sßanPaBRtIR)aenAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁ edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess GMBI ... · 2018-11-25 · ISSN: 1683-148 9 KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ sßanPaBRtIR)aenAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁ edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess

ISSN: 1683-1489

KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ

sßanPaBRtIR)aenAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁedayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess

GMBIplsþúkkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsevotNam

GtßbTbec©keTsKN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁelx 1

Ex emsa qñaM 2002

bMeBjtMrUvkar nigrkSatulüPaB

4

cracrRtIenAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁeRkam

sßanPaBRtIR)aenAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁ

1

KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ

sßanPaBRtIR)aenAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁedayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiess

GMBIplsþúkkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsevotNam

GtßbTbec©keTsKN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁelx 1

Ex emsa qñaM 2002

GtßbTenHerobcMedaykmµviFIClplénKN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ tamsMeNIrbs;RkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;bec©keTs sþIBIkarRKb;RKgvis½yClpl enAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁeRkam


2

e)aHBum<pSayenAraCFanIPñMeBj Exemsa qñaM2002edayKN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ

sUmdak;kñúgÉksareyagrbs;GñkdUcxageRkam ³

Van Zalinge, Nicolaas; Lieng Sopha, Ngor Peng Bun, Heng Kong, and Valbo Jørgensen. 2002. Status

of the Mekong Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Resources, with Special Reference to the Stock Shared

between Cambodia and Viet Nam. MRC Technical Paper No. 1, Mekong River Commission, Phnom

Penh. 29 pp. ISSN: 1683-1489

mti b¤eyabl;EdlmanenAkñúgGtßbTenH KWCamti b¤TsSn³rbs;GñkniBn§pÞal;nigBuMqøúHbBa©aMgTsSn³rbs;KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁeLIy.

EksMrYleday³ Gan; b‘Ísb (Ann Bishop)

ftrUbeday³ elak nIkULas va:n; hSalIg (Nicolaas Van Zalinge) elIkElgEtrUbPaBTI2 enATMB½rTI10Edlftedayelak ehSb hUehÁn (Zeb Hogan).

bkERbeday³ h‘ can;lwm EksMrYleday³ Ék]tþm eNA FYk nig lag supa

© KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ RbGb;sMbuRtelx ³ 1112 pÞHelx 364 mhavifIRBHmunIvgS

raCFanIPñMeBj km<úCa TYrs½BÞelx ³ ¬855-23¦ 720-979 TYrsarelx ³ ¬855-23¦ 720-972

GuIEml³ [email protected]

eKhTMB½r³ www.mrcmekong.org


3

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

GtßbTenH RtUv)anerobcMtamsMeNIBiessrbs;RkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;bec©keTs sþIBIkarRKb;RKgClplenAkñúg GagTenøemKgÁeRkam. r)aykarN_enH RtUv)anGnuvtþCaskmµPaBénKMeragmYy sþIBIkarRKb;RKgFnFanClplTwksab enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. KMeragenaHRtUv)anRTRTg;karGnuvtþedaynaykdæanClplkm<úCa kmµviFIClplénKN³kmµkar TenøemKgÁ nigpþl;fvikaedayrdæaPi)alRbeTsdaNWm:ak ¬tamry³ DANIDA¦.

CIvRbvtþiénRkumkargarsþIBIRbePTRtIraCenAkñúgTenøemKgÁ

RkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;bec©keTs (TAB) sþIBIkarRKb;RKgClplrbs;KN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ (MRC)

RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAkñúgEx mifuna qñaM 2000. RkumRbwkSaenH (TAB) pþl;RbwkSaCUnkmµviFIClplénKN³ kmµkarTenøemKgÁ GMBIkargarbec©keTs EdlTak;TgnwgkarRKb;RKgClplenAkñúgGagTenøemKgÁ. enAkñúgkic© RbCuMelIkTI1 kargarsMxan;cMnYn 5 RtUv)aneKkMNt;Gnuvtþ. enAkñúgkargarTaMgGs;enH mandUcxageRkam ³

karRKb;RKgBBYkRtIR)a ¬BBYkRtIGt;Rskars;enAtamTenø¦

GgÁRbCuM)aneFVIkarBicarNaGMBIkargarenH CaBiessRbePTRtIR)a (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). brimaN RtIEdlcab;)ankMBugEtfycuH eday)anbgðaj[eXIjnUvkareFVIGaCIvkmµhYskMrit. karensaTkUnRtIemSA sMrab;eFVIvarIvb,kmµ ¬TTÞwmnwgenaH k¾manskmµPaBensaTxusc,ab;enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn¦ GackMBugekItman pgEdr. kUnRtIénRbePTRtIepSg²kMBugRtUveKensaT. RkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;bec©keTs mankarRBYy)armÖ GMBIsßanPaBRtITaMgenH.

GgÁRbCuM)anRBmeRBogCaÉkcänÞfa kmµviFIClplénKN³kmµkarTenøemKgÁ ¬smasPaBplensaTenA kñúgRbeTskm<úCa karvaytMélGMBIsmasPaBFnFanClplTenøemKgÁ nigsmasPaBpSBVpSayvarIvb,kmµ¦ sUmcgRkgr)aykarN_sßanPaBcMnYnBIr sþIBIRtIR)a (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) edayeFVIkarsegçbnUvGVIEdl eK)andwgenAkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH GMBICMrkBgkUn kEnøgrkcMNI kareFVIcracrrbs;kUnRtIemSA nigRtIeBjv½y ]bkrN_ensaT nigGnþraKmn_enAkñúgkarRKb;RKgEdlGaceFVIeTA)an RBmTaMgkareRbIR)as;RbePTRtIsMrab;kar eFVIvarIvb,kmµ sßanPaBénkarbgáat;sib,nimµit nigkarvaytMélfa etIkarekIneLIgéncMnYnkUnRtIemSA Edlplit edaysib,nimµit GacbM)at;nUvkarRbmUlBUCkUnRtIemSAFmµCati)anEdr b¤eT? r)aykarN_enH nwgRtUvbBa¢ÚneTA RkumRbwkSapþl;eyabl;bec©keTs.


4


5

matika

segçbesckþI >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 7

1> kareFVIGtþsBaØaN karkMNt;r)ay nigkMritplsþúk >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 9

2> vdþCIvitrbs;RtIR)a ¬plsþúkxagt,Úg¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>11

2>1 karbnþBUC >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 11 2>1>1 kEnøgBgkUn nigCMrkrs;enA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 11 2>1>2 smtßPaBbnþBUC >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 13

2>2 kareFVIcracr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15 2>2>1 eBlevlaénkarBgkUn nigkareFVIcracrcuHtamTwkhUrrbs;kUnRtIR)aemSA >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>15 2>2>2 kareFVIcracrrbs;RtIeBjv½y nigBuMTan;eBjv½y >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 16

3> sßanPaBénkareFVIGaCIkmµensaTRtIR)a >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 19

3>1 karensaTkUnRtIemSA ¬BBYkRtIGt;Rska¦ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 19

3>2 karensaTedaydayenATenøsab >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 23

3>3 karensaTRtIR)aedayviFIsa®sþensaTepSgeTot >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>25

3>4 karensaTedayeRbIeRKOgpÞúH >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 26

4> kareFVIvarIvb,kmµRtIR)a nigplb:HBal;rbs;vaeTAelIplsþúkFmµCati >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 29

5> snñidæan nigsMNUmBr >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 31

6> Éksareyag >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 35


6


segçbesckþI

PaKeRcInénB½t’manEdlGacrk)an sþIGMBIsßanPaBénkareFVIGaCIvkmµensaTelIplsþúkRtIR)a (Pangasianodon

hypophthalmus) enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam RtUv)ansikSa. karGHGagmYy)an[dwgfa plsþúkFmµCati)an Føak;cuHy:agxøaMgrhUtmkdl;eBlenH. b:uEnþenHGacCalT§plénkarsikSatictYc Edl)anGHGagelIkargarvaytMél plsþúkenAkñúgeBlGtItkal. kareFVIGaCIvkmµbc©úb,nñ )anGnuvtþeFVIeLIgy:agxøaMgkøa cab;BIdMNak;kalkUnRtIemSArhUt dl;BgkUn. dUecñHehIy GnþraKmn_kñúgkarRKb;RKgCaeRcIn edIm,IkarBarRbePTRtIenH RtUv)aneFVIkarBicarNaCasMxan; ehIyRtUv)anpþl;eyabl;. eRkABIenHeTot vamansar³sMxan;Nas;EdlRtUvsikSaBIFmµCati nigcracrrbs;kUnRtIemSA nigkUnRtI RBmTaMgplb:HBal;énkareFVIensaTkUnRtIemSAeTAelIGRtars;rbs;va.

z plsþúkenAxageCIg nigxagt,Úgénl,ak;exan RbEhlCaenAdac;edayELkBIKña ehIyKYrEteFVIkarRKb;RKg erog²xøÜn. plsþúkenAxagt,Úg mansar³sMxan;xagesdækic©xøaMgNas;cMeBaHRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam Edl pþl;brimaNRtIsMrab;eFVICamðÚbGaharEdlmantMélesdækic©x<s; nigBUCRtI Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;kar ciBa©wmRtIGt;Rska enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nig ¬mankMritTabCag¦enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam.

