a-stemsA-stems (/ə/ or /aː/) comprise the largest class of nouns. As a rule, nouns belonging to this class, with the uninflectedstem ending in short-a (/ə/), are either masculine or neuter. Nouns ending in long-A (/aː/) are almost always feminine.A-stem adjectives take the masculine and neuter in short-a (/ə/), and feminine in long-A (/aː/) in their stems. This classis so big because it also comprises the Proto-Indo-European o-stems.

Masculine (kāma-) Neuter (āsya- 'mouth') Feminine (kānta- 'beloved')Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative kā́mas kā́māu kā́mās āsyàm āsyè āsy$ni kāntā kānte kāntāsAccusative kā́mam kā́māu kā́mān āsyàm āsyè āsy$ni kāntām kānte kāntās

Instrumental kā́mena kā́mābhyām kā́māis āsyèna āsy$bhyām āsyāìs kāntayā kāntābhyām kāntābhisDative kā́māya kā́mābhyām kā́mebhyas āsy$ya āsy$bhyām āsyèbhyas kāntāyai kāntābhyām kāntābhyās

Ablative kā́māt kā́mābhyām kā́mebhyas āsy$t āsy$bhyām āsyèbhyas kāntāyās kāntābhyām kāntābhyāsGenitive kā́masya kā́mayos kā́mānām āsyàsya āsyàyos āsy$nām kāntāyās kāntayos kāntānāmLocative kā́me kā́mayos kā́meṣu āsyè āsyàyos āsyèṣu kāntāyām kāntayos kāntāsuVocative kā́ma kā́mau kā́mās ā́sya āsyè āsy$ni kānte kānte kāntās

i- and u-stemsi-stems

Masc. and Fem. (gáti- 'gait') Neuter (vā́ri- 'water')Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative gátis gátī gátayas vā́ri vā́riṇī vā́rīṇiAccusative gátim gátī gátīs vā́ri vā́riṇī vā́rīṇi

Instrumental gátyā gátibhyām gátibhis vā́riṇā vā́ribhyām vā́ribhisDative gátaye, gátyāi gátibhyām gátibhyas vā́riṇe vā́ribhyām vā́ribhyas

Ablative gátes, gátyās gátibhyām gátibhyas vā́riṇas vā́ribhyām vā́ribhyasGenitive gátes, gátyās gátyos gátīnām vā́riṇas vā́riṇos vā́riṇāmLocative gátāu, gátyām gátyos gátiṣu vā́riṇi vā́riṇos vā́riṣuVocative gáte gátī gátayas vā́ri, vā́re vā́riṇī vā́rīṇi

u-stemsMasc. and Fem. (śátru- 'enemy') Neuter (mádhu- 'honey')Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative śátrus śátrū śátravas mádhu mádhunī mádhūniAccusative śátrum śátrū śátrūn mádhu mádhunī mádhūni

Instrumental śátruṇā śátrubhyām śátrubhis mádhunā mádhubhyām mádhubhisDative śátrave śátrubhyām śátrubhyas mádhune mádhubhyām mádhubhyas

Ablative śátros śátrubhyām śátrubhyas mádhunas mádhubhyām mádhubhyasGenitive śátros śátrvos śátrūṇām mádhunas mádhunos mádhūnāmLocative śátrāu śátrvos śátruṣu mádhuni mádhunos mádhuṣuVocative śátro śátrū śátravas mádhu mádhunī mádhūni

Long Vowel-stems

ā-stems (jā- 'progeny') ī-stems (dhī- 'thought') ū-stems (bhū- 'earth')Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative jā́s jāú jā́s dhī́s dhíyāu dhíyas bhū́s bhúvāu bhúvasAccusative jā́m jāú jā́s, jás dhíyam dhíyāu dhíyas bhúvam bhúvāu bhúvas

Instrumental jā́ jā́bhyām jā́bhis dhiyā́ dhībhyā́m dhībhís bhuvā́ bhūbhyā́m bhūbhís

Dative jé jā́bhyām jā́bhyas dhiyé,dhiyāí dhībhyā́m dhībhyás bhuvé,

bhuvāí bhūbhyā́m bhūbhyás

Ablative jás jā́bhyām jā́bhyas dhiyás,dhiyā́s dhībhyā́m dhībhyás bhuvás,

bhuvā́s bhūbhyā́m bhūbhyás

Genitive jás jós jā́nām,jā́m

dhiyás,dhiyā́s dhiyós dhiyā́m,

dhīnā́mbhuvás,bhuvā́s bhuvós bhuvā́m,

bhūnā́m

Locative jí jós jā́su dhiyí,dhiyā́m dhiyós dhīṣú bhuví,

bhuvā́m bhuvós bhūṣú

Vocative jā́s jāú jā́s dhī́s dhiyāu dhíyas bhū́s bhuvāu bhúvas

ṛ-stemsṛ-stems are predominantly agental derivatives like dātṛ 'giver', though also include kinship terms like pitṛ́ 'father', mātṛ́'mother', and svásṛ 'sister'.

