saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianoba: Tanamedrove ... · saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRleba da regionuli samewarmeo politika .....122 5. 1. konkurentunarianoba da regionuli

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia

vladimer Rlonti

saqarTvelos ekonomikis

konkurentunarianoba:

Tanamedrove gamowvevebi

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi 2012

2

monografiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos ekonomikis konku-rentunarianobis ZiriTadi problemebi, SemuSavebulia konkuren-tunarianobis koncefcia, Tanamedrove gamowvevebis analizis sa-fuZvelze Sefasebulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli biznes garemo da konkurentunarianobaze misi zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi, gaana-lizebulia saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba sagareo vaWroba-Si, ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilebulia globaluri konkurentunarianobis problemebze da sxv.

monografiaSi gamokvlevebi da SedarebiTi analizi eyrdnoba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da qveynebis statis-tikur monacemebs.

wigni gankuTvnilia mecnier-ekonomistebis, doqtorantebisa da axalgazrda mkvlevarebis, aseve, mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

redaqtorebi: eTer xaraiSvili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-tori, Tsu-s sruli profesori, mikroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi asiko cincaZe ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori

recenzentebi: giorgi malaSxia ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-tori, stu-s sruli profesori, saxelmwifo pre-miis laureati

naTia wiklaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqto-ri, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, reqtoris moadgile sa-mecniero dargSi gela mamulaZe ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori marina CavleiSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doq-tori, Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori

© evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia, vladimer Rlonti, sa-qarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianoa: Tanamedrove ga-mowvevebi.

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

3

Shota Rustaveli Shtate University

Georgian Technical University

EVGENI BARATASHVILI,

BADRI GECHBAIA VLADIMER GLONTI

COPMETITIVENESS OF GEORGIAN ECONOMY:

MODERN CHALLENGES

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2012

4

The monograph considers the cardinal problems of the competitiveness in Georgian economy. The authors of the monograph have developed the conception of competitiveness and estimated the business surroundings as well as the ways of their influencing on competitiveness. The work also reviews the competitive abilities of Georgia in foreign trade. In the conditions of economical crisis the particular attention is paid to the problems of global competitiveness.

The researches and comparative analyses in the work are based on the statistic data of different international organizations and countries.

The monograph is intended for scientist-economists, doctoral candi-dates, and young researchers, as well as for the wide circle of readers

Editor: Eter Kharaishvili Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full professor

of Iv. Javakhishvili State University, Head of the Department of Macroeconomics. The Member of Scientific Academy of Economy of Georgia

Asiko Cincadze PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University

Reviewers: Giorgi Malashkhia Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor of Georgian Technical University, the prize winner of State Award. Natia Tsiklashvili PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University, the Deputy Rector in scientific field Gela Mamuladze PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University Marina Chavleishvili PHD in Economics, Associated professor of Iv. Javakhishvili State University

© E. Baratashvili. B. Gechbaia, Vl. Glonti. Competitiveness of Georgian Economy: Modern Challenges

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL” , 2012 19, I. Chavchavadze Ave., 0179, Tbilisi,Georgia : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

5

Государственный университет Шота Руставели

Грузинский технический университет

Евгений Бараташвили, Бадри Гечбаия,

Владимир Глонти

Конкурентоспособность экономики Грузии: современные вызовы

Издательство `Универсал~

Тбилиси 2012

6

В монографии рассмотрены основные проблемы конкурентоспособности экономики Грузии, разработана концепция конкурентоспособности, на основе анализа современные вызовы оценена существующая в Грузии бизнес среда и механизмы его воздействия на конкурентоспособность, проанализировано конкурентоспособность во внешней торговле, особое внимание уделено проблемам глобальной конкурентоспособности в условиях экономических кризисов и т.д.

Исследования и сравнительные анализы, приведенные в монографии, основываются на статистических данных различных международных организации и стран.

Книга рассчитана для ученных-экономистов, докторантов и молодых исследователей а также для широкого круга читателей.

Редакторы: Этер Хараишвили – доктор экономических наук, профессор государственного университета имени иване джавахишвили, руководитель кафедры микроэкономики. Академик экономических наук Грузии Асико Цинцадзе - доктор экономики, профессор госу-дарственного университета имени Шота Руставели

Рецензенты: Гиоргий Малашхия - доктор экономических наук,

профессор государственного технического университета Грузии. Лауреат государственной премии Натия Циклашвили - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени Шота Руставели, заместитель ректора в научной части Гела Мамуладзе - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени Шота Руставели Марина Чавлеишвили - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени иване джава-хишвили

© Евгений Бараташвили, Бадри Гечбаия, Владимир Глонти. Конкурентоспособность экономики Грузии: современные вызовы.

Издательство “УНИВЕРСАЛ”, 2012 Тбилиси, 0179, пр. И.Чавчавадзе №19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

7

sarCevi Sesavali..........................................................................................................................13 Tavi I konkurentunarianoba: koncefcia, Sefaseba

da analizi...................................................................................................................15

1.1. konkurentunarianobis koncefcia.

konkurentunarianobis arsi.............................................................15

1.2 saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba.........25 1.2.1 konkurentunarianobis analizi marTvis

saerTaSoriso institutis IMD-s mixedviT........27 1.3 konkurentunarianobis analizi msoflio

ekonomikuri forumis (WEF)-is mixedviT...........................29 1.4. qveynis konkurentunarianoba .........................................................33 1.5. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba:

problemis dasma .........................................................................................34

1.6 mimdinare mdgomareobis analizi .............................................40

Tavi II biznes - garemo saqarTveloSi: problemebi da zemoqmedeba konkurentunarianobaze ........................................44 2.1 institucionaluri sfero da misi maxasiaTeblebi

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ............................................45

2.1.1 institutebis roli ekonomikis

transformaciaSi............................................................................45

2.1.2 instutebis transformacia da cvlilebebTan winaaRmdegoba ....................................................................................48

2.1.3 sabazro reformebisa da institutebis

transformacia gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebSi ..................................................................................................51

2. 2 konkurentunarianoba da biznes-garemo gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ............................................52 2.2.1 konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos

urTierTkavSiri ..............................................................................52 2.2.2 msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri

korporacia "doing business" marTvis reitingi da misi kavSiri konkurentunarianobasTan.........59

8

Tavi III saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba ....................................................................................................70 3.1. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ...................................................................71 3. 2 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi ...............84 3. 3 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi.........87

3.3.1 vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqsi................................87 3.3.2 gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis

koeficientebi .................................................................................89 Tavi IV globaluri konkurentunarianoba da ekonomikuri krizisi: urTierTkavSiri ........................................................................95 4.1 erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriis

analizi - Teoriuli midgomebi ...............................................95 4.2. globaluri konkurencia da erovnuli interesebi....108 4.3. globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi da

saqarTvelos realoba ........................................................................115 Tavi V saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRleba da regionuli samewarmeo politika ........................................122 5. 1. konkurentunarianoba da regionuli samewarmeo

politika ...........................................................................................................122 5. 2. regionuli konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis

inovaciuri tendenciebi globalizaciis pirobebSi............................................................................................................129

5.3. klasterebis roli regionis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis saqmeSi.....................................................................136

5.4. regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis zogierTi sakiTxi ......................................................................................152

5.5. regionuli politikis evropuli gamocdileba. konkurentunarianobis indikatorebi.....................................160

5.6. konkurentunariani regionebis sxva indikatorebi .170 5.7. regionis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis

Sefasebis meTodi .......................................................................................172

9

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 13 CHAPTER I COMPETITIVENESS: CONCEPTION, ESTIMATION AND ANALYSES. ................................................................................... 15 1.1. Conception of competitiveness. The essence of

competitiveness ....................................................................... 15 1.2. Estimation of international competitiveness............................ 25

1.2.1 Competitive analyses according to the IMD – International Managing Department............................... 27

1.3. Competitive analyses according to the World Economical Forum (WEF)........................................................................... 29

1.4. Competitiveness of a Country ................................................. 33 1.5. Competitiveness of Georgia: problem formulation ................ 34 1.6. Analyses of current situation .................................................. 40 CHAPTER II BUSINESS SITUATION IN GEORGIA: PROBLEMS AND INFLUENCE ON COMPETITIVENESS.................................... 44 2.1. Institutional field and its traits in the countries of transition

economy .............................................................................. 45 2.1.1. The role of institutes in transformation of economy...... 45 2.1.2. Transformation of institutes and resistance to changes 48 2.1.3. Transformation of market reformations and institutions

in the countries of transition economy ........................... 51 2.2. Competitiveness and business surroundings in the

countries of transition economy ............................................. 52 2.2.1. Interrelation of competitiveness and business

surroundings .................................................................. 52 2.2.2. Rating of managing simplicity of the World Bank and

international financial corporation “Doing Business” and its link with competitiveness ................................... 59

10

CHAPTER III RISING THE FOREIGN TRADE COMPETITIVENESS OF GEORGIA ................................................................................ 70 3.1. Estimation competitiveness of Georgia through the

international trade ................................................................... 71 3.2. Competitive factors of export ................................................. 84 3.3. Competitive indexes of export ................................................ 87

3.3.1. Index of trade functioning ............................................. 87 3.3.2. Ratios of ascertained comparative advantages ............. 89

CHAPTER IV GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS ANF ECONOMICAL CRISIS: INTERRELATION ........................................................................ 95 4.1. Analyses of national competitiveness category – theoretical

approach ................................................................................. 95 4.2. Global competitiveness and national interests......................... 4.3. Index of global competitiveness and Georgian reality ............ 115 CHAPTER V GROWTH OF COMPETITIVENESS OF GEORGIA AND REGIONAL UNDERTAKING POLICY..................................... 122 5.1. Competitiveness and regional undertaking policy................... 122

5.2. Innovative trends of regional competitiveness development in conditions of globalization .................................................. 129

5.3. Role of clusters in the growth of the competitiveness of region .................................................................................. 136

5.4. Some aspects of estimation of regional competitiveness......... 152 5.5. European experience of regional policy. Competitiveness

indicators ................................................................................. 160 5.6. Other indicators of competitive regions ................................. 170

11

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ ................................................................................... 13 Глава 1. Конкурентоспособность: концепция, оценка и анализ ......... 15 1.1. Концепция конкурентоспособности. Сущность

конкурентоспособности...................................................... 15 1.2. Оценка международной конкурентоспособности. ........... 25

1.2.1. Анализ конкурентоспособности согласно международного института управления IMD. ...... 27

1.3. Анализ конкурентоспособности согласно мирового экономического форума WEF............................................ 29

1.4. Конкурентоспособность страны. ....................................... 33 1.5. Конкурентоспособность Грузии: постановка

проблемы.............................................................................. 34 1.6. Анализ существующего положения. ................................. 40 Глава 2. Бизнес-среда в Грузии: проблемы и воздействие на конкурентоспособность. .............................................................. 44 2.1. Институциональная сфера и ее характеристика в

странах с переходной экономикой. ................................... 45 2.1.1. Роль институтов в трансформации экономики. .... 45 2.1.2. Трансформация институтов и противостояние

к изменениям. ........................................................... 48 2.1.3. Трансформация институтов и рыночных реформ

в странах с переходной экономикой. ..................... 51 2.2. Конкурентоспособность и бизнес-среда в странах

с переходной экономикой................................................... 52 2.2.1. Взаимосвязь конкурентоспособности и бизнес-

среды. ........................................................................ 52 2.2.2. Рейтинг управления мирового банка и международной

финансовой корпорации "doing business" и ее связь с конкурентоспособностью........................................ 59

12

Глава 3. Повышение конкурентоспособности внешней торговли Грузии. ............................................................................................ 70 3.1. Оценка конкурентоспособности Грузии во внешней

торговле. ................................................................................ 71 3.2. факторы конкурентоспособности экспорта ....................... 84 3.3. Показатели конкурентоспособности экспорта. .................. 87

3.3.1. Индекс функционирования торговли. ....................... 87 3.3.2. Коэффициенты выявленных сравнительных

преимуществ. ................................................................ 89

Глава 4. Глобальная конкурентоспособность и экономический кризис: взаимосвязь.................................................................................... 95 4.1. Анализ категории национальной конкурентоспо-

собности – теоретические подходы. ................................... 95 4.2. Глобальная конкуренция и национальные интересы. ........ 108 4.3. Индекс глобальной конкуренции и реалии Грузии. ........... 115

Глава 5. Повышение конкурентоспособности Грузии и региональная предпринимательская политика. .................... 122 5.1. Конкурентоспособность и региональная предпри-

нимательская политика. ........................................................ 122 5.2. Инновационные тенденции развития конкурентоспо-

собности в условиях глобализации...................................... 129 5.3. Роль кластеров в повышении конкурентоспособности

регионов. ............................................................................... 136 5.4. Некоторые вопросы оценки конкурентоспособности

регионов. ............................................................................... 152 5.5. Европейский опыт региональной политики. Индикаторы

конкурентоспособности. ....................................................... 160 5.6. Другие индикаторы конкурентоспособных регионов........ 170 5.7. Метод оценки инвестиционной привлекательности

региона.................................................................................... 172

13

Sesavali

ekonomikur literaturaSi bevri mcdeloba iyo imi-

sa, rom aexsnaT zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri warmate-

ba da sxvebis warumatebloba, agreTve pasuxi gaecaT

kiTxvaze ratom aris, rom erT qveyanaSi esa Tu is dar-

gi warmatebiT viTardeba, xolo mezobel qveynebSi sa-

erTod ar viTardeba? aRniSnuli problemebis Seswav-

lisaTvis aucilebelia qveynis konkurentunarianobis

analizi.

qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansazRvravs ekonomi-

kuri maCveneblebi kerZod, eqsportis moculoba, msof-

lio bazris wili, mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba,

investiciebi. ufro naTlad igi gamoixateba Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis zrdaSi, romelic grZelvadian peri-

odSi uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis myar zrdasa da mosax-

leobis keTildReobis amaRlebas, rac ekonomikuri po-

litikis saboloo mizania.

konkurentunarianobis analizi makro da mikroeko-

nomikuri analizis erTgvar sinTezs warmoadgens. daba-

li inflacia, prognozirebadi savaluto kursi, daba-

lansebuli saxelmwifo finansebis seqtori, rezervebis

maRali done ekonomikis myari ganviTarebis aucilebe-

li pirobebia. Tumca, Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri

stabiluroba ar aris sakmarisi ekonomikuri zrdis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis, radgan is mxolod produqtis

Seqmnas ganapirobebs. es ukanaskneli ki mikrodoneze

iqmneba. amitomac ekonomikuri zrdis axsnisas konku-

rentunarianobis koncefciis farglebSi tradiciul

analizs mikroekonomikuri sferos Rrma Seswavla ema-

teba. aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznes-garemos

Seswavla, moTxovnisa da axali warmoebis faqtorebis

Taviseburebebis, teqnologiebis, menejmentisa da war-

14

moebis organizaciis doneze, vertikaluri da horizon-

taluri urTierTobebis analizi.

mocemul naSromSi warmodgenilia konkurentunaria-

nobis koncefciis gamoyenebisa da im ZiriTadi faqto-

rebis gamovlenis mcdeloba, romlebic ganapirobeben

saqarTvelos konkurentuli upiratesobebis warmoqmnas;

Teoriul WrilSi saerTaSoriso da calkeuli saxel-

mwifoebis doneze gaanalizebulia qveynis konkurentu-

narianobis koncefcia; Sefasebulia konkurentunaria-

noba Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da sxva kriteriumebis

analizis mixedviT, romlebic gamoxataven saqarTvelos

konkurentul pozicias saerTaSoriso bazrebze.

15

Tavi I

konkurentunarianoba: koncefcia, Sefaseba da

analizi

1.1 konkurentunarianobis koncefcia.

konkurentunarianobis arsi

ekonomikaSi termini ,,konkurentunarianoba~ ro-

gorc produqtTan an sawarmosTan, aseve dargTan da

saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSic farTod gamoiyeneba.

amasTan, ar arsebobs konkretuli gansazRvreba imisa,

Tu ra moiazreba konkurentunarianobaSi, qveynis konku-

rentunarianobasTan mimarTebaSi ki gamoiTqmeba mocemu-

li terminis gamoyenebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb eWvi2.

ZiriTadi idea, romelic am terminSi igulisxmeba, SeiZ-

leba gavigoT im gansazRvrebebidan gamomdinare, rom-

lebic sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier

gamoiyeneba.

konkurencia, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis cen-

traluri meqanizmi uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv

progress ekonomikuri sistemis yvela – mikro, mezo,

makro da mega - doneze. bolo periodSi gaizarda yu-

radReba qveynebs Soris konkurenciaze, rac qveynebis

reitingTa sxvadasxva sistemaSi vlindeba. ukanaskneli

aTi wlis manZilze saerTaSoriso organizaciebi regu-

larulad axorcileben qveynebis Sedarebas sxvadasxva

parametrebis – konkurentunarianobis, teqnologiuri

ganviTarebis, adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis, sa-

informacio ganviTarebis donis da sxva parametrebis

mixedviT. Cndeba axali reitinguli sistemebi.

qveynis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis sxvadas-

xva meTodikebs Soris gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs

2 Krugman, P. (1996). Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, 12(3), 17---25.

16

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis (WEF) da ganviTarebis

marTvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IMD) meTodebi.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis qveynis konkurentunari-

anobis reitingis gansazRvra xorcieldeba saerTaSo-

riso ganviTarebis harvardis institutis (CID) mier da yovelwliurad `The Global Competitiveness Report~-Si pou-

lobs asaxvas. mas safuZvlad udevs j. saqsisa da g.

stounis midgomebi konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb. aR-

niSnuli reitingis SemuSavebis dros gaTvaliswinebu-

lia rva ZiriTadi faqtori, romelTa mdgomareobac

gansazRvravs grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZ-

leblobebs. konkurentunarianobis TiToeul kompleq-

sur faqtors gaaCnia Tavisi faqtoruli wili da gani-

sazRvreba maCvenebelTa sistemiT.

K konkurentunarianobis done ganisazRvreba Semde-

gi indeqsebis safuZvelze:G

globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi;

biznesis konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi;

globaluri sainovacio indeqsebi;

produqtis konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi da

sxv.

m. porteris Tanaxmad, konkurentunarianobas aRweven

ara marto calkeuli dargebi, aramed dargebis mTeli

erTobliobebic (klasterebic), romlebSic kompaniebi

integrirebulia vertikaluri an horizontaluri prin-

cipiT.

porterma aCvena, rom msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

arseboben konkurentunarian industriaTa iseTi jgufe-

bi, romlebic mcire teritoriuli sivrcis miuxedavad

msoflio bazarze lideris poziciebs inarCuneben. re-

gionul klasterebze dafuZnebuli erovnuli konkuren-

tunarianobis strategiis Teoriis SeqmniT porterma

daasabuTa, rom konkurentuli upiratesoba damokidebu-

lia klasterebze damyarebul regionul da adgilob-

riv inovaciur sistemebze.

17

konkurenciis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelo-

vani wvlili Seitanes: a. smiTma (naSromi _ `gamokvleva

xalxTa bunebis simdidrisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~,

1776), d. rikardom, j. milma, j. robinsonma da e. Cember-

lenma, j. keinsma, p. hainem, i. Sumpeterma, f. haiekma, f.

naiTma, k. makkonelma, m. porterma da sxv.

bolo aTwleulebis movlenebma gansakuTrebiT

TvalnaTliv warmoaCines konkurneciis mniSvneloba sa-

warmo Zalebis ganviTarebaSi, misi universaluri moqme-

deba erovnul ekonomikasa da msoflio meurneobis

procesebze.

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi erT-erT sakvanZo movle-

nas warmoadgens konkurentunarianoba. Mmagram Tanamed-

rove ekonomikuri mecniereba ar gvaZlevs mis zust gan-

martebas, radgan SemuSavebuli ar aris erTiani midgo-

ma konkurentunarianobis Sefasebisa da formirebisad-

mi.

saerTod konkurentunarianobis qveS mizanSewoni-

lia vigulisxmoT konkurirebis SesaZlebloba saqon-

lis da momsaxurebis bazrebze.

XXI saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda zogadi

warmodgenebi konkurenciis arsisa da misi ZiriTadi ma-

moZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb, rac gamoisaxa bazris sam

klasikur modelSi: srulyofili (wminda) konkurencia,

monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia.

konkurentunarianobis koncefciis erT-erTi fuZem-

debeli maikl porteri aRniSnavs, rom konkurentunari-

anoba ganisazRvreba mwarmoeblurobiT, qveyana iyenebs

Tavis bunebriv, adamianur resursebsa da kapitals,

radgan mwarmoebluroba aris qveynis da misi mosaxle-

obis keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtori.

18

porterma gamoyo konkurentunarianobis Semdegi Ziri-

Tadi aspeqtebi3:

1. mwarmoebluroba damokidebulia rogorc warmoe-

buli produqtis an gaweuli momsaxurebis Rire-

bulebaze (mis unikalurobaze, xarisxze), aseve

warmoebis efeqtianobaze;

2. winsvlisTvis mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu romel

dargebSia qveyana, konkurentuli aramed am dargSi

rogori konkurenciaa firmebs Soris.

qveynis mwarmoebluroba - aris imis gamoxatuleba,

risi warmoebac gadawyvites adgilobrivma da ucxour-

ma firmebma am regionSi. qveynis konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebis saboloo mizans misi simdidris anu qveynis

keTildReobis zrda warmoadgens. TviTon m. porteris

Tanaxmad, qveynis simdidre arsebobs ori saxiT: arsebu-

li (memkvidreobiTi) da Seqmnili. memkvidreobiTi sim-

didre miiReba bunebrivi resursebis an uZravi qonebis

gayidvis xarjze. Tavisi bunebiT igi SezRudulia. amas-

Tan, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saxelmwifo, radgan

zustad is awarmoebs resursebs mosaxleobis fenebs

Soris, rasac SeiZleba Tan axldes korufcia da favo-

ritizmi. aseve aseTi saxis simdidris erT-erTi maxasia-

Tebelia bunebrivi resursebis uzomod da araefeqtia-

nad gamoyeneba da subsidiebis xelmisawvdomoba.

qveynis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia, uwina-

res yovlisa, imaze, Tu ramdenad nayofierad iyenebs

igi erovnul bunebriv, SromiT, materialur da finan-

sur resursebs. amave dros, nebismieri konkurencia,

garkveulwilad ekonomikis srulyofis stimuls warmo-

adgens.4

3 Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York. 4 ismailovi e., papava v. centraluri kavkasia: geopolitikuri

ekonomiis narkvevebi. 2007 w. gv., 167

19

Seqmnili simdidre iqmneba kompaniebis doneze, rom-

lebic fasian produqtebsa da momsaxurebas awarmoeben.

simdidre ganisazRvreba mxolod firmis inovaciuri

SesaZleblobebiTa da mwarmoeblurobiT. saxelmwifos

roli ki imaSi vlindeba, rom konkurentunarianobis

faqtorebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis analizis sa-

fuZvelze, bizness xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmnas. por-

teris koncefciaSi gamoiyofa konkurentunarianobis

oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori: Semomavali faqtorebis para-

metrebi (warmoeba), firmis konkurenciis pirobebi da

biznesis gaZRola, Sida moTxovnis parametrebi, monaTe-

save da mokavSire dargebis ganviTarebis done. aRniS-

nuli faqtorebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia da

qmnian ,,konkurentunarianobis almass” (ix. sqema 1.1).

sqema 1.1. `konkurentunarianobis almasi~ 5

m. porteris mixedviT, mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis

mTavar katalizators Sida dargobrivi konkurencia

5 Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York.

20

warmoadgens. rodesac qveyanaSi arsebobs erTi da imave

tipis produqtebisa da momsaxurebis ramdenime erovnu-

li mwarmoebeli, amiT erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTare-

bas didi stimuli eZleva. konkurenciis wyalobiT kom-

paniebi produqtis xarisxs amaRleben, amcireben xar-

jebs, xels uwyoben mecnierul-teqnikur progress:

bunebrivi resursebisa da adamianuri kapitalis

garda, porteri Semomaval faqtorebs miakuT-

vnebs: sabazro infrastruqturis mdgomareobas;

kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis dones, umaRlesi

da profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemas; mecnieru-

li da kvleviTi institutebis xarisxs; informa-

ciuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebas;

Semomavali faqtorebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba qve-

yanaSi biznesis warmarTvis xelsayrel sakanon-

mdeblo, institucionalur da konkurenciis Sez-

Rudvis ararsebobis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebe-

li. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos dabali Careva, sa-

xelmwifo subsidiebis aradiskriminaciuli gamo-

yeneba sawarmoebisa da dargebis efeqtiani ganvi-

TarebisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs qmnis. aseve

mniSvnelovania Ria ekonomika, romelsac qveyana-

Si damatebiTi konkurencia da masTan erTad teq-

nologiebi da investiciebi Semoaqvs;

Sida moTxovnis Taviseburebebi gamoSvebuli

produqtis nakrebs da mis xarisxs gansazRvravs.

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis uxeSi moTxov-

nebi an ekologiuri standartebi, erTis mxriv,

zRudavs investiciis SesaZleblobebs, xolo, me-

ores mxriv - axdens investiciebis stimulirebas,

romlebic aramarto aumjobesebs, magaliTad,

ekologiur maCveneblebs, aramed aseve warmoebis

efeqtian zrdas ganapirobebs;

ganviTarebuli da mxardamWeri dargebi ekonomi-

kaSi klasterebis warmoqmnis ZiriTad faqtors

21

warmoadgens, romlebic globalizaciis pirobeb-

Si ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari wyaroa.

porteris Tanaxmad6, konkurentunarianobas ara mar-

to calkeuli dargebi, aramed dargebis erTobliobe-

bic (klasterebic) aRweven, romlebSic kompaniebi ver-

tikaluri an horizontaluri mimarTulebiTaa integri-

rebuli.

porteris mier SemuSavebuli `konkurentunarianobis

almasi” sistemas warmoedgens.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da evropis

mcire qveynebis gamocdileba gvkarnaxobs, rom qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiuli amocanad miCne-

ul iqnes saqonlis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba.

igi mWidro kavSiriSia inovaciuri saqmianobis princi-

pul gaumjobesebasTan, arsebuli potencialis goniv-

ruli gamoyenebasa da Sesabamisi klasterebis Seqmnas-

Tan.

konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevis yvelaze tipiur

novaciad iTvleba: axali teqnologiebi, myidvelTa axa-

li an Secvlili moTxovna, bazris axali segmentis ga-

moCena, Rirebulebisa da warmoebis komponentTa cvli-

leba da a.S.

klasteri aris geografiulad axlos ganlagebuli

urTierTdakavSirebuli kompaniebis, momwodeblebis,

firmebisa da institutebis jgufebi, romlebic erT

sferoSi muSaoben7. magaliTad, klasters warmoadgens

msubuqi avtomobilebis awyoba slovakeTSi, saaTebis

warmoeba JenevaSi, finansuri klasteri londonSi, ke-

6 Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York. 7 Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York.

22

ramikuli nakeTobebi italiaSi da a.S. klasterebi kon-

kurentunarianobaze sami mimarTulebiT moqmedeben:

• zrdian maT SemadgenlobaSi Semavali firmebis

an dargebis mwarmoeblurobas;

• specializebuli momwodeblebi, TanamSromlebi

da treningebi klasterSi arsebuli firmebisaT-

vis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre izolirebuli

firmebisaTvis;

• aseve klasterebi - ,,saukeTeso biznes-praqtikebi”

swraf gavrcelebasa da konkurentebTan sakuTa-

ri Tavis Sedarebis mudmiv SesaZleblobas uz-

runvelyofen.

klasterebi inovaciebisa da mwarmoeblurobis zrdis

potencials amaRleben. klasterSi gaerTianebis Sem-

TxvevaSi ufro martivia aucilebeli inovaciuri mid-

gomebis aRmoCena. resursebis arseboba iZleva eqsperi-

mentebis martivad Catarebis saSualebas, xolo saka-

nonmdeblo da kvleviTi institutebi aucilebel kompe-

tenciebs warmoadgenen.

sazRvargareTis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom klas-

teruli midgoma mTels msoflioSia aRiarebuli, ro-

gorc erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaR-

lebis politika. klasteruli politikis realizacii-

saTvis saWiroa rigi samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba, ker-

Zod, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi mxardamWeri in-

stitutebis mier xdeba sawarmoTa klasterebad asocia-

ciis, maT Soris araformalur urTierTdamokidebule-

baTa da qseluri TanamSromlobis Camoyalibeba. tarde-

ba analizi da muSavdeba Sesabamisi organizaciul-eko-

nomikur RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi.

saqarTvelo Sors ver iqneba am procesebisagan

ramdenadac klasteruli midgomis wanamZRvrebi qveyana-

Si arsebobs. es imas mowmobs, rom saqarTvelosa da

postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva qveynebisaTvis aqtualuria

klasteruli midgomis gamoyeneba sawarmoebis, regione-

23

bisa da mTlianad erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentuna-

rianobis amaRlebis miznebisaTvis. globalizaciis Ta-

namedrove tendenciebi, romlebic, erTis mxriv, sti-

muls aZlevs saerTaSoriso konkurencias, konkurentu-

narianobas, inovaciebs, da, meore mxriv, subieqtebs So-

ris qseluri, araformaluri kavSirebis zrdam, ro-

gorc sapasuxo reaqciam am procesebze, struqturuli

gardaqmnis programis SemuSavebasa da qveynis ekonomi-

kis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi sayovelTao aRi-

areba moipova.

yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili gvaZlevs saSualebas

CamovayaliboT klasteruli politika, rogorc erovnu-

li ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis asamaRleblad,

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis mier gansaxor-

cielebuli saqmianoba, klasterebisa da qseluri ur-

TierTkavSirebis organizaciisa da ganviTarebis stimu-

lirebis miznebis, principebisa da meTodebis SesamuSa-

veblad. klasteruli politika praqtikaSi realizdeba

klasteruli strategiis SemuSavebis safuZvelze.

klasteruli politikis formirebis sazRvargareTis

gamocdilebis Catarebuli analizi SesaZleblobas

gvaZlevs gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi:

arsebobs klasteruli politikis erovnuli Ta-

viseburebebi;

ar arsebobs erTgvarovnoba klasteruli poli-

tikis saSualebaTa SemadgenlobaSi;

isini erTiania mxolod erTi klasteruli pro-

eqtis monawile qveynebSi;

klasteruli politikis uzrunvelyofis meTode-

bis mravalferovneba erovnuli Taviseburebebi-

Ta da klasteruli midgomis miRebuli koncef-

ciiT ganisazRvreba;

saxelmwifoTa klasteruli politika klasteri-

zaciis procesSi mTavrobis Carevis xarisxis Se-

sabamisad gansxvavebulia;

24

klasteruli politikis Camoyalibebis meToduri

safuZvlebi ar aris SemuSavebuli.

mTavrobis politika ar unda iyos mkacrad orinetire-

buli mrewvelobis dargebisa da sawarmoebis pirdapir

subsidirebaze an bazarze konkurenciis SezRudvaze.

klasteruli iniciativebi SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebidan.

mTavrobis politika ar SeiZleba iyos orienti-

rebuli pirdapir Carevaze, aramed unda gadavides

klasterebis stimulirebaze. klasterizaciis procesSi

Careva SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mxolod gamWvir-

vale bazris arsebobis an inovaciuri sistemebis aras-

rulyofilebis SemTxvevaSi. mTavrobam Tavis Tavze ar

unda aiRos damwyebi klasterebis xelmZRvaneloba an

sakuTrebis ufleba, aramed igi Suamavlis rolSi unda

gamovides, romelic Tavs uyris mwarmoeblebs, momwo-

deblebsa da myidvelebs, uzrunvelyofs klasterizaci-

isa da inovaciebis procesis xelSemwyob struqturebsa

da stimulebs.

klasteruli politika koncentrirebuli unda iyos

konkurentunarian klasterebze, magram ar unda ugule-

belyofdes mcire da embrionul klasterebs.

erovnuli klasteruli politikis ZiriTadi amocanaa,

klasterebis stimulirebis safuZvelze, mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebisa da erovnuli konkurentunarianobis amaRlebi-

saTvis pirobebis Seqmna. Camoyalibebuli miznis safuZ-

velze ganisazRvreba klasteruli politikis Semdegi

amocanebi:

bazrebis dinamiuri muSaobisaTvis (infrastruq-

tura, konkurentuli politika, struqturuli

reformebi, strategiuli informaciis momzadeba)

xelsayreli pirobebis Seqna;

ekonomikis problemuri xedvis Camoyalibebis

wyalobiT inovaciebis uzrunvelmyofi garemos

Seqmna;

25

klasteruli urTierTkavSirebis upiratesobebis

Sesaxeb bazris subieqtebis informirebulobis

donis amaRleba;

kavSirebis damyarebis, codnis gaziarebis siste-

mis marTva da Suamavloba; codnis formalur da

araformalur gaziarebaSi daxmareba;

klasteruli programebis SemuSaveba da reali-

zacia;

erToblivi kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis programe-

bis xelSewyoba;

klasteruli infrastruqturis Seqmna da ganvi-

Tareba;

sazogadoebrivi institutebis meSveobiT samrew-

velo kavSirebis kultivireba (skolebi, univer-

sitetebi, kvleviTi institutebi);

klasterebis mier xdeba axali firmebis da biznesis

axali xazis Seqmnis stimulireba, rac xels uwyobs

inovaciebs da afarToebs klasters.

