههملامجاهههههرل عههههه ل طهههههقماوااملنماهههههنلب عز ههههههقعل
لا خقك.
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7
80年代以来的自由化改革使许多拉美国家建立起统一的社会保障体
制,即依赖市场和个人储蓄的保障计划,这在一定程度上消除了原
来在国家管理体制下的分配不公现象,但也相应地产生了新的社会
分化和保障不平等问题。这种不平等源于市场体制自身的缺陷。以
私有化养老金制度为例,由于退休金水平完全取决于参保者个人的
收入状况和在资本市场上的投资回报情况,因此,这种制度对于富
有的社会中上层来说是有利的,从而也能得到他们的认同和支持;
而对于无储蓄能力的社会底层来说,他们处于弱势地位,因而社会
底层不支持这种制度。现实表明,在进行养老金制度改革后,大多
数拉美国家的社保覆盖面呈下降趋势:由于劳动力市场的不稳定性
、就业方式的变化等因素,大量自雇者、失业者及贫困群体被排除
在私营体制之外。在正规部门就业人口与非正规就业人口之间,在
不同职业者之间,在城乡之间,养老金收入的差距呈扩大化趋势。
French text
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8
L’argument revient en boucle, à propos de l’Egypte : les élections ne signifient pas la
démocratie. Cela est tout à fait vrai, et la France en sait quelque chose. Le 29 mai 2005,
par une majorité de près de 55 % des voix, le peuple français a rejeté le traité instaurant
une Constitution pour l’Europe. Malgré ce choix clair, le traité a finalement été imposé.
En mai 2012, à la suite d’une longue campagne présidentielle, le peuple français a élu
François Hollande ; résultat, sa politique est à l’exact opposé de ses promesses.
Ainsi donc, les élections ne signifient pas la démocratie. Mais peut-on imaginer une
démocratie sans élections, une démocratie qui piétine les élections ?
On dit souvent, pour l’Egypte, que le peuple se serait exprimé dans la rue et que le
président Morsi aurait perdu sa légitimité. Les responsabilités de Morsi sont écrasantes
dans la crise actuelle, mais l’argument de la perte de légitimité est dangereux, comme
celui qui invoque les risques d’instabilité. Rappelons qu’il y a bientôt quarante ans,
l’armée chilienne renversait le président Salvador Allende, avec les mêmes arguments, et
qu’elle disposait alors d’un vaste soutien dans une partie de la population. La question
qui se pose est : qui décide ? Et, à chaque fois, la réponse est : l’armée.
Parfois, l’armée a pu jouer un rôle positif. Ce fut le cas lors du soulèvement des colonels
contre le régime dictatorial au Portugal, la fameuse Révolution des œillets. Mais, dans la
grande majorité des cas, les militaires arrivés au pouvoir ont imposé des régimes
dictatoriaux.
Un autre exemple pertinent est celui des élections palestiniennes de janvier 2006. Pour la
première fois depuis des dizaines d’années, une élection relativement libre avait lieu.
Résultat : les Palestiniens envoyaient à l’Assemblée une majorité de députés du Hamas.
Tous ceux qui s’étaient faits les apôtres de la démocratie expliquèrent alors doctement
que les Palestiniens avaient mal voté. Il s’ensuivit une guerre civile inter-palestinienne et
une coupure entre Gaza et la Cisjordanie. Finalement, la démocratie n’a avancé ni à Gaza
ni en Cisjordanie.
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9
Nelson Mandela agoniza en un hospital de Pretoria y es probable que cuando se publique
este artículo ya haya fallecido, pocas semanas antes de cumplir 95 años y reverenciado en
el mundo entero. Por una vez podremos estar seguros de que todos los elogios que
lluevan sobre su tumba serán justos, pues el estadista sudafricano transformó la historia
de su país de una manera que nadie creía concebible y demostró, con su inteligencia,
destreza, honestidad y valentía, que en el campo de la política a veces los milagros son
posibles.
Todo aquello se gestó en la soledad de una conciencia, en la desolada prisión de Robben
Island, donde Mandela llegó en 1964, a cumplir una pena de trabajos forzados a
perpetuidad. Las condiciones en que el régimen del apartheid tenía a sus prisioneros
políticos en aquella isla rodeada de remolinos y tiburones, frente a Ciudad del Cabo, eran
atroces. Una celda tan minúscula que parecía un nicho o el cubil de una fiera, una estera
de paja, un potaje de maíz tres veces al día, mudez obligatoria, media hora de visitas cada
seis meses y el derecho de recibir y escribir sólo dos cartas por año, en las que no debía
mencionarse nunca la política ni la actualidad. En ese aislamiento, ascetismo y soledad
transcurrieron los primeros nueve años de los veintisiete que pasó Mandela en Robben
Island.
En vez de suicidarse o enloquecerse, como muchos compañeros de prisión, en esos nueve
años Mandela meditó, revisó sus propias ideas e ideales, hizo una autocrítica radical de
sus convicciones y alcanzó aquella serenidad y sabiduría que a partir de entonces guiarían
todas sus iniciativas políticas. Maravilla pensar que Mandela, perfectamente consciente
de las vertiginosas dificultades que encontraría en el camino que se había trazado, lo
emprendiera, y, más todavía, que perseverara en él sin sucumbir a la desmoralización un
solo momento, y veinte años más tarde, consiguiera aquel sueño imposible: una
transición pacífica del apartheid a la libertad, y que el grueso de la comunidad blanca
permaneciera en un país junto a los millones de negros y mulatos sudafricanos que,
persuadidos por su ejemplo y sus razones, habían olvidado los agravios y crímenes del
pasado y perdonado.
(Mario Vargas Llosa, El País) 366 words
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