Singular Dual PluralNominative pitā́ pitárāu pitárasAccusative pitáram pitárāu pitṝ́n

Instrumental pitrā́ pitṛ́bhyām pitṛ́bhisDative pitré pitṛ́bhyām pitṛ́bhyas

Ablative pitúr pitṛ́bhyām pitṛ́bhyasGenitive pitúr pitrós pitṝṇā́mLocative pitári pitrós pitṛ́ṣuVocative pítar pitárāu pitáras

NumeralsThe numbers from one to ten are:

1. éka2. dvá3. trí4. catúr5. pañca6. ṣáṣ7. saptá, sápta8. aṣṭá, áṣṭa9. náva

10. dáśa

The numbers one through four are declined. Éka is declined like a pronominal adjective, though the dual form does notoccur. Dvá appears only in the dual. Trí and catúr are declined irregularly.

First- and second-person personsThe first and second person pronouns are declined for the most part alike, having by analogy assimilated themselveswith one another.

Note: Where two forms are given, the second is enclitic and an alternative form. Ablatives in singular and plural may beextended by the syllable -tas; thus mat or mattas, asmat or asmattas.

First Person Second PersonSingular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative aham āvām vayam tvam yuvām yūyamAccusative mām, mā āvām, nau asmān, nas tvām, tvā yuvām, vām yuṣmān, vas

Instrumental mayā āvābhyām asmābhis tvayā yuvābhyām yuṣmābhisDative mahyam, me āvābhyām, nau asmabhyam, nas tubhyam, te yuvābhyām, vām yuṣmabhyam, vas

Ablative mat āvābhyām asmat tvat yuvābhyām yuṣmatGenitive mama, me āvayos, nau asmākam, nas tava, te yuvayos, vām yuṣmākam, vasLocative mayi āvayos asmāsu tvayi yuvayos yuṣmāsu

Third-person pronouns and demonstrativesSanskrit does not have true third person pronouns, but its demonstratives fulfil this function instead by standingindependently without a modified substantive.

There are four different demonstratives in Sanskrit: tat, etat, idam, and adas. etat indicates greater proximity than tat.While idam is similar to etat, adas refers to objects that are more remote than tat.

The tat paradigm is given below.

Masculine Neuter FeminineSingular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative sás tāú té tát té tā́ni sā́ té tā́sAccusative tám tāú tā́n tát té tā́ni tā́m té tā́s

Instrumental téna tā́bhyām tāís téna tā́bhyām tāís táyā tā́bhyām tā́bhisDative tásmāi tā́bhyām tébhyas tásmāi tā́bhyām tébhyas tásyāi tā́bhyām tā́bhyas

Ablative tásmāt tā́bhyām tébhyam tásmāt tā́bhyām tébhyam tásyās tā́bhyām tā́bhyasGenitive tásya táyos téṣām tásya táyos téṣām tásyās táyos tā́sāmLocative tásmin táyos téṣu tásmin táyos téṣu tásyām táyos tā́su

eta, is declined almost identically to ta. Its paradigm is obtained by prefixing e- to all the forms of ta. As a result ofsandhi, the masculine and feminine singular forms transform into eṣas and eṣã.

The ayam paradigm is given below.

Masculine Neuter FeminineSingular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative ayam imau ime idam ime imāni iyam ime imāḥAccusative imam imau imān idam ime imāni imām ime imāḥ

Instrumental anena ābhyām ebhis anena ābhyām ebhis anayā ābhyām ābhisDative asmāi ābhyām ebhyas asmāi ābhyām ebhyas asyāi ābhyām ābhyas

Ablative asmāt ābhyām ebhyas asmāt ābhyām ebhyas asyās ābhyām ābhyasGenitive asya anayos eṣām asya anayos eṣām asyās anayos āsāmLocative asmin anayos eṣu asmin anayos eṣu asyām anayos āsu

The asau paradigm is given below.

Masculine Neuter FeminineSingular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Nominative asau amũ amĩ adas amũ amũni asau amũ amũḥAccusative amum amũ amũn adas amũ amũni amũm amũ amũḥ

Instrumental amunā amũbhyām amĩbhis amunā amũbhyām amĩbhis amuyā amũbhyām amũbhisDative amuṣmāi amũbhyām amĩbhyas amuṣmāi amũbhyām amĩbhyas amuṣyāi amũbhyām amũbhyas

Ablative amuṣmāt amũbhyām amĩbhyas amuṣmāt amũbhyām amĩbhyas amuṣyās amũbhyām amũbhyasGenitive amuṣya amuyos amĩṣām amuṣya amuyos amĩṣām amuṣyās amuyos amũṣāmLocative amuṣmin amuyos amĩṣu amuṣmin amuyos amĩṣu amuṣyām amuyos amũṣu

Enclitic pronounsThe enclitic pronoun ena is found only in a few oblique cases and numbers.

Masculine Neuter FeminineSingular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural

Accusative enam enau enān enat ene enāni enām ene enãḥInstrumental enena enena eneyā

Genitive/locative enayos enayos enayos