1.2 saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis

Sefaseba

arsebobs ori msxvili organizacia, romlebic

msoflioSi qveynebis konkurentunarianobis analizs

axorcieleben. es aris marTvis saerTaSoriso institu-

ti IMD da msoflio ekonomikuri forumi (World Economic Forum). TiToeuli es organizacia yovelwliurad gamos-

cems angariSs (World Competitiveness Yearbook da Global Competitiveness Report Sesabamisad), romelic msoflioSi

mimdinare tendenciebsa da konkurentunarianobas eZ-

Rvneba. isini msoflio tendenciebisa da benCmarkingis

analizisaTvis aucilebel monacemebs iZlevian.Oorive

angariSSi saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis Sefase-

26

bis rTuli meTodologia gamoiyeneba, sadac ganixile-

ba faqtorebis farTo speqtris erToblioba, romelic

msoflio doneze qveynis warmatebas gansazRvravs da

misi mosaxleobis cxovrebis maRal dones uzrunvel-

hyofs.

globalizaciis pirobebSi erovnuli ekonomikis

konkurentunarianobis kvleva saSualebas mogvcems gan-

vaviTaroT Teoriuli Sexedulebebi qveyanaTaSoris

konkurenciis Taviseburebebze da davafuZnoT saqarTve-

los erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis zrdi-

sa da globaluri konkurentuli upiratesobis reali-

zaciis mimarTulebebi.

msoflio meurneobis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi

XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan movlenas war-

moadgens konkurenciis internacionalizacia sxvadas-

xva sferoSi – ara marto gadamamuSavebel dargebSi,

aramed momsaxurebis sferoSic. saerTaSoriso konku-

rencia iZleva qveynis resursebis gamoyenebis produq-

tiulobis amaRlebis progresul-sinergiul SesaZleb-

lobebs da amavdroulad warmoadgens destruqciul-si-

nergiul safrTxes. magaliTad, konkurentuli upirate-

sobis Teoriis Tanaxmad: ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da-

axloebiT erTnairi donis qveynebidan nebismier maT-

gans gaaCnia gansazRvruli, mxolod misTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli globaluri konkurentuli upiratesobebi. ro-

gorc wesi, es ufro maRali: ama Tu im dargebis Sro-

mis mwarmoeblurobis done, ama Tu im dargebis, warmo-

ebis, samewarmeo jgufebis, samewrmeo, teqnologiuri,

komerciuli, personalis kvalifikacia, warmoebuli na-

keTobebis xarisxi da teqnikuri done, marTvis xelov-

neba, strategiuli azrovneba mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva

doneze da mravali sxva.

Cveni azriT, saerTaSoriso konkurencia unda ga-

nisazRvros rogorc ekonomikuri subieqtebis moqnilo-

ba mikrosameurneo urTierTobebis sistemaSi maTi inte-

27

resebis realizaciis saukeTeso pirobebis miRwevisaT-

vis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso konkurencia, rogorc

msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meqanizmi, arsebul

cvlilbebs ganicdis globalizaciis fenomenis zemoq-

medebis qveS, rac Tavismxriv aisaxeba erovnuli ekono-

mikebis konkurentunarianobisa da konkurentuli upira-

tesobebis globalur gadanawilebaze.

1.2.1 konkurentunarianobis analizi marTvis

saerTaSoriso institutis (IMD-s) mixedviT

IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook gamoicema yovel-

wliurad 1989 wlidan. 2009 wels masSi 57 qveynis kon-

kurentunariaobis analizi iyo warmodgenil. igi fas-

deboda rogorc qveynis maCveneblebis Sedegobrivi er-

Toblioba 329 kriteriumis mixedviT, romlebic konku-

rentunarianobis oTx faqtorSia dajgufebulia:

• ekonomikuri mdgomareoba (makroekonomikuri ga-

remo);

• saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis efeqtianoba;

• biznesis efeqtianoba;

• infrastruqtura.

yvela faqtori xuT qvefaqtorad, xolo zogierTi

maTgani ki qvejgufebad aris dayofili. konkurentuna-

rianobis indeqsis gamoTvla garkveuli Tanmimdevro-

biT mimdinareobs. pirvel etaze, yvela 329 kriteriumi

raodenobrivad fasdeba, amasTan 84 kriteriumi ar ga-

moiyeneba uSualod indeqsis gamoTvlisas. danarCeni

245 kriteriumi nawilobriv statistikuri (135) da gamo-

kiTxvis monacemebia (110). Semdgom etapze, qveynebis mi-

xedviT kriteriumebis mniSvnelobebis gansazRvrisaTvis

maTi nominaluri mniSvnelobis nacvlad gamoiyeneba

standartuli gadaxra. igi yvela kriteriumisaTvis Sem-

degi formuliT gamoiangariSeba:

28

,S

xxSDT −= (1.1)

sadac x - aris saanalizo qveyanaSi kriteriumis

mniSvneloba; x mocemuli kriteriumis saSualo mniS-

vneloba yvela 57 qveynisaTvis; S -saSualo kvadratuli

uaryofa. standartuli uaryofa gamoiTvleba rogorc

statistikuri monacemebis, ise gamokiTxvis monacemebi-

saTvis.

konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi da qvefaqtorebi8

cxrili 1.1

Semdeg etapze xdeba SDT-s saSualo Sewonili

mniSvnelobis gamoTvla TiToeuli 20 qveynisaTvis. er-

Tis toli wonebi gamoiyeneba statistikuri kriteriu-

mebisaTvis da 0,55 _ gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli mo-

nacemebisaTvis. wonebis aseTi urTierTkavSiri SerCeu-

8 IMD (2009). World Competitiveness Yearbook 2009.

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

saxelmwifos efeqtianoba

biznesis efeqtianoba

infrastruqtura

Sida ekonomi-

ka

saxelmwifo

finansebi mwarmoebluroba sabazo infras-

truqtura

saerTaSoriso

vaWroba

fiskaluri po-

litika Sromis bazari teqnologiuri

infrastruqtura

saerTaSoriso

investiciebi

instituciuri

struqtura

finansebi mecnieruli in-frastruqtura

dasaqmeba biznesis ka-

nonmdebloba

menejmentis

praqtika

jandacva da ga-

remo

fasebi socialuri

struqrura

urTierTobebi

da faseulobebi

ganaTleba

29

lia imisaTvis, rom gamokiTxvis monacemebi konkurentu-

narianobis indeqsis mesameds gansazRvravdnen. bolo

etapi aris mTlianobaSi faqtorebisa da qveynebis kon-

kurentunarianobis gamoTvla, rogorc SDT qvefaqtore-bis saSualo mniSvneloba (yvela qvefaqtors aqvs erTi

wona, anu 0,2-faqtoris konkurentunarianobisaTvis da

0,05-qveynisaTvis).

1.2 konkurentunarianobis analizi

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis (WEF)-is mixedviT

mef-is kvlevaSi ufro rTuli meTodologia gamoi-

yeneba, romlis mTavar Taviseburebas, saxelmwifos eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan kavSirSi, faqtorebi-

saTvis sxvadasxva wonebis gamoyeneba warmoadgens. bo-

lo World Competitiveness Report-Si 2009-2010 wlebSi msof-

lio konkurentunarianobis indeqsis daxmarebiT (Global Competitiveness index) 125 qveynis SedarebiTi konkurentuna-

rianoba Sefasda, romelic SemuSavda maikl porteris

mier mef-is koleqtivTan TanamSromlobiT Seqmnili wi-

na indeqsis safuZvelze. saboloo indeqsSi gaiTvalis-

wineba rogorc ekonomikuri garemos funqcionireba

(makroekonomika, ganaTleba, jandacva da a.S.), ise qveya-

naSi biznesis marTvis (gaZRolis) Taviseburebebi (mik-

roekonomika). yvela faqtori, romlebic moqmedebs kon-

kurentunarianobaze iyofa 12 jgufad:

institutebi;

infrastruqtura;

makroekonomikuri stabiluroba;

janmrTeloba da sabazo ganaTleba;

umaRlesi da profesiuli ganaTleba;

30

produqtis bazris efeqtianoba (damokidebulia

bazarze arsebul konkurenciasa da moTxovnis

xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebze);

Sromis bazris efeqtianoba;

finansuri bazris ganviTarebis done;

teqnologiuri mzadyofna-siCqare, romliTac qve-

yana arsebul teqnologiebs mwarmoeblurobis

amaRlebisaTvis iyenebs;

bazris zoma;

biznes-teqnologiebis sirTule;

inovaciebi.

mocemuli faqtorebis gavlena araTanabaria sxva-

dasxva qveynisaTvis. am mizniT 12 faqtori 3 gufad gai-

yo, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebis Sesabamis sam stadi-

aze gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (ix. cxrili 1.2).

pirveli stadia xasiaTdeba warmoebis faqtorebis

xarjze zrdiT: ufro iafi muSaxeli, bunebrivi resur-

sebi da a.S. am stadiaze qveynebi Sekavebul (Seferxe-

bul) konkurentul strategias iyeneben. ekonomikis gan-

viTarebiT, Sromis mwarmoeblurobiTa da gadasaxade-

biT saxelmwifos ukve aRar SeuZlia SeferxebiT konku-

rireba da iZulebuli xdeba orientireba moaxdinos

konkurenciasa da ekonomikur zrdaze, warmoebis efeq-

tianobisa da gamoSvebuli prodiuqtis xarisxis amaR-

lebis xarjze. am stadiaze mniSvnelovani xdeba umaR-

lesi da profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTareba, produq-

tis efeqtiani bazris arseboba, konkurenciis zrdis

ganmapirobebeli moqnili Sromis bazaris, ganviTarebu-

li finansuri seqtoris arseboba, investiciebis zrdis

mxardaWera, qveyanaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis arse-

boba da mzadyofna maTi gamoyenebisaTvis. saxelmwifos

ganviTarebis Semdegi stadia gulisxmobs mosaxleobis

maRal cxovrebis dones. am SemTxvevaSi qveynebs msof-

lio bazarze SeuZliaT konkurentunariani iyvnen Ziri-

Tadad unikaluri produqtis xarjze, romelic inova-

31

ciuri saqmianobis Sedegs warmoadgens. ganviTarebis am

etapze mniSvnelovania iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa:

biznesi, teqnologiebi da inovaciebi.

ekonomikis zrdaze damokidebuli konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi

cxrili 1.2

ekonomikis zrdis stadiebi faqtorebi

zrda faqtorebis xarjze

(qveynebi konkurireben Tavi-

anTi bunebrivi resursebis,

arakvalificiuri samuSao Za-

lis bazaze. firmebi amjobi-

neben safaso konkurencias.)

sabazo moTxovnebi

_institutebi

_infrastruqtura

_makroekonomika

_jandacva da sabazo ganaT-

leba

zrda efeqtianobis xarjze

(gadaxdebis zrda aiZulebs

firmebs warmoebis efeqtia-

noba da produqtis xarisxi

aamaRlon.)

efeqtianobis gamaZliereble-bi

_umaRlesi da profesiuli

ganaTleba

_produqtis bazris efeqtia-

noba

_Sromis bazris efeqtianoba

_teqnologiuri mzadyofna

_bazris zoma

zrda inovaciebis xarjze

(mosaxleobis maRali Semo-

savlebis uzrunvelyofa Se-

saZlebelia mxolod axali

da unikaluri produqtis

warmoebis xarjze).

inovaciuri faqtorebi

_inovaciebi _biznes

teqnologiebis sirTule

saxelmwifos ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiebze am Tavi-

seburebebis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis faqtorebi iyofa sxva-

dasxva wonebad (ix. cxrili 1.4).

32

faqtorebis wonebi cxrili 1.3

sabazo

moTxovnebi

efeqturobis gamaZliereb-

lebi

inovaciuri faqtorebi

zrda faqto-

rebis xarjze

60 35 5

zrda efeqti-

anobis xar-

jze

40 50 10

zrda inova-

ciebis xar-

jze

20 50 30

qveynis ganviTarebis stabiluroba

cxrili 1.4

stadiebi

mSp erT sul mosaxleze

(USD) zrda faqtorebis xarjze 2000-ze qveviT

pirveli stadiidan meoreSi ga-

dasvla

20000-3000

zrda efeqtianobis xarjze 3000-9000

meoredan mesame stadiaSi ga-

dasvla 9000-17000

zrda inovaciebis xarjze 17000 -ze zeviT

SeniSvna: gadamsvlel stadiaSi yvela qveynisaTvis wonebi gadanawildeba sxvadasxvanairad.

indeqsis gamosaTvlelad monacemebi aiReba nawi-

lobriv qveynis statistikidan da nawilobriv - top mene-

jerebis gamokiTxvidan. indeqsis gamoTvla xdeba skalis

33

mixedviT 1 - dan 7 - mde, romelic gamokiTxvis dros gamo-

iyeneba. am skalaSi statistikuri monacemebis gadmotana

xdeba formuliT:

saboloo indeqsi analizSi gamoyenebuli maCveneb-

lebis saSualo Sewonilis gamoTvlis Semdeg miiReba.

1.4. qveynis konkurentunarianoba

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis konkurentunariano-

bis analiziT dakavebulia, erTis mxriv, harvardis biz-

nes-skola, meore mxriv, ki - calkeuli saxelmwifoebis

erovnuli konkurentunarianobis centrebi (romlebic

nawilobriv TanamSromloben harvardis biznes-skolas-

Tan). aseTi centrebi aris magaliTad: aSS-Si, irlandia-

Si, inglisSi, xorvatiaSi, yazaxeTSi.

calkeuli saxelmwifoebis konkurentunariano-

bis analizi maT benCmarkingTan mimdinareobs. analizis

pirvel etaps qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri tenden-

ciebis Sefaseba warmoadgens. es niSnavs qveynis mSp-is,

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis, pirdapiri ucxouri investi-

ciebis, Sida vaWrobis da sxva gansakuTrebiT aqtualu-

ri maCveneblebis zrdis analizs sxva qveynebTan Seda-

rebiT, rac saSualebas iZleva davadginoT qveyanaSi

arsebuli konkurentunarianobis done. aseve yuradReba

eqceva qveyanaSi daregistrirebuli patentebis raode-

nobas, radgan es statistikuri maCvenebeli misi inova-

ciuri ganviTarebis dones asaxavs. momdevno etapia

calke konkurentunarianobis makro da mikroekonomiku-

ri maCveneblebi.

makroekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris ZiriTadad

Seiswavleba mSp-is zrdis faqtorebi, inflaciis tempe-

34

bi, savaluto kursi, biujetis deficiti, mimdinare an-

gariSis balansi. aseve ganixileba qveyanaSi politiku-

ri (stabiluroba, politikuri procesebis gaxsniloba),

iuridiuli (kanonebis da maTi gamoyenebis xarisxi) da

socialuri (siRaribe, uTanabroba) pirobebi.

mikroekonomikuri klimatis Sefaseba xdeba por-

teris ,,konkurentunarianobis almasis~ Sesabamisad. ga-

moiyofa upiratesobebi da uaryofiTi mxareebi faqto-

rebis, moTxovnis, monaTesave dargebis, konkurenciis

pirobebisa da biznesis marTvis parametrebis mixedviT.

SemdgomSi xdeba qveyanaSi arsebuli klasterebisa da

maTi ganviTarebis donis analizi. Catarebili analizis

safuZvelze ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri politikis sfe-

roebi, romelSic cvlilebebi gamoiwvevs qveynis konku-

rentunarianobisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis

zrdas.

1.5. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba:

problemis dasma

saqarTvelosaTvis konkurentunarianobis anali-

zi IMD-s saerTaSoriso kvlevebisa da msoflio ekono-

mikuri forumis CarCoebSi pirvelad _ 1993 wels Catar-

da. es iyo kvleva, romelic eZRvneboda gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebs.9 saqarTvelo globaluri konkuren-

ciis mxriv, msoflios 133 qveyanas Soris 90 - e adgil-

zea - aseTia msoflio ekonomikuri forumis 2009-2010

wlis angariSis Sedegebi. Tumca, msoflio ekonomikuri

forumis globaluri konkurenciis indeqsisTvis mniS-

vnelovani calkeuli aspeqtebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos

9 IMD, WEF (1993). Формирующиеся рыночные экономики --- 1993, Международный институт развития менеджмента, Мировой экономический форум: Лозанна ----- Женева.

35

gacilebiT ukeTesi qulebi aqvs: magaliTad, igi msof-

lioSi biznesis keTebis siadvilis mixedviT me-11, xo-

lo ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mxriv – 26-e, evropaSi

ki me-14 adgilzea - „metwilad Tavisufal” kategoria-

Si.

qveynisTvis am gansxvavebebs iwvevs Tavad indeq-

sebis specifika. pirvel or SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-

ba liberalizaciaze - biznesisTvis xelsayrel garemo-

ze, da zogadad, ekonomikur Tavisuflebaze. globalu-

ri konkurenciis indeqsi ki aqcents am faqtorebis gar-

da, efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebel institu-

tebzec akeTebs.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angariSi miuTi-

Tebs, rom liberalizacia da biznesisTvis xelsayreli

garemos Seqmna qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRle-

bisTvis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. amis

mizezia Zveli, antisabazro institutebi, romelTa de-

montaJic aucilebelia da maT nacvlad saWiroa axali,

efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis xelsayreli institutebis

Seiqmna.

bolo wlebSi saqarTvelom am mimarTulebiT

reformebi gaatara, magaliTad, sabaJo licenziebisa da

nebarTvebis sistemis gamartiveba an Sromis kodeqsi,

romelic, am indeqsis mixedviTac, Sefasebulia, ro-

gorc konkurentunariani da saqarTvelo msoflio oce-

ulSi Sedis.

saqarTvelom mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia

korufciasTan brZolis mxrivac: organizacia `saerTa-

Soriso gamWvirvalobis” Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo koruf-

ciis doniT msoflioSi 169 qveyanas Soris 66-e adgil-

zea da regionis sxva qveynebs mniSvnelovnad uswrebs.

es pirdapir ukavSirdeba institutebis efeqtianobasa

da qveynis konkurentunarianobis zrdas, radgan bizne-

sis ekonomikur xarjs amcirebs da xels uwyobs ekono-

mikur ganviTarebas.

36

bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, wina wlebTan

SedarebiT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTve-

loSi saSualod gasammagda. Tavisufali industriuli

zonebis mSeneblobam investorTa daintereseba da sa-

qarTveloSi damzadebuli produqtis eqsportze gatana

gamoiwvia.

meore mxriv, kargi mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebe-

li institutebis Seneba da globaluri konkurentuna-

rianobis miRweva xangrZlivi da neli procesia, rasac

zustad asaxavs globaluri konkurenciis indeqsi.

indeqsi qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansaz-

Rvravs rogorc im institutebis, kanonebisa da faqto-

rebis erTobliobas, romelic qveynis produqtiulobis

dones gansazRvravs. produqtiulobis done, Tavis

mxriv xels uwyobs ekonomikuri dovlaTis dagrovebas.

ekonomikuri dovlaTis zrdis pirobebSi ki moqalaqee-

bis Sroma ukeT anazRaurdeba. amdenad, rac ufro kon-

kurentunariania ekonomika, miT maRalia qveyanaSi ke-

TildReobis done. warmodgenili naSromis mizania, kon-

kurentunarianobis koncefciis TvalsazrisiT moaxdi-

nos saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis SedarebiTi

analizi, im meTodebiT, romlebic saerTaSoriso kvle-

vebSi gamoiyeneba.

kerZod, analizi Catardeba meTodikis Tanaxmad,

romelsac iyenebda m. porteri somxeTis, ruseTis, Cine-

Tis, yazaxeTis da sxva qveynebisaTvis da romelic sa-

fuZvlad udevs msoflio ekonomikuri forumis msof-

lio konkurentunarianobis indeqsis gamoTvlas (gamo-

angariSebas). qveynis konkurentunarianobis optimalur

maCveneblad porteri miiCnevs mwarmoeblurobas. igi

fasdeba rogorc qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze warmoe-

buli produqti da momsaxureba da gansazRvravs mosax-

leobis keTildReobas. swored amas unda emsaxurebo-

des qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis politika.

mwarmoebluroba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli iseT para-

37

metrbebTan, rogoricaa eqsportisa da importis mocu-

loba da struqtura, ekonomikaSi Sida investiciebis

moculoba, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da saz-

RvargareT investiciebis struqtura (ix. sqema 1.2).10 er-

Tis mxriv, isini aCveneben qveynis mwarmoeblurobaze

uSualo moqmedebas, xolo meores, mxriv-TviTon SeiZ-

leba iyvnen konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi.

magaliTad, eqsporti gviCvenebs ra doneze da ra

segmentze aris erovnuli produqtebi Sida bazrebze.

importis struqtura damokidebulia qveyanaSi gamoyene-

bul teqnologiebze, magram amavdroulad gansazRvravs

warmoebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas. Sida investicie-

bi asaxavs arsebul ekonomikur pirobebSi moqmedi biz-

nesis ganviTarebis mzadyofnas, xolo ucxouri inves-

ticiebi mowmobs ucxouri investorebis survils gamo-

iyenon qveynis mier SemoTavazebuli konkurentuli upi-

ratesobebi.

sqema 1.2 konkurentunarianobisa da mwarmoeblurobis

urTierTkavSiri

10 Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York.

38

konkurentunarianobaze momqmedi faqtorebi, por-

terma dayo sam saxed: arsebuli faqtorebi;

makroekonomikuri garemos faqtorebi;

mikroekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis faqto-

rebi.

arsebul faqtorebad porteri Tvlis bunebriv re-

sursebs, geografiul adgilmdebareobas, istoriul

memkvidreobas. mocemuli faqtorebi aris egzogenuria

ekonomikur politikasTan mimarTebaSi da qmnis saz-

Rvrebs, romlebSic xdeba qveynis konkurentunarianobis

ganviTareba. Tu qveyana mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT,

aman SeiZleba uzrunvelyos misi biznesi SedarebiT ia-

fi nedleulis upiratesobiT, saxelmwifo ki-damatebi-

Ti SemosavliT socialuri valdebulebebis Sesasru-

leblad. geografiuli mdebareoba mniSvnelovania ram-

denime poziciiT. upirveles yovlisa, igi ganasaz-

Rvravs saerTaSoriso satransporto infrastruqturis

xelmisawvdomobas: zRvaSi gasvla da portis arseboba

iZleva sazRvao transportiT vaWrobis SesaZleblobas;

mniSvnelovan satransporto koridorebSi mdebareoba

iZleva maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas damatebiTi Se-

ferxebebis gareSe. meore mxriv, qveynis mdebareoba

mniSvnelovania mezobeli qveynebis, maTi zomebisa da

ganviTarebis donis TvalsazrisiT. ufro ganviTarebu-

li mezoblebis arseboba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

stimulirebas axdens kapitalis, axali investiciebis

da teqnologiebis Semodinebis xarjze.

istoriuli qoneba qmnis biznesis kulturas, Semo-

aqvs marTvis sistemaSi Taviseburebebi, romlebsac Se-

uZliaT biznesis, inovaciebis ganviTarebis stimulire-

ba.

39

sqema 1.3 konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi

mikroekonomikuri konkurentunarianoba ganisaz-

Rvreba iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa: mikroekonomiku-

ri biznes-garemos xarisxi, klasterebis ganviTarebis

done, organizaciaSi gamoyenebuli strategiebisa da

marTvis principebis sirTulis da efeqtianobis done

(sqema 1.3).11 mikroekonomikuri biznes-garemos xarisxi

xasiaTdeba ,,konkurentunarianobis analizSi~ qveynis

Zlieri da susti mxareebis meSveobiT, radgan maTi war-

moqmna SeuZlebelia Sesabamisi codnisa da resursebis,

infrastruqturis, moTxovnis gareSe, romelime calke-

ul regionSi. klasterebis didi raodenoba, maTi urTi-

erTkavSiri, maRali produqtiuloba da efeqtianoba ga-

napirobebs mTeli qveynis ganviTarebas globalizaciis

pirobebSi. kompaniis strategiebis, maTi muSaobis da

marTvis principebis xarisxi warmoadgens calkeuli

sawarmoebis konkurentunarianobis maxasiaTebels.

11 Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York.

40

mocemuli meTodologiis gamoyeneba saSualebas

iZleva Sefasdes, Tu romeli faqtorebi aris wamyvani

(ZiriTadi) saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi

an SeferxebaSi, xolo maTi dawvrilebiTi gamokvleva

warmodgenili iqneba Semdeg TavebSi.

1.6 mimdinare mdgomareobis analizi

saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri mdgomareo-

bis analizi qveynis konkurentunarianobis gamovlenis

konteqstSi 1998-2008 wlebSi Catarda. or kriziss _ 1998

w. qarTul kriziss da 2008-2009 ww. globalur ekonomi-

kur kriziss Soris periodi _ saqarTvelos ekonomiki-

saTvis xasiaTdeba SedarebiT swrafi ekonomikuri

zrdiT. amasTan mocemuli aTwleuli SeiZleba gaiyos

or periodad: 2003 wlamde da mis Semdeg. pirveli peri-

odisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro naklebi ekonomiku-

ri zrda, romelic pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyo

qarTul bazarze moTxovnis aRdgeniT. meore periodSi

zrdis ZiriTadi faqtorebi iyo energoresursebze da-

bali fasebi, aseve msoflio bazarze navTobze fasis

zrda. klasterebis roli

klasterebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos

ekonomikis struqturaSi. maTi dayofa pirobiTad SeiZ-

leba Zvel da axal klasterebad. pirvelebi warmoadge-

nen mZime mewarmeobis klasterebs, romlebic warmoiqmna

rTuli warmoebebis koncentraciis politikis meSveo-

biT geografiuli principis mixedviT. axali klastere-

bi ar aris aseTi mravalricxovani da Sedgeba saSua-

lo sawarmoebisagan, romlebic xelsayreli Sida piro-

bebis gamo romelime adgilas aris koncentrirebuli.

amgvarad, mikroekonomikuri garemos sferoSi sa-

qarTvelos ZiriTadi konkurentuli upiratesoba gaaC-

41

nia warmoebis faqtorebis mxriv, romlebic Tavis TavSi

aerTianebs aseve iaf bunebriv da xarisxian SromiT re-

sursebs, agreTve upiratesoba aqvs sawarmoebsa da

klasterebis rigebs Soris kavSiris SenarCunebaSi. mik-

rogaremos negatiur maxasiaTeblebs Soris unda aRi-

niSnos biznesis marTvis rTuli samarTlebrivi piro-

bebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis maregulirebeli kanon-

mdeblobis gamartivebaSi mniSvnelovani progresis miu-

xedavad, arsebobs iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa: fase-

bis regulireba, gadasaxadebis maRali done, rac afer-

xebs kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebas. aseve sawarmos kon-

kurentunarianobis doneze uaryofiTad moqmedebs kon-

kurenciis SezRudva.

amdenad, mocemul TavSi warmovadgineT konku-

rentunarianobis analizi m. porteris meTodologiis

safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac konkurentunarianobis

mTavar gamovlenas grZelvadian periodSi Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis zrda warmoadgens. rasac mivyavarT mo-

saxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisaken. saqarTve-

loSi bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio eko-

nomikuri krizisis ganviTarebamde, SeimCneoda swrafi

ekonomikuri zrda, romelsac Tan axlda mosaxleobis

Semosavlebis zrda, siRaribis donis Semcireba da so-

cialuri Tanasworobis mxardaWera (SenarCuneba). Tumca

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis tradiciuli ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebis dinamika ver xsnida am zrdas. saqarTvelos

eqsportSi xdeboda nedleulis poziciebis gaZliereba,

importSi ar SeimCneoda maRalteqnologiuri produq-

ciis zrda, ar iyo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

Semodineba. aSS-Si daregistrirebuli inovaciebis done

rCeboda dabal doneze. mwarmoeblobaze pozitiurad

moqmed erTaderT parametrad iTvleboda Sida investi-

ciebis zrda, magram misi potencialic mcirdeboda. Ta-

nac, am zrdas hqonda sawinaaRmdego mxarec: gadasaxade-

bis daCqarebul zrdasTan erTad man gamoiwvia Sidasa-

42

vaWro deficitis zrda, rac saboloo jamSi iqca sa-

qarTvelos ekonomikis struqturul problemad. Sede-

gad aucilebeli gaxda imis gansazRvra, Tu ra faqto-

rebi gansazRvraven saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTare-

bis aseT winaaRmdegobriobas, rom qveynis konkurentu-

narianobis ZiriTadi maCvenebelis _ Sromis mwarmoeb-

lurobis zrdas _ Tan axlda sxva maCveneblebis gaua-

reseba.

ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic iZleoda zrdis maRa-

li tempebis miRwevis saSualebas, iyo saqarTvelos ge-

ografiuli mdebareoba. misi mTavari problema iyo sa-

vaWro balansis uaryofiTi saldo, rac gansakuTrebiT

mwvave gaxda globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis piro-

bebSi. misi balansirebis aucileblobam gamoiwvia de-

valvacia, Sida valis zrda, saxelmwifo gasavlebis

Semcireba, sabanko sistemis mdgomareobis gauareseba.

saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdis Semaferxebe-

li faqtorebia misi mikroekonomikuri garemos Tavise-

burebebi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis SenarCu-

nebuli maRali koncentracia ganapirobebs ekonomikaSi

konkurenciis dabal dones da proteqcionizms saxel-

mwifo sawarmoebis sasargeblod. kerZo seqtoris ganvi-

Tareba ferxdeba biznesis marTvis zogadi sirTulee-

biT, aseve rTuli sagadasaxado sistemiT da investor-

Ta uflebebis arasakmarisad dacviT. mikrogaremos da-

debiT momentebs Soris SeiZleba aRiniSnos iafi buneb-

rivi resursebisa da maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Za-

lis xelmisawvdomoba.

amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis da mosaxleobis

Semosavlebis zrdis saxiT, saqarTvelos konkurentuna-

rianobis formalur zrdas Tan axlda sxva maCveneble-

bis, gansakuTrebiT ki Sida vaWrobis gauareseba. saqar-

Tvelos eqsportSi da importSi cvlilebebis ufro

Rrma analizs SeuZlia gaarkvios am winaaRmdegobrio-

bis arsi (buneba), rac warmoadgens Semdgomi kvlevebis

43

mizans. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdis Zi-

riTad wyarod SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi xelmisawvdo-

moba saerTaSoriso bazarze. ZiriTadi gamowvevebi ki

mdgomareobs mikroekonomikuri situaciis gauaresebaSi

globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis zemoqmedebis Sede-

gad da susti mikroekonomikuri garemo. mocemuli faq-

torebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi warmodgenili

iqneba Semdeg TavebSi.

44

Tavi II

biznes - garemo saqarTveloSi: problemebi da

zemoqmedeba konkurentunarianobaze

bolo aTwleulSi, roca xdeba saxelmwifoebs So-

ris sameurneo kavSirebis intensificireba da saxel-

mwifoebma aqtiuri konkurencia daiwyes ucxouri inves-

ticiebis mosazidad, gansakuTrebuli popularobiT

sargeblobs konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi. am dros ga-

moCnda reitingebis rigi, romlebic qveynis ranJirebas

axdens makroekonomikuri da institucionaluri sfe-

ros maCveneblebis mixedviT.

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi aqtiurad aumjobe-

seben biznes-garemos ekonomikis zrdis stimulirebis

da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. miuxedavad

amisa, biznes-garemos maxasiaTeblebi gardamaval qvey-

nebSi arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. saqarTveloSi bizne-

sis regulirebis gamartivebis sferoSi mxolod bolo

wlebSi daiwyo mniSvnelovani reformebis gatareba.

qveyanaSi sustadaa ganviTarebuli kerZo seqtori, xo-

lo investiciebis nakadi maRalia.

am TavSi warmodgenilia biznes-garemos analizi

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, biznes-garemos maCve-

neblebis urTierTkavSiri konkurentunarianobis rei-

tingebTan, bolo wlebis saqarTvelos biznes-garemos

analizi. gamokvleulia instituciuri da biznes-gare-

mos arsi da misi zemoqmedeba biznesis ganviTarebaze;

ganxilulia biznes-garemosa da konkurentunarianobis

urTierTkavSiri; warmodgenilia saqarTvelos biznes-

garemos maxasiaTeblebis zemoqmedeba biznesis ganviTa-

rebaze, ganxorcielebuli reformebis roli biznesis

konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi.