z plsþúkxagt,ÚgeRbIR)as;TMnablicTwkenACuMvijbwgTenøsab RBmTaMgPaKxagt,ÚgénTIRkugPñMeBj nigenAkñúg tMbn;dIsNþrRbeTsevotNam. srubmk eTaHbICaplsþúkenH hak;dUcCamankarFøak;cuHk¾eday k¾GRtapl cab;enAkñúgtMbn;Tenøsab enAEtmanesßrPaBenAeLIy GacedaysarEtCMrkenAtamTMnablicTwkenAkñúgbwg TenøsabenABuMTan;xUcxatxøaMgenAeLIyeT.

z RtIR)a (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) KWCaRbePTRtIBgkUnEdlmanGayubnþBUCEvg. RtIR)aQandl;dMNak;kal eBjv½yenAeBlvamanGayuelIsBI 3qñaM. karplitBgmankarekIneLIgy:agxøaMgRbmaNBI 30 000 RKab;Bg sMrab;RtIemTMgn; 5 KILÚRkam manrhUtdl;Cag 1lanRKab;Bg cMeBaHRtIemTMgn; 10KILÚRkam. edaysarkareFVIensaTCalkçN³RKYsar nigsib,kmµy:agxøaMgkøa eTIbmanEtPaKryRtItictYcb:ueNÑaH enArs;rhUtdl;dMNak;kaleBjv½y.

z RtIR)aBgkUnenAtampøÚvTwkenAkñúgTenøemKgÁ rvagTIrYmextþRkecH nigl,ak;exan Rtg;RBMEdnkm<úCa-Lav. CMrk RtIR)amanenAkEnøgTwkhUrxøaMg nigvalxSac;mat;RcaMg rYmCamYynwgRbLay Gnøg;eRCA nigenAtamkEnøgman fµCaeRcIn. RtIGt;RskaCaeRcInrs;enAtamkEnøgGnøg;eRCATaMgenH enAkñúgrdUvR)aMg enAeBlEdlkMBs;TwkTenø mankMritTab. RtIR)aBgkUnenAkñúgrdUvvsSacenøaHBIEx ]sPa nig sIha. Cak;Esþg RbB½n§b£srukçCati dUcCa b£srbs;RbePTrukçCati Gimenila asiatica )aneRbIR)as;eFVICavtßúsMrab;[BgRtIetag.

7


z kareRbIR)as;eRKOgpÞúHenAkñúgGnøg;eRCAénkEnøgBgkUncab;BIRkecH dl;RBMEdnRbeTskm<úCa-Lav)anbNþal [manplb:HBal;GaRkk;elIPaBeCaKC½yénkarbnþBUCrbs;RtIR)a. eK)ansMNUmBr[begáInkaryl;dwgGMBI plb:HBal;CaGviC¢manénkareRbIR)as;eRKOgpÞúH enAkñúgCYreyaFa nigGaCJaFrextþénRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa ehIyedIm,IbegáInkarcUlrYmrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al nigshKmn_ensaTtamdgTenøemKgÁ kúñgextþRkecH nigsÞwgERtg edIm,IsMerc[)annUvkarTTYlxusRtUvmYyelIkarRKb;RKgskmµPaBensaTepSg².

z kUnRtI nigkUnRtIemSA GENþtcuHeRkamtamcrnþTwkhUrsMedAeTATMnablicTwk enAkñúgPaKkNþalRbeTskm<úCa nigdIsNþr ehIyeFVIcracreTAkan;kEnøglicTwkfµI²CaeRcIneTotedIm,IrkcMNI. enAcugrdUvvsSa kUnRtIGt;Rska (Juveniles) TMngCaeFVIcracreTAkan;tMbn;Gnøg;eRCA² dUcCabwgTenøsab Tenøsab nigTenøemKgÁ. eTaHCa y:agenHkþI k¾manRtIeBjv½yCaeRcIn eFVIcracreLIgTwkhUreTAkan;kEnøgBgkUnepSg²Edr. eRkayeBlBgkUn rYc RtITaMgenH k¾)aneFVIcracrRtLb;eTAkan;TMnablicTwkvij.

z eTaHbIRtUvhamXat;CapøÚvkark¾eday k¾karensaTkUnRtIemSA enAEtbnþGnuvtþdEdl ehIyvahak;dUcCaBuMman karfycuHeLIy enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa taMgBIeBlcab;epþImkarhamXat;dMbUgenAqñaM 1994 mk. edayyl; eXIjfa GRtasøab;edayFmµCatiénRbePTRtIenHmankMritx<s; nigBuMTan;R)akdfa etIkareFVIensaTenH)aneFVI[ )at;bg;RbePTRtICaeRcInEdr b¤eT?. vahak;dUcCamankarekIneLIgénkareFVIensaT CaBiesskareFVIensaT lkçN³sib,kmµ CalT§plénkMeNInRbCaCn EdlGac[RtIeBjv½ytictYcNas;rYcrs;bnþBUC)an.

z varIvb,kmµ³ eTaHbIkarplitBUCenAsßanIy_enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam )anpÁt;pÁg;elIsBItMrUvkary:agNak¾eday k¾karensaTkUnRtIemSAenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa enAEtRbRBwtþeTAy:agxøaMgdEdl. karciBa©wmRtItamEbr nigRsH kMBugEtekIneLIgTaMgenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam nigkm<úCa. enHbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa karbgáat;-PJas;enARbeTs evotNam BuMTan;plit)anbrimaNkUnRtIBUCEdlmanKuNPaBl¥RKb;RKan;enAeLIyeT ¬rYmTaMgRtIR)aex©A¦. kUnRtIBUCFmµCatiRtUv)aneKKitfa mankarlUtlas;elOn ehIylk;)antMéléføCagBUCRtIplit. lT§PaBén karplitkUnRtIemSA enAmankMritenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. eK)ansMNUmBr[begáInkarplitkUnRtIR)aBUC (Fingerlings/fry) CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyGacplitBUCRtIR)aex©AbEnßm enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam rYmCamYynwgkUnRtIEdlmanKuNPaBl¥Cagmun.

z manB½t’manCIvsaRsþtictYcEdlGacrk)an sþIBIplsþúkRtIR)aFmµCati RBmTaMgBBYkRtIGt;RskadéTeTot (Pangasiids). vamansar³sMxan;bMput EdlbegáInkaryl;dwgrbs;eyIgGMBIkarhUrGENþt nigcracrénkUnRtI (Larvae) nigkUnRtIemSA edaysarEtRbePTRtITaMgenHgaynwgrgeRKaHedaykargarEdleRbIR)as;Twk dUcCa karsg;TMnb; ¬CaBiessenAkñúgTenøemKgÁExSTwkem¦ r)aMgkarBarTwkCMnn; nigsMNg;FarasaRsþCaedIm.

8


1> kareFVIGtþsBaØaN karkMNt;r)ay nigkMritplsþúk

eyIgyktamelak Rainboth (1996) edayeRbIeQµaHviTüasaRsþ Pangasianodon hypophthalmus eTaHbICaelak Roberts nig Vidthayanon (1991) )andak;RbePTenHenABYk Pangasius y:agNak¾eday. RtIR)amaneQµaHviTüasaRsþ BuMpøÚvkarmYyeTot KW Pangasius sutchi. eQµaHCaPasaExµr KWRtIR)a eQµaHCaPasaLav KWsYyexv (Souay kheo) eQµaHCa Pasaéf KWésV (Swai) ehIyeQµaHCaPasaevotNam KWca (Cha).

RtIR)amanmat;TMrg;kNþal ¬minEbreTAelI b¤eRkam¦ nigmanRTnugRBuyRTUg 8-9 EdlkMNt;[BYk Pangasianodon

xusBIBYk Pangasius. RtIraC (Pangasianodon gigas) manRTnugRBuyxñgcMnYn 7 ehIyBuMmansñitRskIeRcaHeT (gill rakers)

cMENkRtIR)avij manRTnugRBuyxñgcMnYn 6 ehIymansñitRskIGPivDÆl¥. KMnUrRtIR)amanenAkñúgrUbPaBTI 1 nigrUbft mankñúgrUbPaBTI2.

rUbPaBTI 1³ RtIR)a (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) EdlKUredayelak Chavalit Vidthayanon

RbPB³ Roberts nig Chavalit 1991.

r)ayRtIR)akñúgFmµCati KWmanEtenATenøemKgÁ ecAR)ay:a (Chao Praya) ehIyGacmanenAGagTenøemKgÁRbeTs km<úCa saFarN³rdæRbCaFietyüRbCamanitLav éf nigevotNam (Roberts and Vidthayanon 1999). kardak;ciBa©wm RtIR)a )anRbRBwtþeTAenATIkEnøgepSg.

