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Sampling Transitional Waters for the Water Framework Directive, 2007 - 2009
A summary of the first three year Water Framework Directive fish surveillance monitoring cycle
Fiona Kelly, Andrew Harrison, Lynda Connor, Ronan Matson, Rory Feeney, Emma Morrissey, Ciara Wogerbauer and Kieran Rocks (Roisin O’Callaghan, Grainne Hanna, Trevor Stafford, Brian Hayden, Glen Wightman, Mo Lordan, Trevor Champ)
Plus MANY staff from the 7 Regional Fisheries Boards
Inland Fisheries Ireland
WFD fish monitoring, 2007 - 2009
Overview
• Presentation duration of 20 minutes
• Water Framework Directive transitional waters survey methods
• Key findings from the 2007 – 2009 transitional waters surveys
• Classification tool development
• Questions???
WFD transitional waters, 2007 - 2009
• Interface habitats
• Tidal influence
WFD transitional waters, 2007 - 2009
WFD transitional waters, 2007 - 2009
WFD transitional waters, 2007 - 2009
WFD fish monitoring transitional water bodies, 2007 - 2009
IFI completed surveys
2007 – 8 water bodies
2008 – 41 water bodies
2009 – 23 water bodies
Total – 72 water bodies
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
Multi-method
Combination of beach seining, fyke netting and beam trawling
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
Beach seining
• 30 m fine-mesh net
• All tidal stages depending on accessibility
• A range of shoreline slopes & substrates
• Team of 4 people
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
Fyke netting
• Set in trains of 3 fykes
• Left overnight for full tide cycle
• Team of 2 to set fykes, 3 to lift fykes
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
Beam trawling
• Metal bar holds open net
• Towed slowly along the seabed
• Trawls usually over length of 200 m
• Team of 2 people
• Surveys usually conducted in September & October
• Species composition & relative abundance, indicator species
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
• Data supports other projects, e.g. National Eel Management Plan
Scale of transitional waters
Lower Shannon = 123 km2 Bridge Lough = 0.08 km2
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
• 6 days
• 6 staff
• 2 days
• 4 staff
Scale of transitional waters
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
Lower Shannon = 123 km2 Bridge Lough = 0.08 km2
• 6 days
• 6 staff
• 2 days
• 4 staff
Survey methods – Transitional Waters
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
• Species richness related
to size of water body
• 71 species recorded
• 105,336 individual fish
Lowest
• Murree Lough – 2 species
Highest
• Swilly Estuary – 32 species• Lower Shannon – 31 species
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Flounder
• Most widespread
• 66 water bodies
• Important species for angling
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
European eel
• Second most widespread
• 62 water bodies
• Indicator species, declining population
• EC Regulation 1100/2007, CITES
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Smelt
• Example of estuarine fish
• Indicator species
• Threatened in Irish Red Data Book
• Smell of cucumber!
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Thick-lipped grey mullet
• Harbours, estuaries & brackish
waters
• Often big fish, tiny organic particles
• Difficult target for anglers
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Sea bass
• Predator of inshore waters
• Exciting target for anglers
• Protected by Irish law
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Dace
• Non-native invasive in Ireland
• Fast-flowing freshwater
• Found in estuaries of invaded rivers
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Deep-snouted pipefish
• Eel-grass beds
• Also rock pools, over sand, brackish
waters
• Relative seahorses, males incubate
eggs
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Gilthead bream
• Single specimen, Broad Lough
• Mediterranean, Atlantic coasts
• Becoming more established?