45

2.1 institucionaluri sfero da misi

maxasiaTeblebi gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebSi

2.1.1 institutebis roli ekonomikis

transformaciaSi

ZiriTadi tendenciebi, romlebic bolo aTwleu-

lebSi gansazRvravda ekonomikuri institutebis siste-

mebis ganviTarebas postsabWour sivrceSi, iyo privati-

zacia da deregulireba.12 aRiarebul iqna, rom saxel-

mwifos roli postsabWour qveynebSi mimarTuli unda

iyos bazris yvela monawilisaTvis, konkurentuli ga-

remosaTvis, infrastruqturis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebi-

saTvis erTiani wesebis Seqmnisaken. gardamavali qveyne-

bisaTvis 1990-ian wlebSi vaSingtonis konsesusis CarCo-

ebSi formirebuli saerTaSoriso finansuri institu-

tebis rCevebis sicxadisa da simkveTris (liberaliza-

cia, stabilizacia, privatizacia), miuxedavad postsab-

Wour sivrceSi transformaciuli procesebi gansxvave-

buli warmatebebiT mimdinareobda. male aRmoCnda, rom

reformebis saerTo rCevebi arasakmarisia, bazarze ga-

dasvlis procesSi mTavari roli ekuTvnis institute-

bis (TamaSis wesebi, adamianebis urTierTqmedebis

struqtura) transformacias.13 instituciuri ekonomiku-

ri cvlilebebis TeoriaSi warmoiSva moTxovna, rome-

lic popularuli xdeboda 1980-1990 wlebSi instituci-

ur-evoluciuri midgomis saxiT. gardamavali ekonomike-

bis irgvliv literaturaSi, ufro da ufro xSirad

iyo aRiarebuli, rom efeqtiani institutebi ar SeiZle-

12 ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapiri Carevis

Semcireba. 13 Стиглиц Дж. (1999) Куда ведут реформы? (К десятилетию начала переходных процессов)// Вопросы экономики, №7, с. 4---30.

46

ba Seiqmnas spontanurad _ isini unda Seiqmnas saxel-

mwifos, biznesis ZalisxmeviT sakmaod xangrZlivi dro-

is ganmavlobaSi.14

institucionalistebis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomika

warmoadgens institutebis erTobliobas, romlebic uz-

runvelyofen bazris funqcionirebas. ìnstitutebi _

es aris TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi, an, sxvanairad

formalurad rom vTqvaT, es aris adamianis mier Seq-

mnili SemzRudveli CarCoebi, romlebic organizebas

uweven adamianebs Soris urTierTobas~.15 norti gvTava-

zobs institutebis Semdeg klasifikacias:

araformaluri SezRudvebi (tradiciebi, wesebi

da a.S.);

formaluri wesebi (konstituciebi, kanonebi, sa-

samarTlo precendentebi, administraciuli aqte-

bi);

daZalebis meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen

wesebis dacvas (sasamarTloebi, policia, sakon-

trolo organoebi da a.S.).

araformaluri institutebi daarsebis grZel

process gaivlian da sazogadoebaSi `qvevidan~ iqmne-

ba. formaluri institutebi da maTi dacvis meqnizme-

bi, saxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT, Segnebulad yalibdeba.

araformaluri wesebi, formalurTan SedarebiT

transformaciis ufro grZel periods moiTxovs,

romlebic SeiZleba uecrad Seicvalos, magaliTad

revoluciis da gadatrialebis dros. xarisxiani da

efeqtiani formaluri wesebis SeqmnaSi mTavari roli

transformaciul periodSi saxelmwifos ekuTvnis.

14 Клейнер Г. (2004). Эволюция институциональных систем. М.: Наука. с.238 15 Норт Д. (1997). Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики: пер. с англ. А. Нестеренко. М.: Фонд экономической книги «Начала», c. 180

47

norti sazogadoebaSi instituciuri cvlilebebis

or ZiriTad wyaros gamoyofs16:

fasebTan dakavSirebiT struqturaSi gadaadgi-

lebebi (teqnikuri progresis, axali bazrebis

gaxsnis, mosaxleobis zrdis dros da a.S.), rom-

lebic aiZuleben bazris monawileebs gadaxedon

(gaiTvaliswinon) formirebul wesebs;

ideologia, romlis zemoqmedebiT iqmneba adamia-

nebis msoflmxedveloba da miCnevebi.

gardamaval periodSi moqmedebda instituciuri

cvlilebebis es orive wyaro. firmebs mouxdaT abso-

luturad axal garemosTan da konkurenciis struqtu-

rasTan Sejaxeba, xolo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

teqnikur daxmarebasTan erTad movida axali ideolo-

gia. drois yovel momentSi warmoiqmneba arCevani: Tama-

Sis arsebuli wesebiT Semofarglva (SezRudva), an maT

Secvlaze anu institutebis transformacize resurse-

bis nawilis warmarTva. sabolood iqmneba instituciu-

ri wonasworoba, romelic warmoadgens ekonomikis iseT

mdgomareobas, roca arcerTi agenti ar aris daintere-

sebuli moqmedi institutebis gardaqmniT (SecvliT).

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi biznes-garemos reformebis

aqtivizacia bolo wlebSi swored mowmobs wina insti-

tuciuri wonasworobis darRvevas, rac gamowveuli iyo

araxelsayreli gare garemoTi (qarTuli produqtis-

Tvis gare bazrebze araxelsayreli koniunqtura, msof-

lio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi da a.S.).

16 iqve gv., 189

48

2.1.2 instutebis transformacia da

cvlilebebTan winaaRmdegoba

institutebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia inerciulo-

ba: Tu isini ukve Seqmnilia, maSin minimaluri danaxar-

jebiT vrceldebian monawileebis sul ufro met rao-

denobaze. magram axali institutebis Seqmna moiTxovs

sul ufro met sawyis dabandebebs, romlebic ukan dab-

runebas ar eqvemdebareba. Sedegad, `Zveli~ da àxali~

institutebis mdgomareoba ar aris erTnairi. `Zvelma~

institutebma ukve `gamoisyides~ maTi Seqmnis Rirebu-

leba (danaxarjebi), xolo àxlebi~ uerTdeba Semcvle-

lis maRal Rirebulebebs. Zveli instituciuri struq-

turidan axalze gadasvlis Rirebulebas (danaxarjebs)

polteroviCi (1999) transformaciis Rirebulebas uwo-

debs da gvTavazobs transformaciuli Rirebulebis

Semdeg klasifikacias 17:

transformaciis proeqtis Sedgena;

proeqtis lobireba;

Sualeduri institutebis Seqmna da mxardaWera

proeqtis realizaciisaTvis;

proeqtis realizacia;

sistemis adaptacia axal proeqtTan.

a. arturisa (1994) da d. nortis (1997) ideebis gamo-

yenebiT, v. polteroviCi aRwers institutebis gamZleo-

bis (simtkicis) formirebis sqemas. is amtkicebs, rom

gamZleoba uzrunvelyofili unda iyos stabilizaciis

ama Tu im meqanizmiT. aseTi meqanizmi SeiZleba dafuZne-

buli iqnes agentebis individualur upiratesobebze

(varaudebze, Tu ras aniWeben isini upiratesobas), an

17 Полтерович, В.М. (1999). Институциональные ловушки и экономические реформы, Переработка доклада «Институциональная динамика и теория реформ», III Международный симпозиум «Эволюционная экономика и «мэйнстрим»» (г. Пущино, 30---31 мая 1998 г.).

49

sanqciis muqaraze, an e.w. `koordinaciis efeqtze~. ko-

ordinaciis efeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom, rac ufro

mudmivad sruldeba normebi sazogadoebaSi, an rac uf-

ro meti individi uWers mas mxars, miT ufro met zians

miayenebs mas TiToeuli individi misgan ganze gadgo-

miT.18

instituciuri cvlilebebi ejaxeba Zlier winaaR-

mdegobebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu axali institutebi

gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdas. es in-

stituciuri sistemis stabilizirebas axdens misi efeq-

tianobisagan damoukideblad. institutebi blokaven sa-

zogadoebas gansazRvrul kalapotSi, saidanac rTulia

Tavis daRweva. Sedegad SeiZleba araefeqtiani institu-

tebi Seiqmnas. d. nortis azriT, es xdeba, pirvel rig-

Si, imitom, rom axal wesebze (institutebze) gadasvlis

transaqciuli danaxarjebi Zalian maRalia. meore - es

SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos saxelmwifos ormag

rolTan. erTis mxriv, saxelmwifo adgens sakuTrebis

uflebebs da uzrunvelyofs kontraqtebis Sesrulebas,

meore mxriv, man SeiZleba gadaanawilos sakuTrebis

uflebebi da SeiZleba dainteresebuli iyos araefeqti-

ani institutebis mxardaWeriT, Tu es zrdis monopoli-

ur rentas (biujetis Semosavlebsa da gasavlebs Soris

sxvaobas). mesame - cvlilebebze winaaRmdegobam SeiZle-

ba aRmoaCinos specifikuri interesebis jgufebi. radga-

nac institutebis qmedebebis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba

da daxarjebi sazogadoebaSi araTanasworad gadana-

wildeba, zemoqmedebis Zalauflebiani jgufebi Seecde-

bian SeinarCunon sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT araefeq-

tiani institutebi sakuTari interesebisaTvis. d. nor-

18 Полтерович, В.М. (1999). Институциональные ловушки и экономические реформы, Переработка доклада «Институциональная динамика и теория реформ», III Международный симпозиум «Эволюционная экономика и «мэйнстрим»» (г. Пущино, 30---31 мая 1998 г.).

50

ti aRniSnavs, rom ìnstitutebi ar iqmneba yovelTvis

imisTvis, rom iyos socialurad efeqtiani; institute-

bi, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, formaluri wesebi, iqmneba

ufo imisTvis, rom emsaxuros maT interesebs, vinc gav-

lenas axdens axali wesebis formirebaze~.19 meoTxe -

instituciur transformaciaze gavlenas axdens `Sem-

dgomi ganviTarebis traeqtoria~ (path dependence), ro-melic gansazRvravs SemdgomSi moqmedebebisa da gadaw-

yvetilebebis SerCevas. polteroviCs Semoaqvs aseve

nortis kvlevis logikurad msgavsi ìnstituciuri ma-

xeebis~ cneba da ikvlevs mas. instituciur maxeebSi po-

ilteroviCi gulisxmobs sazogadoebaSi araefeqtiani

institutebis warmoqmnas, rodesac SeuZlebelia adre

Seqmnili formaluri wesebis Sesruleba. aseTi movle-

na farTodaa gavrcelebuli gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, polteroviCi Tvlis, rom saxel-

mwifos amocanaa instituciur maxeebisagan Tavis ari-

deba.

instituciuri skolis kidev erTma warmomadgenelma,

radaevma (2003), rusi mewarmeebis empiriuli kvlevebis

safuZvelze SemogvTavaza sazogadoebaSi araformalu-

ri institutebis formirebis Semdegi meqanizmi:

1. kanonmdeblebs SemoaqvT formaluri wesebi ise-

Ti saxiT, romliTac misi upirobo Sesruleba

garTulebulia (dakavSirebulia did finansur,

moralur da droiT danaxarjebTan);

2. bazris monawileebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT ar-

sebuli wesebis gasaCivrebis meqanizmebi, sabo-

lood sistematurad arRveven maT (wesebs);

3. makontrolebel organoebs SemoaqvT wesebis

dacvis arCeviTi kontroli, romelic SeiZleba

19 Норт Д. (1997). Институты, институциональные изменения и функци-онирование экономики: пер. с англ. А. Нестеренко. М.: Фонд экономической книги «Начала», – 194 c.

51

gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc bazris monawileebze

zewolis saSualeba sakuTari interesebis rea-

lizaciisaTvis;

4. bazris monawileebi `Tanxmdebian~ erTmaneTSi,

ris Sedegadac SemuSavdeba wesebis realizaciis

formebi da isini araformalur urTierTobebad

gardaiqmneba.

araformaluri urTierTqmedebis modelebi imasTan

dakavSirebiT iqmneba, rom SeuZlebelia firmebma yvela

aucilebeli moTxovna Seasrulon da isini saxelmwi-

fos mier biznes-garemos cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg `Tav-

dacviTi reaqciiT~ gamodian.

2.1.3 sabazro reformebisa da institutebis

transformaciis praqtika gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebSi

sabazro reformebisa da institutebis transforma-

ciis praqtika gardamavali ekonomikis calkeul qvey-

nebSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. zogierTi postsabWouri

qveyana swrafad gadavida sabazro ekonomikaze, mbrZa-

nebluri ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli institutebi

sabazroTi Secvales, sxvebma mmarTvelobis hibriduli

struqtura SeinarCunes, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mona-

wileobis maRali doniT.

bolo aTwleulebSi sabazro reformebsa da insti-

tutebis transformaciaSi did progress centraluri

da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma miaRwies, romlebic

sabazro urTierTobebze swrafad gadavidnen da Tavian-

Ti biznesis konkurentunarianoba aamaRles. saqarTve-

loSi, bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba reformebis garkveuli

progresi, roca xelisuflebam qveyanaSi sameurneo pi-

robebis liberalizaciis zomebis ganxorcieleba daiw-

yo. instituciuri garemos xarisxi gardamaval qveyneb-

52

Si, romlebic aseve xasiaTdeba liberaluri reforme-

bis progresiT, pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli msoflio

masStabiT qveynis konkurentunarianobasTan. instituci-

uri garemo moqmedebs maTi ekonomikis mdgomareobaze,

ekonomikuri zrdisa da investorebis mozidvis SesaZ-

leblobaze. Semdgom TavSi ganvixilavT gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebSi konkurentunarianobis saerTaSo-

riso reitingebs da gavaanalizebT maT urTierTkav-

Sirs biznes-klimatis maxasiaTeblebTan.

2. 2 konkurentunarianoba da biznes-garemo

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi

2.2.1 konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos

urTierTkavSiri

Tavis nawarmoebSi p. krugmani aRniSnavs, rom qveyne-

bis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia aramarto re-

sursebiT uzrunvelyofaze, aramed aseve mwarmoeblu-

robaze, romelic dakavSirebulia biznes-garemos mdgo-

mareobasa da masStabis efeqtis arsebobasTan. biznes-

garemos igi miakuTvnebs regulirebas, institutebs, in-

frastruqturas, adamianur kapitals da a.S., romlebic

gavlenas axdens mocemul garemoSi firmebis mwarmoeb-

lurobaze.20 firmis doneze biznes-garemo moqmedebs

danaxarjebze, dargis doneze ki _ bazrisa da konku-

renciis struqturaze, erovnuli ekonomikis doneze _

ucxouri investiciebisaTvis qveynis mimzidvelobaze.

dargebis doneze biznes-garemo umetesad moqmedebs

20 Krugman, P. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade, American Economic Review, vol. 70(5), pp. 950---59. Krugman, P. (1983). New Theories of Trade among Industrialized Countries, American Economic Review, vol. 73(2), pp. 343---7. Krugman P. (1996). Making sense of the competitiveness debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 12(3), pp. 17---25.

53

imaTze, romlebic ar aris bunebrivi resursebis makon-

trolebeli monopolistebis da ufro mcire da saSua-

lo maRalteqnologiur sawarmoebs miekuTvnebian.21 am-

gvarad, investiciebi da dargebis ganviTareba damoki-

debulia biznes-garemos xarisxze, regulirebaze da in-

frastruqturaze, aseve konkurenciis stimulebze, rom-

lebic Sesabamis instituciur garemoSi warmoiqmneba.22

biznesis ganviTereba nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri

da socialuri ganviTrebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. sa-

xelmwifo mniSvnelobis politikuri, socialur – eko-

nomikuri, demografiuli da sxva sakiTxebis ganxilva –

gadawyveta moiTxovs yvela Taviseburebebis gaTvalias-

winebas, maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia,

biznesis garemo faqtorebis moqmedebis xarisxs da

biznesis ganviTarebis dones. marTalia, bolo wlebSi

saqarTveloSi mimdinare socialur – ekonomikurma

cvlilebebma dadebiTi gavlena iqonia mewarmeobis, zo-

gadad biznesis ganviTarebaze, magram aRsaniSnavia

isic, rom samwuxarod Cven ZiriTadad gagvaCnia samom-

xmareblo RonisZiebebze orientirebuli da ara mwar-

moebluri ekonomika, swored Sesabamisi formireba ga-

nicada biznesis garemom. jer kidev srulyofilad ver

gamoiyeneba biznes seqtoris potenciali, mdgradi gan-

viTarebis SesaZleblobebi. saxelmwifo resursebis

SezRudulobiTa da arasakmarisobiT gamowveuli dis-

proporcia calkeuli dargebisa da regionebis ganviTa-

rebaSi mniSvnelovnad aferxebs qveynis socialuri po-

litikis srulyofil da masStabur realizacias. meo-

res mxriv izrdeba biznesis iseTi segmentebis ricxvi,

21 Collier, P. (2000). Africa’s comparative advantage, in H. Jalilian, M. Tribe, and J. Weiss, eds., Industrial Development and Policy in Africa, Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar. EBRD (2009). Transition Report 2009: Transition in crisis? 22 Grossman, G. and Helpman, E. (1990). Comparative advantage and long-run growth, American Economic Review, vol. 80(4), pp. 796---815.

54

romelTa mesakuTreebs da monawileebs gaTavisebuli

aqvT, ise rogorc regionSi aseve mTlianad qveyanaSi

myari sainvesticio garemos SeqmnisaTvis politikuri,

ekonomikuri da socialuri stabilurobis aucileblo-

ba, is rom maTi biznesis produqciisa da momsaxurebis

ZiriTadi momxmarebeli cxovrobs gansxvavebul geogra-

fiul sivrceSi. faqtia, rom saqarTveloSi biznes kli-

mati icvleba Tumca es procesi Zalian nela mimdinare-

obs. mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba da po-

tenciali rasakvirvelia arsebobs. is Cvenis azriT,

mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyoba, agrokredite-

bis xelmisawvdomoba, warmoebis mastimulirebeli, moq-

nili sagadasaxado–sabaJo sistemis Seqmna, romelic

aseve xels Seuwyobs da stimuls miscems samamulo

warmoebis zrdis safuZvelze eqsportisa da importis

daregulirebas. msoflios wamyvan qveyanebSi saxelmwi-

fo xels uwyobs mcire biznesis ganviTarebas. saxel-

mwifo mimarTulia im problemebis gadaWrisaken, rom-

lebic sawarmos mcire SesaZleblobebis gamo warmoe-

Soba da SeiZleba iTqvas, araTanabar konkretul mdgo-

mareobaSi ayenebs msxvil sawarmoebTan mimarTebaSi. ma-

galiTad amerikaSi saxelmwifo kerZo safinanso samsa-

xurs aZlevs sesxis dafarvis nawilis garantias. ker-

Zod Tu mcire mewarmis mier sesxi ar aRemateba 750

aTas amerikul dolars, mewarmis gadaxdisuunarod

Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo kreditis 75 procents

faravs, xolo Tu krediti 100 aTas dolars ar aRema-

teba garantia 80 procentze gaicema. analogiuri prog-

rama moqmedebs britaneTSic, mcire mewarmisaTvis ses-

xis aRebis gamartivebis mizniT saxelmwifo aqac az-

Rvevs sesxis 75 procents. amasTan banki kreditis gace-

mis pirobebs saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad, yovel-

gvari Carevis gareSe adgens. germaniaSi mcire sawarmo-

ebis investirebisaTvis saxelmwifo usasyidlod gas-

cems saubsidiebs, romlis dafarvac SesaZlebelia 10

55

wlis Semdeg. dafarvis vada ki maqsimum 20 welia. kre-

ditis wliuri sargebeli 5 procents ar aRemateba. Se-

RavaTiani kreditis asaRebad aucilebelia, rom saerTo

kapitalSi kreditis wili 50 procents ar aRematebo-

des, xolo kreditis odenoba 1 milion evros. safran-

geTSi, mcire biznesis dakreditebaze 50–mde organiza-

cia muSaobs. maT Soris ,,mcire da saSualo sawarmoe-

bis ganvitarebis banki“, romelic 1996 wlidan funqcio-

nirebs. dReisaTvis es banki sruliad uprocento ses-

xebs gascems, xolo 30000 evros farglebSi ki subsidi-

ebi gaicema. banks erTis mxriv afinansebs saxelmwifo,

xolo darCenil naxevars naxevrad saxelmwifoebrivi

depozitebisa da aqtivebis marTvis salaro Tavis Tav-

ze iRebs. es mxolod mcire nawilia im SeRavaTebisa,

rasac msoflios mravali qveynis saxelmwifoebi mcire

da saSualo biznesis mxardasaWerad akeTeben. CvenTan

mcire da saSualo biznesi aseTi saxis mxardaWeras

moklebulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi same-

warmeo saqmianobis dawyeba administraciulad sakmaod

gaiolda, realurad kanonmdebloba da praqtikuli re-

aloba damwyeb mewarmes jer kidev sakmaod bevr prob-

lemas uqmnis, raTa warmatebulad da Sedegiand akeTos

biznesi. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi nebismieri saxis

biznesisaTvis Tanabari sagadasaxado pirobebia. mTlia-

ni sagadasaxado datvirTva biznesisaTvis daaxloebiT

30 procents Seadgens. msgavsi sagadasaxdo kodeqsis pi-

robebSi mcire mewarmeebs Zalian urTuldebaT did

biznesTan Tanaarseboba da umravlesoba sruliad

wyvets biznes saqmianobas. gamomdinare aqidan, Cvenis

azriT biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi garkveul

prioritetebsa da programebs unda daeqvemdebaros,

amasTan amgvari prioritetebi da programebi unda daa-

reguliron ara marto sabazro meqanizmebma, aramed sa-

xelmwifom, xelisuflebis centralurma da regiona-

lurma struqturebma ekonomikuri, safinanso, sakredi-

56

to, samarTlebrivi da organizaciuli berketebis meS-

veobiT. saxelmwifo politika am mxriv unda iyos pro-

teqcionistuli da diferencirebuli biznesis calkeu-

li dargebis, sawarmoebisa da regionebis mixedviT.

biznesis ganviTarebisa da regulirebis procesSi, mniS-

vnelovania aqcentebis gadatana regionebze, radganac

mcire da saSualo biznesis qmediToba, Cvenis azriT

swored regionebSi vlindeba da rac mTavaria am pro-

cesebis marTva – regulirebac cxadia mniSvnelovnad

efeqtiani swored regionebis doneze, mTeli qveynis te-

ritoriuli erTeulebis mixedviT iqneba. regionalur

doneze biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtiuli programebi

unda moicavdes Semdeg ZiriTad sakiTxebs: 1. mcire da

saSualo biznesis prioritetebis gamovlena regionebis

mixedvit dargobriv WrilSi; 2. regionalur doneze ad-

gilobrivi sanedeleulo resursebis gamoyenebisaTvis

perspeqtiuli meTodebisa da mimarTulebis SemuSaveba;

3. saojaxo biznesisaTvis xelSemWyobi RonisZiebebis

gatareba; 4. regionalur doneze, teritoriuli erTeu-

lebis mixedviT individualuri biznes prioritetebis

gamovlena axali resursebis, rekriaciuli daarsebuli

maragebis asaTviseblad; 5. turistuli industriis

xelSewyobisa da turizmis biznesis xelSewyobis miz-

niT specialuri programebis damuSaveba, kerZod: tu-

ristuli, sakurorto, sastumro meurneobebis efeqtiani

ganviTarebisaTvis gaumjobesebuli inovaciuri momsa-

xurebis Sesaqmnelad; 6. mcire da saSualo biznesis,

calkeuli dargebis sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobe-

bis ganviTareba regionebis mixedviT. saqarTvelom sa-

erTaSoriso bazrisaTvis mniSvnelovani statusi rom

SeiZinos da aRniSnulis realuri potenciali araerT

dargSi arsebobs, unda Seiqmnas saTanado donis saga-

dasaxado garemo, qveyanaSi bazari mTlianad saSuamav-

lo operaciebis Semsruleblad ar unda iqces da es

erTgvarad aferxebs saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso baz-

57

ris formirebas saxelmwifos strategiul–geografiu-

li mdgomareobiT uzrunvelyofil msoflio bazarze

damkvidrebis SesaZleblobebs. biznesis ganviTarebis

programebis SemuSaveba–realizaciis organizacia da

regulireba xelisuflebis organoebma unda ganaxor-

cielon, rogorc es xdeba ganviTarebul, aseve ganviTa-

rebad qveynebSi periodulad da etapobrivad. saxelmwi-

foebrivi midgoma da regulireba, proteqcionistuli

politikis gatareba Cvenis azriT mniSvnelovani winapi-

roba iqneba qveyanaSi biznesis swrafi ganviTarebisaT-

vis. saxelmwifos mxridan prioritetad biznes seqto-

ris aRiareba da misTvis garantad dadgoma anu ndobis

gamocxadeba da ZiriTadi kapitalis misken momarTva

unda aRiarebuli. biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis saqarTve-

loSi aseve aucilebelia Seiqmnas mcire da saSualo

biznesisaTvis sasurveli ekonomikuri garemo samar-

Tlebrivi garantiT, radganac Tavisufali, konkurentu-

nariani biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani eko-

nomikuri, socialuri da fsiqologiuri stimulia, ro-

ca mewarmis interesebs icavs saxelmwifo kanoni misi

interesebis yvela doneze.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mixedviT, konkuren-

tunarianoba es aris institutebis, regulirebis

(policies) da faqtorebis kombinacia, romlebic qveyanaSi

mwarmoeblurobis dones ganapirobebs. mwarmoebluroba

Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs ekonomikis keTildReobis

dones grZelvadian periodSi. konkurentunarianobis sxvadasxva reitingebis avto-

rebi da Teoretikosebi amtkiceben (World Economic Forum (2010); World Bank (2010), Портер (2000)), rom bevri faqtori, romlebic gansazRvravs firmis konkurentul pozicias,

imyofeba TviT firmis farglebs gareT_instituciur

garemoSi, an biznes-klimatSi. Tanamedrove ekonomikur literaturaSi biznes-gare-

moSi, rogorc wesi, moiazreba xelsayreli samewarmeo

58

da sainvesticio klimatis Seqmnis faqtorebi, investo-

rebis, kreditorebis, aqcionerebis sakuTrebis uflebe-

bis dacva, antimonopoliuri regulireba, mcire da sa-

Sualo biznesis ganviTarebis mxardaWera, administra-

ciuli procedurebi da a.S. Sesabamisad, biznes-garemos

maxasiaTeblebma SeiZleba ganapirobon firmebis efeqti-

anobis zrda, danaxarjebis Semcireba an konkurentuna-

rianobis zrdis dabrkoleba damatebiTi transaqciuli

danaxarjebis gamo (informaciuli danaxarjebi, drois

danaxarjebi da a.S.). Tumca institutebi qmnian ara

uxeS karkass, aramed moqnil cvalebad struqturas,

romelic icvleba praqtikuli qmedebis gavleniT an

spontanuriT, an mizanmimarTuliT. amgvarad, saxelmwi-

fos mizanmimarTulma qmedebam, romelic miarTulia

biznes-garemos reformebze, SeiZleba gamoiwvios tran-

saqciuli danaxarjebis Semcireba da sawarmoebis da

mTlianad erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis

zrda. konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos mdgomare-

obis urTierTkavSiris analizisaTvis mivmarTod msof-

lio ekonomikuri forumis mier SemuSavebul saerTaSo-

riso organizaciebis reitingebsa da angariSebs (World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2009---2010), lozanis biznes-skolis msoflio konkurentunariano-

bis centrs IMD (IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2009), korufciasTan mebrZol saerTaSoriso organizacias

«Transparency International» (The 2009 Global Corruption Barometer Report), rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis evropul

banks (Transition Report 2009), msoflio banksa da saerTa-

Soriso finansur korporacias («Doing Business 2010»)

59

2.2.2 msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso

finansuri korporacia "doing business" marTvis

reitingi da misi kavSiri

konkurentunarianobasTan

msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri

korporaciis “Doing Business’’ proeqti specializirebu-

lia sxvadasxva qveynebis biznes-garemos analizze da

yovelwliurad am qveynebSi biznesis marTvis sirTu-

lis reitings adgens. 2009 wels reitingSi 183 qveyana

monawileobda. amgvarad, reitingi aris ufro reprezen-

taciuli msoflio masStabiT. aq saqarTveloc aris

CarTuli. kvleva moicavs 2008 wlis ivnisi dan 2009

wlis ivnisis periods. miuxedavad imisa, rom reitingi

“Doing Business 2010’’ TariRdeba 2010 wliT, misi Sedegebi

2009 wels miekuTvneba.

reitingi “Doing Business 2010’’ Seicavs 10 maCvene-

bels (cxrili 2.1). misi formireba xdeba makroekonomi-

kuri maCveneblebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. reitingis

maCveneblebi scenaruli pirobebis safuZvelze SemuSav-

deba. reitingis dadgenis dros gamoiyeneba xelisufle-

bis, mecnierebis, praqtikosebis da eqspertebis gamoxma-

urebebi. msoflio bankisa da sfk-s meTodologiiT, re-

itingis pirveli nawili, ,,sawarmos registracia~ gani-xilavs biznesis gaxsnasTan (wamowyebasTan) dakavSire-

bul sirTuleebs, maT Sorisaa nebarTva, licenziebis

miReba, Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebSi registracia,

registraciasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebis raode-

noba, registraciisaTvis aucilebeli finansuri da

droiT danaxarjebi. meore nawili, `mSeneblobaze ne-

barTvis miReba” ganixilavs procedurebs, droiT da

finansur danaxarjebs, romlebic sawyobis mSeneblo-

bis, licenziebisa da nebarTvebis miRebis, aucilebeli

60

uwyebebisa da inspeqciebis SesrulebisaTvis, aseve ko-

munalur qselebSi CarTvisaTvis aris aucilebeli.

mesame nawilSi, `samuSao Zalis ayvana~, ganixile-

ba maCveneblebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Sromis baz-

ris liberalizaciasTan. yvela maCvenebeli fasdeba 0-

dan 100-mde skaliT, sadac 100 gulisxmobs maqsimalu-

rad uxeS maregulirebel normebs. Sromis pirobebis

moqnilobis indeqsi gamoiTvleba, rogorc pirveli sami

indeqsis saSualo ariTmetikuli mniSvneloba. `sakuT-

rebis registraciis~ ganyofilebaSi ganixileba firmis

mier sakuTrebis uflebis ganmtkiceba, maT Soris sa-

kuTrebis registraciisaTvis aucilebeli droiTi da

finansuri danaxarjebis procedurebis raodenoba.

`Doing Business 2010’’ reitingis gamosaTvleli

maCveneblebi23 cxrili 2.1

1. sawarmoebis

registracia procedurebi (raodenoba), vada (dReebi),

Rirebuleba (erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s

%), minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali (erT

sul mosaxleze mSp-s %) 2.mSenebloba-

ze Tanxmobis

miReba

procedurebi (raodenoba), vada (dReebi),

Rirebuleba (saSualod erT sul mosax-

leze Semosavlis %)

3. samuSao Za-

lis (muSaxe-

lis) ayvana

samuSaoze miRebis sirTulis indeqsi (Se-

faseba 0-100), samuSao drois moqnilobis

indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-100), samuSaodan gaTa-

visuflebis sirTulis indeqsi (Sefaseba

0-100), Sromis pirobebis moqnilobis in-

deqsi (Sefaseba 0-100)

4. sakuTrebis

registracia


Rirebuleba (sakuTrebis Rirebulebis %)

23wyaro: World Bank and IFC (2010). Doing Business – 2010, http://doingbusiness.org

61

5. dakrediteba kreditorebisa da movaleebis iuridiuli

uflebebis dacva (Sefaseba 0-10), sakredi-

to informaciis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-6),

adamianebis raodenoba, romlebic imyofe-

bian aRricxvaze saxelmwifo reestrSi

(zrdasruli adamianebis %), adamianebis

raodenoba, romlebic imyofebian aRric-

xvaze kerZo biuroSi (zrdasruli adamia-

nebis %)

6.investorebis

dacva

informaciis gaxsnilobis indeqsi (Sefa-

seba 0-10), direqtoris pasuxismgeblobis

indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-10), aqcionerebis mier

sarCelis Setanis SesaZleblobis indeqsi

(Sefaseba 0-10), investorebis interesebis

dacvis indeqsi (Sefaseba 0-10)

7. dabegvra gadasaxadebi (raodenoba), dro (saaTebi),

mogebis gadasaxadi (mogebis %), gadasaxa-

debi xelfasze (xelfasis %), sxva gadasa-

xadebi (Semosavlebis %), saerTo sagada-

saxado ganakveTi (mTliani Semosavlebis

%)

8.saerTaSori-

so vaWroba

dokumentebi eqsportisaTvis (raodenoba),

eqsportis dro (dReebSi), eqsportis Ri-

rebuleba ($ konteinerSi), importis doku-mentebi (raodenoba), importis dro (dRe-

ebSi), importis Rirebuleba ($ konteiner-Si)

9. kontraqtis

Sesrulebis

uzrunvelyofa


sasamarTlo Seferxebebi (sarCelis Rire-

bulebis %)

10. sawarmos

likvidacia

dro (wlebSi), Seferxebebi (saSualod

erT sul mosaxleze Semosavlis %), amo-

gebis koeficienti.