9


Poulsen and Valbo-Jørgensen (2001) )ansnñidæanfa plsþúkRtIR)aenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam manhVÚgsþúk mYy ¬plsþúkxagt,Úg¦ ehIyplsþúkxagelIl,ak;exan enAkñúgsaFarN³rdæRbCaFibetyüRbCamanituLav nigRbeTs éf GacbegáIt)anCahVÚgplsþúkdac;edayELkmYyeTot ¬plsþúkxageCIg¦. vaGacnwgmanTMnak;TMngtictYcrvag plsþúkTaMgBIr BIeRBaHRtIR)aRtUveKcab;)antictYcenAkñúgkarensaT eday]bkrN_lbenAkñúgl,ak;exankñúgry³eBl 2qñaM cMeNam 4qñaM Edl)aneFVIkarsikSatamdan (Baird et al. 2000). karGegátEdlcab;epþImeFVIenAeBlfµI²enH sþIGMBI esenTicRtIR)a bgðaj[dwgBIPaBxusKñay:agc,as;énplsþúkTaMgBIrenH (So Nam, Department of Fisheries and

F. Volckaert, University of Leuven, Belgium, 2001, personal communication).

EpnTIsþIBIRbB½n§TenøemKgÁ nigTMnablicTwk mankñúgrUbPaBTI 4.

rUbPaBTI 2³ rUbRtIR)a EdlensaT)aneday]bkrN_dayenAkñúgTenøsab Ex vicäika qñaM 2000

10


2> vdþCIvitrbs;RtIR)a ¬plsþúkxagt,Úg¦

2>1 karbnþBUC

2>1>1 kEnøgBgkUn nigCMrkrs;enA

RtIR)aBgkUnenAtampøÚvTwkénTenøemKgÁrvagTIrYmextþRkecH nigl,ak;exanRtg;RBMEdnkm<úCa-Lav cab;BIERBkkaMBI Ek,rextþRkecH rhUtdl;k,alekaHregov ¬cugxageCIg¦ Ek,rRBMRbTl;extþRkecH-sÞwgERtg (Touch 2000). enAtam EpñkenHéndgTenømankartaMgTIlMenAbnþicbnþÜc nigtamRcaMgTenømanéRBduHeRcIn.

CMrkRtIR)a manlkçN³TwkhUrxøaMgenAtammat;RcaMgxSac; CaGnøg;eRCA² nigmanfµeRcIn. RtIR)aeRcInpþúMKñaenAkEnøg Gnøg;eRCATaMgenH kñúgrdUvR)aMg xN³eBlEdlkMBs;TwkTenømankMritTab. RbePTRtIepSgeTot k¾manrs;enATIenaHEdr. b£srukçCatiCaeRcIn dUcCab£srbs;RbePTedImeQI Gimenila asiatica ¬rUbPaBTI 3¦ manRbeyaCn_sMrab;[BgRtIetag (Touch 2000).

eyIgBuMTan;R)akdfa etIRtIR)a)aneRbIR)as;CMrk EdlCaGnøg;eRCACaeRcInenAkñúgTenøeskug Tenøessan nigTenøERs BkkñúgkMritNaenAeLIyeT. Cak;Esþg tMbn;Gnøg;eRCA²enAtamEpñkepSgeTotkñúgTenøemKgÁ BuMRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CakEnøg Bg kUn edaysþúkRtIPaKxagt,ÚgeLIy. enHmann½yfa RtIR)aTaMgGs;EdlensaT)anenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam man edImkMeNItenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. kEnøgBgkUnCaeRcInénsþúkRtIxagt,Úg BuMTan;)anrkeXIjenAeLIyeTmkdl;eBlenH (Poulsen and Valbo-Jørgensen 2001).

rUbPaBTI 3³ RbB½n§b£srbs;edIm Gimenila enAtamdgTenøemKgÁ Ex kumÖ³ qñaM 2001

11

m:akk

LaM)a:v

pug

TenøemKgÁ

Tenø)asak;

sÞwgsEg

á


rUbPaBTI 4³ EpnTIsþIBIRbB½n§TenøemKgÁ nigTMnablicTwk

GagTenøemKgÁeRkam

EdlbgðajBITenøemKgÁExSTwkem édTenøsMxan;² GagsþúkFM² nigtMbn;TMnablicTwk

RbeTscin RbeTsevotNam RbeTscin

RbeTsPUma TIRkughaNUy

fa GU saFarN³rdæ CRbCaFibetyü

RbCamanitLaveQogér TenøemKgÁ lYgR)a)ag

TIRkugevogc½nÞgum

efIn ]tþúg TenøsugRkam

kaM es)agéhVsmuRTcinxagt,ÚgsuvNÑaekt

)agehogRbeTséf xnEkv esdUn

)a:kesTenøeskug

CI mU:n G‘Ubu‘n

b‘unrIram TIRkug)aMgkk l,ak;exan TenøessanesomrabRbeTskm<úCa extþsÞwgERtg

extþ)at;dMbg sÞwgEsn TenøERsBkextþkMBg;FMbwgTenøsab CInik sÞwgsMbUr

eBaF×sat;kMBg;qñaMg kMBg;cam extþRkecH bYnma:FYt

TenøsabQUgsmuRTéf TIRkugPñMeBj

dugfab; TIRkughUCimij

kMNt;sMKal; Gagy:agRBMRbTl;tMbn;TMnablicTwkRBMRbTl;GnþrCatiraCFanI dIsNþrTenøemKgÁTIRkugtMbn;TMnablicTwk

12


2>1>2 smtßPaBbnþBUC

RtIR)aFMeBjv½yenAeBlmanGayuelIsBI 3qñaM kñúgkarciBa©wm (Cacot 1999). enAkñúgFmµCati RtIR)aGacmanGayu eBjv½ydUcKñaEdr. vaenABuMTan;c,as;fa etIRbePTRtIR)aeBjv½ymanTMhMb:unµan?. Touch (2000) manRbsasn_fa RtIR)a eBjv½y manTMgn;y:agehacBI 3-4 KILÚRkam nigmanRbEvg 54 s>m. edaysarRtIR)aeBjv½ymanry³eBlEvgenaH eTIbmanRtIR)atictYcEdlGacrs;dl;GacBgkUn)an. RtIEdlGacrs;manCIvit RtUv)ankMNt;edayGRtaénkarsøab; edayFmµCati nigkareFVIensaT. kUnRtI nigkUnRtIemSA manGRtasøab;edayFmµCatix<s;Nas;.

RtIR)a CaRbePTEdlmancMnYnRKab;BgeRcIn. cMnYnRKab;Bgrbs;RtIemekIneLIgy:agxøaMgCamYynwgkMenInénTMgn;RtI rhUtdl; 10KILÚRkam ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI5 nigtaragTI1¦. RbePTRtIxøHGacBgkUnBIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM. kñúgkarciBa©wmRtI tamEbrenARbeTsevotNam RtIcMnYnticCag 1¼3 énRtIemTaMgGs;GacCMruHBgCaelIkTI 2 )ankñúgry³eBl 6-17 s)þah_ eRkayBIkarTMlak;BgelIkTI1 (Cacot 1999).

BgRtIR)a mansPaBs¥it ehIyetagCab;nwgb£seQI EdllicTwkenAedImrdUvvsSa (Touch 2000). BgRtIjas; kñúgry³eBl 24em:ag. vaenABuMTan;c,as;enAeLIyfa RtIkUnjas;GaceFVIcracreRkayeBljas;. eRkayeBljas; 2 b¤ 3éf¶ kUnRtIcab;epþImsuIcMNI ehIyeBlenaH RtIkUnjas; )anvivtþn_CakUnRtIemSA nigkUnRtI. eBlenaHvaGaceFVIcracr edayxøÜnÉg)an.

niymn½yGMBIdMNak;kallUtlas;rbs;RtIR)a EdleRbIenAkñúgGtßbTenH³

kUnjas; (Larvae): KWCadMNak;kaleRkayeBljas;BIBg enAeBlfg;s‘utRkhmGacemIleXIjenAeLIy ehIyEdlCaRbPBsarFatuciBa©wmEtmYyb:ueNÑaH.

kUnRtIemSA (Fry): KWCadMNak;kallUtlas;bnÞab;mkeTot enAeBlkUnRtIBuMTan;vivtþn_eBjeljenAeLIy ehIyPaKeRcInGENþttamcrnþTwk.

kUnRtI (Fingerling): va)anvivtþn_eBjlkçN³CaRtIGacEhlTwkedayxøÜnÉg)an ¬TMhMRtwm 15 sm¦.

RtICMeTI (Sub-adult): CaRtIBuMTan;eBjv½ybnþBUCenAeLIy ehIymanTMhMxusKñaeTAtamGayurbs;va.

RtIeBjv½y (Adult): RtIGacBgkUn)an ehIymanGayuelIsBI 3qñaM nigmanTMgn;y:agehac 4 K>Rk.

13


rUbPaBTI 5 ³ kMlaMgbnþBUC³ cMnYnRKab;Bgkñúg 1KILÚRkaménTMgn;RtIR)a )anBIkarbgáat;RtIR)aEdlciBa©wmkñúg EbrbENþtTwk RbeTsevotNam.

cMnYnB

g * 10

00/K>

Rk140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

TMgn;RtI ¬K>Rk¦

RbPB³ Cacot 1999

taragTI 1³ kMlaMgbnþBUC b¤cMnYnRKab;Bgrbs;RtIR)a )anBIkarbgáat;RtIR)a EdlciBa©wmkñúgEbrbENþtTwk RbeTsevotNam

TMgn;RtIRss;¬K>Rk¦

RbEvgRtI¬s>m¦

cMnYnRKab;Bgsurb cMnYnRKab;Bg K>Rk ¬RKab;¦ ¬RKab;¦

karBgkUn¬elIkTI1 b¤ TI2¦

5/0 68/0 33100 6620 elIkTI1 5/6 73/0 33100 5911 elIkTI1 5/6 73/0 71900 12839 elIkTI1 6/0 75/0 143700 23950 elIkTI1 6/6 76/0 344900 52258 elIkTI2 8/5 83/0 1005900 118341 elIkTI1 9/5 84/0 876600 92274 elIkTI1 9/7 83/5 1293300 133330 elIkTI2

10/5 84/0 1005900 95800 elIkTI1 13/3 92/0 742900 55857 elIkTI1

RbPB³ Cacot 1999.