Transitional water surveys, 2007 - 2009
Transitional Fish Classification Index (TFCI)Summary of development and outputs
Inland Fisheries Ireland – Research and Development Division
Fiona Kelly and Andrew Harrison
Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA)
Peter Moorehead and Trevor Harrison
Environment Agency (England and Wales)
Steve Coates and Adam Waugh
Transitional Waters Classification Tool
• Introduction to the Transitional Fish Classification Index (TFCI)
• Metrics included in the TFCI
• Ecological status of transitional waters, 2007 - 2009
• Calculation of EQRs for each water body
• Future developments of the TFCI
Transitional Waters Classification Tool
• The TFCI is a multi-metric index using 10 fish metrics
- Species composition- Abundance- Functional guilds- Indicator species
• Individual metric scores are summed
• Summed scores are converted into an EQR between 0 and 1
TFCI – multimetric index
Taxa attributes
Metric 1
Metric 2
Metric 8
Metric 7
Metric 3
Metric 4
Metric 5
Metric 6
Multimetricindex/
Ecological quality class
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
Score
A metric is defined as “a characteristic of the biota that changes in some predictable way with increases in human disturbance”
TFCI – multimetric index
Species diversity and composition
1) Species composition
2) Presence of indicator species
Species abundance
3) Species relative abundance4) Number of taxa that make up 90% of the abundance
Functional guilds
5) Number of estuarine resident taxa
6) Number of estuarine-dependent marine taxa
7) Functional guild composition8) Number of benthic invertebrate feeding taxa
9) Number of piscivorous taxa
10) Feeding guild composition
TFCI – Metrics
Metric 1) Species composition
• Measure of amount of similarity between a species assemblage and a reference assemblage
• Response to stress/degradation: Decline
• Presence/absence data
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
Metric 1) Species composition: Approach
• Develop reference species list
• Assign scores to results (1 – 5)
• Calculate similarity between reference species list and transitional waters (Bray-Curtis)
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
Metric 1) Species composition: Reference list?
• Least impacted (pristine) systems
• Expert opinion
• Historical data
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
• Survey data
Metric 1) Species composition: Reference list?
• Determine reference species richness
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
• Select reference taxa
Metric 1) Species composition: Reference species ri chness
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
• Rank species richness data
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
Rank
Ric
hnes
s
• Select upper quintile (80th percentile)
• Calculate the mean richness of the upper quintile
Mean = 22
Metric 1) Species composition: Reference list?
• Determine reference species richness (22)
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
• Select reference taxa
Metric 1) Species composition: Reference taxa
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
• Rank the frequency of occurrence of each species
Species Bann-A05Connswater-A05Lagan-A05Newry-A05Roe-A05Bandon EstuaryA06BoyneA06FrequencyPlatichthys flesus 7 23 5 29 548 92 64Pomatoschistus minutus 532 22 4 113 542 181 59Anguilla anguilla 2 5 56Sprattus sprattus sprattus 110 12 76 46Pleuronectes platessa 1 58 17 37Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus 1 4 18 34Pollachius pollachius 10 34Ciliata mustela 1 10 19 31Clupea harengus 1 1 1 27Spinachia spinachia 1 1 25 1 27Pomatoschistus microps 15 26Salmo trutta trutta 1 26Chelon labrosus 21 24Ammodytes tobianus 1 22Gadus morhua 2 11 21Myoxocephalus scorpius 7 20Atherina presbyter 19Merlangius merlangus 1 42 5 18Syngnathus rostellatus 2 17Salmo salar 1 2 14Solea solea 14Dicentrarchus labrax 13Symphodus melops 2 7 12Syngnathus acus 2 12Agonus cataphractus 1 11Osmerus eperlanus 1 11Entelurus aequoreus 1 10Gobius niger 72 10
• Select most frequently occurring taxa corresponding to reference species richness
Reference species richness (22)
Reference assemblage
Metric 1) Species composition: Calculate similarity
• Bray-Curtis similarity (presence/absence)