2010 welSi meTodologia odnav Secvlilia

62

dakreditebis ganyofilebaSi fasdeba sakredito

informaciis xelmisawvomobis done, mevaleebis da mo-

valeebis iuridiuli uflebebi. iuridiuli uflebebis

indeqsi warmoadgens 0-dan 10-mde skalas, sadac maRali

danayofebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom mocemuli kanonebi

kreditis miRebis TvalsazrisiT ukeTesadaa SemuSave-

buli. sakredito informaciis indeqsi gansazRvravs

kvlevis diapazons, sakredito informaciis xelmisaw-

vdomobasa da saxelmwifo reestrebsa da kerZo biuro-

ebSi moculobas. indeqsi fasdeba 0-dan 6-mde skaliT.

rac maRalia Sefaseba, miT metia saxelmwifo reestreb-

sa da kerZo biuroebSi sakredito informacia.

ìnvestorebis dacvis” ganyofilebaSi gaanalizi-

rebulia investorebis dacvis sami aspeqti: garigebebis

gamWvirvaloba (informaciis gaxsnilobis indeqsi), aq-

cionerebis SesaZlebloba uCivlon kompaniis direqto-

rebs Tanamdebobrivi danaSaulebisaTvis (aqcionerebis

mier sarCelis Setanis sirTulis indeqsi) da investo-

rebis interesebis dacvis donis indeqsi. indeqsebis ga-

zomva xdeba 0-dan 10-mde skaliT, amasTan maRali maCve-

neblebi aRniSnavs gaxsnilobis maRal dones, direqto-

rebis did pasuxismgeblobas, aqcionerebis mxridan, ga-

rigebebze did zegavlenas da investorebis interesebis

saukeTeso dacvas.

`dabegvris” ganyofileba warmoadgens informa-

cias sagadasaxado tvirTis simZimis, yvela gadasaxadis

gadaxdis saaTebis raodenobisa da TviT gadasaxadebis

raodenobis Sesaxeb informacias.

`saerTaSoriso vaWrobis” ganyofilebaSi Sefase-

bulia Rirebuleba da procedurebi (molaparakebebidan

produqtis miwodebamde), romlebic aucilebelia pro-

duqtis standartuli partiis import/eqsportisaTvis.

`kontraqtebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis” ganyofile-

ba iZleva informacias procedurebis raodenobis Sesa-

xeb, romelTa gavlac aucilebelia sakuTari movaleo-

63

bebis, oficialuri vadebisa da sasamarTlo Rirebule-

bebis (danaxarjebis) farglebSi (maT Soris advokatis

xarjebi).

bolo ganyofileba `sawarmos likvidacia” gani-

xilavs bankrotobis procedurebTan dakavSirebul

droiT da finansur danaxarjebs, maT Soris danaxar-

jebs sasamarTloSi, gadasaxadebs damoukidebel eq-

spertebze, iuristebze, buRaltrebze da sxva. aseve va-

lis amoRebis (ukan dabrunebis) koeficienti, gviCvenebs

mosarCeleebi (sagadasaxado organoebi, kreditorebi,

momuSaveebi) firmis bankrotobis SemTxvevaSi erT do-

larze ramden cents miiReben.

ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT gardamavali

qveynebis poziciebi “Doing Business’’-is reitingSi. movax-dinoT 28 gardamavali qveynis analizi, romlebic rei-

tingSi regularulad monawileoben. cxrilSi 2.2 ganxi-

lulia gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi biznesis mar-

Tvis sirTulis mixedviT da mocemulia maTi poziciebi

“Doing Business 2010’’-is saerTo reitingSi.

64

`Doing Business 2010’’-Si gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis reitingi24

cxrili 2. 2 qveyana

reitin

gi*

qveyana

reitin

gi*

qveyana

reitin

gi*

saqarTve-

lo 1 (11)

bulgare-

Ti 10 (44) albaneTi 19 (82)

estoneTi 2(24) ungreTi 11 (47) serbeTi 20 (88)

litva 3 (26) slovakeTi 12 (53) moldaveTi 21 (94)

latvia 4(27) rumineTi 13 (55) xorvatia 22 (103)

makedonia 5 (32) beloru-

sia 14 (58)

bosnia da

hercogovina 23 (116)

azerbaija-

ni 6 (38) yazaxeTi 15 (63) ruseTi 24 (120)

yirgizeTi 7 (41) poloneTi 16 (72) ukraina 25 (142)

slovakeTi 8(42) TurqeTi 17 (73) uzbekeTi 26 (150)

sasomxeTi

9

(43) CexeTi 18 (74) tajikeTi 27 (152)

* miniSnebulia qveynis pozicia saerTo reitingSi. frCxilebSi

naCvenebia adgili saerTo reitingSi.

`Doing Business 2010’’-is reitingSi gardamaval qvey-

nebs Soris saqarTvelo pirvel adgilze aRmoCnda (me-

11 adgili saerTo reitingSi). qveyana bolo wlebSi aq-

tiur liberalur reformebs atarebda, maT Soris biz-

nes-garemos mimarTulebiT. agreTve, sawyisi poziciebi

uWiravT estoneTs, litvasa da latvias. belorusia,

gardamaval qveynebs Soris, me-14 poziciaze imyofeba

da saerTo reitingSi 58-e adgilzea. es arsebiTi prog-

24 wyaro: World Bank and IFC (2010). Doing Business --- 2010, http://doingbusiness.org

65

resia, radgan jer kidev ori wlis win belorusia rei-

tingis bolos imyofeboda. 2008 wels saerTo reitin-

gSi man 30 poziciiT, xolo 2009 wels kidev 24 pozici-

iT maRla gadainacvla. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi, re-

formebis mxriv, gardamaval qveynebs Soris _ yirgize-

Ti, makedonia da belorusia _ udidesi progresi gan-

xorcielda.

saqarTvelo, saerTo reitingSi, 183 qveyanas So-

ris lider-reformatorebis oTxeulSi Sevida. ungre-

Tis, CexeTis, slovakeTis, rumineTis da TurqeTis rei-

tingi, piriqiT, daeca, es SeiZleba moxdes maRali re-

formatuli dinamikis xarjze araxelsayreli garemos

mqone qveynebSi (ix. cxrili 2.3).25

`Doing Business 2010 ~-Si `Doing Business 2009~-sTan SedarebiT gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebis reitingis cvlileba

cxrili 2.3

qveyana

reitin

gis

cvl

ileb

a

qveyana

reitin

gis

cvl

ileb

a

qveyana

reitin

gis

cvl

ileb

a

yirgize-

Ti +39

slovake-

Ti +5

estone-

Ti -2

makedo-

nia +37 ukraina +4

bulga-

reTi -2

beloru-

sia +24 latvia +3 ruseTi

-2

molda-

veTi +14

bosnia

da her-+3

uzbeke-

Ti -5

25 wyaro: World Bank and IFC (2010). Doing Business --- 2010, http://doingbusiness.org

66

cogovi-

na

tajike-

Ti +12 serbeTi +2 ungreTi -6

somxeTi +7 yazaxeTi +1

slovake-

Ti -7

albane-

Ti +7

azerbai-

jani 0 CexeTi -8

xorva-

tia +7

polone-

Ti 0

rumine-

Ti -10

saqar-

Tvelo +5 litva -1 TurqeTi -10

biznes-garemo pirdapir gavlenas axdens qveyanaSi

biznesis konkurentunarianobasa da mSp-ze. rogorc nax.

2.1-ze analizi gviCvenebs, “Doing Business 2010’’ reitingSi qveynis ufro maRal pozicias Seesabameba mSp-Si kerZo

seqtoris ufro maRali wili, Sesabamisad maRalia misi

konkurentunarianoba. kerZo seqtoris wili estoneTSi,

slovakeTSi, ungreTSi, litvaSi, saqarTveloSi, bulga-

reTSi mSp-Si 80%-s aRwevs, belorusiaSi ki_30%-ia. Tu

analizidan belorusias gamovricxavT, maSin mSp-Si

kerZo seqtoris wilis xazobriv damokidebulebasTan

miaxloeba “Doing Business 2010’’-is reitingSi 62.4%-s Se-

adgens (R Sq Linear=0,624), rac maRal statistikur da-

mokidebulebas aRniSnavs. es SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes,

bolo wlebSi, belorusiis reformebis nominalur xa-

siaTze, an sxva administraciuli SezRudvebis mxridan

ekonomikis restruqturizaciis dabrkolebaze, romle-

bic reitingSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.

saqarTvelo ar figurirebs biznes-garemos da

konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebis ganmsazRvrel sxva

reitingebSi. analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gamovavli-

noT, rom, rac ufro maRalia gardamavali qveynebis

biznesis marTvis pirobebis reitingi, miT maRalia maTi

67

poziciebi konkurentunarianobis reitingebSi. rogorc

statistikuri analizis monacemebidan Cans, korelaci-

is koeficientebi “Doing Business 2010’’-sa da IMD 2009 rei-tingebs Soris (korelaciis koeficienti 0,655) da GCI 2009-2010-s Soris SeimCneva Zalian mWidro kavSiri.

“Doing Business 2010’’-is reitingSi estoneTis, azer-

baijanis, slovakeTis, sloveniis, litvis, ungreTis ma-

Ral poziciebs Seesabameba maRali poziciebi msoflio

ekonomikuri forumis GCI 2009-2010 konkurentunariano-bis reitingSi.

analizma mogvca sami komponentis gamovlenis sa-

Sualeba, romelTa kavSiric mSp_Si kerZo seqtoris

gansakuTrebuli woniT mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda: dakre-

diteba (sesxebi), dabegvra da saerTaSoriso vaWroba.

yvela koeficients gaaCnia mosalodneli niSani. dakre-

ditebasTan dakavSirebuli instituciuri garemos gaua-

reseba (kreditorebisa da msesxeblebis uflebebis

dacva, sakredito istoriis xelmisawvdomoba). indeqsis

komponentebis cvlileba mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris wilis

Semcirebas iwvevs. rac ufro maRalia sagadasaxado ta-

rifebi, rac ufro damamZimebelia sagadsaxado adminis-

trireba, kerZo seqtorSi miT naklebi mSp iwarmoeba.

analogiurad, rac ufro naklebad mZimea gare vaWrobis

regulireba da rac ufro dabalia masTan dakavSirebu-

li procedurebis Rirebuleba (daxarjebi), miT maRa-

lia mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris wili. yvela administraciu-

li Rirebuleba (xarji) warmoadgens biznesis marTvis

transaqciul danaxarjebs da mis konkurentunariano-

bas amcirebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom biznesis ganviTarebaze moqmedi,

biznes-garemos mdgomareobis analizSi mniSvnelovani

cvalebadobis raodenoba yovelwliurad mcirdeba. qve-

moT mocemulia analogiuri regresiuli analizis Sde-

gebi 2008 wlis monacemebis mixedviT. aq mniSvnelovani

damoukidebeli cvalebadobis raodenoba metia. `dakre-

68

ditebis` `dabegvris” `saerTaSoriso vaWrobis” indeq-

sis komponentebs 2009 w. emateba `sawarmos registraci-

is” da ìnvestorebis dacvis” cvladebi, sakontraqto

urTierTobebTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi.

aRniSnul TavSi Catarebuli analizi saSualebas

gvaZlevs warmovadginoT garkveuli daskvnebi. naTelia,

rom transformaciuli procesebi postsabWouri qveyne-

bis ekonomikaSi mimdinareobda sxvdasxva intensiuro-

biT da maT gamoiwvies sxvadasxva Sedegebic. zogierTi

qveyana sabazro urTierTobebze swrafad gadavida da

maT xelsayreli bizbes-garemos SeqmniT moaxdines ker-

Zo seqtoris ganviTarebis stimulireba, sxvebi TavSeka-

vebiT atarebdnen reformebs da ekonomikaSi saxelmwi-

fos monawileobis didi wili SeinarCunes. instituciu-

ri cvlilebebis winamZRvari qveynebSi warmoiqmneba ga-

re pirobebis SecvliT da Sida rekonstruqciiT, amas-

Tan axali institutebi institucionalur sistemaSi

Seqmnil did winaaRmdegobebs xvdebian. saqarTvelos

SemTxvevaSi biznesis marTvis pirobebis reformebi gan-

pirobebuli iyo ufro gare faqtorebiT (msoflio fi-

nansuri krizisi, araxelsayreli gare koniunqtura, sa-

xelmwifos SesaZleblobis Semcireba arakonkurentuna-

riani saxelmwifo warmoebebis mxardaWera da a.S.), vid-

re Siga faqtorebiT. rogorc saerTaSoriso reitinge-

bis analizi gviCvenebs, biznes-garemos xelsayrelobis

maCveneblebi pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli qveynis konku-

rentunarianobis maCveneblebTan, maT mier moziduli

investiciebis moculobebTan. SedarebiT ufro warmate-

buli da konkurentunariani qveynebi biznesis ganviTa-

rebis minimaluri administraciuli barierebiT, mSp-Si

kerZo seqtoris didi wiliT xasiaTdeba. belorusiaSi

msoflio bankisa da sfk_s mixedviT bolo wlebSi da-

fiqsirebuli biznesis marTvis pirobebis aqtiuri re-

formebis miuxedavad, mSp-Si kerZo seqtoris wili 30%-

s ar aRemateba. es SeiZleba mowmobdes rogorc refor-

69

mebis nominalur xasiaTze, aseve reitingis meTodolo-

giis xarvezebze.

saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi biznesis mareguli-

rebeli kanonmdeblobis garkveuli reformebi tardeba.

isini exeba ufro problemur sferoebs_dabegvra, li-

cenzireba, faswarmoqmna da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom

gatarebuli reformebi qveyanaSi biznesis regulirebis

sistemas arsebiTad ar cvlis, isini biznes-garemos ga-

umjobesebas ganapirobebs. Tu qveyanaSi gagrZeldeba

biznes-garemos liberalizaciis kursi, saqarTvelo

SeZlebs SeZlebs msoflio sasaqonlo da ucxouri in-

vesticiebis bazrebze sakuTari konkurentuli pozicie-

bis gaumjobesebas.

70

Tavi III

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis

konkurentunarianobis

amaRleba

qveynis sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunariaoba, mi-

si ekonomikis msoflio sameurneo urTierTobebSi Car-

Tulobis done saxelmwifos saerTo konkurentunariano-

bis erT-erT xSirad gamoyenebad indikators warmoad-

gens. Tavis mxriv sagareo vaWroba tradiciulad miekuT-

vneba myari ekonomikuri zrdisa da erovnuli ekonomi-

kis ganviTarebis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtors. 2010 wels

eqsportisa da importis moculobebma 1 575,1 mln. lari

Seadgina, rac mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi (20 791,3 mln. lari)

5%-ia, imave periodSi importis 5156,3 mln. lari Sefar-

debam mSp-sTan 20 % Seadgina. 2009 wels finansur da

ekonomikur krizisTan dakavSirebiT, SeiniSneboda moce-

muli maCveneblebis Semcireba (eqsporti/mSp Seadgenda

8,9 %-s, xolo importi/mSp 25 %-s), romelic gamowveuli

iyo rogorc saSualo fasebis SemcirebiT, aseve garesa-

vaWro nakadebis fizikuri moculobebiT. amavdroulad,

gaxsnilobis maRali done saqarTvelos ekonomikas xdis

msoflio bazrebze momxdar cvlilebebze damokide-

buls, amitom, qveynebisaTvis did mniSvnelobas iZens

iseTi politikis formireba, romelic mimarTulia Sida

da gare bazrebze erovnuli mwarmoeblebis konkurentu-

narianobis amaRlebisaken. radgan, konkurencia yovel-

Tvis gulisxmobs Sedarebas, upirveles yovlisa sauba-

ria maRalxarisxiani produqtis warmoebis SesaZleblo-

baze. SedarebiTi upiratesobebi ar aris statikuri maC-

venebeli: zogierTi maTgani droTa ganmavlobaSi sus-

tdeba da SeiZleba gaixarjos, xolo sxvebi ki SeiZleba

iqnes mopovebuli. nebismieri qveynisaTvis Zalzed aqtua-

luria SedarebiTi upiratesobebis cvlilebebis dinami-

kis analizi, rac ganviTarebis gansazRvruli strategi-

71

is SemuSavebis saSualebas iZleva. mocemuli Tavis miza-

nia saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba saga-

reo vaWrobaSi, misi SedarebiTi upiratesobebis analizi

dinamikaSi da imis gansazRvra, ganapirobebs Tu ara qve-

yanaSi gatarebuli ekonomikuri politika SedarebiTi

upiratesobebis axali modelis formirebas, romelic

msoflio bazris moTxovnebs Seesabameba.

3.1 saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis

Sefaseba sagareo vaWrobaSi

2009 wels yvelaze metad Semcirda vaWrobis, komu-

naluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis, sas-

tumroebisa da restornebis dargebi. am dargebSi Seqmni-

li damatebuli Rirebuleba Semcirda: vaWrobaSi

16.3%_iT, komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri mom-

saxurebis dargSi 13.0%_iT, sastumroebis da restorne-

bis dargSi 4.4%_iT. yvelaze meti zrda dafiqsirda jan-

mrTelobis dacvis, ganaTlebis, safinanso saqmianobis

da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis dargebSi. janmrTelobis

dacvaSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba 8.7%_iT, ga-

naTlebaSi 4.7%_iT, safinanso saqmianobaSi 1.5%_iT da

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi ki 1.2%_iT gaizarda.

2010 wlis sam kvartalSi, wina wlis Sesabamis pe-

riodTan SedarebiT, realuri mTliani Sida produqti

(mSp) 6.5%-iT gaizarda da nominalur gamoxatulebaSi

14.7 mlrd lars gautolda.

mSp-is zrdaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili

mrewvelobis, vaWrobisa da transportis dargebma Sei-

tanes. am dargebma ganapirobes mSp-is 4.0%-iT zrda, rac

mTliani Sida produqtis saerTo zrdis 61.5%-s Sead-

gens.

2010 wlis ianvar-seqtemberSi, 2009 wlis Sesabamis

periodTan SedarebiT, warmoebis moculobis yvelaze

meti zrda dafiqsirda mrewvelobis, transportis, ko-

72

munaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis,

sastumroebis da restornebis da vaWrobis dargebSi. am

dargebSi Seqmnili damatebuli Rirebuleba gaizarda:

mrewvelobaSi _ 14.9%-iT, transportSi _ 14.9%-iT, komu-

naluri, socialuri da personalur momsaxurebaSi –

13.0%-iT, sastumroebis da restornebis dargSi – 12.3%-

iT da vaWrobaSi _ 11.8.%-iT.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis monacemebiT, 2011 wels

mosalodnelia realuri mTliani Sida produqtis 6.3

procentiani zrda, romelic nominalur gamoxatuleba-

Si 20.6 mlrd lars gadaaWarbebs. prognozuli gaTvle-

biT, saSualovadian periodSi (2011-2014 wlebi) mSp-is

zrdis saSualo wliuri maCvenebeli savaraudod 5.9

procentis farglebSi iqneba.

diagrama 3.1 nominaluri mSp-s dinamika26

26 saqarTvelos mTavroba, qveynisQZiriTadi monacemebi da

mimarTulebebi 2011-2014 wlebisaTvis (saboloo varianti).

Tbilisi. 2011

73

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informaciiT 2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam 5 500 mln aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 2008 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels 29.5 procentiT CamorCeba. savaWro brunvaSi eqsporti 1 131 mln aSS dolars Seadgens (Semcirda 24.4%-iT), xolo importi – 4 369 mln aSS dolars (Sem-cirda 30.7%-iT).

2009 wels, savaWro brunvis mixedviT, ZiriTad sa-vaWro partnior qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilze Tur-qeTia. misi wili mTlian savaWro brunvaSi 18.4 pro-cents Seadgens. meore adgilze 9.9 procentiT azerbai-jania, momdevno adgilebs ikaveben ukraina (9.1 procen-ti) da germania (5.9 procenti).

eqsportis mixedviT ZiriTad savaWro partnior qveynebs Soris pirveli adgili TurqeTs uWiravs. am qveynis wilad mTliani eqsportis 20.0% modis. meore adgilze 14.7%_iT azerbaijania, mesameze kanada 10.4%_iT, meoTxeze somxeTi 7.9%_iT, xolo mexuTeze ukraina 7.4%_iT.

importis mixedviT ZiriTad savaWro partnior qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilze TurqeTia. misi wili mTlian importSi 18.0%_ia. meore adgili 9.6%_iT ukra-inas, mesame ki 8.6 %_iT azerbaijans uWiravs.

2009 wels sagareo vaWrobis sasaqonlo struqtu-ris mixedviT saqonlis eqsportSi pirvel adgilze 11.5 procentiT feroSenadnobebia, Semdeg modian naxevrad-damuSavebuli oqro (10.3 procenti), msubuqi avtomobi-lebi (6.9 procenti), Txili da sxva kakali (6.2 procen-ti) da a.S.

importis sasaqonlo struqturaSi pirvel adgil-ze 12.7%_iT navTobi da navTobproduqtebia. Semdeg mo-dis msubuqi avtomobilebi, romelTa nawili SemdgomSi gadis eqsportze (5.8%), samkurnalo saSualebebi (4.0%), navTobis airebi da airisebri naxSirwyalbadebi (3.5%).

2010 wels, sagareo savaWro brunva wina wlis Se-sabamis periodTan SedarebiT 21%-iT gaizarda da nomi-

74

nalur gamoxatulebaSi 6678 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina. aqedan, saqonlis eqsportma 40%-iT, xolo saqonlis im-portma 17%-iT moimata.

saqonelbrunvis moculobis mixedviT, saqarTve-los umsxviles partnior qveynebs Soris pirveli adgi-li TurqeTs ukavia, romlis wili mTliani saqonel-brunvis 16.5%-s Seadgens. mas mosdevs azerbaijani (10.6%), ukraina (9.9%) da a.S.

eqsportSi 15.4%-iT pirvel adgilze azerbaijania, meoreze TurqeTi 13.6%-iT. importSi pirveli adgili 17.4%-iT TurqeTs uWiravs, Semdeg adgilzea ukraina 11.0%-iT.

sasaqonlo jgufebis mixedviT eqsportSi pirvel adgilze feroSenadnobebia mTlian eqsportSi 16.7%-ia-ni wiliT, momdevno adgilebs ikaveben: msubuqi avtomo-bilebi (14.4%), Savi liTonebis jarTi (6.9%), oqro da-muSavebuli an naxevrad damuSavebuli (5.4%), azotovani sasuqebi (4.6%) da a.S.

importis sasaqonlo struqturaSi pirvel adgil-ze navTobi da navTobproduqtebia mTlian importSi 13.6% wiliT. Semdeg modian: msubuqi avtomobilebi (6.1%), samkurnalo saSualebebi (3.7%), xorbali (3.4%) da a.S

1999 wels daiwyo saqarTvelos savaWro balansis erTgvarad gaumjobeseba - eqsporti gaizarda da impor-ti Semcirda. eqsportis xvedriTma wilma sagareo sa-vaWro brunvaSi 28,9% Seadgina, mSp-Si ki - 8,5 %. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom: eqsportis zrdas am dros ar hqonda warmoebriv-teqnologiuri safuZveli, rac xels uSli-da vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi (vmo) saqarTve-los gawevrianebiT warmoSobili SesaZleblobebis rea-lizebas: mcire iyo ucxouri investiciebis Semosvlis masStabebi, ukiduresad gamwvavda sagareo valis prob-lema, radganac kidev ufro garTulda misi momsaxure-ba qveynis biujetidan.

sagareo valis momsaxurebis didi moculobis ga-mo saqarTvelo 1998 wlidan SeZlebisdagvarad arideb-

75

da Tavis davalianebis srulad dafarvas, radganac am SemTxvevaSi qveyana umZimes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebo-da. marTalia, mTavroba mxolod garkveul CarCoebSi aRwevda restruqturizebas, magram es ar iyo proble-mis sabolood mogvareba. igi mxolod qveynis ganviTa-rebis, upirveles yovlisa, misi eqsporti Semosavlebis mkveTrad gadidebis gziT SeiZleba mogvarebuliyo.

amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qveynis eko-nomika CaerTo msoflio meurneobaSi, magram Zalian sustad, radganac igi am meurneobis aqtiur subieqtad jer kidev ver Camoyalibda.

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis monacemebi 2005-2010 wlebSi warmodgenilia cxrilSi 3.127

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWroba (2005-2010) cxrili 3.1

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 sagareo savaW-ro brunva, mln, aSS do-lari

3 353.0 4 611.2 6 444.3 7 796.9 5 513 6 678.5

saqonlis re-gistrirebuli eqsporti (FOB), mln, aSS dolari

865.5 936.4 1 232.1 1 495.3 1 135 1 583.4

saqonlis re-gistrirebuli importi (CIF), mln, aSS do-lari

2 487.5 3 674.8 5 212.2 6 301.5 4 378 5 095.1

sagareo vaWro-bis saldo, mln, aSS do-lari

-1 622.1 -2 738.5

-3 980.0

-4 806.2 -3 243 -3511.7

27 www.geostat.ge

76

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis Sesaxeb saqarTve-

los statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris statistikur

informacias Tu gadavxedavT, mTavari daskvnebi Semde-

ginairia: 2009 wels, wina wlebTan SedarebiT, savaWro

brunva, daaxloebiT, mesamediT Semcirda, Sesabamisad –

Semcirda qveynis uaryofiTi savaWro balansi. qveynis

sagareo vaWrobis 2/3-mde kvlav aT qveyanaze modioda,

romelTa Soris wamyvan poziciebs kvlav TurqeTi da

dsT-s qveynebi inarCunebdnen, Tumca saqarTvelosTan

vaWrobaSi CarTuli saxelmwifoebis wre TandaTan far-

Tovdeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebis

eqsportisa da importis maCvenebeli saerTo savaWro

brunvis mxolod 30%-s Seadgens. ra Tqma unda, gasaTva-

liswinebelia, rom es monacemebi mxolod oficialur

statistikas eyrdnoba da araorganizebuli vaWrobis

monacemebi masSi ar Sesula.

2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunva

(araorganizebuli vaWrobis gareSe) 5 513 mln aSS do-

lars Seadgens, rac wina wlis maCvenebelze 29,3 %T

naklebi iyo. aqedan eqsporti 135,0 mln. aSS dolaria

(Sesabamisad 24,1%-iT naklebi), xolo importi - 4 378,3

mln. aSS dolari (30,6 %-iT naklebi). 2009 wels saqar-

Tvelos uaryofiTi savaWro balansma 3 243,4 mln aSS

dolari Seadgina (Sesabamisad 32,5 %-iT naklebi).

2009 wels saqarTvelos uaryofiTi savaWro ba-

lansi hqonda 101 partnior qveyanasTan, romlebTanac

savaWro deficiti 3 434,7 mln. aSS dolars Seadgenda,

nacvlad 109 qveynisa da 5 036,0 mln. aSS dolarisa, rac

2008 wels dafiqsirda.

2009 wels qveyanas dadebiTi savaWro balansi

hqonda 30 qveyanasTan (191,3 mln. aSS dolari), nacvlad

21 qveynisa da 227,5 mln. aSS dolarisa, rac 2008 wels

dafiqsirda.

2009 wels saqarTvelos 1 mln. aSS dolarze meti

dadebiTi savaWro balansi hqonda 12 qveyanasTan: kanada

77

(103,1 mln. aSS dolari), somxeTi (47,5 mln. aSS dola-

ri), erayi (10,5 mln. aSS dolari), saudis arabeTi (9,1

mln. aSS dolari), libani (3,7 mln. aSS dolari), alba-

neTi (3,1 mln. aSS dolari), angola (3,1 mln. aSS dola-

ri), uzbekeTi (2,3 mln. aSS dolari), burkinafaso (1,9

mln. aSS dolari), yirgizeTi (1,5 mln. aSS dolari), eg-

vipte (1,2 mln. aSS dolari) da tajikeTi (1,1 mln. aSS

dolari).

2009 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunva

evrokavSiris qveynebTan 1 546,9 mln. aSS dolari iyo,

rac wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze 26,0%-iT nakle-

bia; aqedan eqsporti 237,6 mln. aSS dolari (29,1%-iT

naklebi), xolo importi _ 1 309,2 mln. aSS dolari

(25,5%-iT naklebi). am qveynebis wilad modioda sagareo

savaWro brunvis 28,1%, maT Soris eqsportis 20,9% da

importis 29,9%. (2008 wels - Sesabamisad 26,8 - 22,4 da

27,9%). am qveynebze modioda savaWro deficitis 33,0%

(2008 wels - 29,6 %).

dsT-s qveynebTan sagareo savaWro brunva 2009

wels 1 677,1 mln. aSS dolars Seadgenda (2008 welTan

SedarebiT 34,0% naklebi), aqedan eqsporti 416,2 mln.

aSS dolaria (23,0% naklebi), xolo importi - 1 255,1

mln. aSS dolari (37,0% naklebi). am qveynebis wilad

saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvis 30,4% modioda,

maT Soris eqsportis 36,7% da importis 28,8% (2008

wels - Sesabamisad 32,6 - 36,2 da 31,7%). am qveynebze sa-

vaWro deficitis 26,0 % (2008 wels - 30,4%) modis.

2009 wels aTi umsxvilesi savaWro partnioris wi-

li saqarTvelos mTlian sagareo savaWro brunvaSi

66,3% Seadgenda. umsxviles savaWro partniorebs Soris

arian dsT-s sami qveyana da maTze modioda mTliani sa-

gareo savaWro brunvis 24,6%, 2008 wels ki dafiqsirda

Sesabamisad sami qveyana da 26,4%.

2009 wels sagareo savaWro brunvis mixedviT Tur-

qeTi kvlav saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partnio-

78

ri qveyana iyo. meore da mesame adgilebs ki azerbaija-

ni da ukraina iyofdnen.

2009 wels umsxvilesi saimporto sasaqonlo jgu-

fi navTobi da navTobproduqtebia - 555,3 mln. aSS do-

lariT, romlis wili importSi 12,7% Seadgenda. meore

adgilze iyo msubuqi avtomobilebis sasaqonlo jgufi

254,7 mln. aSS dolariT, rac importis 5,8% iyo. wina

wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT Semcirebulia samkurna-

lo saSualebebis jgufis importi 14,7 mln. aSS dola-

riT da 175,2 mln. aSS dolars Seadgenda.

2010 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvam

(araorganizebuli vaWrobis gareSe) 6 678 mln. aSS do-

lari Seadgina, rac wina wlis analogiur maCvenebelze

21%-iT metia; aqedan eqsporti 1 583 mln. aSS dolari

iyo (40% meti), xolo importi - 5 095 mln. aSS dolari

(17% meti). saqarTvelos uaryofiTma savaWro balansma

2010 wels 3 512 mln. aSS dolari (9% meti) Seadgina.

saerTo jamuri brunviT 2008 wlis maCvenebels (7,8

mlrd dolari) jer ver mivuaxlovdiT, magram saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis dRidan pirvelad dafiqsir-

da eqsportis moculobis rekorduli maCvenebeli (1,6

mlrd dolari). 2008 wels eqsporti sul 1,5 mlrd do-

lari iyo. rasakvirvelia, es niSnavs imas, rom eqspor-

tis wili sagareo vaWrobis brunvaSi zrdis tendenci-

iT xasiaTdeba da qveynidan kapitalis gadinebasa da

Semodinebas Soris sxvaoba mcirdeba.

marTalia, saerTo jamuri brunviT jer ver mivu-

axlovdiT 2008 wlis maCvenebels _7,8 mlrd. lars, sa-

magierod dafiqsirda eqsportis moculobis rekordu-

li maCvenebeli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis period-

Si. 2008 wels eqsporti sul iyo 1,5 mlrd., lari.

2010 wels 2008 welTan SedarebiT sagareo sa-

vaWro brunva da importi Sesabamisad 14%-iT da 19%-

iT Semcirda, eqsporti 6%-iT gaizarda. 2009 welTan

SedarebiT fiqsirdeba Sesabamisad samive maCveneblis

79

21, 17 da 40%-iT zrda.

2010 wels saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brun-

vam evrokavSiris qveynebTan 1 736 mln. aSS dolari

Seadgina, rac wina wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze 13%

metia; aqedan eqsporti 297 mln. aSS dolari iyo

(25% meti), xolo importi – 1 439 mln. aSS dolari

(10% meti). saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro brunvaSi am

qveynebis wilma 26% Seadgina, maT Soris eqsportSi

19% da importSi 28%. (2009 wels – Sesabamisad 28, 21

da 30%). evrokavSiris qveynebze savaWro deficitis

33% modioda (2009 wels aseve – 33%).

dsT-is qveynebTan sagareo savaWro brunvam 2010

wels 2195 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina (2009 welTan Se-

darebiT 31% meti), aqedan eqsporti 644 mln. aSS do-

lari dafiqsirda (55% meti), xolo importi – 1 551

mln. aSS dolari (24% meti). saqarTvelos sagareo sa-

vaWro brunvaSi am qveynebis wili 33% iyo, maT Soris

eqsportSi 41% da importSi 30%. (2009 wels – Sesa-

bamisad 30, 37 da 29%). dsT-is qveynebze savaWro defi-

citis 26% modioda (2009 wels aseve – 26%).