14


2>2 kareFVIcracr

2>2>1 rdUvBgkUn nigkareeFVIcracrcuHeTAExSTwkhUrrbs;kUnRtIR)aemSA

Poulsen and Valbo-Jørgensen (2001) )an[dwgfa RtIEdlmanBg RtUv)aneKRbTHeXIjenAkñúgTenøemKgÁ cab;BI extþsÞwgERtg rhUtdl;extþkNþalkñúgcenøaHrvagEx]sPa nigsIha CaBiessenAkñúgExmifuna nig Exkkáda.

enAkñúgEx]sPa RtIEdlmanRkeBjbnþBUCeBjv½y b¤CiteBjv½y RtUv)anensaT)anenAExSTwkxagelIénextþ RkecH (Touch 2000). enAedImrdUvvsSa kMBs;TwkTenøemKgÁ )aneLIgx<s;y:agqab;rh½s. sßanPaBTwkEbbenH GMeNaypll¥dl;karBgkUnénRtICaFmµtaenAkñúgExmifuna. enAeBlTwkcab;eLIgx<s;elOn Gac[RtICMruHBgmþgeTot. eKsMKal;eXIjfa RtIR)aBgkUnbIdgkñúgmYyqñaM cenøaHrvagEx]sPa ExsIha (Touch 2000). tamFmµta RtIBgkUn sMxan;bMputkñúgExkkáda. TwkhUrxøaMgenAkñúgeBlenH. TwkhUrBIextþRkecHmkdl;PñMeBjkñúgry³eBlRbEhl 3éf¶ nig dl;dIsNþrkñúgry³eBl 4éf¶. eTaHbICay:agenHkþI k¾karhUrbENþténkUnRtIR)aemSA nigkUnRtI GacTamTarry³eBlyUr CagenH BIeRBaHRtITaMgenHeFVIcracrenAkñúgTwkhUryWt²enAtammat;RcaMgTenø (Ngor 1999).

tamRbsasn_ Ngor (1999) )an[dwgfa kareFVIensaTedaydayedIm,Icab;kUnRtIR)aemSA nigkUnRtIenAkñúgTenø emKgÁkm<úCa )anRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgs)þah_TI1 Exmifuna qñaM1997 nig 1998 ehIyRtUv)anbBa©b;enAkñúgs)þah_ cugeRkayénExkkáda qñaM1997 nig enAExsIha qñaM1998 . kUnRtIemSAensaT)aneRcInbMputkñúgs)þah_TI1 énExkkáda kñúgqñaMTaMgBIrenaH. elak Tug (Tung et al, 2000, 2001a) k¾)aneFVIkarsikSaGegáttamdankarensaTdayRtIenAdIsNþr RbeTsevotNamkñúgqñaM1999. karRsavRCav)anbgðaj[eXIjfa plensaTRtIR)aeRcInbMputenAkñúg2s)þah_ cugeRkayénExmifuna ehIyplcab;mankMritTabCageRcInenAkñúg1ExeRkay. enHbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa erogral;qñaM karBgkUnrbs;RtIR)a RbRBwtþeTAenAcugEx]sPa dl;ExsIha EtkarBgkUneRcInbMputRbEhlRbRBwtþeTAkñúgs)þah_TI1 énExmifuna GaRs½ynwgkarcab;epþImePøóg.

elak Tug )anbBa¢ak;fa dMeNIrcnÞKtiman\T§iBlelIkareFVIcracrrbs;RtIkUnjas; BIeRBaHRtITaMgenHEtgEtRbmUl pþúMKñaeFVIcracrenAkñúgexñIt. CakarBit enHGacCalT§plEdlbNþalmkBI\T§iBléndMeNIrRBHcnÞ eTAelIdMeNIrBgkUn énRtITaMgenH. karBgkUnenH RbEhlmanTMnak;TMngbnþicbnþÜcCamYynwgkarcab;epþImkMenInénkMBs;Twk.

cab;BIExkkáda dl;ExkBaØa kareFVIensaTkUnRtIR)a ¬BMuTan;kMNt;smasPaBRbePTRtIenAeLIy¦ RtUv)anGnuvtþ edaydayRkLajwk nigsnÞÚcnuy enAtammat;RcaMgénTenøemKgÁ nigTenøÉeTot TaMgkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam. RtIEdlenArs;RtUv)anlk;sMrab;dak;ciBa©wm CaBiesskUnRtIR)aemSAEdlensaT)anedaydayés,mug. kUnRtIRtUv)an eXIjmanenAEk,rmat;RcaMgTenø ehIyhUrbENþtcUlTMnablicTwkenAeRkaymat;RcaMgTenø . enAeBlkUnRtITaMgenH cUldl;TMnablicTwk kUnRtIGacrkcMNIy:ageRcIn niglUtlas;y:agqab;rh½s.

15


RtIR)asuIsaray rukçCatibøg;tug nigstVl¥itCaGahar ehIyenAeBlvaFM RtIR)asuIEpøeQI kMBws nigRtI (FishBase

Website March 2001). tam Blache (1995) manRbsasn_fa bøg;tugstV nigrukçCati sMbUrbMputkñúgTenøemKgÁkñúgrdUvR)aMg cab;BIExkumÖ³ dl;Ex]sPa. enAkñúgbwgTenøsab bøg;tugmandg;suIetx<s;bMput enAeBlTwkcab;epþImbaUrcUlbwgTenøsab CaBiesskñúgExmifuna nigenAeBlTwkhUrRtLb;eTATenøemKgÁvij cab;BIExtula dl;Exvicäika. RtIraC (Pangasianodon

gigas) nigRtIR)a (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) eFVIcracrtamcrnþTwkhUr nigsIubøg;tugd¾sMbUrEbbTaMgenHeFVICacMNI Ékar ensaTedaydayEdlcab;RbePTRtITaMgenH eRcInEteFVIeLIgenAkñúgExtula nigExvicäika ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 6¦.

2>2>2 kareFVIcracrrbs;RtIeBjv½y nig RtICiteBjv½y

enAeBlRtIdak;BgrYc vak¾eFVIcracrcUlkñúgTenøvij edIm,IEsVgrkcMNIenATMnablicTwk EdllicTwkedayTwkCMnn;. kUnRtIEdlenArs;kñúgeBlbENþtxøÜntamcrnþTwk k¾eFVIcracrecjBITMnablicTwkeTATenøemKgÁExSTwkemtamRtIeBjv½yEdr.

RtIeBjv½yeFVIcracrecjBITMnablicTwk nigbwgTenøsabmuneK. RtIxøHcab;epþImeFVIcracrenAkñúgExkBaØa muneBlTwk CMnn;cab;epþImRsk (Srun and Ngor 2000). RbePTRtIPaKeRcIn eFVIcracrecjenAcenøaHBIExtula nigExFñÚ muneBl cab;epþImkarensaTedayLÚt×ensaTcab;epþImenAkñúgbwgTenøsab. eTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾RtIxøHRtUvensaT)anLÚt×ensaT nigdayRtIenAkñúgTenøsabextþkMBg;qñaMg ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI6¦ Edlcab;epþImGnuvtþkarensaTenABak;kNþalExtula. CakarBitNas; RtIeBjv½ycUlcitþrs;enAtamGnøg;eRCA²kñúgTenøemKgÁ ehIyeFVIcracreLIgeTAExSTwkelI enAxN³eBl EdlrdUvBgkUnCitmkdl;.

rUbPaBTI6³ TidæPaBénkarensaTedaydayRtI (dai) kñúgTenøsab. mat;daysßitenAxagsþaMénrUbft. sac;daynaMRtIcuHeTAExSTwkxageRkamcUlkñúgdayRtIEdlmanRbmaN 150 Em:Rt.

16


LÚt×ensaT nigdayRtI cab;)anRtIeRcInCagRbePTénkarensaTdéTeTot. enHRbEhlmkBImanTMnak;TMngnwg TItaMgPUmisaRsþén]bkrN_ensaTTaMgenH. CYrTI1 nigTI2 éndayRtIenATIRkugPñMeBjmanTItaMgenAxagcugénpøÚvTwk sßitenAEpñkénTenøEdltUc )anRbmUlpÁúMRtIcUleTAkñúgmat;;dayd¾FMTaMgenaH. dUc)andwgfa kñúgcMeNamdayRtITaMgGs; manEtdayRtIBIrCYrenHb:ueNÑaH Edlcab;)anRtIraCerogral;qñaM cab;BIExtula dl;ExqñÚ. dayRtIBIrCYrenH cab;)anRtIraC 4k,al enAqñaM1999 11k,al enAqñaM2000 nig 7k,al enAqñaM2001.

elak pal; sin nig cn Cinsin (Poulsen and Jørgensen 2001) )anRbmUlTinñn½ykaryl;dwgrbs;RbCaensaT edIm,IsikSaGMBIcracrRtIenAtamdgTenøemKgÁenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam. karRsavRCavenHbgðaj[dwgfa RtIeFVI cracreLIgeTAExSTwkxagelI cab;BIExtula dl;Ex]sPa nigeFVIcracrcuHeTAExSTwkxageRkamcab;BIEx]sPa dl;kBaØa ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 7¦. elak Rs‘un nig eg:a (Srun and Ngor 2000) )aneFVIkarsnñidæanRsedogKñaenHEdr edayeFVIkar viPaKTinñn½yRtIenATIpSarRbcaMéf¶ enAkEnøgeLIgRtIcMnYn 6kEnøgtamdgTenøemKgÁ nigTenøsab.