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
32/21+22
2C/A+ R
22
R
74.4%
BC
21
A
16Shannon
CSystem A
2C/A+R x 100
C = number of common taxaA = number of taxa in system AR = number of reference taxa
Metric 1) Species composition: Calculate similarity
• Assign scores
TFCI – Metric 1 – Species composition
5>80%
460-80%
340-60%
220-40%
1<20%
ScoreSimilarity
Species diversity and composition
1) Species composition
2) Presence of indicator species
Species abundance
3) Species relative abundance4) Number of taxa that make up 90% of the abundance
Functional guilds
5) Number of estuarine resident taxa
6) Number of estuarine-dependent marine taxa
7) Functional guild composition8) Number of benthic invertebrate feeding taxa
9) Number of piscivorous taxa
10) Feeding guild composition
TFCI – Metrics
Metric 2) Indicator species
• Measure of disturbance-sensitive taxa
• Response to stress/degradation: Decline
• Presence/absence data
TFCI – Metric 2 – Indicator species
Metric 2) Indicator species: Approach
• Develop indicator species list
• Assign scores to results (1 – 5)
• Count number of indicator species present
TFCI – Metric 2 – Indicator species
Metric 2) Indicator species: Indicator species list
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats
• EU Habitats Directive (Annex II & Annex IV)
TFCI – Metric 2 – Indicator species
• NI Priority Species & Species of Conservation Concern (Convention on Biological Diversity)
• Bern Convention
Metric 2) Indicator species: Indicator species list (9 species)
TFCI – Metric 2 – Indicator species
Scientific NameAcipenser sturio Alosa alosa Alosa fallax Anguilla anguilla Lampetra fluviatilisOsmerus eperlanus Petromyzon marinus Salmo salar Salmo trutta trutta
Metric 2) Indicator species
• Assign scores
TFCI – Metric 2 – Indicator species
5>80%
460-80%
340-60%
220-40%
1<20%
Score% Indicator species present
Species diversity and composition
1) Species composition
2) Presence of indicator species
Species abundance
3) Species relative abundance4) Number of taxa that make up 90% of the abundance
Functional guilds
5) Number of estuarine resident taxa
6) Number of estuarine-dependent marine taxa
7) Functional guild composition8) Number of benthic invertebrate feeding taxa
9) Number of piscivorous taxa
10) Feeding guild composition
TFCI – Metrics
Metric 5) Number of estuarine resident taxa
• Resident taxa are susceptible to degradation
• Response to stress/degradation: Decline
• Presence/absence data
TFCI – Metric 5 – Estuarine resident taxa
Metric 5) Number of estuarine resident taxa: Approa ch
• Compare actual richness with reference richness
• Establish estuarine resident reference richness
TFCI – Metric 5 – Estuarine resident taxa
• Assign scores to results (1 – 5)
Metric 5) Number of estuarine resident taxa
• Assign scores
TFCI – Metric 5 – Estuarine resident taxa
5>80%
460-80%
340-60%
220-40%
1<20%
ScorePercent of reference
Species diversity and composition
1) Species composition
2) Presence of indicator species
Species abundance
3) Species relative abundance4) Number of taxa that make up 90% of the abundance
Functional guilds
5) Number of estuarine resident taxa
6) Number of estuarine-dependent marine taxa
7) Functional guild composition8) Number of benthic invertebrate feeding taxa
9) Number of piscivorous taxa
10) Feeding guild composition
TFCI – Metrics
TFCI – EQR calculation
• Sum the metric scores
• TFCI converted to an EQR: (TFCI -10) / (50 -10)
• Scores range from 10 - 50
High>0.8
Good0.6-0.8
Moderate0.4-0.6
Poor0.2-0.4
Bad<0.2
WFD Quality ClassEQR
• Metric score (1 – 5) for each metric
Ecological classification
TFCI – Fish versus other BQE and water chemistry
• Durnesh Lough
- High/Good (Water chemistry/Phytoplankton)
- Moderate (Fish)
- 6 species (low numbers)
TFCI – Fish versus other BQE and water chemistry
• Durnesh Lough
TFCI – Fish versus other BQE and water chemistry
• Durnesh Lough
TFCI – Fish versus other BQE and water chemistry
• Durnesh Lough
TFCI – Future developments
• Define typologies
- Assess whole estuary rather than individual water bodies?
• Fix reference conditions for each typology
• Define typology specific reference conditions
• Confidence of Class
• Intercalibration
TFCI – Future developments
Thankyou