2010 wels aTi umsxvilesi savaWro partnioris

wilma saqarTvelos mTlian sagareo savaWro brunvaSi

67% Seadgina. umsxviles savaWro partniorebs Soris

iyo TurqeTi (1 105 mln. aSS dolari), azerbaijani

(708 mln. aSS dolari) da ukraina (662 mln. aSS do-

lari).

sasaqonlo jgufebidan saeqsporto aTeulSi

pirveli adgili kvlav feroSenadnobebma daikava da

264 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac mTeli eqsportis

17%-ia. msubuqi avtomobilebis eqsportma 227 mln. aSS

dolari, Sesabamisad, eqsportis 14% Seadgina, mesame

adgilze kvlav Savi liTonebis jarTi darCa. am sasa-

qonlo jgufis eqsporti 46 mln. aSS dolariT gai-

zarda da 109 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina (ix. diamra-

ma 3.2).

80

diamgrama 3.2 2010 wels eqsportirebuli xuTi umsxvilesi produqti28

diagrama 3.3 2010 wels importirebuli xuTi

umsxvilesi produqti

28 www.geostat.ge

81

umsxvilesi saimporto sasaqonlo jgufi 2010

wels navTobi da navTobproduqtebi iyo, romlis impor-

tma 695 mln. aSS dolari da mTeli importis 14% Sead-

gina. meore adgilze iyo msubuqi avtomobilebis sasa-

qonlo jgufi 310 mln. aSS dolariT, rac importis 6%

iyo. mesame adgilze samkurnalo saSualebebis jgufis

importi darCa 188 mln. aSS dolariT, romlis wilma

importSi 4% Seadgina (ix. diagrama 3.3).

eqsportSi, 2010 wels sagareo savaWro brunvis mi-

xedviT saqarTvelos umsxvilesi savaWro partniori

qveyana azerbaijania. eqsportis moculoba am qveyanas-

Tan 243,99 mln. dolaria, anu mTliani eqsportis 15,4%.

meore adgilzea TurqeTi, am qveyanasTan eqsportis mo-

culoba 2009 welTan SedarebiT 9, 719 mln.aSS dola-

riT, anu 19,9%-idan 13,6%-mde Semcirda. mesame adgilzea

aSS, romelTanac eqsportis mocu-loba 143,6 mln. aSS

dolariT, anu 3,3%-idan 11,4 %-mde gaizarda.

importis mixedviT saqarTvelos umsxviles savaW-

ro partniors warmoadgens TurqeTi. am qveyanasTan im-

portis moculoba 888, 6 mln. aSS dolaria, anu mTlia-

ni importis 17,4%. meore adgilzea ukraina Sesabamisad

558,9 mln. aSS dolari, anu 11,0%. mesame adgilze ki

azerbajania, Sesabamisad 464,1 mln. aSS dolari, anu 9,1

% (ix. diamgrama 3.4 ,,a”).

82

,,a”

,,b”

diamrama 3.5 ,,a” da ,,b” -saqonlis eqsporti da importi 2007-2010 ww.29

29 www.geostat.ge

83

saqarTvelos sagareo savaWro balansi (2009-2010)30 cxrili 3.2

qveynis sagareo vaWrobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis-

Tvis da savaWro struqturuli gaumjobesebisTvis

mniSvnelovania sagareo savaWro urTierTobebis regu-

laruli analizi da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba. ucxo-

ur bazrebze teqnikuri barierebis daZlevisaTvis saWi-

roa qveyanaSi warmoebuli produqtisa da momsaxurebis

konkurentunarianobis zrda, risTvisac unda moxdes

teqnikuri regulirebis sferos ganviTareba saerTaSo-

risod aRiarebul normebTan daaxlovebis kuTxiT.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT saSua-

lovadian periodSi unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi Ro-

nisZiebebi:

1. saerTaSoriso gamofenebSi monawileoba;

2. ucxouri da adgilobrivi mediis warmomadgenle-

bisaTvis pres-turebis mowyoba;

30 iqve

84

3. saerTaSoriso standartebis xelmisawvdomobis

uzrunvelyofis mizniT Sesabamis saerTaSoriso

organizaciebTan TanamSromloba;

4. standartebis reestris monacemTa bazis srul-

yofa, gamzomi saSualebis damowmebis aRiareba

da akreditaciis samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba.

3. 2 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis

faqtorebi

qveynis konkurentunarianobis erT-erT xSirad ga-

moyenebad indikators misi gare ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bis Sedegebi, eqsportis dinamika da struqtura, gare

bazrebze mis produqtze moTxovnileba, msoflio sa-

vaWro sistemaSi integrirebis done warmoadgens. ro-

gorc ukve aRiniSna, yovelive amaze did gavlenas ax-

dens qveynis mier gatarebuli sagareo savaWro da same-

warmeo politika, aseve eqsportze orientirebuli seq-

torebis mxardamWeri RonisZiebebi. eqsportis konkuren-

tunarianobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi SeiZleba war-

movadginoT sami msxvili blokis saxiT.

1. stimulebis Seqmna (savaWro, sagadasaxado po-

litika da savaluto kursis politika). eqsportis kon-

kurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis aucilebelia iseTi

ekonomikuri meqanizmis Seqmna, romelic garantias iZ-

leva, rom resursebi - warmoebis ZiriTadi faqtorebi

da teqnologiebi _ mimarTuli iqneba ufro mwarmoeb-

lur seqtorebsa da aseve, ufro efeqtian sawarmoebSi,

romlebsac SeuZliaT konkurentunarianni iyvnen grZel-

vadian periodSi. amisaTvis aucilebelia analizis Ca-

tareba da dakvirveba, Tu rogor moqmedebs savaWro, sa-

gadasaxado, savaluto kursis politika, Sromis baza-

ri, biznes garemo investiciebis, produqtisa da momsa-

85

xurebis warmoebis, savaWro sferoSi gadawyvetilebebis

miRebaze. sayuradReboa isic, rom eqsportis konkuren-

tunarianobis amaRlebas SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes

eqsport/importis monopolia (magaliTad, specialuri

eqsportiorebis/importiorebis instituti), maRali ta-

rifebi importze, savaluto kursis amaRleba, da sxva

administraciuli barierebi, romlebic investiciuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze zemoqmedeben.

unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos gaaCnia sakmaod

liberaluri gare savaWro (satarifo) reJimi aqvs, Tum-

ca ,,saerTaSoriso vaWrobis~ kriteriumis mixedviT qve-

yanas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi msoflio bankis ,,Doing business”-is reitingSi dabali pozicia uWiravs. amgva-

rad, mTlianobaSi instituciuri garemo ar aris xel-

sayreli gareekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebi-

saTvis, rac aucileblad aisaxeba eqsportis konkuren-

tunarianobaze. 2. qveynis eqsportis konkurentunarianobaze moqme-

di faqtoria globalur warmoebiT jaWvSi sawarmoebis

monawileobis done. globalizaciis Sedegad warmoe-

biT sistemaSi finasur bazrebze arsebuli cvlilebe-

bi, informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologiebis ganvi-

Tareba naTels xdis im faqts, rom ufro meti yuradRe-

ba unda daeTmos globalur mwarmoeblebTan da Gereffi-is (1994) gamyidvelebTan urTierTqmedebas, ris gareSec

sul ufro rTuldeba saeTaSoriso bazrebze moxvedra.

globaluri warmoebis jaWvSi monawileoba Zalian

mniSvnelovania axali teqnologiebis miRebis, axali

standartebisa da xarisxis moTxovnebis gamoyenebis

TvalsazrisiT.

3. globalizaciis procesSi qveynis monawileobis donisa da xasiaTis Sefaseba, Tu ramdenadaa dakavSire-buli misi warmoeba pirdapir ucxour investiciebTan.

igi iZleva transnacionalizaciis indeqsis gamoTvlis

saSualebas. indeqsi gamoiTvleba rogorc oTxi maCve-

86

neblis saSualo (pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi -

pui) procentebSi mTlian Sida investiciebTan, bolo

sami wlis ganmavlobaSi. kerZod, pui-s dagroveba pro-

centebSi mSp-sTan, mSp-Si ucxouri kompaniebis filia-

lebis axladSeqmnili Rirebulebis wili da ucxouri

kompaniebis filialebis wili saerTo simWidroveSi.

rogorc mocemuli indeqsi gviCvenebs, saqarTvelo aris

naklebad transnacionalizirebuli qveyana regionSi.

am maCveneblis mniSvneloba qveyanaSi samis tolia, rac

oTxjer naklebia vidre ruseTSi, eqvsjer naklebi vid-

re moldaveTSi da 7,5-jer naklebi, vidre ukrainaSi.

eqsportis konkurentunarianoba ar SeiZleba ar

asocirdebodes imasTan, Tu ramdenad mwarmoebluria

qveynis mewarmeoba sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. konkuren-

tunarianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc erTeuli

produqtis warmoebaze dabali saSualo danaxarjebis

arsebobiT sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT. Tumca Cven SeiZ-

leba visaubroT konkurentunarianobis dakargvaze, im

SemTxvevaSi Tu qveyana konkurentunarianobis amaRle-

basTan dakavSirebiT, ZiriTad saeqsporto bazrebze sa-

kuTar wils kargavs.

saerTaSoriso savaWro organizaciebis gamoTvle-

bis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi yvelaze arakonkurentuna-

riania produqtebi, romlebic miekuTvneba informaci-

ul-komunikaciur teqnologiebs, romelTa kuTri Rire-

bulebac 3,5-jer metia, vidre saSualod msoflioSi.

amasTan erTad, eqsportirebuli produqtis sakmaod di-

di raodenobis mixedviT erTeuli produqtis kuTri

Rirebuleba saSualo msoflio maCvenebelze dabalia

(qimiuri mrewvelobis produqcia, eleqtronuli da

araeleqtronuli mowyobiloba, transporti, sxvadasxva

samrewvelo produqti). unda aRiniSnos, rom iseTi pa-

rametri, rogoric xarisxia, konkurentunarianobis

TvalsazrisiT aseve Zalzed mniSvnelovania.

87

3. 3 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis

maCveneblebi

3.3.1 vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqsi

eqsportis (sagareo vaWrobis) konkurentunariano-

bis raodenobrivi SefasebisaTvis sxvadasxva midgoma

da meTodika gamoiyeneba. saerTaSoriso savaWro centri

atarebs monitorings da axdens eqsportis ganviTarebi-

sa da misi konkurentunarianobis yovelwliur Sefase-

bas, aseve iTvlis qveynis ranJirebiT maTi vaWrobis

ganviTarebis mixedviT vaWrobis funqcionirebis in-

deqss 187 qveynisaTvis da 14 saeqsporto seqtorisaTvis.

vfi (vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqsi) iTvaliswinebs

ori aTeuli maCveneblis gamoTvlas, romlebic asaxavs

yoveli seqtoris konkurentunarianobisa da diversifi-

kaciis dones sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, aseve iZleva

qveynis da seqtoris adgilis integrirebul Sefasebas,

rac xdeba xuTi kriteriumis safuZvelze: wminda eq-

sportis moculoba, eqsporti mosaxleobis erT sulze,

msoflio sabazro wili, sasaqonlo da geografiuli

diversifikacia. yvela gamoTvla xorcieldeba

COMTRADE (OOH)-s monacemebis safuZvelze hormonize-

buli sistemis (HS) eqvsi niSnis doneze, Semdeg Sedege-bi warmodgenilia 14 agregirebuli saeqsporto seqto-

ris doneze rogorc mniSvnelobis saxiT, aseve adgi-

lis saxiT, romelic mocemul qveyanas sxva qveynebs

Soris uWiravs.

konkurentunarianobis da mewarmeobis ganviTare-

bis donis mniSvnelovani indikatoria produqtis di-

versifikacia. rac ufro maRalia mocemuli maCvenebe-

li, miT naklebad emuqreba qveyanas sagareo Soki. pro-

duqtis diversifikaciis SefasebisaTvis ori maCvenebe-

lia gamoyenebuli: eqsportirebuli produqtis eqviva-

lenturi ricxvi (rac ufro metia mocemuli mniSvne-

loba, miT maRalia eqsportis diversifikacia); da spre-

88

di -s indeqsi, romelic mocemul statistikur rigSi

zomavs dispersias yvelaze maRal da yvelaze dabal

mniSvnelobebs Soris da miRebul Sedegs adarebs saSu-

alo mniSvnelobasTan: rac ufro maRalia indeqsi, miT

maRalia diversifikacia.

qveynis msoflio sabazro wilis cvlileba, dro-

is ganmavlobaSi, mis zrdas an Semcirebas gviCvenebs.

saerTaSoriso savaWro centris Sefasebis Tanaxmad,

igi mcirdeba ToTxmet analiziebul prdoduqtTa jgu-

fidan xuTiT: tansacmeli, teqstili, da sabiTumo

eleqtronika, xis nakeTobebi, tyavis nakeTobebi, anu

upiratesad Sromatevadi produqtebiT.

konkurentunarianobis mniSvnelovani indikatoria

aseve adaptaciuri efeqti, rac saSualebas iZleva Se-

fasdes, miesadageba Tu ara eqsporti msoflio moTxov-

nis cvlilebebs. mocemuli efeqti dadebiTia, Tu qveya-

na zrdad bazrebze Tavis arsebobas (wils) afarToebs.

saqarTvelosaTvis msoflio moTxovnis cvlilebebTan

eqsportis adaptacia xdeba mxolod gadamuSavebuli

produqtebis da xis nawarmis mixedviT, xolo danarCe-

ni 12 sasaqonlo jgufis mixedviT SeimCneva uaryofiTi

efeqtebi, rac Zalzed sagangaSo tendenciaa, romelic

pirdapir miuTiTebs konkurentunarianobis dakargvaze.

konkurentunarianobis kidev erTi maCvenebelia qveynis

SesaZlebloba, miesadagos msoflio moTxovnas.

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas rom, saanalizo seqto-

rebis umravlesobiT qarTuli produqtis konkurentu-

narianoba msoflio saSualo doneze dabalia.

89

3.3.2 gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis

koeficientebi

msoflio vaWrobaSi ama Tu im qveynis konkuren-

tunarianobis SedarebiT upiratesobebze dayrdnobiT

SefasebisaTvis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs. amavdro-

ulad, indeqsis Sesabamisi meTodebis gansxvavebulobis

gamo, meTodebis aTviseba ama Tu im qveynis SedarebiTi

upiratesobebis erTmniSvnelovani Sefasebis saSuale-

bas ar iZleva.

qveynis SedarebiTi upiratesobebis erT-erTi yve-

laze cnobili maCvenebelia balaSas (Balassa)31 indeqsi.

igi ikvlevda produqtis eqsportis struqturas, im va-

raudiT, rom ukeTes doneze asaxavda qveynis SedarebiT

upiratesobebs. man SemogvTavaza formula, romlis Ta-

naxmad qveyana SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos rogorc

gansazRvruli produqtis eqsportze specializirebu-

li, Tu am produqtis sabazro wili ufro maRalia,

vidre msoflios qveynebis saSualo maCvenebeli, an Tu

produqtis wili eqsportSi ufro maRalia, vidre misi

wili regionis Sesabamis qveynis eqsportSi:

)//()/(, aajiijji XxXxRCA = an

)/()/(

aaj

iijij Xx

XxRCA = , (3.1)

sadac ijRCA - aris gamovlenili SedarebiTi upi-

ratesobebis koeficienti; ijx - j produqtis eqsporti i

qveynidan; iX -saerTo eqsporti i qveynidan; ajx -j pro-

duqtis saerTo eqsporti a regionidan; aX - a regioni-

31 Balassa, B. (1977), ’Revealed’ Comparative Advantage Revisited, The Manchester School, 45.

90

dan saerTo eqsporti. am formulam miiRo gamovlenili

SedarebiTi upiratesobebis saxelwodeba )(RCA . am in-

deqsis Tanaxmad xdeba qveynis mier SedarebiTi upira-

tesobebis demonstrireba produiqtiT vaWrobaSi, rom-

lis maCvenebelic 1-ze maRalia. es niSnavs, rom produq-

tis eqsporti ufro maRalia, vidre mosalodneli iyo

mocemuli regionis eqsportis saerTo moculobaSi mi-

si moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb monacemebis safuZvelze.

dResdReobiT balaSas32 indeqsi yvelaze gavrcelebuli

meTodia SedarebiTi upiratesobebis gamosaTvlelad,

ris safuZvelzec mogvianebiT SemuSavda axali, Tana-

medrove ekonomikuri realobis Sesabamisi indeqsebi.

ramdenime wlis Semdeg gamoCnda e.w. àlternatiu-

li RCA ”, romelic mxolod Sidasaqveyno savaWro saq-

mianobis dasaxasiaTeblad iyo gankuTvnili.

RCA -s meTodi, ama Tu im produqtis eqsportis

da importis erTdroulad gazomvis SesaZleblobas iZ-

leva:

),/()( ijijijija MXMXRCA +−= (3.2)

sadac, aRCA _ a qveynis SedarebiTi upiratesobe-

bis koeficientia; ijX - j produqtis eqsporti i qveyni-

dan; ijM - j produqtis importi i qveynidan. balaSas in-

deqsis safuZvelze, folratma 1991 wels SemogvTavaza

RCA -s gamoTvlis kidev sami xerxi, ris safuZvelzec

Semdegi maCveneblebi miiRo: kuTriTi upiratesobebi

vaWrobaSi )(RTA , kuTriTi upiratesobebis eqsportis

logariTmi )(RXA , konkurentunarianobis maCvenebeli

)(RC .

32 Balassa, B. (1989). Comparative Advantage, Trade Policy and Economic Development, Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York.

91

folratis Tanaxmad, bolo ori maCvenebeli regi-

onis mixedviT (doneze) gamoiTvleba. am sami maCveneb-

lis dadebiTi mniSvnelobebi saSualebas iZleva qveya-

naSi SedarebiTi upiratesobebi gamovavlinoT, maSin

roca uaryofiTi maCveneblebi miuTiTebs SedarebiT

naklovanebebze (dabal konkurentunarianobaze).

Tumca, arsebobs aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoyene-

bis problema, radgan vaWrobis struqturis maCveneb-

lebze zemoqmedebs xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli po-

litika amgvarad, saimporto SezRudvebs, saeqsporto

subsidiebsa da xelisuflebis proteqcionistuli po-

litikis sxva saxeebs gansazRvrul doneze SeuZliaT

RCA indeqsebis Seryeva.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, ekonomistebi cdiloben

mmarTvelobaSi damatebiTi cvlilebebi Seitanon, raTa

moaxdinon saxelmwifo Carevis aseTi saxis Sedegebis

nivelireba. ferto da habardi (2003) gamoTvlebSi

ОЭСР-s mixedviT gamoTvlil, e.w. daxmarebis nominlur

koeficients )(NAC iyenebdnen, SesaZlo Seryevebis Se-

degebis filtraciisaTvis. griue da milneri (1993)

gvirCeven fasebze dafuZnebuli RCAsididis gamoyene-

bas, romelsac uwodes àracxadi gamovlenili Sedare-

biTi upiratesobebi )(IRCA ”, raTa Tavidan aicilon sa-

xelmwifos mxridan Carevis Sedegad miRebuli ryevebi.

amgvarad, dResdReobiT bevri meTodi arsebobs Sedare-

biTi upiratesobebis indeqsis gamosaTvlelad. amasTan,

unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom ramdenime alternatiuli

RCA indeqsis erTdroulad gamoyenebisas, SeiZleba

warmoiqmnas garkveuli winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegebi. ase-

ve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom yvelaze cnobili ba-

laSas da folartis meTodebic ki efuZneba sxvadasxva

koncefcias da Sedegad, ar SeiZleba iyos bolomde Se-

Tanxmebuli (Sexamebuli) wyvili. ufro metic, RCA in-

deqsebis Sedegebis stabiluroba ukve eWvqveS iyo (ie-

92

itsi 1985) xinlupeni da van mareviki - (2001), amitomac

maTi gamoyenebisas saWiroa garkveuli sifrTxile.

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunari-

nobis analizis dros, Cvens mier gamoyenebuli iyo ga-

movlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis klasikuri in-

deqsebi, romlebic gare bazrebze produqtis konkuren-

tunarianobas axasiaTebda. iseT SemTxvevaSi, roca in-

deqsebis gamoTvla konkretuli bazrebisaTvis xdebo-

da, isini èqsportis specializaciis indeqsebs” (ESI) warmoadgenda. sabiTumo eleqtronikaze, araeleqtro-

nul mowyobilobaze, eleqtronuli mowyobilobis kom-

ponentebze, standartul produqtze, aseve xis nakeTo-

bebze, transportze da tyavis nakeTobebze droTa gan-

mavlobaSi konkurentunarianobis integraluri maCveneb-

lis gauareseba SeiniSneba.

amavdroulad, xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli

politika srulad ver Seesabameba qarTuli produqtis

konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisa da axali SedarebiTi

upiratesobebis ganviTarebis amocanas. kvlav arasakma-

risia mewarmeTa interesebis dacva, rTulia arsebuli

sagadasaxado sistema, araoptimaluria pirdapiri uc-

xouri investiciebis mozidvis politika, igi saWiroebs

gaumjobesebas aramarto moculobebis ukmarisobis,

aramed arsebuli firmebis erovnul produqtze dadebi-

Ti gavlenis ararsebobis gamo. Tavisufalma ekonomi-

kurma zonebma ver gadawyvites maT winaSe dasmuli eq-

sportis potencialis amaRlebis, axali da umaRlesi

teqnologiebis ganviTarebis amocanebi.

yovelive aRniSnuli garkveuli RonisZiebebis gan-

xorcielebas saWiroebs, kerZod, aucilebelia:

_ makroekonomikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa

(ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis stabiluro-

ba), saqmiani sferos mdgomareobis Semdgomi gaumjobe-

seba da misi prognozirebadobis amaRleba;

93

_institucionaluri sferos gaumjobeseba gare

ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad, aRniSnu-

li saqmianobis Semdgomi debiurokratizacia gaZliere-

ba, nawilobriv, saxelmwifo organoebis mier gatarebu-

li administraciuli procedurebis raodenobis mniS-

vnelovnad Semcireba;

_sawarmoebze sagadasaxado zewolis Semcireba

da sagadasaxado administrirebis gamartiveba;

_infrastruqturis xarisxis gaumjobeseba da misi

efeqtianobis amaRleba, gansakuTrebiT energetikuli

seqtorSi, radgan igi sawarmoebis saqmianobis Seferxe-

baze pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens;

_sasurvelia investiciebis stimulirebaze moqme-

di qveynis mimarTulebebis gaZliereba romlebic ga-

dascemen gamocdilebas, teqnologiebs da nou-haus,

rac uzrunvelhyofs qveyanaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis

mwarmoeblurobis zrdas, romlebic eqsportisaTvis

axal platformas qmnian.

damatebiTi Rirebulebis maRali wilis mqone seq-

torebSi investiciebis mosazidad aucilebelia adgi-

lobrivi (erovnuli) firmebis SesaZleblobebis ganvi-

Tareba da gaZliereba, aseve finansuri sistemis saka-

nonmdeblo bazis, sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvis, samu-

Sao Zalis xarisxis da a.S. gaumjobeseba.

amdenad ganxorcielebulma analizma dagvanaxa,

rom bolo wlebSi qarTuli eqsportis struqturaSi

bevri araxelsayreli cvlileba xdeboda. pirvel rig-

Si, igi dakavSirebuli iyo misi sasaqonlo koncentra-

ciis amaRlebasTan da eqsportirebuli produqtis rao-

denobisa da nomeklaturis saerTo moculobaSi calke-

uli produqtis wilis gazrdis gamo diversificirebu-

lobis SemcirebasTan. es mowmobs rogorc saeqsporto

poziciis dasustebas, ise cvlilebebis gamo eqsportis

saWiroebis zrdas. Soreuli ucxoeTis bazrebze saqar-

Tvelo specializdeboda dabalproduqtiul saqonel-

94

ze, romlebic, rogorc wesi, imyofebodnen e.w. `sasi-

cocxlo ciklis” bolos: soflis meurneobis produq-

ti, xe - tye da teqstilis nawarmi, Tanac konkurentu-

narianobis zrda aRiniSneboda mxolod bolo jgufSi.

95

Tavi IV

globaluri konkurentunarianoba da

ekonomikuri krizisi: urTierTkavSiri

4. 1 erovnuli konkurentunarianobis

kategoriis analizi - Teoriuli midgomebi

ekonomikur analizSi konkurentunarianobis kate-

goriis gamoyenebas didi xanis istoria ara aqvs. sawyis

etapebze mocemuli kategoria upiratesad calkeuli

sawarmoebis an dargebis donesTan asocirdeboda. Tum-

ca 1990-iani wlebidan konkurentunarianobis kategoria

xSirad erovnuli ekonomikis donezec gamoiyeneboda.

ekonomikuri politikis doneze, ekonomikis mmarTveleb-

ma erovnuli knkurentunarianobis kategoriis gamoyene-

ba bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi TavianTi politikis

grZelvadiani miznebis formulirebasTan erTad daiw-

yes. magaliTad, SeiZleba davasaxeloT lisabonis

strategiis farglebSi evropuli krebis (EC) mier das-muli amocana: ÈC yofiliyo yvelaze konkurentunaria-

ni da dinamikuri...”. agreTve, erovnuli konkurentunari-

anobis Tavbrudamxvevi (boboqari) zrdis uzrunvelyo-

fis aucileblobis ideas, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

grZelvadiani miznebis saxiT, araerTxel mimarTavda

didi britaneTic. Tumca, Cveni SexedulebiT, ekonomiku-

ri politikis mocemul amocanebs yovelTvis ar hqon-

daT erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriis mka-

fio da erTmniSvnelovani gageba. Teoriul naSromebSi

aseve mkafiod ar iyo ganxiluli, Tu ra igulisxmebo-

da erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriaSi, rac

kvlevebis Sedegebis interpretaciis dros winaaRmdego-

bas awydeboda. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi konkurentuna-

rianobis cnebis analizi m. porteris (1990) naSromebs

efuZneba, sadac igi ganmartebulia rogorc ekonomiku-

96

ri erTeulis mier Tavisi mdgomareobis gacnobiereba

da misi gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebis floba, an uki-

dures SemTxvevaSi, SenarCuneba.

viwro gagebiT, konkurentunarianobis kategoria

gamoiyeneba garemoSi, sadac sxvadasxva ekonomikuri su-

bieqtebis interesebi ewinaaRmdegeba erTimeores. farTo

gagebiT, konkurentunarianobis analizSi SeiZleba Se-

vides sferoebi, romlebSic ekonomikuri agentebis in-

teresebi pirdapir erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba da ri-

Tac ekonomikuri agentebi TavianT sabazro poziciebs

aZliereben. m. porteris am midgomis Sesabamisad konku-

rentunarianobis konkurentunarianobis tradiciuli

analizi tardeba sam - qveynis, dargis da sawarmos do-

neze.

konkurentunarianobis problemisadmi miZRvnil

bevr naSromSi konkurentunarianobis mimarT gamoyene-

buli midgomebi, misi donisa da dinamikis ganmsazRvre-

li cvladebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gan-

sxvavdebodes. gansakuTrebiT didia es gansxvavebebi

qveynis konkurentunarianobis cnebis ganmartebis dros.

magaliTad,33 mocemul kategorias prizmis oTxi Semad-

genlis meSveobiT ganixilaven: gayidvis SesaZlebloba

(eqsportireba), resursebis mozidvis SesaZlebloba, ga-

re garemos cvlilebebze morgebis SesaZlebloba, gamo-

muSavebis SesaZlebloba. am faqtorebis safuZvelze ew-

yoba konkurentunarianobis ierarqia, romelsac safuZ-

vlad udevs pirveli sami faqtori, xolo konkurentu-

narianobis meoTxe stadiaze gadasvla xdeba codnis

dagrovebis safuZvelze. konkurentunarianobis gansxva-

vebuli cneba mocemulia Aiginger-Tan (1996). qveyana iT-

vleba konkurentunarianad, Tu masSi sruldeba sami pi-

33 Aitken, B., and Harrison, A. (1999). Do Domestic Firms Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from Venezuela, American Economic Review, 89, 3,605---618.

97

roba: pirvel rigSi, iyideba eqsportirdeba produqtisa

da momsaxurebis sakmao moculoba; meored, warmoebis

faqtorebis gamoyenebiT generirebuli mogeba, rogorc

minimumi, amarTlebs Cadebul saxsrebs da ekonomikuri

ganviTrebis rTuli donis mqone qveynebi rentabelobis

dones Seesabameba; mesamed, moqalaqeebi kmayofili ari-

an makroekonomikuri pirobebiT.

SexedulebaTa am winaaRmdegobebis Sedegad sakma-

od gavrcelda mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mocemul

SemTxvevaSi TviT konkurentunarianobis cneba azrs

moklebulia da ar arsebobs misi praqtikuli gamoyene-

bis safuZveli. magaliTad, aseT midgomas Tavis naSro-

mebSi emxroba p. krugmani.34 amasTan, krugmani miuTiTebs

imaze, rom Tavis mxriv, erovnuli konkurentunariano-

bis koncefcia SeiZleba iyos aramarto uSedego, ara-

med sazianoc: `konkurentunarianobis akviatebuli idea

aramarto Secdomaa, aramed sazianocaa, igi Sida ekono-

mikur politikas abrkolebs da msoflio ekonomikas

uqmnis safrTxes”. erovnuli ekonomikis cnebis uazro-

bis ganxilvisas p. krugmani asaxelebs sam arguments:35 - pirvel rigSi, saxelmwifoebisa da korporacie-

bis saqmianobis pirobebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. maga-

liTad, sakuTar produqtze moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis

SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi korporaciis likvidacia

gamouvalia. amave dros, aseTi logikis saxelmwifos

doneze gadatana ar SeiZleba.

- meore mxriv, firmebis donisagan gansxvavebiT,

qveynebs Soris vaWroba ar SeiZleba ganxiloT rogorc

34 Krugman, P. (1996). Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, 12(3), 17–25. 35 Gardiner, B., Martin, M., Tyler, P. (2004). Competitiveness, Productivity and Economic Growth across the European Regions. European Regional Science Association, Working Paper, http://www-sre.wu wien.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa04/m PDF/333.pdf

98

`TamaSi nulovani TanxiT”. magaliTad, korporaciul

doneze dargis erT-erTi firmis gayidvebis zrda, dar-

gis sxva firmis gayidvebis Semcirebis xarjze xdeba.

saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi maTganis eqspor-

tis zrdam SeiZleba gamoiwvios am qveynis importze

moTxovnis zrda, da Sedegad, moaxdinos xelsayreli

zemoqmedeba sxva qveynis eqsportze.

- mesame - erovnuli konkurentunarianobis katego-

riis erTaderTi mniSvneloba Tavisi arsiT mwarmoeb-

lurobis kategoriis identuria. mocemuli argumente-

bis moyvaniT krugmani (1994) miuTiTebs imaze, rom saga-

reo vaWrobis sakmaod SezRuduli rolis mqone ekono-

mikisaTvis (mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi) cxovrebis donis

standartebi, warmoebis efeqtianoba da sxva Semadgen-

lebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Sedis erovnuli konku-

rentunarianobis kategoriaSi, ganisazRvreba Sida faq-

torebiT_mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempiT. amitomac, mo-

cemul SemTxvevaSi `konkurentunarianoba aris gasar-

Tobi (sasacilo) mizezi (saSualeba), sityva mwarmoeb-

lurobis warmosaTqmelad”.36 erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis gare vaWrobis mniSvne-

lobis amaRlebis SemTxvevaSi, cxovrebis doneze da

standartebze moqmed faqtorebSi, rogorc wesi, arsebi-

Ti cvlilebebi ar xdeba. dominirebad faqtors Sida

ekonomikebis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tempi warmoad-

gens. igi sxva ekonomikis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis tem-

pis cvlilebaze sustad moqmedebs. es urTierTkavSiri

SeiZleba dairRves vaWrobis pirobebis cvlilebis Se-

degad. savaWro pirobebis arsebiTi gauaresebiT qveynis

realuri msyidvelTunarianoba SeiZleba Semcirdes, ra-

mac, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis miuxedavad, SeiZ-

leba ganapirobos cxovrebis donis maCveneblebis Sem-

36 Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness --- a Dangerous Obsession, Foreign Affairs, March/April, 73, 2.