kUnRtI nigRtICMeTIbnþRCkenATMnablicTwkyUr ehIyEdlRtUvensaT)aneBjmYyrdUvensaT. kUnRtIR)atUc²ensaT )any:ageRcInedaydayRtIenAkñúgExFñÚ qñaM1998. elak TUc (Touch 2000) )an[dwgfa kUnRtItUc²CaeRcInensaT)an enAkñúgExmIna qñaM1982 EdlmanTMgn; 0/8-3/7 K>Rk. RtITaMgenHRCkenAeBjBasenAtamEpñkénRbB½n§TenøEdlman TwkeRCA ehIyrs;enArhUtdl;rdUvvsSaeRkayeTot.

rUbPaBTI 7 ³ kareFVIcracrénRtIR)a cMNaM³ BN’Rkhm = Extula-kumÖ³ BN’elOg = Ex]sPa-kBaØa nigBN’exov = ExmIna-]sPa.

bwgTenøsab

raCFanIPñMeBj

l,ak;exan

TIRkugevogc½nÞ

RbPB³ Poulsen and Valbo-Jørgensen 2001. 17


18


3> sßanPaBénkareFVIGaCIvkmµensaTRtIR)a

r)aykarN_enH RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayplsþúkRtIR)axagt,Úg)anfycuHy:agxøaMgkñúgry³eBlCag 10qñaMknøg mkenH. dUcteTAenH eyIgnwgBinitüemIlTinñn½yEdlman nigeFVIkarvaytMélCak;Esþg.

3>1 karensaTkUnRtIR)aemSA karensaTkUnRtIR)aemSAedaydayRtI )anRbRBwtþeTAenAkñúgextþmYycMnYntamdgTenøemKgÁkm<úCa kñúgextþkMBg;cam

extþéRBEvg nigextþkNþal. karensaTkUnRtIemSABMuGacGnuvtþ)aneT enAkñúgextþRkecH edaykUnRtIenAmanTMhMtUceBk (Touch 2000). karensaTkUnRtIemSA )anGnuvtþbnþicbnþÜcb:ueNÑaHkñúgTenø)asak;. enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam karensaT daykUnRtI RbRBwtþeTATaMgenAkñúgTenøemKgÁ nigTenø)asak; kñúgextþGany:ag nigextþdugfab;. karensaTkUnRtIenH RtUv)anhamXat;enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCacab;BIqñaM1994 nigRbeTsevotNamcab;taMgBIExmIna qñaM2000 mkemøH. eTaHbIy:agenHkþI r)aykarN_)an[dwgfa karensaTenAkñúgRbeTsTaMgBIr enAEtbnþGnuvtþdEdl.

elak eg:a nig elak Tug )anBiBN’naGMBIkarensaTdaykUnRtI ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 8¦. CaTUeTA karensaTday kUnRtIenH RbRBwtþeTAcab;taMgBIcugEx]sPa dl;cugExsIha. karensaTdaykUnRtI GacensaT)anRtITMhMtUcCagsnÞÚc EdlsMedAensaTkUnRtIR)a ¬CaBiesskUnRtIR)aex©A¦ cab;BIExkkáda dl;ExkBaØa ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI9 GMBIsnÞÚc kUnRtIR)a¦.

dUc)anGtßaFib,aylMGitenAkñúgEpñkTI 2 sþIBIkareFVIcracrénRtI kUnRtI mansMbUrERbRbYlKYr[kt;sMKal;tameBl evla. tamFmµta kUnRtITaMgenHmansMbUrbMputBIr b¤bIdgkñúgmYyrdUvensaT.

eKalbMNgénkarensaTenH KWedIm,IpÁt;pÁg;BUCRtIsMrab;dak;ciBa©wmenAtamEbr nigRsHenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam nig karciBa©wmbnþicbnþÜcenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa. cMnYnkUnRtIR)aemSAEdlensaT)anBIday RtUv)aneFVIkar)a:n;RbmaN. eRkABI RtIR)a k¾manRtIRbePTepSgeTotEdr eXIjmanenAkñúgplensaT. manEtRtIR)ab:ueNÑaHEdlenArs; cMENkRbePTRtI epSgeTotRtUv)ane)aHecal b¤eFVICamðÚb. brimaNRtIR)aEdlensaT)anenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa mancMnYnrhUtdl;eTA 25°. enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam PaKeRcInénkUnRtIemSAEdlensaT)an CaRbePTRtIkabTenø ¬Cag 90°¦ cMnYn RbEhl 3° KWCaRtIR)a nigcMnYnenAsl;KWCaRbePTRtIepSg² kñúgenaHRtIR)aex©ACaRbePTRtIsMxan;mYy (Tung et al.

2000). enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam smasPaBRtIR)aEdlensaT)anBIday mancMnYnTabCagenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa eRcInNas; edaysarRbePTRtICaeRcIn RtUv)anensaTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigeFVIcracrcUleTAkan;TMnablicTwk CaeRcIn b¤CaFmµta)ansøab;edaysarFmµCati. kUnRtIemSAenARbeTskm<úCa manTMhMmFümFMCagkUnRtIemSAenA RbeTserotNam.

19


rUbPaBTI 8 ³ ]bkrN_dayRtIEdleRbIR)as;sMrab;ensaTkUnRtIemSAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam

]bkrN_xar ]bkrN_xar begÁalsMrab;ebIk b¤biTmat;day

yufáaenA)atdI qñúkRtI

sMNaj;ExSBYsMrab;BRgIk nigb®gYmTTwgmat;day

sñwgeQIenARcaMgTenø

3-4 mBYEdk

yufáaeQI 1/5 m

01-05 m

15 m

13-14 m

6-7 m

RbPB³ Tung et al. 2000

20


rUbPaBTI 9 ³ snÞÚckUnRtIR)a. EpøsnÞÚcBuMsUvmuteT ehIybitnuyBgRsemacRkhm nig CenønCaedIm.

elak eg:a (Ngor 1999) nig elak TUc (Touch 2000) mnÞIrksikmµ nignaykdæanClplextþGany:ag qñaM1997 (dkRsg;eday Khanh 1996) )anpþl;kar)a:n;RbmaNcMnYnkUnRtIensaT)an ¬taragTI 2k nig 2x¦ . RbeTskm<úCa mandaycab;kUnRtIemSAcMnYnsrub 650 mat; enAkñúgqñaM1981. eTaHbICamankarhamXat;BIrdæaPi)alenAkñúgqñaM1994 y:agNak¾eday k¾cMnYndayRtI)anekIneLIgrhUtdl; 948 mat; enAkñúgqñaM1998 . kUnRtIemSA nigkUnRtITaMgGs;Edl cab;)an RtUv)andwkCBa¢ÚntamTUkeTAkan;RbeTsevotNam.

taragTI 2k³ cMnYn)a:n;RbmaNénkUnRtIR)aemSAEdlcab;)anBIdaykUnRtIkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

qñaM cMnYnkUnRtIemSAcab;)an cMnYnday Éksareyag

1981 108-165 ekadi 650 Touch 2000

1991 5/0-12/0 ekadi 1>050 Touch 2000

1997 2/0-4/0 ekadi 1>050 Touch 2000

1998 0/9-2/1 ekadi 948 Ngor 1999

Tinñn½yEdlpþl;eday Touch (2000) bgðaj[eXIjfa plcab;)anFøak;cuHy:agxøaMg eTaHbICamankarekIneLIg éncMnYn]bkrN_ensaTk¾eday. eTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾Tinñn½yenH)anmkBIkarniyayt²Kña.

21


taragTI 2x³ cMnYn)a:n;RbmaNénkUnRtIR)aemSA Edlcab;)anBIday enAkñúgextþGany:ag RbeTsevotNam

qñaM cMnYnkUnRtIemSAcab;BIFmµCati cMnYnkUnRtIemSAP£as;)an Éksareyag ¬k,al¦ ¬k,al¦ Khanh, 1996

1977 200-800 lan - Tung et al. 2001b

1994 62 lan - ”

1995 60 lan - ”

1996 56 lan - ”

1997 48 lan 6/8 lan ”

1998 36 lan 25/6 lan ”

1999 27 lan 90/0 lan ”

2000 0/4 lan 99/7 lan ”

Tinñn½yenARbeTsevotNam )anbgðajBIkarFøak;cuHy:agxøaMgéncMnYnkUnRtIemSA Edlcab;)ancenøaHqñaM1977 nig 1994. eRkaymk karfycuHénplcab;BIFmµCati hak;dUcCamanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgkarekIneLIgénkUnRtIemSAEdl plit)anenAtamsßanIy_sMrab;tMrUvtamTIpSar. b:uEnþPaBsMbUrénkUnRtIemSAFmµCati GacBMumankarfycuHeTenAkñúg TsSvtScugeRkayenH.

edIm,Iplit[)anBgRtIcMnYn 3 ekadi RtUvkarRtIemBUCFM²cMnYn 3 000 k,al sMrab;bgáat;P£as;. Srun and Ngor

(2000) )an[dwgfa RtIR)acMnYn 58>440 k,al RtUvensaT)anenAkñúgextþRkecH cab;BIExtula qñaM1998 dl;ExkBaØa qñaM1999. extþRkecH manTItaMgsßitenAcugxagt,ÚgéntMbn;BgkUnd¾sMxan;. Cag 90° énkUnRtITaMgGs;CaRbePT RtIR)atUc²manTMgn;CamFüm 309 Rkam nigCag 7° eTot ¬4>180k,al¦ manTMgn;CamFüm 5/7 K>Rk. enHbBa¢ak;fa cMnYnRtIemBUCEdlBgkUnkñúgFmµCatimantic.