99

cireba. aseve urTierTkavSiri mwarmoeblurobasa da

cxovrebis donis maCveneblebs Soris SeiZleba dair-

Rves im SemTxvevaSic, Tu gauaresebuli savaWro piro-

bebis sapasuxod qveyana erovnuli valutis devalvaci-

as moaxdens. aqedan gamomdinare, krugmani (1994) midis

im daskvnamde, rom `konkurentunarianoba Sromis mwar-

moeblurobisagan gansxvavebulia mxolod maSin, roca

msyidvelTunarianoba arsebiTad dabali tempiT izrde-

ba, vidre produqtis gamoSveba”.37

m. porteris naSromebSi _konkurentunarianobis

Teoriis klasikaSi _ mocemulia erovnuli konkurentu-

narianobis kategoriebis praqtikulad identuri mosaz-

rebebi. igi gadmogvcems mocemuli kategoriis konku-

rentunarianobisagan arsebiT gansxvavebas sawarmos an

dargis doneze: `konkurentunarianoba rCeba koncefci-

ad, romelic srulad ar aris gacnoebierebuli misi

farTo gamoyenebisa da mniSvnelobis miuxedavad”. qvey-

nis doneze konkurentunarianobis gansazRvrisaTvis

amosavali wertili unda iyos eris keTildReoba. qvey-

nis cxovrebis done ekonomikis mwarmoeblurobiT gani-

sazRvreba, romelic izomeba mis mier warmoebuli pro-

duqtiTa da momsaxurebiT, romelic gaTvlilia erTe-

ul adamianur kapitalsa da bunebriv resursze. mwar-

moebluroba damokidebulia rogorc warmoebuli pro-

duqtisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebaze, romelic izo-

meba Tavisufal bazarze fasiT, aseve warmoebis pro-

cesSi maT efeqtianobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi, namdvili

konkurentunarianoba izomeba mwarmoeblurobiT. mwar-

moebluroba iZleva erovnul doneze maRali saSemosav-

lo gadaxdebis, myari valutisa da kapitalze sasurve-

37 Porter, M.,. Ketels, C. (2003). UK Competitiveness: Moving to the Next Stage, DTI Economics Paper 3, London: Department of Trade and Industry.

100

li mogebis, xolo maTTan erTad cxovrebis donis ma-

Rali standartebis SenarCunebis saSualebas”.

erovnuli konkurentunarianobisadmi, rogorc

mwarmoeblurobis identuri kategoriisadmi midgoma

damaxasiaTebelia praqtikuli mimarTulebebis kvleve-

bisaTvisac. aq pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos globalu-

ri konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb regularuli moxsene-

ba, romelic qveyndeba msoflio ekonomikuri forumis

mier (WEF). WEF –is meTodologiaSi ekonomikis konku-

rentunarianobis qveS moiazreba isini, romlebic Tavi-

anT ganviTarebaSi eyrdnobian mwarmoeblurobis zrdis

faqtorebs da uzrunvelyofen keTildReobas grZelva-

dian periodSi.38 TviT konkurentunarianoba ganisaz-

Rvreba rogorc institutebis, politikebisa da faqto-

rebis erToblioba, romlebic qveyanaSi warmoebis faq-

torebis mwarmoeblurobis dones gansazRvravs.39

igulisxmeba rom, ufro konkurentunarianma eko-

nomikebma Tavisi moqalaqeebisaTvis SeiZleba ufro ma-

Rali Semosavlis generireba uzrunvelyos. warmoebis

faqtorebis mwarmoeblurobis done gansazRvravs eko-

nomikaSi investiciebis sxvadsxva saxeebis mogebis nor-

mebs. radgan investiciebze mogebis normebi (fizikur,

adamianur kapitalSi) ekonomikis zrdis tempis ganmsaz-

Rvrel fundamentalur faqtors warmoadgens, amitomac

igulisxmeba, rom ufro ganviTarebul ekonomikebs Se-

uZliaT grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis ufro maRali

tempebis uzrunvelyofa. amgvarad, konkurentunariano-

bis mocemuli koncefcia moicavs rogorc statisti-

kur, ise dinamikur komponentebs: qveyanaSi mwarmoeblu-

robis done gansazRvravs mis SesaZleblobebs Seinar-

38 The Global Competitiveness Report 2009-2010 @ World Economik. Forum.www.Weforum.org 39 (World Economic forum (2009)).

101

Cunos Semosavlebis gansazRvruli done, xolo Suale-

durad investiciebze mogebis normiT gansazRvravs eko-

nomikis zrdis potencialsac. konkurentunarianobis

faqtorebis analizis dros ВЭФ meTodologia konku-

rentunarianobis sxvadasxva stadiebis Sesaxeb porte-

ris (1990) Teorias eyrdnoba.

ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiebze

qveynis konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebaSi did rols

sxvadsxva faqtori asrulebs.

ganviTarebis pirveli stadia xasiaTdeba, ro-

gorc konkurentunarianobis amaRleba warmoebis faq-

torebis safuZvelze. mocemul SemTxvevaSi qveyana kon-

kurencias eweva warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis do-

nis cvlilebiT _ arakvalificirebuli samuSao Zala

da bunebrivi resursebi. bazarze produqtis konkuren-

tunarianobis safuZvels safaso faqtorebi warmoad-

gens, amasTan mwarmoeblurobis dabali done, saSemo-

savlo gadsaxadis dabal doneSi gamoixateba.

mocemul etapze konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis

mniSvnelovan faqtorebs instituciuri garemo, infras-

truqtura, makroekonomikuri stabiluroba, aseve jan-

dacva da mosaxleobis ganaTleba warmoadgens. konku-

rentunarianobisa da saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis amaR-

lebiT qveyana gadadis ganviTarebis meore stadiaze _

konkurentunarianobis stadia efeqtianobis safuZvel-

ze. Tavisi produqtis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebi-

saTvis qveyanam unda uzrunvelyos warmoebis efeqtia-

noba da aamaRlos gamoSvebuli produqtis xarisxi. mo-

cemul etapze qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba-

Si didi wvlili Seaqvs faqtorebis Semdeg jgufebs:

umaRlesi ganaTleba da kvalifikaciis amaRleba, sasa-

qonlo bazrebis efeqtianoba, Sromis bazris efeqtiano-

ba, finansuri bazris ganviTarebis done, Sida da gare

bazrebis zoma, aseve uaxlesi teqnologiebis xelmisaw-

vdomoba.

102

mesame stadiaze _ konkurentunarianobis stadia

inovaciebis safuZvelze _ gadasvla niSnavs, rom qveya-

nas SeuZlia SeinarCunos saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ma-

Rali done maRali Sromis mwarmoeblurobis xarjze.

es SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi Tu mocemul ekonomi-

kas SeuZlia awarmoos axali da unikaluri produqte-

bi.

mocemul etapze konkurentunarianobis ZiriTad

faqtorebs warmoadgens biznesis ganviTarebisa da eko-

nomikis inovaciurobis done. Tanamedrove ekonomikurma

krizisma, romelic bevri qveynisaTvis, garda kapitalis

bazrebze xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvisa, gare moTxov-

nis arsebiTi dacemiT gamoixata. kvlav aqtualuri ga-

xada konkurentunarianobis kategoriisa da misi gan-

msazRvreli faqtorebis analizi. bevr qveyanaSi daiw-

yes krizisis Sedegad konkurentunarianobis Semcirebis

problemis ganxilva, romelsac konkurentunarianobis

faqtorebze SeeZlo araxelsayreli zemoqmedeba moex-

dina. sxva sityvebiT, am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, krizisi

aramarto aRrmavebs biznes-ciklis recesiis fazas,

aramed mas SeuZlia Seexos erovnuli ekonomikis

struqturul safuZvlebs da ganapirobos potenciuri

mSp-s zrdis tempebis Semcireba. wina finansuri krizi-

sebis periodSi aseTi hipoTeza praqtikulad dRis wes-

rigSi ar idga. am hipoTezis praqtikaSi Sesamowmeblad

saWiroa amgvari potenciuri urTierTkavSiris Teoriu-

li motivebis moZebna. didi albaTobaa, rom aseTi ur-

TierTkavSirebi momdevnoebTan SedarebiT, arsebuli

krizisis periodSi ufro aqtiuri ekonomikuri politi-

kis Sedegad warmoiSvas. pirvel rigSi antikrizisulma

zomebma SeiZleba daarRvios makroekonomikuri stabi-

luroba da amis Sedegad gamoiwvios grZelvadiani

zrdis ufro dabali tempebi. meore mxriv, bevr qveyana-

Si instituciuri garemo SeiZleba ar iyos morgebuli

postkrizisul pirobebSi funqcionirebasTan. mesame,

103

gansazRvruli struqturuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba da-

kavSirebuli iyos finansur sferoSi regulirebis

axal zomebTan. da bolos, potenciurma fiskalurma

restriqciebma SeiZleba ganapirobos jandacvis, ganaT-

lebis, inovaciuri politikisa da sxva sistemebis efeq-

tianobis Semcireba. aRniSnuli faqtorebis farglebSi

potenciuri mSp-is zrdis tempebze krizisis zemoqmede-

bis meqanizmebTan dakavSirebiT hipoTezebis wamoyenebi-

saTvis yuradReba unda mieqces gatarebuli ekonomiku-

ri politikisa da krizisis periodSi momxdari ekono-

mikuri transformaciebis grZelvadian Sedegebs.

qveynebis umetesobaSi biujetis deficitis zrdam

gamoiwvia saxelmwifos rogorc Sida, ise gare sesxis

zrdis tempebis daCqareba. zogierT qveyanaSi krizisam-

de periodSic gare sesxebis zrdis tempebi, mimdinare

operaciebis did deficitTan dakavSirebiT sakmaod ma-

Rali iyo. misi da finansebisaTvis qveynebi iZulebuli

iyvnen sesxebis moculoba gaezardaT, kerZod, sagareo

sesxebisa. aseT pirobebSi aqtiuri fiskaluri politi-

kis gatareba, gare deficitis Sesamcireblad zomebis

miuReblad (erovnuli valutis devalvaciis an Sida

moTxovnis SezRudvis gziT), ormag deficits iwvevs

(gares da fiskalurs).

amgvarad, saxelmwifo valis dagrovebas adgili

SeiZleba hqondes ukve ori mizezis gamo: gare defici-

tis da finansebis aucilebloba, aseve recesiebis gag-

rZelebis siRrmis Semcirebis survili. dResdReobiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnulma mizezebma ganapiroba

realuri kapitalis globaluri finansuri krizisis -

suverenuli savalo krizisis - axali stadiebi. bolo

scenaris realizaciis SemTxvevaSi axlandeli finansu-

ri krizisi praqtikulad yvela stadias gaivlis: saban-

kos, savalutos da savalos.

ekonomikis realur seqtorze finansuri dispro-

porciis zemoqmedeba mocemul SemTxvevaSi araerTmniS-

104

vnelovania. krizisis pirvel etapze ekonomikis rea-

lur seqtorebSi araxelsayreli tendenciebis gadacema

ganpirobebuli iyo dakreditebasa da finansur resur-

sebze xelmisawvdomobis SezRudulobiT. Semdeg ukve

realur seqtorebSi disproporciebi finansuri seqto-

rebis axal problemebze axdenda gavlenas (axali

problemuri aqtivebis formireba, sadepozito bazis

Semcireba da sxv.,). aman ganapiroba erovnuli ekonomi-

kis biznes-ciklis eqspansiis stadiidan zrdis Semcire-

bis stadiaSi, Semdeg ki recesiis stadiaSi gadasvla.

Tumca xelisuflebis mier miRebulma zomebma uzrun-

velhyo recesiidan gamosvla, 2009 wlis Sua periodSi

aRniSnuli araxelsayreli tendenciebi finansur sfe-

roSi biznes-ciklis tendenciebis `mobrunebis” saf-

rTxes qmnis da ganapirobebs globaluri ekonomikis

recesiis stadiaSi dabrunebas. ekonomikis finansuri

da realuri seqtoris mimdinare urTierTkavSiris ase-

Ti interpretacia warmodgenilia biznes-ciklis kon-

cefciasTan SeTanxmebiT (zrdis ciklebis koncefciis

farglebSi). ufro metic, ekonomikis realur seqtorze

finansuri ryevebis zemoqmedebisas, ekonomikur kvleveb-

Si, rogorc wesi, yuradReba eqceva realuri seqtore-

bis moklevadian dinamikaze zemoqmedebas, anu biznes-

ciklis stadias. amasTan, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri

zrdis tempebi ar eqvemdebareba finansuri ryevebis Se-

degad warmoSobil cvlilebebs. magaliTad, grZelvadi-

ani ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSi arsebuli komentare-

biT msgavs daskvnamde midis cnobili ekonomistebi u.

isterli, c. reunharti da p. rogofi.40

40 Reinhart, C., Rogoff, K. (2009). This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton University Press.

105

hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb rom, finansurma krizisma

SeiZleba Seamciros zrdis potenciali, SeiZleba da-

fuZnebuli iyos Semdegze:

• pirveli, erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunaria-

noba (mwarmoeblurobis zrdis da grZelvadiani

zrdis potenciali) calkeul qveynebSi saxel-

mwifo valis didi raodenobiT dagrovebis Sede-

gad SeiZleba Semcirebis safrTxis qveS aRmoC-

ndes. magaliTad, reinharti-isa da rogof ---is naS-romebi (2010) gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifo valis

sawyisi mniSvneloba, romlis Semdegac mSp-s

zrdis tempi mcirdeba 1 procentuli punqtiT,

xolo grZelvadiani zrdis saSualo tempebi ki

ufro metad ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis Sead-

gens 90%-s mSp-Si. ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimar-

TebaSi situacia ramdenadme gansxvavebulia. av-

torebi gviCveneben, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebi-

saTvis aseTi valis sawyisi mniSvneloba dabalia

_ 60% mSp-Si, xolo grZelvadiani zrdis tempeb-

ze zemoqmedeba sagrZnoblad maRali _ sawyisi

donis miRwevisas zrdis tempi mcirdeba saSua-

lod 2 procentuli punqtiT. amgvarad, radganac

masStaburi recesiis Tavidan asacileblad qvey-

nebi iZulebuli iyvnen miemarTaT sesxebis didi

moculobisaTvis, amas mohyva maTi grZelvadiani

zrdis potencialis Semcireba. umeteswilad, es

tendencia, SeiZleba gavrceldes ganviTarebad

qveynebze, radgan erTis mxriv, arc Tu ise iSvia-

Tad iyvnen isini iZulebulni aeRoT didi sesxe-

bi vidre ganviTarebuli qveynebi, xolo, meore

mxriv, maTi potenciuri mSp-s mgrZnobiaroba gare

valebis doneze ufro maRalia, vidre ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi;

• meore, krizisis periodSi saxelmwifo sesxebis

masiuri zrdis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos finansur

106

bazrebze disciplinis moklevadiani darRveva.

igi investiciuri menejmentisa da risk-menejmen-

tis funqciebis SesrulebaSi finansuri Suamav-

lebis mier korporaciuli kontrolis ryevebs

gamoiwvevs. magaliTad, Trew (2008)-Si naCvenebia,

rom finansuri sistemis efeqtianobis donesa da

grZelvadian ekonomikur zrdas Soris kavSiri

yovelTvis SenarCundeba, Tumca finansuri Sua-

mavlobis moculobebis zemoqmedeba ekonomikuri

zrdis tempebze SeiZleba Seiryes. aseTi cvlile-

bebi SesaZleblia dakavSirebuli iyos finansur

bazarze sakredito disciplinis darRvevasTan.

Cveni azriT, mocemuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba

grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis tempebze misa-

Rebia mxolod mokle perspeqtivisaTvis, radgan

erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze mocemul mo-

mentSi miiReba da mzaddeba mravali RinisZieba,

romlebic mimarTulia finansur bazrebze dis-

ciplinisa da mTlianobaSi globaluri finansu-

ri stabilurobisaken. sabazro disciplinis gam-

tkicebiT aRniSnuli faqtoris zemoqmedeba nive-

lirdeba;

• mesame, SeiZleba ganvixiloT regulirebis axali

zomebi finansuri Suamavlobis masStabebis da-

Wimvis prizmis saSualebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi Se-

iZleba vivaraudoT, rom arsebuli instituciuri

SezRudvebi gansazRvravs danazogebis akumula-

ciisa da finansuri Suamavlobis likvidurobis

arsebobis mcire masStabebs, ramac SeiZleba eko-

nomikuri zrdis tempebi garkveulwilad Seane-

los;

• meoTxe, saxelmwifoebisa da centraluri banke-

bis mier miRebulma zomebma SeiZleba gaaZlie-

ros ekonomikuri ganviTarebis cikluroba uax-

loes momavalSi. aseTi hipoTezis marTivis Se-

107

saZlebeli iyo 2009-2010 wlebSi, Sida moTxovnis

mastimulirebeli zomebis Sedegad miRebuli

multiplikatorul-aqselatoruli meqanizmis

gaZlierebiT. ekonomikuri meryeobis gaZlierebam,

ekonomikuri ciklis erTi stadiidan meoreSi

swrafad gadasvlam meryeobis maRali amplitu-

dis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ganapirobos ekonomika-

Si resursebis gadanawilebis efeqtianobisa da

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Semcireba.

• mexuTe, potenciuri mSp-s zrdis tempebze recesi-

is ukuzegavlenisaTvis, proteqcionistuli zome-

bis gamoyenebis meSveobiT SeiZleba imoqmedos,

gare vaWrobis moculobebis SezRudvam;

• meeqvse, umetes qveyanaSi grZelvadiani ekonomiku-

ri zrdis perspeqtivebi SeiZleba gauaresdes in-

stituciuri garemos ekonomikis axali pirobebis

funqcionirebasTan Seusabamobis Sedegad. maga-

liTad, A.Cavallo, E.Cavallo is –naSromebSi (2008) xdeba instituciuri garemos mniSvnelobis de-

monstrireba erovnuli ekonomikis grZelvadiani

ganviTarebis proeqciaSi krizisis Tavidan asaci-

leblad. am kvlevebiT, mxolod maRal doneze

ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri da politikuri in-

stitutebis mqone qveynebs SeuZliaT grZelvadia-

ni ekonomikuri zrdis tempebze krizisis poten-

ciuri uaryofiTi zegavlenis neitralizeba da

krizismade periodTan SedarebiT maTi gazrda,

maSin roca zrdis tempebi instituciuri garemos

ganviTarebis dabali donis qveynebSi mcirdeba. Rousseau, Wachtel -is kvlevebSi (2009) naCvenebia fi-nansur seqtorSi institucionaluri infras-

truqturis mniSvnelovani roli ekonomikuri

zrdis tempebis SenarCunebisaTvis/gazrdisaTvis.

aRniSnuli avtorebis SexedulebiT, bolo wleb-

Si finansuri sistemis ganviTarebis donesa da

108

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris susti kavSi-

ris mizezia qveynebSi ganviTarebuli finansuri

Suamavloba Sesabamisi instituciuri infras-

truqturis gareSe.

4.2. globaluri konkurencia da erovnuli

interesebi

ekonomikis globalizaciis procesis gaRrmavebis

kvalobaze ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs So-

ris mniSvnelovnad gamwvavda konkurencia gasaRebis

bazrebze, ucxour investiciebze, inovaciebsa da axal

teqnologiebze. dReisaTvis qveynis ganviTarebis per-

speqtiva arsebuli konkurentuli upiratesobebis sa-

fuZvelze Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi efeqtia-

ni monawileobiT ganisazRvreba. aSkaraa, rom globali-

zaciis procesi calkeuli qveynebisaTvis manamde arna-

xuli SesaZleblobebisa da perspeqtivebis matarebe-

lia, Tumca, imavdroulad, igi sustebisTvis identuro-

bis dakargvis safrTxesac warmoadgens. aseT pirobebSi

calkeuli qveynebis winaSe dgas amocana: gansazRvron

maT winaSe mdgari Tanamedrove gamowvevebi da saf-

rTxeebi, droulad gansazRvron ganviTarebis misaRebi

prioritetebi.

m. porteris Teoriis Tanaxmad,41 konkurenciis ar-

si (ekonomikis nebismier dargSi, Sida da gare bazreb-

ze) gamoixateba Semdegi xuTi elementiT:

1. axali konkurentebis gamoCenis safrTxe;

2. produqtis an momsaxurebis Semcvlelebis ga-

moCenis safrTxe;

3.produqciis mimwodeblebisa da nakeTobaTa dama-

kopleqteblebis mxriv vaWrobis SesaZlebloba;

41 Портер, М. Э. Конкуренция : учебное пособ. / М. Э. Портер; пер. с англ. М. : Вильямс, 2000.

109

4. myidvelTa vaWrobis SesaZlebloba;

5. konkurentebs Soris paeqroba.

CamoTvlili xuTi faqtoris mniSvneloba cvale-

badia erTi dargidan meoreSi da saboloo jamSi gan-

sazRvravs dargis momgebianobas.

konkurencia warmoadgens ara statikur movlenas,

aramed dinamikur da ganviTarebad process. rogorc

XX saukunis SualedSi i. Sumpeteri aRniSnavda, konku-

renciaSi ar arsebobs wonasworoba. konkurencia uwyve-

tad cvladi landSaftia, romelzec Cndeba axali sa-

qoneli, marketingis axali gzebi, axali samewarmeo

procesebi da axali sabazro segmentebi. imisaTvis, rom

SenarCundes upiratesoba konkurentul WidilSi, kompa-

niaSi unda eweodnen ,,SemoqmedebiTi rRvevis’’ praqtikas

sakuTar TavTan mimarTebaSi: man droulad unda amokve-

Tos Zveli upiratesobebi axali upiratesobebis Camoya-

libebis gziT.

ekonomistebi ganasxvaveben monopolias, rogorc

bazris gansazRvrul mdgomareobas da monopoliebs –

msxvil kompaniebs, romlebic cdiloben daikavon domi-

nantis adgili bazarze. rogorc wesi, wminda monopo-

listebi iSviaTad gvxvdebian, magram bazarze monopo-

liuri dominirebisaken misi yvela wevri miiswrafis.

iyo monopolisti, iyo lideri saerTaSoriso an Sida

bazarze - es ekonomikuri warmatebaa. ekonomikuri dana-

Saulia bazarze sakuTari dominirebadi adgilis boro-

tad gamoyeneba da efeqtiani konkurenciis safuZvlebis

Seryeva.

omis Semdgomi ori msoflio blokis lideris,

ori zesaxelmwifos – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa

da ssrk konkurenciam, rac ar unda saocrad JRerdes,

xeli Seuwyo msoflio kapitalisturi sistemas. es iyo

inovaciebisa da socialur-ekonomikuri paeqrobis mi-

zanmimarTuli danergvis epoqa. zogjer ise Canda, TiT-

qos orive zesaxelmwifo Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT

110

paeqrobda. kargadaa cnobili SeiaraRebasa da kosmos-

Tan dakavSirebuli urTierTdapirispirebis faqtebi.

dedamiwis pirveli xelovnuri Tanamgzavri sabWouri

warmoSobisa iyo. alan b. Separdi kosmosSi gagarinis

Semdeg gafrinda. 1970-ian wlebSi miRweul iqna parite-

ti strategiuli SeiaraRebis sistemebSi, magram am Se-

degebis Rirebuleba araSepirispirebadia da saqme ara

marto ori qveynis ekonomikur potencialSi iyo. konku-

rentuli ekonomika ufro efeqturi hqonda saxelmwifo

dagegmis institutebs. efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis

SerCeva ufro swrafad xdeboda, Tanac minimaluri fi-

nansuri da socialuri danaxarjebiT. kosmossa da Sei-

araRebis sistemebSi pirveli sabWouri warmatebis Sem-

deg, aSS-is prezidentma j.f. kenedim miiRo istoriuli

gadawyvetileba: 1961 wels man ganacxada, rom 1970

wlamde amerikelebi gafrindebodnen mTvareze. mTvare-

ze gafrenis 20 miliardiani proeqti naadrevad daasru-

les – amerikuli ekipaJi mTvareze 1969 wels gafrinda

da n. armstrongi iyo pirveli adamiani, romelmac mTva-

ris zedapirs daabija.

,,polarisis’’ raketebiT aRWurvili axali Taobis

40 atomuri wyalqveSa xomaldis, uaxlesi samoqalaqo

TviTmfrinavebis tipis - ,,boingis’’ awyobis programebi

amerikis sayrdeni inovaciebi gaxda sabWoTa kavSirTan

paeqrobis saqmeSi. amerikis mTavrobam Tavis Tavze aiRo

am proeqtTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebis didi nawi-

li. efeqti ki amerikuli ekonomikisaTvis STambeWdavze

meti iyo. sxvadasxva SefasebiT, marto ,,apolonis’’ pro-

eqtiT amerikis mrewvelobam 20-30 aTasi e.w. ormagi

mniSvnelobis axali teqnologia miiRo, rac Tanamed-

rove amerikis ekonomikuri zrdis lokomotivi gaxda.

1970-ian wlebSi amerikis mTavroba ver gaeqca

msoflios energetikuli krizisis problemebs. axalma

energoSemnaxvelma teqnologiebma amerikul bizness

konkurentuli poziciebi gaumagres da saSualeba mis-

111

ces teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT bevrad gaeswro sab-

WoTa kavSirisaTvis, romelic msoflioSi umdidresi

navTobisa da gazis maragebis bednieri mflobelis

`dafnis gvirgvinebze~ isvenebda: informaciulma revo-

luciam, romelic ,,IM’’-ma da bil geitsma moaxdines,

sabolood Secvales ori zesaxelmwifos paeqrobis ba-

lansi. ssrk daiSala, rogorc banqos saxli, rameTu

wmindad waago ekonomikuri Sejibreba amerikasTan.

efeqtiani konkurenciis meqanizmis mqone kapitalizms

ar aRmoaCnda istoriuli alternativa. amerikis ganu-

yofelma dominirebam msoflio geopolitikur sivrceSi

1991 wlidan warmoSva axali movlena – globaluri

konkurencia. arseboben globaluri kapitalizmis mom-

xreebi da mowinaaRmdegeni, axali geopolitikuri rea-

lobis momavlis mravalricxovani scenarebi. optimis-

tebi (elvin tofleri da sxvebi) Tvlian, rom globa-

luri ekonomika gaxdeba axali humanitaruli faseulo-

bebis Seqmnisa da aRorZinebis epoqa. pesimistebi (les-

ter k. Turou) winaswarmetyveleben efeqtiani konkuren-

ciis epoqis dasasruls da gadasvlas wonasworobis

stadiaSi, romelic gaxdeba erovnuli mTavrobebisa da

saerTaSoriso organizaciebidan finansuri oligarqe-

bisa da transerovnuli kompaniebis xelSi Zalaufle-

bis gadasvlis epoqa.

upirveles yovlisa, liberalizmis klasikosebi

erovnuli saxelmwifoebis mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas

normad miiCnevdnen da moTminebiT udgebodnen civili-

zaciebisa da msoflio religiebis gansxvavebuli tipe-

bis sakiTxs. dResdReisobiT transerovnuli kompanie-

bis politika mimarTulia erovnuli saxelmwifoebis

poziciebis Seryevisaken da civilizaciaTaSoris urTi-

erTobebSi tolerantobis uaryofisaken.

meores mxriv, Ria sasaqonlo bazrebi dRemde exa-

meboda erovnuli saxelmwifoebis bazrebis regulire-

bas. mesame teqnologiuri talRisa da masobrivi komu-

112

nikaciuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi xdeba erovnuli kad-

rebis aqtiuri gamodevna ufro iafi samuSao ZaliT –

imigrantebiT aziidan, laTinuri amerikidan da aRmo-

savleT evropidan.

mesames mxriv, axal tendenciad iTvleba cocxali

Sromis gaiafeba da misi Semosavlianobis Semcireba ka-

pitalTan SedarebiT, romelSic investirebulia codna

da inovaciuri teqnologiebi. karl marqsis ,,kapital-

Sic’’ ki aris saubari Sepirispirebad sidideebze. eq-

spertTa SefasebiT, bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 2-3%-

iT gaizarda cocxali Sromis Semosavlianoba, kapita-

lisa ki 53%-iT. sxvaoba Rarib da mdidar qveynebs,

erebs, regionebs Soris gadadis konfrontaciis axal,

saSiS fazaSi.

dReisaTvis sazogadoebis nawili iziarebs mosaz-

rebas, rom sabazro ekonomika SeiZleba aaSeno, xolo

ekonomikuri konkurencia ganaviTaro. sinamdvileSi ki

sabazro ekonomika aris istoriuli da socialur-eko-

nomikuri procesebis bunebrivi Sedegi. es aris axali

azrovneba, axali fsiqologia, faseulobaTa sxva sis-

tema. XX saukunis klasikosma ekonomistebma fridrix

fon haiekma da valter oikenma araerTi batis frTa da

melani daxarjes, raTa daemtkicebinaT, rom arsebobs

mecniereba konkurenciis Sesaxeb, rom konkurencia ar

aris ekonomikuri qaosi, aramed wesrigia.

sabazro ekonomikis mqone saxelmwifos statusi

realuri xdeba msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi Ses-

vlis momentidan. ra Tqma unda, devid rikardos xanas-

Tan SedarebiT msoflio vaWroba Zlier Seicvala,

mkveTrad gaizarda arafasismieri konkurenciis roli.

ormagi standartebi arsebobs liderebisa da autsaide-

rebisaTvis, faqtiurad amovardnilni arian arsebuli

wyobidan transerovnuli kompaniebi. arsebobs mosazre-

ba, rom maRali teqnologiebis bazaze damyarebuli

inovaciebi axasiaTebT mxolod msxvil saxelmwifoebs

113

da rom maTi umravlesoba ase Tu ise dakavSirebulia

samxedro-samewarmeo kompleqsebTan an kosmosTan. Tum-

caRa, inovaciur bizness xSir SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs kav-

Siri arc informaciul teqnologiebTan da arc genur

inJineriasTan.42

amas adasturebs 1970-1980 wlebis SvedeTis, fine-

Tis, daniis, iaponiis ekonomikuri warmatebani, sadac

danerges da warmatebiT aamoqmedes inovaciuri miRweve-

bisa da ekonomikuri zrdis gadarCevis konkurentuli

meqanizmebi. ra Tqma unda, mecnierul-teqnikuri poli-

tika im periodSi atarebda gegmiur xasiaTs, magram es

politika warmoebis faqtorTan erTad, SesaZleblobas

iZleoda SenarCunebuliyo konkurentunarianobis mini-

maluri done. es meqanizmi, cxadia, ar warmoadgenda

konkurenciis srulyofil alternativas, magram misma

uaryofam gamoiwvia sabWouri ekonomikis damxoba da

mkveTrad Seamcira globaluri bazrisaken moZraobis

sawyisi SesaZleblobani.43

reformatorebma SemogvTavazes, xolo Semdeg rea-

lobad aqcies privatizaciis uSedego programa. priva-

tizacia gaxda TviTmizani da qveynis konkurentunaria-

nobis amaRlebis instrumenti. ramdenime wlis Semdeg

samewarmeo-teqnologiuri kompleqsebis mxardaWeris

principi dakninda, asobiT da aTasobiT specializebu-

li gaerTianebebi likvidirebuli iqna, teqnologiuri

institutebisa da konstruqciuli biuroebi ,,daiTxo-

ves’’ da profili Seucvales. es iyo katastrofa. Sem-

dgomi mcdelobebi gamoesworebinaT an Tundac Seecva-

laT ekonomikis damRupveli inercia, warumatebeli aR-

moCnda. ras warmoadgens gardamavali ekonomikis mqone

42 saqarTvelos globalizaciisa da regionuli integraciis

kvlevis centri, Sromebis krebuli, Tb., 2008. 43 Хайек, фон Фридрих А. Познание, конкуренция и свобода / фон Фридрих А. Хайек. СПб. : невма, 1999.

114

qveynis ekonomikur-samarTlebrivi reJimi, sadac saeq-

porto-Semnaxveli dargebi ikavebs Sida savaWro brun-

vis umniSvnelo wils da Sesabamisad, sWirdebaT saxel-

mwifos mxardaWera globaluri konkurenciis pirobeb-

Si.

am qveynebSi totalitaruli wyobis pirdapir mem-

kvidreobas Seadgenda saxelmwifo Cinovnikebis klasi,

romelmac korporatiuli interesis dacviT Seqmna ma-

Rali administraciuli barierebi bazarze gasasvle-

lad (mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis qonebis misaw-

vdomobis SezRudva, qiris, licenzirebis, gadasaxade-

bis, sameurneo xelSekrulebaTa, tenderebisa da kon-

kursebis Crdilovani sqema). korumpirebuli Cinovnikebi

xSirad uTavseben ZiriTad funqciebs sakuTar bizness.

amis Sedegad Crdilovani bazris wili 20-25 %-iT gai-

zarda.

SeuZlebelia efeqtiani sabazro ekonomikis arse-

boba xelisuflebis damoukidebeli institutebisa da

mcire da saSualo biznesisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWe-

ris gareSe. ekonomikis mTavar subieqtad unda iqces me-

warme da ara afilirebuli Cinovniki. ekonomika unda

gaxdes ara marto ufro efeqtiani, aramed am efeqtia-

nobis Sedegebi unda ganxorcieldes Semosavlebisa da

pensiebis socialur politikaSi, samomxmareblo ufle-

bebisa da ekologiis dacvaSi, janmrTelobis dacvis

sferoSi.

saqarTvelos globalur konkurenciaSi CarTvisa

da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa

msoflio ekonomikaSi ganuxreli integracia. amave

dros, sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaaqtiureba da-

exmareba saqarTvelos aRorZinebas, misi ekonomikis mo-

dernizacias, magram es moiTxovs msoflio ekonomikaSi

qveynis optimaluri CarTvis strategiis SemuSavebas da

Tanmimdevrul realizacias, eqsportis mxardaWeris

RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, perspeqtiuli dargebis

115

dacvas da importSemcvleli warmoebis ganviTarebas.

qveyanam unda aamaRlos konkurentunarianoba msoflio

bazarze, daeyrdnos im dargebsa da warmoebebs, romel-

Tac amisaTvis kargi winapirobebi aqvT44.