RtIR)aCaRtImYyRbePT EdlmancMnYnRKab;BgeRcIn. enAlkçxNÐFmµta GRtasøab;edayFmµCatiénRbePTRtIenH mankMritx<s;Nas; edayvdþCIviténRtIR)aBak;B½n§kareFVIcracr nigkarbENþtxøÜnénkUnjas;tamcrnþTwkhUr. dUecñHkar søab;EdlbNþalmkBIkareFVIensaTkUnRtIemSAGacmancMnYntictYcb:ueNÑaH nigGacBuMbNþal[fycuHénplsþúkeLIy. eTaHCay:agenHkþI dUcnwgbBa¢ak;CUnxageRkamenH karensaTenHminRtwmEtbgá[kUnRtIsøab;b:ueNÑaHeT.

22


3>2 karensaTdayRtIkñúgTenøsab karensaTdayRtI k¾dUcLÚt×ensaTkñúgextþkMBg;qñaMgEdr KWmaneKalbMNgcab;RtI EdleFVIcracrecjBITMnablicTwk

CuMvijbwgTenøsab tamdgTenøsabeTAkan;TenøemKgÁ. ]bkrN_ensaTdayRtI manbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaBTI6 nigTI10. ]bkrN_ensaTdayRtIenHRtUv)anBiBN’naeday elak lag (Lieng et al. 1995).

rUbPaBTI 10³ RtIRbmaN 500 K>Rk cab;)anBIdayRtIkñúgry³eBl 15naTI enATenøsab. rUbPaBenH)anft kñúgeBlRtIsMbUreRcInbMputkñúgEx mkra qñaM 1996.

RtIR)aBuMTan;eBjv½y nigeBjv½y mansmamaRttictYckñúgplcab;srub. plcab;RtUv)aneFVIkarGegáttamdanerog ral;qñaM cab;BIqñaM1995 ehIylT§plénkarRbmUlTinñn½yRtIR)a RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbPaBTI 11 nigtaragTI 3.

Tinñn½yBIGtItkal KWmanEtenAkñúgqñaM 1962-1963 b:ueNÑaH (Fily and d’Aubenton 1965). Tinñn½yTaMgenH bgðaj[eXIjfa plcab;naeBlfµI²enH BuMmankMritTabxøaMgeBkeT. Tinñn½yqñaM 1995-2001 BuM)ancg¥úlbgðaj ninñakarNamYyc,as;las;eT elIkElgkñúgqañM1960 y:agehacNas;cMeBaHRbePTRtIEdleFVIcracrcUlbwgTenøsab. Tinñn½yenAmankarxVHxatRbePTRtI Edl)aneRbIR)as;TMnablicTwkPaKxagt,ÚgénRkugPñMeBj nigtMbn;dIsNþr.

23


rUbTI 11³ PaKryénplcab;RtIR)a ¬PaKeRcIn Pangasianodon hypophthalmus¦ CaEpñkmYyénplcab;edayday (dai) srub Edl)aneFVIenAkñúgTenøsab kñúgExtula dl;ExmIna BIqñaM 1995-2002

2 1>8

PaKry

RtIR)ak

ñúgple

nsaTd

aysr

ub

1>2

1>61>4

1995-6 1996-7 1997-8 1998-9 1999-0 2000-1

1962-631 0>8 0>6 0>4 0>2

0

qñaM RbPB³ Tinñn½ymkBIKMeragRKb;RKgensaTTwksabkmú<Ca qñaM 1995-2002

taragTI 3³ TinñplRtIR)a ¬PaKeRcIn Pangasianodon hypophthalmus¦ kñúgkarensaTedaydayRtI (dai) enATenøsab kñúgrdUvensaTcab;BIExtula dl;ExmIna qñaM1962-63 nigqñaM1995-2002

qñaM plcab; PaKrykñúgplcab; Éksareyag ¬etan¦ srubéndayRtI ¬°¦

1962-63 9 0/40 Fily & d’Aubenton, 1965

1995-96 95 0/70 KMeragRKb;RKgensaTTwksab*

1996-97 28 0/18 ”

1997-98 157 1/72 ”

1998-99 66 0/74 ”

1999-00 162 1/40 ”

2000-01 201 1/34 ”

2001-02 223 1/63 ”

cMNaM³* KMeragRKb;RKgensaTTwksabkm<úCa

elak TUc (Touch 2000) )anpþl;Tinñn½yplcab;RbcaMEx nigTMgn;CamFüménRtIR)aBIkarensaTdayRtI ¬Knøg 8A nig 9A¦ kñúgTenøsabqñaM1981¼82 nig 1982¼83. Tinñn½ybgðaj[dwgfa RtITMhMFMCaeRcIneFVIcracrecjBITenø sabmunRtItUc². TMgn;CamFümKW; 4/85 K>Rk ¬RbEvgCag 60s>m¦. eTaHCay:agenHkþI Tinñn½yEdlRbmUl)an

24


mankMritlMeGog edaysarTinñn½yEdlRbmUl)anmkBIRtIEdleRCIserIsedayQñÜjkNþal. enAkñúgqñaM1999-2000 nigqñaM 2000-2001 RbEvgtamlMdab;CamFüm 18/3s>m nig 26/5s>m ¬sUmemIlrUbTI12¦. RtITaMgGs;Edl manRbEvgelIs 50s>m RtUvensaT)ankñúgcenøaHExtula nigExFñÚ.

smasPaBRbEvgRtIEdl)anRbmUlTinñn½yry³eBlCag 6Ex BIkarensaTdayRtIkñúgTenøsab )anbgðaj[eXIj y:agc,as;fa RtIPaKeRcInKWCaRtIBuMTan;eBjv½ymanRbEvgticCag 50 s>m ¬rUbPaBTI 12¦. eTaHbICay:agenHkþI k¾RtIFMxøH )aneFVIcracrecjenAkñúgExkBaØa muneBlkarensaTcab;epþIm.

enAdayKnøgTI1 nigTI2 Ek,rRkugPñMeBj RtIR)aFMcMnYn 13k,al RtUvensaT)an ehIyRtUv)anRBElgenAGMLúgeBl 3ExcugeRkayénqñaM 2002. RtITaMg 13k,alenH manTMgn;CamFüm 14/8 K>Rk ¬TMgn;cenøaHBI 8/5 eTA 20 K>Rk¦ nigRtIEdlmanRbEvgsrub 111 s>m. RtIemnImYy²EdlmanRbEvg 0/94-122 s>m GacmanRKab;BgBI 1lan eTA 2lanRKab;Bg. KYr[cab;GarmµN_RtImYyk,alTMgn; 17 K>Rk Edl)anBak;søaksBaØa nigRBElgeTAkñúgFmµCati enAkñúgExvicäika qñaM2001 RtUvensaT)anvijenARBMRbTl;extþRkecH nigsÞwgERtgenAkñúgry³eBl 68éf¶ eRkayeBl RBElg. RtIenHeFVIcracr)ancMgayRbEhlCa 310K>m (Hogan 2002).

3>3 karensaTRtIR)aedayviFIsa®sþensaTepSgeTot RtIR)aRtUvensaT)anedayviFIsa®sþensaTepSg²eTot. karensaTedaymg snÞÚcrng GYn nigGYnGUs CaRbePT

énkarensaTEdlGnuvtþCaTUeTA. RtIR)aRtUvensaT)anenAkñúgLÚt×ensaT niglbNra:venAkñúgbwgTenøsab. kar)a:n;RbmaNTinñplensaTGacGnuvtþeTA)an b:uEnþkarGegáttamdankarensaTCaeTogTat; dUcCakartamdankar ensaTedaydayRtIkñúgTenøsabenABuMTan;GacGnuvtþ)anenAeLIyrhUtdl;eBlenH. taragTI4 bgðajBITidæPaBTUeTA b:uEnþKYrkt;sMKal;pgEdrfa edaysarkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNBuMTan;)anc,as;las; eTIbRbePTRtIepSgeTot GacRtUv)an rab;bBa©ÚlpgEdr.

rUbPaBTI 12³ eRhVkg;énRbEvgRtIR)aEdl)anRbmUlTinñn½yBIkarensaTedaydayRtIenAkñúgTenøsab25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

qñaM 1999¼00 nig

2000¼01

Tinñn½yRbmUlkñúgEx tula-mInardUvensaT RbEvgmFüm brimaNTinñn½y 1999¼00 18/3 s>m N = 184 2000¼01 26/5 s>m N =263

0 20 40 60 80 100

RbEvgsrub ¬cat;CaRkum 2 s>m¦ RbPB³ KMeragRKb;RKgensaTTwksabkm<úCa

25

120


taragTI 4³ plcab;RtIR)a ¬PaKeRcIn Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) enAkñúgkarensaT eday]bkrN_ensaT eRcInRbePT

qñaM plcab;RtIR)a ¬etan¦

PaKryénplcab; srub ¬°¦

RbePTénkarensaT Éksareyag

1994-97 1997-98 1994-97 1997-98 1997-98

1>367 1>276

330 366 109

5/5 5/0 1/3 1/6 6/6

LÚt×ensaTPaKeRcInenAbwgTenøsabLÚt×ensaTPaKeRcInenAbwgTenøsab mg nigGYn CaedIm enAbwgTenøsab mg nigGYn CaedIm enAbwgTenøsab lbNra:venAbwgTenøsab

Deap et al. 1998

Deap et al. 1999

Deap et al. 1998

Thor et al. 1999

Troeung and Phem

1999

Blanc (1959) raykarN_fa BImunRtIR)amanbrimaNrhUtdl; 30° énplcab;enATenøsab b:uEnþplcab;enH)an fycuHenAqñaM1959 ehIyTMhMCamFümmanEtBak;kNþalénTMhMrbs;vakalBImun ¬BuMmanbBa¢ak;kalbriecäTeLIy¦. Blanc )an[dwgfa enHbNþalmkBIplvi)akénkareFVIensaTxusc,ab; ekIneLIgBIrdgéncMnYnRbCaBlrdærvagqñaM 1921 nigqñaM1958 nigkarekIny:agxøaMgénkareFVIensaTCalkçN³RKYsar nigsib,kmµ.

kareFVIensaTlkçN³sib,kmµ )anRbRBwtþeTAy:agxøaMgkøaenAkñúgTenøemKgÁ. kBaØa pløava:n; nig elak b‘un ¬2000¦ )aneFVIkarviPaKBIplensaTenATIpSarRbcaMéf¶ enAkEnøgcMnYn 6 tamdgTenøemKgÁ nigTenøsab. elIkElgEtenAkñúgextþ sÞwgERtgEdlRtImanTMgn;CamFüm 1 K>Rk. enAkñúgextþkMBg;cammanRtIcMnYn 423>000 k,al RtUv)anykmklk;. enATIenHmankUnRtICaeRcIn ¬manTMgn;CamFüm 47 Rk¦ ehIy)ankøayeTACakEnøglk;duMénplcab;enH ¬86/7°¦. enHbgðaj[eXIjfa kareFVIensaTCalkçN³sib,kmµ)anRbRBwtþeTAy:agxøaMgkøa EdlRtItictYcNas;GacrYcrs;rhUt dl;dMNak;kaleBjv½jbnþBUC)an.

dUecñH CamFümkñúgmYyqñaM RtIR)aCag 2000etan RtUvensaT)anenAkm<úCa. tYelxenH BuMTan;BitR)akdTaMgRsugeT ehIyGacmanbrimaNeRcInCagenH 3dg BIeRBaHTinñn½yGMBIplensaTenAmankMritenAeLIy. Tinñn½yplcab;BI RbeTsevotNamk¾mankarxVHxatEdr.

3>4 karensaTedayeRbIeRKOgpÞúH karensaTedayeRbIeRKOgpÞúH KWCakarensaTelµIsc,ab; nigeFVI[mhnþraydl;FnFanClplpgEdr. kareFVI

ensaTenH)anRbRBwtþeTARKb;TIkEnøgedayeRKOgpÞúHGacrk)anedaygayRsYl nigmantMélTab. CnelµIsPaKeRcIn hak;manTMnak;TMngedaypÞal;CamYynwgPñak;gareyaFa nigb:UlIs. GñkensaTCaeRcIn RtUv)anlYgelam[eFVIensaT edayeRbIeRKOgpÞúHEdr BIeRBaHBYkKat;GacTTYl)anrgVan;elIkTwkcitþ CaBiesskarensaTenAtamGnøg;eRCA² enArdUv

26


R)aMg enAeBlRtICaeRcInkMBugBgkUnenATIenaH. CakarBit karensaTenH)anbnßykarbnþBUCBgkUnénRtI nigkarkekIt énkUnecARtICMnan;eRkay. elIsBIenHeTot eRKOgpÞúH)ansMlab;stVBuMerIsRbePTeLIy ehIybMpøajdl;CMrkenACuMvij TIenaHeTot. CaerOy² va)anbgáeRKaHfñak;dl;GñkeRbIR)as;pgEdr ¬sUmemIlrUbPaBTI 13¦.

enAtampøÚvTwkTenøemKgÁcab;BIextþRkecHdl;RBMEdnkm<úCa-Lav enAeBlbc©úb,nñenH GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)alBIrkMBugeFVI karCamYyshKmn_ensaTenAtamdgTenø. GgÁkarTaMgBIrenH kMBugRbwgERbgbegáItc,ab;shKmn_epSg² edIm,Idak; kMritkareRbIR)as;]bkrN_ensaT[)anRtwmRtUv. bc©úb,nñ kareRbIR)as;eRKOgpÞúHhak;kMBugmankarfycuHenAkñúgcMeNam GñkensaTTaMgenH.

rUbPaBTI 13³ karensaTedayeRbIeRKOgpÞúHenH)anbNþal[GñkensaTextþsÞwgERtgmñak;dac;édxagsþaM

27


28


4> varIvb,kmµRtIR)a nigplb:HBal;rbs;vaelIplsþúkFmµCati

RtIR)aRtUv)anciBa©wmenAtamRsHenAkñúgtMbn;dIsNþrTenøemKgÁRbeTsevotNam CaeRcInstvtSmkehIy (Peignen

1993, cited by Cacot 1999) ehIysBVéf¶ RtIenHKWCaRbePTRtIciBa©wmd¾sMxan;mYy. TinñplRtIR)a nigRtIR)aex©AenAkñúg qñaM2000 RtUv)aneK)a:n;sµanfa manRbmaNCa 39>500etan )anBIRsH nig 52>000etan )anBIEbr. TinñplenH KWRKb;RKan;sMrab;bMeBjtMrUvkardl;TIpSarkñúgRsukCaeRcIn (Tung 2001 b). elIsBIenH RbeTsevotNam)annaMecjRtI køaesRss;eTAkan;RbeTséf nigRtIhVIelbgák ¬PaKeRcInRtIR)aex©A¦ eTAkan;RbeTsCaeRcIn EdlmanRbCaCn evotNamrs;enAeRcIndUcCashrdæGaemrik GURsþalI nig)araMg. dUecñH TinñplBIkareFVIvarIvb,kmµmanbrimaNelIspl cab;BIFmµCatieRcInNas;.

RtIR)amansrIragÁdkdegðImkñúgxül; ehIymantYnaTICaRbdab;sMrab;dkdegðImkñúgbriyakas (Browman and Kramer

1985, cited by Cacot 1999). srIragÁenH GaceFVI[RtIRTaMRTnwgKuNPaBTwkkxVk;)an EdlrYmTaMgsarFatusrIragÁx<s; b¤kMritGuksuIEsnrlaykñúgTwkTab dUecñHehIyRtIR)aGacRtUv)andak;ciBa©wmkñúgdg;suIetx<s;)an. BBYkRtIR)a KWCaRbePT RtIsuIcMNIcMruH dUcCaRtIEdleKe)aHecal cMNIRKab; (Pellets) kaksMNl;pÞH)ayEdl)anBIplitkmµClpl nigksikmµ rukçCatiTwk ehIyEfmTaMglamkstV nigmnusSeTotpg enAeBlEdleKciBa©wmenAkñúgRsH nigEbr. enAkñúgRbeTs evotNam BBYkRtIR)aCaFmµtaRtUv)aneKdak;ciBa©wmenAkñúgRsH edayeFVIbgÁn;enABIelI. tamFmµta RbB½n§ciBa©wmBBYkRtI Gt;RskaenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam BwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIkUnRtIemSAFmµCati EdlmanbrimaNBI 200 eTA 800 lan k,al RtUv)ancab;erolral;qñaM (Department of Freshwater Fisheries 1977; Department of Agriculture of An

Ghiang 1977, cited by Khanh 1996).

karRsavRCaveTAelIkarplitBUCBBYkRtIGt;Rskatamsb,nimµitenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam RtUv)anGnuvtþn_eday sßab½nepSg²Edl)ancab;epþImdMeNIrkarenAkñúgqñaM1978 . RtIR)aeBjv½ybnþBUC manGayuelIsBI 3qñaM. karGPivDÆn_ bec©keTsedIm,Ipøas;GUsIutedayCMnYs Intra-ovarian canulation nig]bkrN_vas;Ggát;p©itRKab;Bg edayeRbImIRkUsáúb edIm,I)a:n;RbmaNPaBeRtomCaeRscénRtIem kñúgkareFVIkarBgkUnmansar³sMxan;kñúgkareFVI[RtICMruHBgTTYl)an eCaKC½yénBBYkRtIR)a BiesscMeBaHRtIR)a (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) nigRtIR)aex©A (Pangasius bocourti) (Cacot 1999). \LÚvenH GRtars;rbs;kUnRtIemSAmanBI 60-70 °. karplitBUCRtI tamry³karbgáat;sib,nimµit)ankøayCa TMlab;GnuvtþCaFmµta. enAkñúgqñaM1999 kUnRtIemSA nigkUnRtI mancMnYnCag 270 lank,al RtUvplit)anenAtamGag bgáat;P¶as;rbs;rdæ nigÉkCnCaeRcIn. enAkñúgqñaM2000 cMnYnkUnRtIplit )anpÁt;pÁg;elIsBItMrUvkar ehIyrdæaPi)alk¾)an eFVIkarhamXat;kareFVIensaTkUnRtIR)aemSABIFmµCati (Trong et al. 2001).