4. 3. globaluri konkurentunarianobis

indeqsi da saqarTvelos realoba

globalizacia iwvevs saxelmwifos transformaci-as, zrdis konkurenciis, masStabebsa da siCqares. agreTve

igi asocirdeba globaluri stratifikaciis axal mode-lebTan, sadac zogierTi saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba kar-gad axdens adaptirebas, zogierTi ki izolirebuli rCeba. ekonomikuri asimetriuloba iwvevs uTanabrobas, ris Se-degadac susti qveynebi globaluri TamaSidan gariyulni rCebian da ganicdian marginalizacias. amitom ganviTare-

badi qveynebisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba problemebisadmi axlebulad midgoma, problemis interdisciplinarul WrilSi gaanalizeba da maTi gadaWris kompleqsuri gze-bis Zieba. saWiroa axali reformebi, iniciativebi, rom-lebsac maRali rangis profesionalebi ganaxorcieleben da ara piradi sargeblis maZiebeli umecari Cinovnikebi. qveyanam unda monaxos Tavisi niSa globalur sivrceSi da Camoayalibos mdgrad perspeqtivebze orientirebuli kon-kurentunarianobis strategia.

qveynis simdidres qmnis ara pirdapiri ucxouri in-vesticiebi, aramed inovaciebze dafuZnebuli erovnuli warmoeba da biznesi. erovnuli konkurentunarianobis strategia damokidebulia damatebiTi Rirebulebis Sem-cvel gadamuSavebul produqtze, Tanamedrove teqnolo-

44 CikvaiZe T, silagaZe a., basilaia T. postsocialisturi

transformacia: saqarTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis

mijnaze. Tb., 2001.

116

giebze, inovaciebze, eqsportis moculobis gafarToeba-

ze, mTliani erovnuli produqtis (da naklebad mTliani Sida produqtis) zrdaze.

konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi mTel msoflioSi

da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, gansakuTrebul aqtua-

lurobas iZens. isG Semdegi garemoebebiT aris ganpiro-

bebuli: globaluri konkurentunarianobis sakiTxs ik-

vleven saerTaSoriso organizaciebi _ msoflio ekono-

mikuri forumi, msoflio banki, ganviTarebisa da menej-

mentis saerTaSoriso instituti, harvardis universi-

tetTan arsebuli strategiisa da konkurentunariano-

bis instituti. am organizaciebisadmi sazogadoebis

ndobis faqtori dRiTi dRe izrdeba im martivi mize-

zis gamo, rom maT mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi realur

informacias efuZneba (politikaSi, ekonomikasa da so-

cialur sferoSi), saimedoobis maRali xarisxiT gamo-

irCeva, sarekomendacio xasiaTs atarebs da mas erovnu-

li saxelmwifoebi ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis

procesSi warmatebiT iyeneben.

saqarTvelo globaluri konkurenciis mxriv, msof-lios 133 qveyanas Soris 90-e adgilzea - asea msoflio ekonomikuri forumis 2009-2010 wlis angariSis Sedegebis mixedviT. Tumca msoflio ekonomikuri forumis globa-

luri konkurenciis indeqsisTvis mniSvnelovani calkeu-

li aspeqtebis mixedviT, magaliTad, rogoricaa: biznesis keTebis siadvile da ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, romel-

Tac gansxvavebuli indeqsebi zomavs, saqarTvelos gaci-lebiT ukeTesi qulebi aqvs: biznesis keTebis siadvilis mxriv, msoflioSi me-11 adgilzea, ekonomikuri Tavisuf-

lebis mxriv _ msoflioSi 26 _ze, evropaSi ki me _14 adgilzea - `metwilad Tavisufal~ kategoriaSi. qveynis-Tvis am gansxvavebebs iwvevs Tavad indeqsebis specifika. pirvel or SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba liberalizacia-

ze - biznesisTvis xelsayrel garemoze, da zogadad, eko-

117

nomikur Tavisuflebaze. globaluri konkurenciis indeq-si ki aqcents am faqtorebis garda, kargi mmarTvelobis-

Tvis aucilebel institutebzec akeTebs. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angariSi aCvenebs,

rom liberalizacia da biznesisTvis xelsayreli gare-mos Seqmna qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisTvis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. amis mizezia Zveli, antisabazro institutebi, romelTa demontaJic aucilebelia da maT nacvlad axali, efeqtiani mmarTve-

lobisTvis xelsayreli institutebi unda Seiqmnas. bolo wlebSi saqarTvelom am mimarTulebiT re-

formebi gaatara, magaliTad, sabaJo licenziebisa da ne-barTvebis sistemis gamartiveba an Sromis kodeqsi, rome-lic, am indeqsis mixedviTac, Sefasebulia, rogorc konku-rentunariani da msoflio oceulSi Sedis.

saqarTvelom mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia ko-

rufciasTan brZolis mxrivac: organizacia `saerTaSo-

riso gamWvirvalobis~ Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo korufci-

is doniT msoflioSi 169 qveyanas Soris 66-e adgilzea

da mniSvnelovnad uswrebs regionis sxva qveynebs. es

pirdapir ukavSirdeba institutebis efeqtianobasa da

qveynis konkurentunarianobis zrdas, radgan amcirebs

biznesis ekonomikur danaxarjs da xels uwyobs ekono-

mikur ganviTarebas.

bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, wina wlebTan Seda-rebiT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTveloSi, saSualod, gasammagda. Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Seqmnam investorTa daintereseba da saqarTveloSi damza-debuli produqtis eqsportze gatana gamoiwvia. meore mxriv, Sedegiani mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebeli institu-tebis Seneba da globaluri konkurentunarianobis miRwe-va xangrZlivi da neli procesia, rasac zustad globalu-

ri konkurenciis indeqsi asaxavs.

118

indeqsi qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansaz-

Rvravs, rogorc im institutebis, kanonebisa da faqto-

rebis erTobliobas, romelic qveynis produqtiulobis

dones adgens. produqtiulobis done, Tavis mxriv, eko-

nomikuri dovlaTis dagrovebas uwyobs xels. uxvi eko-

nomikuri dovlaTis pirobebSi ki moqalaqeebis Sroma

ukeT anazRaurdeba. amdenad, rac ufro konkurentuna-

riania ekonomika, miT maRalia qveyanaSi socialuri ke-

TildReobis done.

saqarTvelo biznesis konkurentunarianobis maCve-

neblebis mixedviT liderTa Sorisaa. biznesis keTebis

simartivis indeqsiT 11-e adgilzea msoflios 183 qveya-

nas Soris, singapuris, axali zelandiis, honkongis,

aSS-s, gaerTianebuli samefos, daniis, irlandiis, kana-

dis, avstraliis da norvegiis Semdeg. yofili sabWoTa

qveynebidan: litva 26-e adgilzea, latvia 27-ze, azerba-

ijani 38-ze, yirgizeTi 50-ze, somxeTi 53-ze, yazaxeTi 63-

ze, moldova 94-ze, ruseTi 120-ze, ukraina 142-ze, uzbe-

keTi 150-ze, tajikeTi 152-ze.

biznesis keTebis simartivis indeqsSi Tanabari

wonebiT gaerTianebulia 10 indikatori, romelTa mi-

xedviTac saqarTvelo garkveul adgils ikavebs, ker-

Zod:

119

nax. 4.1. saqarTvelo globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsSi

120

1) sawarmoebis registracia (saqarTvelo - me-5 ad-

gili, axali zelandiis, kanadis, avstraliisa da singa-

puris Semdeg);

2) mSeneblobis nebarTvis miReba (me-7 adgili);

3) samuSao Zalis daqiraveba (me-9-e adgili);

4) qonebis registracia (me-2 adgilze, saudis ara-

beTis Semdeg);

5) dakrediteba (30-e adgili);

6) investiciebis dacva (41-e adgili);

7) dabegvra (64-e adgili);

8) saerTaSoriso vaWroba (30-e adgili);

9) kontraqtebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa (41-e

adgili);

10) sawarmoebis likvidacia (95-e adgili).

saqarTvelo reformatori qveynebis ricxvs gane-

kuTvneba. am reitingSi igi 107-e adgilzea 131 qveyanas

Soris. regionebidan saukeTesoa evropisa da centra-

luri aziis regioni. reformatori qveynebis xvedriTi

wili am regionSi 2005 wels 74%-s, 2006 wels _ 85%-s,

2007 wels _ 62%-s, 2008 wels _ 78%-s, 2009 wels _ 85%-

s, 2010 wels _ 96%-s Seadgenda.

saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba damokidebu-

lia upiratesad warmoebis faqtorebze (sabaziso faq-

torebze: institutebi, infrastruqtura, makroekonomi-

kuri stabiluroba, jandacva da dawyebiTi ganaTleba).

Aam mizeziT Cveni qveyana pirveli stadiis qveynadaa

miCneuli da misi mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSe-

biT mSp 2000 aSS dolarze naklebia.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis rekomendaciiT,

gardamavali ekonomikis statusis mqone qveynebma, m.S.

saqarTvelomac, sawarmos doneze unda gaaujobesos sa-

warmoo procesebi axali teqnologiebis danergvis,

marketinguli kvlevebis gaaqtiurebisa da grZelvadia-

ni dagegmvis srulyofis gziT; makrodoneze ki saqar-

121

Tvelos sWirdeba ekonomikuri politikisa da infras-

truqturis srulyofa.

kvleva aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri mzaobis, baz-ris zomis, biznesis teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da ino-vaciis kuTxiT saqarTvelos globaluri konkurenciis arenaze upiratesobani ar aqvs. meore mxriv, yvela es prob-lemuri sfero erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba da maTi gaumjobe-

seba SesaZlebelia, Tu saqarTvelo bazars kidev ufro gaafarToebs. adgilobrivi bazris investorebisTvis

gaxsniT qveyana miiRebs ara mxolod met kapitals, ara-

med maT gamocdilebas, teqnologiebSi gacnobierebu-

lobas, rac momavalSi inovaciisa da mzardi konkuren-

tunarianobis sawindari SeiZleba gaxdes.

saqarTvelos globalur konkurenciaSi CarTva

da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani pirobaa

msoflio ekonomikaSi ganuxreli integracia. amave

dros, saqarTvelos sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis ga-

aqtiureba daexmareba aRorZinebas, ekonomikis moderni-

zacias. yovelive es moiTxovs msoflio ekonomikaSi

qveynis optimaluri CarTvis strategiis SemuSavebas,

mis Tanmimdevrul realizacias, eqsportis mxardaWeris

RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, perspeqtiuli dargebis

dacvasa da importSemcvleli warmoebis ganviTarebas.

qveyanam kidev ufro unda aimaRlos konkurentunaria-

noba msoflio bazarze, daeyrdnos im dargebsa da war-

moebebs, romelTac amisaTvis Sesabamisi winapirobebi

gaaCniaT.

122

Tavi V

saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRleba

da regionuli samewarmeo politika

5. 1. konkurentunarianoba da regionuli

samewarmeo politika

msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs xarisxobrivi

cvlilebebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia globalizaci-

asTan, ganviTarebis uTanasworobasTan, erTpolaruli

da mravalpolaruli samyaros formirebis tendenciebs

Soris brZolis gaZlierebasTan, qveynebs, regionebs da

firmebs Soris konkurentuli brZolis gaZlierebiT.

aseT pirobebSi, roca bazari Rebulobs aRiarebas zo-

gadcivilizaciuri Rirebulebis saxiT, nebismieri sa-

xelmwifos Zala da simZlavre umeteswilad ganisaz-

Rvreba misi mwarmoeblebis konkurentunarianobiT.

swored konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofa

udevs safuZvlad qveynebis, regionebis da firmebis

ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebas. qveynis da misi

regionebis ganviTareba damokidebulia bazris yvela

elementze da, pirvel rigSi, firmebis konkurenciaze.

magram firmebis konkurentuli upiratesoba da misi Se-

inarCuneba adgilobriv pirobebTan mWidro kavSirSia.

bolo periodSi, dargebis globalizaciis miuxe-

davad qveynebisa da regionebis roli mniSvnelovnad

gaizarda. konkurentebTan brZolaSi firmebis warmate-

ba, upirveles yovlisa, qveyanaSi da regionSi arsebul

mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. Tavis mxriv, qveynebi da

regionebi viTardeba konkurentul garemoSi. civilize-

buli da dinamiurad ganviTarebadi bazrisaTvis piro-

bebis uzrunvelyofa, konkurentuli garemos Seqmna qve-

yanis erovnul prioritetebs Soris ZiriTadia da eko-

nomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis umniSvnelovanesi

funqciaa.

123

konkurentunarianoba iqmneba sxvadsxva - produq-

tis (momsaxurebis), kompaniis, dargis (bazris), regio-

nis, qveynis doneze. Sesabamisad, unda ganvasxvavoT

produqtis, firmis, dargis, regionis da qveynis konku-

rentunarianoba. zogadad, konkurentunarianoba es aris

SesaZlebloba, konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi Seas-

rulo funqciebi (daniSnuleba, misia) Sesamabisi xaris-

xiTa da RirebulebiT.

konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros sxva

analogiur obieqtebTan SedarebiT. qveynis konkurentu-

li upiratesobis Sefaseba xdeba ori mimarTulebiT:

gare da Sida konkurentunarianobis analizi. gare da

Sida konkurentunarianobis kvlevis Sedegebi, romle-

bic miekuTvneba saqarTvelos ganviTarebis resursebis

potencialis Sefasebas (nax.1), saSualebas iZleva gava-

keTod daskvna saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis sa-

erTaSroriso donis cvlilebis SesaZleblobis Sesa-

xeb, kerZod, qveynis saeqsporto specializaciis prob-

lemis mogvarebis, efeqturi institutebis formirebis,

adamianur kapitalze SeCerebiT investiciuri da inova-

ciuri ganviTarebis stimulirebis, makroekonomikuri

dinamikis gaZlierebis problemis mogvarebis safuZvel-

ze.

dResdReobiT saqarTvelo emxroba upiratesad

konkurentunarianobis `qveda gzis” strategias. amasTan,

aseTi strategia SerCeulia ara imitom, rom qveyanaSi

ar aris `maRali wyobis” konkurentuli upiratesobebi

(adamianuri kapitali, inovaciuri potenciali), aramed

imitom, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi am mimarTulebiT

ar arsebobda gaazrebuli da adekvaturi saxelmwifo

strategia. cxadia, rom erTaderT alternativas saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikisaTvis ganviTarebis gare da Sida

prioritetebis realizaciis mizniT, inovaciuri saqmia-

nobis aqtivizaciis, adamianuri kapitalisa da institu-

cionaluri garemos ganviTarebis, ekonomikis adekvatu-

124

ri struqturis formirebis da gare pirobebTan efeq-

tiani adaptaciis safuZvelze konkurentunarianobis

`zeda gzaze” gadasvla warmoadgens.

ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi, erovnuli

konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofis problemaSi

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs samrewvelo warmoebis

konkurentunarianobis amaRleba.

globalizaciis pirobebSi, saerTaSoriso konku-

renciis gamZlavrebis dros, saqarTvelos mrewvelobis

konkurentunarianobis problemis kvlevas azri aqvs

mxolod saeqsporto potencialis gazrdisa da gare

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gafarToebis pirobebSi.

msoflio bazarze erovnuli mewarmeobis myari ekonomi-

kuri ganviTareba mxolod misi konkurentunarianobis

donis amaRlebiT aris SesaZlebeli. amgvarad, erovnu-

li mewarmeobis konkurentunarianoba gadamwyveti faq-

toria, romelic gansazRvravs yvela qveynis adgils

msoflio ekonomikasa da politikaSi. amitomac, yvela

doneze, qveynis konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofaSi

wamyvani roli saxelmwifos ekuTvnis. igi axdens eko-

nomikur strategiasa da politikis SemuSavebas, uzrun-

velyofs ekonomikur usafrTxoebas, Sida da msoflio

bazrebze qmnis pirobebsa da meqanizmebs erovnuli me-

warmeebis konkurentuli upiratesobebis realizacii-

saTvis. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sis-

temaSi normaa erovnuli eqsportiorebis mxardaWera,

maTi interesebis dacva regionalur da globalur do-

neebze mmarTvelobiTi organoebis aqtiuri monawileo-

biT.

sxvadasxva qveynebis samewarmeo politikis ana-

lizma da ganzogadebam mogvca Semdegi daskvnebis gake-

Tebis saSualeba. ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTad ma-

moZravebel Zalas inovaciuri procesi, produqtis axa-

li saxeebis Seqmna warmoadgens. inovaciebis warmoqmnis

regionebidan axali produqti ekonomikuri sivrcis

125

sxva regionebSi vrceldeba. regionebis ekonomikur gan-

viTarebaSi warmoiqmneba gansxvavebebi. firmebi axdenen

adaptacias axal sabazro pirobebTan moqnili sawar-

moo teqnologiebis gamoyenebis, momwodeblebTan da

momxmareblebTan urTierTobebis damyarebis xarjze.

moqnili specializaciis samewarmeo politika xels

uwyobs samewarmeo klasterebis Seqmnas, `myidveli-mom-

wodebeli” qselis ganviTarebas, teqnologiebis gada-

cemis programebis SemuSavebas, venCeruli inovaciuri

programebis Seqmnas, sakuTrebaSi da firmebis marTvaSi

momuSaveebis monawileobas.

samewarmeo politikis sami saxe gamoiyeneba: eq-

sportze da Sida moTxovnaze orientirebuli, sakuTari

bunebrivi da ganumeorebadi resursebis gamoyenebis

SezRudvaze mimarTuli (navTobi, tye, ekologia da

sxva). amJamad, saqarTvelosaTvis aucilebelia energo-

matareblebis msoflio bazarze damokidebulebis gada-

laxva, es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

saxelmwifo SeZlebs erovnuli ekonomikis saerTaSori-

so konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis konteqstSi mkveT-

rad gansazRvros samewarmeo politikis principebi,

miznebi, amocanebi da prioritetebi.

Cveni azriT, erovnul samewarmeo politikaSi un-

da vigulisxmoT saxelmwifos strategiisa da taqti-

kis, korporaciebisa da sakuTrebis yvela formis fir-

mis SeTanxmeba, qveynis samewarmeo ganviTarebis mizne-

bis misaRwevad dargis da regionis masStabebSi. igi iq-

mneba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis yvela institutis ze-

moqmedebiT da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis far-

glebSi, mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens msoflio

ekonomikis ZiriTad subieqtebTan urTierTqmedebebis

xasiaTsa da formebze, gansazRvravs gare ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis Taviseburebebs Ria ekonomikis pirobeb-

Si da qmnis qveynis konkurentul upiratesobebs.

126

sqema 5.1. saqarTvelos konkurentuli upirateso-bebis Sefaseba

127

regionuli, saxelmwifo, erovnuli samewarmeo po-

litikis efeqtianobisa da Sedegianobis Sefaseba SeiZ-

leba iyos damatebiTi Rirebulebis, mTliani regionu-

li produqtis zrda.

samewarmeo politikis ZiriTad miznebs miekuTvneba:

1) sawarmoebSi ekonomikuri situaciis stabiliza-

cia, regionis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uz-

runvelyofa;

2) mewarmeobisa da ekonomikis myari ekonomikuri

zrdis safuZvelze regionis mosaxleobis cxovrebis

donis amaRleba;

3) gadamamuSavebeli mewarmeobis SesaZleblobebis,

regionis mecnierul-teqnologiuri da inovaciuri po-

tencialis gamoyenebis aqtivizaciis xarjze sawamos

konkurentuli upiratesobebis Semcireba;

4) gadamamuSavebeli dargebis sawarmoebis agra-

rul kompleqsTan urTierTobis gaZliereba;

5) qimiuri da manqanaTmSenebeli sawarmoebis kom-

pleqsis ganviTareba da sxva.

regionis samewarmeo politikis ZiriTadi mimar-

TulebebiT, misi realizaciisaTvis gamoyenebuli in-

strumentebiTa da meqanizmebiT, saqarTveloSi samewar-

meo politika ganviTarebuli qveynebis, upiratesad ki

evropuli qveynebis analogiur maxasiaTeblebs miuax-

lovda. zemoT ganzogadebul regionul samewarmeo po-

litikaSi unda vigulisxmoT miznebis, instrumentebis

da meqanizmebis sistema, rogorc regionis ekonomikaze

marTvis organoebis zemoqmedeba, romlebic mimarTulia

regionis sawarmoebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRle-

bisaken da misi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi miznebidan_mo-

saxleobis cxovrebis donis amRlebidan _ gamomdinare-

obs (ix.sqema 5.2).

am tendenciis ganmtkicebisaTvis aucilebelia sa-

qarTvelos samewarmeo politikis farglebSi aqtiuri

mecnierul-teqnikuri da inovaciuri politikis SemuSave-

128

ba, sawarmoebis saqmianobis monitoringis Catareba, teqni-

kur-ekonomikuri da finansuri analizi da amis safuZ-

velze ganviTarebis grZelvadiani gegmebis formireba.

sqema 5. 2 regionis samewarmeo politikis ZiriTadi elementebi

129

mniSvnelovania rogorc sawarmoebs Soris, aseve

sawarmoebis mecnierul organizaciebTan integracia.

aucilebelia arsebuli simZlavreebis gamoyeneba, rom-

lebic adaptirebulia bazris Tanamedrove pirobebTan

(moTxovna, fasi, xarisxi da sxva). teqnologiuri bazis

gafarToeba unda moxdes mecnieruli teqnologiebis

xarjze, romlebic mniSvnelovan kapitalur dabande-

bebs ar moiTxoven. mniSvnelovania mcire inovaciur

biznesze yuradRebis miqceva.

mTlianobaSi, saSualovadian periodSi saqarTve-

los samewarmeo politikis centraluri amocana, rom-

lis gadawyvetac uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur zrdas, un-

da gaxdes im warmoebebis mxardaWera, romlebic ar

amowuraven TavianTi ganviTarebis potencials da ro-

melTac SeuZliaT sabazro moTxovnis gasajereblad

maRalefeqtiani produqtebi gamouSvan. problemis gada-

sawyvetad unda SemuSavdes regionuli samewarmeo po-

litikis realizaciis meqanizmi, aseve arsebuli same-

warmeo potencialisa da maRali teqnologiebis bazaze

ganxorcieldes samewarmeo produqtis axali saxeobe-

bis maRalefeqtiani warmoebebis Seqmna.

5.2. regionuli konkurentunarianobis

ganviTarebis inovaciuri tendenciebi

globalizaciis pirobebSi45

msoflio ekonomikur sivrceSi konkurentunaria-

nobis problema metad mniSvnelovania nebismieri qvey-

nis ekonomikisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki msoflio meur-

45 geCbaia b. regionuli konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis

inovaciuri tendenciebi globalizaciis pirobebSi. ufro

dawvrilebiT ixileT Jurnali `mecniereba da cxovreba~ #1

(3). gv., 64-69. Tb., 2011.

130

neobis globalizaciis pirobebSi, rodesac mkveTrad

izrdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

sxvadasxva formebis roli erovnuli ekonomikisaTvis,

erovnuli ekonomikis gaxsnilobis done ucxouri sa-

qonlisaTvis, momsaxurebis da kapitalis roli. konku-

rentunarianoba warmoadgens universalur moTxovnile-

bas. bevri eqspertis azriT, qveynis konkurenunariano-

baSi moiazreba misi erovnuli ekonomikis SesaZleblo-

ba - awarmoos da moixmaros saqoneli da momsaxureba

sxva qveynebSi warmoebul saqonelTan da momsaxurebas-

Tan konkurenciis pirobebSi, mosaxleobis cxovrebis

donis amaRlebiT da saerTaSoriso ekologiuri stan-

dartebis dacviT.

warmoebis dinamika, qveynis mosaxleobis dasaqme-

bisa da Semosavlebis done pirdapiraa damokidebuli

imaze, Tu ra doneze flobs upiratesobebs erovnuli

meurneoba, misi calkeuli dargebi da sawarmoebi meto-

qeebTan ekonomikur SejibrSi. amitomac dargebisa da

firmebis konkurentunarianobis doneze damokidebule-

biT dgindeba eqsportisa da importis moculobebi da

struqtura, yvela qveynis savaWro da sagadamxdelo ba-

lansebi, ganisazRvreba msoflio meurneobaSi konkre-

tuli erovnuli ekonomikis pozicionireba.

saqarTvelosTvis konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi

ormagad aqtuluri aRmoCnda: misi Semadgenloba dakav-

Sirebulia aramarto globalizaciis moTxovnebTan,

aramed imasTan rom mimdinareobs qveynis ekonomikuri

sistemis transformacia. socializmis pirobebSi, ram-

denime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, Cveni qveyana TiTqmis

mTlianad mowyvetili iyo msoflio bazars da cdi-

lobda Seeqmna gansakuTrebuli ,,msoflio socialistu-

ri meurneoba”, sadac konkurentunarianobis sakiTxs

msoflio bazarze ar hqonda gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-

loba.

131

saqarTvelos gadasvla sabazro ekonomikaze niS-

navda msoflio meurneobasTan urTierTobis gaZliere-

bas, masSi gansazRvrul pozicionirebas da Sedegad,

msoflio bazarze erovnuli saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis konkurentunarianobis sakiTxis dayenebas.

nebismieri qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansaz-

Rvravs misi konkurentuli upiratesobebi. maTi Tana-

medrove gagebis mixedviT, isini iyofa bunebriv upira-

tesobebad, romlebic qveyanas gaaCnia Tavidanve, da gan-

viTarebul upiratesobebad, romlebic formirdeba mo-

cemuli sociumis gacnobierebuli politikis meSveo-

biT. pirvels SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mdidari bunebrivi

resursebi, xelsayreli geografiuli, klimaturi, in-

frastruqturuli faqtorebi, mosaxlebis didi raode-

noba, iafi muSaxeli da a.S. ganviTarebuli SedarebiTi

upiratesobebi - es aris mecnierul-teqnikuri potencia-

li, axali teqnologiebi da codna, inovaciebi yvela

stadiaze - saqonlis dizainidan momxmareblamde misi

mitaniT, adamianuri kapitalis maRali xarisxi, maT So-

ris SromiTi resursebis kvalifikacia da a.S. saqarTve-

los gaaCnia ramdenime bunebrivi upiratesoba (upirve-

les yovlisa sakmaod mravalferovani bunebrivi re-

sursebi), magram ganviTarebuli upiratesobebiT qveyana

jer kidev Sorsaa msoflioSi wamyvani poziciebisagan.

arcTuise ubralo sakiTxia qveynis konkurentuna-

rianoba makro da mikrodoneze, anu calkeuli kompanie-

bis doneze. amJamad saqarTvelo garkveul sazRvrebSi

konkurentunariania msoflio bazarze, anu makrodone-

ze nedleulis eqportiT. aseTi konkurentunarianoba

naklebad gamZle da arastabiluria. nedleulis mode-

lidan saqarTvelos gadasvla msoflio ekonomikaSi

iseT modelze, romelic eyrdnoba mza nakeTobebis kon-

kurentunarian maRalteqnologiur warmoebas, gamoiw-

vevs firmebis doneze anu mikrodoneze konkurenciis

rolis zrdas, sadac pirvel planze wamoiweoda upira-

132

tesobebi ara imdenad warmoebis gaZlierebaSi, ramdena-

dac saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarisxsa da siaxleSi.

erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobaze moq-

med faqtorebs Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri politika mTlianad da misi mizanmimarTu-

li samewarmeo politika nawilobriv. saqarTveloSi,

myari ekonomikuri zrda iTvaliwinebs Sesabamisi same-

warmeo politikis gatarebas, da aseve saxelmwifo xe-

lisuflebisa da sawarmoTa gaerTianebis struqturebs

Soris urTierTqmedebas Zlieri samewarmeo korporaci-

ebis, safinanso-samewarmeo jgufebis da kerZo kapita-

lis sxva formebis saxiT.

qveynis inteleqtualuri da mecnierul-teqnolo-

giuri potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas

rom, xelsayreli teqnologiuri da samewarmeo poli-

tikis gatarebiT, saqarTvelos eqneba produqciis teq-

nologiuri konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis SesaZleb-

loba. teqnologiuri progresis amocanebis gadasawyve-

tad, aucilebelia upirveles yovlisa Seiqmnas inova-

ciis mxardamWeri sfero. unda ganxorcieldes inovaci-

uri da inteleqtualuri konkurentuli upiratesobebis

formirebisa da gamoyenebis mizanmimarTuli politika,

nacvlad tradiciuli bunebrivi SedarebiTi upirateso-

bebisa, romlebic orientirebulia mxolod bunebrivi

nedleulis eqsportze. saqarTvelosTvis aucilebelia

Tanamedrove samewarmeo fena, Tanamedrove konkurentu-

li sfero da erTis da meoris realuri mxardaWera.

amisaTvis saWiroa erovnuli safinanso-sabanko siste-

mis gaZliereba, ekonomikaSi investiciuri procesebis

gafarToeba.

rogorc qarTuli produqciis konkurentunariano-

bis faqtors, erovnul da saerTaSoriso bazarze, Za-

lian didi mniSvneloba aqvs sagareo - savaWro da saga-

reo - ekonomikur politikas. sagareo politika SeiZ-

leba farTod iyos gamoyenebuli rogorc erovnuli

133

warmoebis mizanmimarTuli mxardaWeris faqtori, ro-

melsac aqvs Sansi gaxdes konkurentunariani msoflio

bazarze. jerjerobiT mcired gamoiyeneba instrumente-

bi erovnuli dargebis dasacavad da maTi konkurentu-

narianobis mxardasaWerad -antidempinguri, specialuri

da makompensirebeli gzavnilebi, arasatarifo SezRud-

vebi kvotirebisa da licenzirebis CaTvliT, e.w. vaWro-

baSi teqnikuri barierebi.

bolo dromde ukiduresad sustad an saerTod ar

gamoiyeneba saxelmwifos sagareo ekonomikuri politi-

kis sxva zomebis arsenali. igulisxmeba instrumentebi

eqsportis stimulirebisaTvis, romlebic aris zogadad

miRebuli da romlebmac daamtkices TavianTi efeqtu-

roba bevr qveyanaSi.

saqarTvelo TandaTan gadadis Tanamedrove indus-

triul eraSi, maSin roca dasavleTis qveynebi da iapo-

nia ukve didi xania cxovroben postindustriul eraSi.

Aamitom Cven jer kidev bevri unda gavakeTod imisTvis

rom realurad SevideT ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli

qveynebis ricxvSi. amisaTvis mniSvnelovan instruments

warmoadgens globalizaciis obieqturi procesi, rome-

lic dResdReobiT mimdinareobs msoflioSi.

globalizaciis ganviTarebis safuZvels warmoad-

gens sabazro meqanizmi, msoflioSi sameurneo urTier-

Tobebis liberalizacia, saerTaSoriso ,,sabazro gaer-

Tianebis” mudmivi gafarToeba. SemTxveviTi ar aris

dResdReobiT rom saubroben aramarto msoflio vaW-

robis da saerTaSoriso safinanso sistemis ganviTare-

baze, aramed aseve internet-investirebaze, internet-

birJaze, internet-inovaciebze da a.S. saubaria aramar-

to msoflio ekonomikis internetizaciaze, aramed

globaluri sainformacio sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze,

e.w. ,,axali ekonomikis” bazaze.

qarTuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaR-

lebis mimarTulebaSi mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgens

134

sazRvargareTis gamocdilebis Seswavla, upirveles

yovlisa aSS-s, iaponiis da dasavleT evropis gamocdi-

lebis.

dResdReobiT ukve zogadad aRiarebulia rom mec-

nierul-teqnikuri progresis daCqarebisa da konkuren-

tunarianobis amaRlebis gasaRebi mdgomareobs Tavisu-

fal mewarmeobaSi, sabazro meqanizmebSi. Tavis mxriv,

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, inovaciuri ekonomika

afarToebs da aRrmavebs sabazro wres, aZlevs mas

axal Tvisebebs inovaciuri procesisa da uaxles war-

moebaSi investiciebis stimulirebis bazaze.

Tumca, mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis dasaCqareb-

lad, inteleqtualuri ekonomikis Sesaqmnelad, rome-

lic dafuZnebulia codnaze da qarTuli ekonomikis

konkurentunarianobis mkveTri amaRlebisaTvis, mxo-

lod sabazro meqanizmebis gamoyeneba ar aris sakmari-

si. saWiroa kardinaluri zomebis miReba saxelmwifo

mecnierul-teqnikuri strategiis formatSi: inovaciuri

ekonomikis formireba, arsebuli ekonomikis struqtu-

ruli gardaqmna, mcire biznesis (maT Soris inovaciu-

ris) mxardaWera, mecnierul-teqnikuri potencialis

gaZliereba, kadrebis momzadebis srulyofa da a.S.

aucilebelia inovaciuri klasterebis formire-

ba_samewarmeo firmebis, kvleviTi institutebisa da

laboratoriebis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi-

sa da momxmarebelTa warmomadgenlebis kompleqsebi

inovaciuri proeqtebis SemuSavebisa da praqtikuli ga-

moyenebisaTvis. amasTan, qveynis samecniero institutebi

da msxvili universitetebi unda gaxdes erovnuli cen-

trebi mecnierebis da teqnikis ukanaskneli miRwevebisa

da maTi Sesabamis komerciul inovaciur struqturebze

gadacemisaTvis.

agreTve aucilebelad migvaCnia saxelmwifos mier

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresisa da warmoebis zrdis

inovaciuri ganviTarebis prioritetulobis aRiareba.