29


pÞúyBIenH eTaHbICakarpÁt;pÁg;elIstMrUvkarenAkñúgRbeTsevotNamk¾eday k¾kareFVIensaTkUnRtIR)aemSAxusc,ab; enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa EdlPaKeRcInnaMecjeTARbeTsevotNam RBmTaMgkarensaTenAkñúgRbeTsevotNampÞal; enAEt kMBugbnþeFVIy:agxøaMgkøaenAeLIy. eK)anGHGagfa erogral;qñaM RbeTsevotNam)anTijRtIR)aex©ARbEhl 8-10 lank,alb:ueNÑaHBIRbeTskm<úCa sMrab;dak;ciBa©wmtamEbr. karbgáat;-PJas; BuMTan;plitBUCkUnRtIR)aex©ARKb;RKan;eT dUecñHehIyeTIbvamantMélx<s;. b:uEnþksikrciBa©wmRtIsac;CaeRcInyl;eXIjfa kUnRtIemSAFmµCati manKuNPaBx<s;Cag kUnRtIplit ehIyeKsuxcitþcMNayR)ak;TijkñúgtMélx<s;eTotpg.

enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa TinñplRtIR)a (Pangasiid) BIRbB½n§ciBa©wmtamEbr nigRsH )anekIneLIgRbEhlBI 6>000 etan (Csavas 1994) rhUtdl; 10>000 etan (So Nam 2000). vaesÞIrEtBwgEp¥kTaMgRsugeTAelIBUCkUnRtIemSA Edlcab;BI FmµCati. edayGHGagfa enAkñúgqñaM1998 kUnRtIemSA nigkUnRtImanRbmaNBI 1ekadi eTA 2ekadi RtUvcab;)an ehIy tMrUvkarBitR)akdGaceRcInCagTinñplx<s;bMputénkUnRtIBUCEdlplit)anBIsßanIy_bgáat;-PJas;.

30


5> snñidæan nigsMNUmBr

snñidæanTI 1 plsþúkxageCIg nigxagt,Úg RbEhlCaenAdac;edayELkBIKña ehIyKYrEteFVIkarRKb;RKgdac;edayELkBIKña.

plsþúkxagt,Úgmansar³sMxan;dl;esdækic©enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigRbeTsevotNamy:agxøaMg. vapþl;RtIsMrab;Ca GaharEdlmantMélx<s; nigBUCRtIEdlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;karciBa©wmenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam ¬eTaHbICa \LÚvenHmankMritTabCagenAkñúgRbeTsevotNamy:agNak¾eday¦.

snñidæanTI 2 plsþúkxagt,Úg eRbIR)as;TMnablicTwkenACuMvijTenøsabRBmTaMgPaKxagt,ÚgénTIRkugPñMeBj ehIyenAkñúgtMbn;

dIsNþr RbeTsevotNam. CarYm eTaHbIplsþúkenHhak;dUcCamankarfycuHy:agNak¾eday k¾GRtaplcab;enAtMbn; Tenøsab enAEtmanesßrPaB enHGacedaysarCMrkenAkñúgTMnablicTwkbwgTenøsabenABuMTan;xUcxatxøaMgenAeLIyeT.

Gnusasn_

sUmeFVIkarkarBarCMrkTMnablicTwkFmµCati.

snñidæanTI 3 RtIR)a KWCaRbePTRtI manGayueRcIneTIbGaceFVIkarbnþBUC)an. edaykareFVIensaTCalkçN³RKYsar nigsib,kmµ

)anRbRBwtþeTAxøaMgkøaEdlsMedAcab;RbePTRtIeFVIcracrenaH eTIbmanRtIcMnYntictYcb:ueNÑaH EdlGacrYcrs;enArhUtdl; dMNak;kaleBjv½ybnþBUC)an.

Gnusasn_

sMNUmBrlubCaGciéRnþy_nUvdayRtICYrTI1 kñúgTenøsabEk,rRkugPñMeBj. rkSadayRtI 2Knøg kñúgcMeNam dayTaMg 4KnøgénCYrTI2 edIm,IbnþsikSatamdan. kMNt;brimaNcab;énRtIR)aenAkñúgCYrTI3 nigCYrTI4.

sikSarebobcab;énkUnRtI edaysnÞÚcRtIR)a EdlsMedAcab;kUnRtIR)a.

sikSaBIplcab;edayLÚt×ensaTenAkñúgextþkMBg;qñaMg kñúgeKalbMNgedIm,IkarbiTkareFVIensaTRbePTenHxøH RbsinebIeKrkeXIjfa RbePTkarensaTenHcab;)anRtIemBUCsMxan;²eRcIn.

sikSakMNt;RbePTkarensaTsib,kmµ nigRKYsarNa Edlcab;RtIR)a)aneRcInbMput nigTMhMb:unNa?. 31


snñidæanTI 4 kareRbIR)as;eRKOgpÞúHenAkñúgGnøg;eRCACaeRcInénkEnøgBgkUncab;BIextþRkecHdl;RBMEdnRbeTskm<úCa nigevotNam

man\T§iBly:agxøaMgelIlT§PaBénbnþBUCrbs;RbePTRtICaeRcIn.

Gnusasn_

begáInkaryl;dwgGMBIplb:HBal;CaGviC¢manénkareRbIR)as;eRKOgpÞúHkñúgcMeNamGaCJaFr nigeyaFatamextþ enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

begIánkarcUlrYmrbs;GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al CamYynwgshKmn_ensaTenAtamdgTenøemKgÁ enAkñúgextþRkecH nigsÞwgERtg edIm,IsMerc[)annUvkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarRKb;RKgskmµPaBensaT.

snñidæanTI 5 eTaHbImankarhamXat;y:agNak¾eday k¾karcab;kUnRtIR)aemSAenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCakMBugEtbnþGnuvtþ ehIyenA

BuMTan;mankarfycuHeT cab;taMgBIeBlhamXat;dMbUgemø:H.

Gnusasn_

begáInkaryl;dwgGMBIc,ab;ClplepSg² dl;GaCJaFr nigeyaFaextþ.

erobcMkic©BiPakSaeyabl;rvag km<úCa-evotNam sþIBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnkUnRtIemSAtamTUkBIRbeTskm<úCa eTARbeTsevotNamedIm,IrkmeFüa)aykarBar nigRKb;RKgplsþúkRtIR)a[manRbsiT§PaB.

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k¾karRbmUlkUnRtIemSAFmµCati enAEtmankMritxøaMgkøa. karciBa©wmRtItamEbr nigRsH kMBugEtGPivDÆn_TaMgenAkñúgRbeTs evotNam nigkm<úCa. enHsbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa karbgáat;-PJas;enARbeTsevotNam BuMTan;plitBUCRtIEdlmanKuNPaB l¥RKb;RKan;eLIy ¬plit)ancMnYnkUnRtIR)aex©AtictYcbMput¦. BUCRtIFmµCati enAEteKKitfa CaRtImanskmµPaBxøaMg lUtlas;elOn ehIylk;)antMélx<s;. TinñplénkUnRtIemSAplit)anenAmancMnYnkMritenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa.

Gnusasn_

begáInkarplitBUCRtIR)atamsßanIy_ CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyGacplitRtIR)aex©AbEnßmeTotenAkñúgRbeTsevotNam.

plit[)ankUnRtIBUCEdlmanKuNPaBl¥Cagmun edIm,IbnþkarciBa©wmkUnRtI[yUrCagmun TTÞwmnwgeBlRbCaBlrdæsuxcitþcMNayR)ak;edIm,ITijBUCRtIEdlmanKuNPaBl¥kñúgtMélx<s;.

32


snñidæanTI 7 manB½t’manCIvsaRsþtictYcNas; sþIBIplsþúkRtIR)aFmµCati RBmTaMgBBYkRtIR)aepSgeTot (Pangsiids). vaman

sar³sMxan;bMput EdlRtUvbegáInkaryl;dwgrbs;eyIgGMBIkarGENþténkUnRtI nigkareFVIcracrénkUnRtI edaysarEt FnFan TaMgenHgaynwgTTYlrgkareRKaHfñak;xøaMgNas; EdlbNþalmkBIplb:HBal;éncrnþTwk dUcCakarsg;TMnb; r)aMgkarBarTwkCMnn; nigKMeragFarasaRsþepSg².

Gnusasn_

sUmeFVIkarsikSa nigeFVIr)aykarN_GMBIkarbENþtxøÜn nig kareFVIcracrénkUnRtI nigkUnRtIemSA.

kMNt;TItaMg niglkçN³rUbénkEnøgBgkUnrbs;plsþúkTaMgxageCIg nigxagt,Úg. karyl;dwgGMBIc,ab;dMeNIr énkarBgkUn niglkçxNÐFmµCatirbs;va nwgrYmcMENky:agsMxan; kñúgkarkarBar[manRbsiT§PaB.

sUmRbmUlB½t’man GMBI)a:ra:EmRtCIvsaRsþTaMgGs; dUcCa GayueBjv½ydMbUg TMnak;TMngrvagRbEvg nigTMgn; nigGayu RBmTaMgGRtaRtIsøab; EdlbNþalmkBIkarensaTepSg² nigplb:HBal;énkarensaTkUnRtIemSA.

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