135

saxelmwifos unda gaaCndes specialuri programebi

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis daCqarebisa da qarTu-

li mewarmeobis inovaciuri ganviTarebisaTvis. aseTi

programebi arsebobs aramarto aSS-Si aramed TiTqmis

yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, romlebsac ukve didi

xania SemuSavebuli aqvT TavianTi erovnuli samecnie-

ro politika.

aucilebelia msoflio bazarze seriozuli (mya-

ri) poziciebis dakaveba. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

myari poziciebis dakaveba maRalteqnologiuri da mec-

nieruli produqciiT. amisaTvis mniSvnelovania sabaz-

ro da saxelmwifo regulirebis meqanizmebis Serwyma,

mowinave teqnologiebis farTo gamoyeneba da warmoe-

bis gadayvana maRal teqnologiebze. udidesi rezervi

_ regionul doneze inovaciuri procesis daCqareba da

stimulireba, Cveni qveynis calkeul regionebs Soris

konkurenciis gafarToeba (gaZliereba, gamZafreba).

dReisaTvis arc omis Zala da arc ekonomikuri

sZliere ar gansazRvravs msoflio liderobas. Mmsof-

lio liderobas gansazRvravs mecniereba, codna, mosax-

leobis ganTleba, momuSaveTa kvalifikacia, romlebic

dainteresebuli arian inovaciuri procesis masStabe-

bis mudmivi zrdiT.

Cveni qveynis inovaciuri mimarTulebis ganviTare-

baze gadaslvaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs saerTa-

Soriso mecnierul-teqnikuri TanamSromlobis gafar-

Toeba. saqarTvelos aqvs SesaZlebloba aseTi Tanam-

Sromloba gaafarToos da gaaZlieros aramarto aSS-

sTan aramed evrokavSirTanac.

Cveni azriT, swored aseT pirobebSi globaliza-

cia aris saqarTvelosaTvis realuri Sansi Sevides

ganviTarebul sabazro urTierTobebSi, miiRos aramar-

to aucilebeli gamocdileba qveyanaSi ekonomikuri re-

formebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis, warmoebis efeq-

turobisa da konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaTvis,

136

mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis daCqarebisaTvis, ara-

med aseve miiRos am miznisaTvis fuladi saxsrebi.

5. 3 klasteriebis roli regionis

konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis saqmeSi

msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis xangrZlivi pro-

cesi teritoriebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas

axal moTxovnebs uyenebs. konkurentunarianobis amaR-

lebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kriteriumia Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis zrda. igi, marTvis yvela doneze,

inovaciuri strategiebis danergvis safuZvelze ganapi-

robebs misi amaRlebis uzrunvelmyofi efeqtiani ga-

dawyvetilebebis realizaciis aucileblobas. msoflio

gamocdilebis ganzogadebisas SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom

efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis SemuSaveba da realizacia

SesaZlebelia regionuli klasterebis formirebis

gziT. teritoriebi, sadac yalibdeba klasterebi, erov-

nuli ekonomikisa da maTi sagareo ekonomikuri kavSi-

rebis liderebad gamodian. gansakuTrebiT es dakavSi-

rebulia imasTan, rom saxelmwifos, zemoqmedeba ekono-

mikaze, ekonomistTa umravlesobis azriT, upiratesad

unda iyos iribi, maregulirebeli da unda uzrunvel-

yofdes resursebis Sedegian ganawilebas. klasteruli

midgoma, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxolod re-

gionuli da biznes-struqturebis mWidro urTierTsar-

gebliani TanamSromlobiT, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

srulad iqnas realizebuli es iribi zemoqmedeba. gar-

da amisa, klasteruli iniciativebi stimuls aZlevs

regionSi ucxouri investiciebis mozidvas imdenad,

ramdenadac amJamad msxvili saerTaSoriso kompaniebi,

rogorc wesi, amjobineben investirebas im regionebsa

da qveynebSi, sadac ukve funqcionirebs klasterebi au-

137

cilebel dargebSi, an Tundac is, rom ukve arsebobs

wanamZRvrebi maTi formirebisaTvis.

klasteruli midgomis kidev erTi upiratesobaa

is, rom igi SesaZlebels xdis austorsingis praqti-

kul realizebas, romelic am ukanasknel xans farTo-

daa gavrcelebuli mTels msoflioSi. saqme imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom msxvili kompaniebi dRes cdiloben

TavianTi saqmianobis mTavar mimarTulebebze koncen-

trirebas da Sualeduri produqtebis warmoebas, Ziri-

Tadi momsaxureobebis sferos ki sxvebs gadascemen. am

mizniT, klasterebis Seqmna Zlier gavlenas axdens mci-

re biznesze. ZiriTadi klasterwarmomqmneli firmebis

myari saerTaSoriso poziciebi stimuls aZlevs misi

momsaxure sawarmoebis sagareo ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bis gafarToebas. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT

iaponiis saavtomobilo sawarmoebi, romlebic viTarde-

ba nacionaluri avtogigantebis kvaldakval da xsnian

TavianT filialebs ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad

qveynebSi.

klasteruli iniciativebi warmoCinda, rogorc

regionuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis gaZliere-

bis yvelaze warmatebuli strategiebi, radgan maT SeZ-

les regionuli ekonomikis ZiriTad moTamaSeebs Soris

efeqtiani kavSirebis damyareba. klasterebis wyalobiT

saxelmwifo seqtorebi regionebSi ukeT axerxeben te-

ritoriebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mimar-

Tulebebis regulirebas, sameurneo ganviTarebis ten-

denciebis prognozirebasa da koreqtirebas dainterese-

bul mxareTa Zalisxmevis koordinaciis xarjze. swo-

red ekonomikis ganviTarebis efeqtian klasterul mo-

dels SeuZlia myarad moaxdinos teqnologiaTa siax-

leebis, nou haus, aRmoCenebis generireba, agreTve sxva

qveynebSi SemuSavebuli axali procesebis, teqnologie-

bis, produqtis mimarT adaptireba.

138

regionis konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba rogorc meurneobis ama Tu im konkurentunariani seqtoris ar-

sebobiT, aseve xelisuflebis regionaluri organoebis

unariT _ Seuqmnan pirobebi regionalur sawarmoebs

garkveul dargebSi konkurentuli upiratesobebis miR-

wevisa da SenarCunebisTvis. amave dros, wamyvani roli

regionis konkurentuli mdgradobis miRwevaSi ekisreba

inovaciur klasterebs, vinaidan swored isini ayalibe-

ben codnis kritikul masas da axdenen inovaciuri na-

kadis generirebas, rac aucilebelia konkurentuli

warmatebisTvis.

klasteris birTvad, rogorc wesi, gamodis msxvili

firma an msgavsi firmebis gaerTianeba, romlebic ver-

tikaluri da horizontaluri kavSirebis meSveobiT ur-

TierTqmedeben klasterSi monawile sxva organizacieb-

Tan. garda klasteris birTvisa, arsebobs agreTve dam-

xmare organizaciebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen auci-

lebel teqnologias, informacias, kapitalsa da in-

frastruqturas.

saWiroa aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom klaste-

ruli struqturebis Camoyalibeba da specialuri sti-

mulirebis programebis warmatebiT realizacia SesaZ-

lebelia moxdes mxolod saerTo regionuli strategi-

is arsebobis pirobebSi. rogorc msoflio gamocdile-

ba gviCvenebs, saerTaSoriso klasteris Seqmna saerTo

regionuli ganviTarebisgan mowyvetiT, mTlianobaSi,

araefeqtiania, xSirad ki SeuZlebelic.

regionuli xelisuflebis mier klasteruli mid-

gomis realizaciisas miRebuli upiratesobebi imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom klasteri iZleva yuradRebis fokusi-

rebis SesaZleblobas ekonomikis problemebsa da upi-

ratesobebze. klasterebis marTvis organoebisaTvis,

romelSic SeiZleba Sediodnen saxelisuflebo struq-

turebis warmomadgenlebi, xelmisawvdomia mravalfero-

vani da koncentrirebuli informacia sawarmoTa saqmi-

139

anobaze, ekonomikis mocemuli seqtoris mdgomareobasa

da SromiTi resursebis bazris Sesaxeb, rac arsebiTad

amcirebs xelisuflebis organoebis mier Sesrulebuli

analitikuri samuSaos moculobas da adidebs misi

sarwmunoobis dones.

biznes-struqturebis mier miRebuli upiratesobe-

bi dakavSirebulia produqtis gasaRebis bazrebze gas-

vlisa da nedleulisa da masalebis miwodebis bariere-

bis arsebiT SemcirebasTan, danaxarjebis Semcirebas-

Tan masStabis efeqtis xarjze, romelic mwarmoeblebi-

sa da momxmareblebis kooperaciisas vlindeba. klaste-

ri mwarmoeblebs aZlevs axal SesaZleblobebs warmoq-

mnili problemebis sistematizaciisaTvis, maTi daZle-

vis gzebis arCevisaTvis. regionul da municipalur xe-

lisuflebasTan urTierTmoqmedebis wyalobiT iZebneba

maTi im nawilis gadawyvetis meTodebi da saSualebebi,

romlebic regionis kompetenciis sferoSia. klasteris

avtoritetze gavlenis gamoyenebiT biznesi da regionu-

li xelisufleba erToblivad eZeben TavianTi inicia-

tivebis yvelaze efeqtiani ganxorcielebis gzebs regi-

onaluri struqturebis meSveobiT, kanonproeqtebis

momzadebisa da regionaluri doneze regionuli da

dargobrivi iniciativebis gatarebis lobirebis CaT-

vliT.

regionuli meurneobebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis

amaRlebis aucilebloba teritoriebis winaSe axal

amocanebs ayenebs, pirvel rigSi es exeba regionuli

ekonomikis konkurentunariani modelis arCevanTan da-

kavSirebul sakiTxebs, rac arsebuli potencialis maq-

simaluri gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. konkurentunarianoba rTuli mravalaspeqtiani

cnebaa, romelic organuladaa damaxasiaTebeli meurne-

obriobis sabazro sistemisaTvis. yvelaze zogadi sa-

xiT konkurentunarianoba niSnavs Tavisi funqciis, da-

niSnulebis, misiis Sesrulebas moTxovnili xarisxiTa

140

da RirebulebiT konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi. re-

gionis konkurentunarianoba aris regionis unari war-

mateba moipovos ekonomikur SejibrebebSi saqonlis ga-

saRebis Siga da msoflio bazrebze, aseve biznesis gan-

viTarebisaTvis garemos, investiciuri mimzidvelobis

SeqmnaSi rogorc Siga, ise ucxouri investiciebisaT-

vis, cxovrebis xarisxSi da a.S.

arsebobs konkurentunarianobis Camoyalibebisa da

ganviTarebis mravali Teoria, romelTagan erT-erTia

ekonomikis klasteruli marTvis Teoria. es Teoria

farTod gamoiyeneba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. klasteru-

li midgomis gamoyenebis Sedegebi cnobilia saxelgan-

Tqmuli `silikonis velis~, fineTis satyeo da qaRal-

dis, SesafuTi masalebis da poligrafiuli klasteris,

norvegiis gemTmSeneblobis klasterisa da italiis

`samrewvelo raionebis~ saxiT.

klasteruli koncefcia emyareba konkretuli regi-

onis konkurentunarianobas, romelic damokidebulia

urTierTdakavSirebuli dargebis klasteris arseboba-

ze. koncefcias safuZvlad udevs m. porteris saerTa-

Soriso konkurentunarianobis determinantebis sistema,

romelic moicavs konkurentunarianobis oTx determi-

nants. klasterSi konkurenti firmebis, aseve mxardam-

Weri da monaTesave dargebis, resursebis Zlieri da

momTxovni momwodeblebisa da ganviTarebuli elemente-

bis mqone momxmareblebis arseboba regionis ekonomikas

saerTaSoriso doneze konkurenciis gawevis unars ani-

Webs.

maikl porteris Teoriis Tanaxmad, klasteri _ es

aris `calkeuli erebis, qveynebisa da qalaqebis cxov-

rebaSi gansakuTrebuli rolis mqone firmebis, momwo-

deblebis, uTierTdakavSirebuli dargebis geografiu-

li koncentracia... klasterebi ganapirobeben axlebur

Sexedulebas ekonomikasa da mis ganviTarebaze; bizne-

sis, mTavrobisa da institutebis axal rolze da ur-

141

TierTdamokidebulebebis agebis axal xerxebze, rogo-

ricaa biznesi_mTavroba an biznesi_institutebi~. m.

porteri mocemul ganmartebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs

Tavisi cnobili wignis `konkurenciis~ SesavalSi, rac

miuTiTebs regionuli faqtoris centralur rolze

klasterebis warmoqmnis procesebSi.

klasterebis an samrewvelo jgufebis Teoriam

gagrZeleba hpova meore amerikeli mecnieris m. enrai-

tis naSromebSi. man Seqmna `regionuli klasteris~ Te-

oria da misca mas Semdegi ganmartebebi: regionuli klasteri _ es aris samrewvelo klas-

teri, romelSic klasteris wevri firmebi geografiu-

lad axlos mdebareoben erTmaneTTan.

regionuli klasteri _ es aris meurneobis erT an

ramdenime monaTesave dargSi momuSave firmebis ekono-

mikuri aglomeracia.

amrigad, enraitis Teoriis Tanaxmad, konkurentu-

li upiratesobani iqmneba ara marto nacionalur done-

ze, aramed regionalurze, sadac mTavar rols asru-

lebs regionebis ganviTarebis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi,

biznesis warmoebis kulturis, warmoebis organizacii-

sa da ganaTlebis miRebis mravalferovneba. swored re-

gionuli klasterebi saWiroeben saxelmwifo struqtu-

rebisa da kvleviTi organizaciebis mizanmimarTul

mxardaWeras.

sabWoTa ekonomikaSi Tanamedrove klasteruli

warmonaqmnebis pirvelsaxe iyo teritoriul-sawarmoo

kompleqsi. ig warmoadgenda `socialisturi sazogadoe-

bis sawarmoo Zalebis sivrciTi organizaciis formas,

romelic yvelaze srulad pasuxobda maTi ganviTare-

bis amocanebs samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis piro-

bebSi~. teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleqsis Seqmnis obi-

eqturi wanamZRvrebi mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebuli

iyo adgilobrivi bunebrivi resursebis _ mineraluri

nedleulis, saTbob-energetikuli, wylis, mcenareuli

142

da miwis resursebis Taviseburebebze. resursebis amgva-

ri dajgufeba maTi gamoyenebis specifikuri niSnebis

gamovlenis saSualebas iZleoda.

Cveni qveynis ekonomikis gadasvlam meurneobrio-

bis sabazro modelze teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleq-

sis elementebisa da urTierTkavSirebis struqturidan

gaaqro mniSvnelovani struqturaTwarmomqmneli rgoli

_ warmoebisa da produqtis miwodebis davaleba. saxel-

mwifo gegmuri davalebis nacvlad sawarmoebma iwvnies

maT produqtze moTxovnis ararseboba sxva samamulo

da sazRvargareTuli sawarmoebis mxridan. produqtis

ZiriTadma da umsxvilesma myidvelma _ saxelmwifom

dakarga Tavisi roli teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleq-

sis saqmianobaSi sazogadoebrivi produqtis ganawile-

bis xasiaTis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT. aseve ganad-

gurda da gaqra arsebuli sawarmoo-sameurneo kavSire-

bi sawarmoebsa da saxelmwifos Soris. am pirobebSi

gadarCnen da viTardebian sawarmoebi da maTi kompleq-

sebi, romelTac SeswevT unari daakmayofilon gadaxdi-

sunariani moTxovnileba ara mxolod da ara imdenad

Siga bazarze, ramdenadac saerTaSorisoze. teritori-

ul-sawarmoo kompleqsis sammarTveloebi daiSala. amis

Sedegad, mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebuli da funqcio-

nirebadi obieqtebidan teritoriul-sawarmoo kompleq-

siis umravlesoba iqca sawarmoTa qaosur gaerTianebad

saerTaSoriso bazarze dabali konkurentuli potenci-

aliT.

erT-erTi amocana regionis konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebaSi aris regionis klasterizaciis potencia-

lis gamovlena.

klasters mTlianobaSi unda gaaCndes Semdegi gan-

masxvavebeli niSnebi: Sesabamisi produqtis bazarze

(nacionalur an msoflio) misi wili aRemateba regio-

nis ekonomikis saSualo wils, gamoxatuls mTlian re-

gionul produqtSi aRniSnul bazarze; klasteris kon-

143

kuretunarianoba, xvedriTi danaxarjebisa da produq-

tis xarisxis mixedviT, tols ar udebs sxva qveynebisa

da regionebis ekonomikis Sesabamis seqtorebs; klas-

terSi Semavali dargebis mdgradi kooperireba da mis

safuZvelze aglomeraciuli procesebis, qseluri for-

mebisa da organizaciebis Camoyalibeba; klasteris sa-

warmoebs Soris sainformacio da marketinguli kavSi-

rebis ganviTareba Tanamedrove teqnologiebis safuZ-

velze, regionTaSorisi ekonomikuri integraciis far-

glebSi warmoebis, miwodebisa da mmarTvelobis saerTo

standartebis Seqmna, klasteruli brendebis aqtiuri

ganviTareba.

rogorc msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs, klasteru-

li midgoma aris ara mxolod samrewvelo politikis

miznebis miRwevis saSualeba (struqturuli cvlilebe-

bi, konkurentunarianobis amaRleba, inovaciuri mimar-

Tulobis gaZliereba da sxv.), aramed is aseve mZlavr

instruments warmoadgens regionuli ganviTarebis sti-

mulirebisaTvis, romelic, saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba

mdgomareobdes regionis savaWro balansis stimulire-

baSi, dasaqmebis amaRlebaSi, sxvadasxva donis biuje-

tebSi anaricxebisa da xelfasis zrdaSi, regionuli

mrewvelobis mdgradobisa da konkurentunarianobis

amalebaSi.

klasterebis Seqmnisaken mimarTuli politika iw-

yeba regionSi maTi warmoqmnisaTvis ukve arsebuli wa-

namZRvrebiT, romelTagan umTavresia: klasteris ganvi-

TarebisaTvis fuZemdebluri mesakuTreebisa da klaste-

ris farglebSi TanamSromlobiT dainteresebuli sa-

warmoebis arseboba; kooperaciuli da sxva kavSirebis,

urTierTqmedebis damuSavebuli meqanizmebis, urTier-

Tndobis maRali donis arseboba; sawarmoTa da organi-

zaciaTa maRali inovaciur-teqnologiuri done; klas-

teris potenciuri monawile sawarmoebisa da organiza-

ciebis produqtis maRali konkurentunarianoba msof-

144

lio bazarze, rasac gansazRvravs produqtis maRali

moculoba da, SesaZloa, maRali teqnologiebis impor-

ti; Semdgomi inovaciuri ganviTarebis survili; xeli-

suflebis organoebis daintereseba regionis ekonomi-

kis ganviTarebis klasteruli variantiT da konkuren-

ciisa da TanamSromlobis gafarToebiT; biznesTan ur-

TierTqmedebis gamocdilebis arseboba xelisuflebis

organoebSi, m.S. ekonomikis im seqtorSi, romelSic na-

varaudevia klasteris formireba; kargi normatiul-sa-

marTlebrivi bazis arseboba regionSi; sistematuri mu-

Saoba regionSi biznesis mxardaWeris arsebuli in-

frastruqturis ganviTarebisa da srulyofisaTvis; re-

gionis xelmZRvanelebis mzaoba biznesTan dialogisaT-

vis TanamSromlobis pirobebiT, biznesTan da xelisuf-

lebasTan muSaobis dadebiTi gamocdileba TanamSrom-

lobisa da konkurenciis zrdis pirobebSi; profesiuli

ganaTlebis maRalkvalificiuri sistemis arseboba, ro-

melsac gaaCnia ekonomikis Sesabamisi seqtorebisaTvis

kadrebis momzadebis gamocdileba

konkurentunarianobis sistemaSi konkurentuli

upiratesobebis arsTan aseve mWidro kavSirSia maTi

iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: upiratesobaTa wyaroebi

(potenciuri resursebi) da faqtorebi (is, rasac SeuZ-

lia gadaaqcios wyaroebi konkurentul upiratesobad

maTi ufro efeqtiani gamoyenebis da procesSi CarTvis

gziT). zemoT aRniSnul faqtorebs Soris ekonomistebi

bolo periodSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben

regionul klasterebs. klasteris roli regionis kon-

kurentunarianobis miRwevaSi warmodgenilia sqemaze

5.3.

145

sqema 5.3 konkurentunarianobis miRwevis etapebi

bevr aspeqts, romelic dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva

modelis klasteris formirebasTan, jer kidev ar gaaC-

nia sakmarisi Teoriuli safuZveli da specialuri sa-

mecniero kvlevebi esaWiroeba. es yovelmxriv exeba tu-

ristul sferosac.

klasteruli urTierTqmedeba ganpirobebulia ur-

TierTsawinaaRmdego mxareebis - samewarmeo da samom-

xmareblo Zalebis - erTdrouli TanaarsebobiT, maTi

brZoliTa da SerwymiT. mowinaaRmdege mxareebis brZo-

la da Serwyma qmnis dialeqtikuri moZraobis arss. yo-

velTvis arsebobs winaaRmdegoba regionuli klasteris

formirebis ekonomikur procesSi. regionis mwarmoeb-

luri Zala qmnis klasters rogorc materialuri da

inteleqtualuri, sulieri warmoebis, saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis warmoebis, regionis yvela saxis warmoe-

bebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. samomxmareblo Za-

la ki qmnis regionul klasters imiT, rom iwvevs same-

warmeo da piradi moxmarebis mudmiv aucileblobas da

SesaZleblobas. es Zalebi ganapirobebs erTimeores, ar

arsebobs erTmaneTis gareSe. amitomac samewarmeo da

samomxmareblo Zalebs Soris winaaRmdegoba warmoad-

gens klasteris formirebis mTavar pirobas.

regionis samomxmareblo Zala aris meoradi pro-

cesis gamomwvevi imdenad, ramdenadac mTavaria regio-

146

nis samewarmeo Zala, amasTan erTi Zala gaSualoebu-

lia meore ZaliT, radgan verc erTi da verc meore Za-

la ver iarsebebs calke. samewarmeo Zala gadadis sa-

momxmarebloSi rogorc samewarmeo moxmarebis, ise mTa-

vari samewarmeo Zalis - adamianis piradi moxmarebis

meSveobiT. konkurenciis procesSi ar SeiZleba adgili

hqondes warmoebisa da moxmarebis gancalkevebas, ar

SeiZleba konkurentunarianoba gamiznuli iyos mxo-

lod warmoebis an mxolod moxmarebis aqtivizaciaze.

mocemul mtkicebas aqvs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom bevri ekonomisti yuradRe-

bis aqcentirebas axdens realuri biznesis ganviTare-

bis aucileblobaze, am warmoebaSi investiciebis Cade-

bis aucileblobaze. sinamdvileSi mTavari amocana un-

da iyos rogorc warmoebis, ise moxmarebis realuri

ganviTarebis erTdrouli uzrunvelyofa regionebSi.

mocemuli Tvalsazrisi mniSvnelovania im mxriv,

rom klasteri unda ganvixiloT aramarto rogorc ge-

ografiulad mezobeli urTierTdakavSirebuli organi-

zaciebis jgufi, aramed rogorc mravalplaniani urTi-

erTqmedeba yvela organizaciasa da momxmarebels So-

ris. aqedan gamomdinare, erTi regionis klasteris

formirebisa da ganviTarebisas aucilebelia am klas-

teris sazRvrebs (farglebs) gareT gasvla da sxva re-

gionis samomxmareblo Zalis gaTvaliswineba. es uzrun-

velyofs klasteris myar funqcionirebas.

amavdroulad, samewarmeo da samomxmareblo Zale-

bis obieqturi Tanaarseboba da urTierTqmedeba ar iZ-

leva klasteris arsebobis garantias ama Tu im region-

Si. mecnierebis azriT, klasteris im cnobili niSniT,

rogoricaa turistul industriaSi CarTuli sawamos

teritoriuli lokalizacia, gamomuSavda damatebiTi

niSnebi, romlebic mowmoben regionSi klasteris arse-

bobaze:

147

1) teritoriebze turistuli organizaciebis ar-

seboba, romlebic axdenen konkurentunariani turpro-

duqtebis realizacias, rac qmnis turizmTan dakavSire-

buli dargebis ganviTarebis, adgilobrivi mosaxleo-

bis turistul saqmianobaSi CarTvis safuZvels;

2) myari ekonomikuri kavSirebis arseboba orga-

nizaciebs Soris, romlebic orientirebulni arian sa-

zogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze;

3) regionSi turistuli saqmianobis mxardamWeri

saxelmwifo da arakomerciuli institutebis arseboba;

4) unikaluri turistuli resursebis arseboba,

rac iZleva umciresi danaxarjebiT Zlieri turistuli

brendebis Seqmnis saSualebas;

5) turfirmebis SesaZlebloba miizidon turis-

tebi, romlebic xarixze da turistul momsaxurebaze

maRali moTxovnilebebiT gamoirCevian;

6) teritoriaze aucilebeli infrastruqturis

arseboba.

aRniSnuli niSnebi saSualebas iZleva ganisaz-

Rvros sakvlev teritoriaze turistuli klasteris

areboba an ararseboba Tumca, Cveni SexedulebiT, saWi-

roa mocemuli sia Seivsos Zalian mniSvnelovani momen-

tiT _ turistul saqonelze myari samomxmareblo moT-

xovnilebis arsebobiT.

turistuli klasteris analizi saSualebas iZle-

va ganisazRvros misi roli regionis konkurentuli

upiratesobebis formirebaSi turistuli momsaxurebis

bazarze. 2010 wlis monacemebis Sefasebisas gairkva, rom

saqarTveloSi turistebis 60 procenti dsT-s sivrcis

qveynebidan Camodis. statistikaSi sami qveyana - somxe-

Ti, azerbaijani da TurqeTi liderobs. 2010 wels axa-

li tendenciebic gamoikveTa - gaCnda interesi axali

bazrebis, magaliTad, CineTisa da iaponiis mxridan. tu-

ristebis mozidvis TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis saintereso

148

bazaria israeli da irani, saidanac 2010 wels saqar-

TveloSi wina wlebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti tu-

risti Camovida.

turizmis gavlena qveynis ekonomikaze konkretu-

lad Semdeg maCveneblebSi gamoixateba: Semosuli, gasu-

li da adgilobrivi turistebis raodenoba; erTi tu-

ristis mier gaweuli xarjebi; turizmidan miRebuli

Semosavlebi; turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebis xved-

riTi wili qveyanaSi Seqmnili saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis saerTo moculobaSi; turizmis xvedriTi wili

qveynis eqsportSi da sagadamxdelo balansSi; qveynis

biujetSi turizmidan miRebuli Semosavlebi; turizmis

ganviTarebiT Seqmnili samuSao adgilebis raodenoba.

rogorc CamoTvlili maCveneblebidan Cans, qveyanaSi am

sferos ganviTareba mcire da saSualo biznesis ganvi-

Tarebis sawindari gaxdeba.

raSi gamoixateba klasteris SesaZlebloba konku-

rentuli upiratesobebis SeqmnaSi? klasteris warmate-

ba aumjobesebs regionis ekonomikur mdgomareobas, ami-

tomac klasterebs gaaCniaT politikuri mniSvneloba

xelisuflebis organoebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi socia-

luri valdebulebebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebiT.

klasteris yvela monawile mogebuli rCeba myari ur-

TierTqmedebiT. isini Rebuloben upiratesobebs sxva

organizaciebTan SedarebiT. garda amisa, klasterebi

xels uwyoben Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebas da

inovaciebis gamoyenebas. klasteris reputaciis gamoye-

nebiT, mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebi Rebulo-

ben resursebis mopovebis axal SesaZleblobebs, xolo

amavdroulad bizness da regionul xelisuflebas Se-

uZliaT moZebnon gzebi saxelmwifo struqturebis meS-

veobiT sakuTari iniciativebis ufro efeqturi ganviTa-

rebisaTvis.

klasteris, rogorc regionis konkurentuli upi-

ratesobebis faqtoris, realizaciisaTvis aucilebelia

149

pirvel rigSi Catardes misi Tanamedrove mdgomareobis

analizi misi ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSavebis miz-

niT.

pirvel etapze, aWaris teritoriaze turistuli

saqmianobis SeswavliT da zemoT CamoTvlili maxasia-

Tebeli niSnebis mixedviT, Cven mivediT im daskvnamde

rom regionSi ukve arsebobs turistuli klasteri. tu-

ristuli klasteris kvlevis pirvel etapze - misi

identifikaciis dros - aucilebelia ganisazRvros

klasteris sazRvrebi, misi geografiuli karkasi,

struqtura da ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi.

aWaris turizmis klasteris geografiuli saz-

Rvrebi TiTqmis mTlianad emTxveva mis administraciul

teritorias. klasteris geografiuli karkasis gansaz-

Rvra gulisxmobs satransporto komunikaciebis Seswav-

las, `sayrdeni punqtebis” da `turistuli nakadebis

centrebis” gansazRvras. aWaris turistul klasters

gaaCnia karkasis `varskvlavuri” saxe, romelic funqci-

onirebs `centri-periferia” _ sistemis mixedviT.

teritoriuli niSnis mixedviT klasteri SeiZle-

ba iyos tipiuri regionuli. klasteris struqturis

Seswavla gulisxmobs `klasteris birTvebis”, `klaste-

ris safuZvlebis”, klasteris infrastruqturis ana-

lizs. `klasteris birTvs” Seadgenen turoperatorebi

da turagentebi. unda aRiniSnos rom turagentul saq-

mianobas axorcieleben aramarto respublikis firmebi,

aramed aseve saqarTvelos sxva regionebis firmebi,

romlebic ewevian Suamavlur saqmianobas. yvela firma,

romelic axorcielebs turagentul da turoperato-

rul saqmianobas, warmoadgens aWaris kompaniebis tur-

momsaxurebaze moTxovnis katalizatorebs. es aris is

samewarmeo Zala, romelic urTierTqmedebs samomxma-

reblo ZalasTan (sxva regionis turistebTan). amavdro-

ulad turkompaniebi da turagentebi asruleben samom-

xmareblo Zalebis funqciebs `klasteris safuZvlebis”

150

sawarmoebisaTvis. es is firmebia, romlebic uzrunvel-

yofen turistebs satransporto momsaxurebiT, kvebiT,

sastumro momsaxurebiT, dasvenebiT, mkurnalobiT da

garTobiT. es momsaxurebebi Seadgens turistul saqo-

nels da mocemuli firmebis gareSe klasteris arsebo-

ba SeuZlebelia. aRniSnuli klasteris ganmasxvavebeli

maxasiaTeblebia: haeris maRali ionizacia; didi teri-

toriuli gavrcoba; ekologiuri da saTavgadasavlo

turizmis dominireba.

turistuli klasteris kvlevis Semdgom etapze

ganisazRvreba klasteris ganviTarebis mdgomareoba da

done. ganviTarebis donis mixedviT ganasxvaveben nakle-

badganviTarebul (zrdis etapi) da ganviTarebul tu-

ristul klasters (ganviTarebulobis etapi). zrdis

etapze myofi turistuli klasterisaTvis ufro mizan-

marTebuli iqneba upiratesad eqstensiuri zrdis stra-

tegiis gamoyeneba, xolo ganviTarebulobis etapze _

intensiuri zrdis strategia.

imdenad ramdenadac klasteri aris naklebadgan-

viTarebuli, aucilebelia eqstensiuri zrdis strate-

giis gamoyeneba (arsebuli turistebis raodenobis

zrdis xarjze da Sesabamisad turmomsaxurebebis war-

moebis resursebisa da faqtorebis zrdis xarjze). mo-

cemuli strategiis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia

sami mTavari problemis gadawyveta: sezonurobis faq-

toris Semcireba - turistuli nakadis gazrda `mkvdar”

sezonSi; klasteris `viwro” adgilebis gafarToeba; in-

frastruqturis ganviTarebis amaRleba klasterisaTvis

aucilebel donemde.

amgvarad, sakvlevi klsateris konkurentunariano-

bis asamaRleblad aucilebelia: regionSi saqmiani tu-

rizmisa da sanatoriul-kurortuli mimarTulebis gan-

viTareba; saganmanaTleblo partniorobis sistemis Seq-

mna (ganaTlebis sistemis myari kavSirebis Seqmna tu-

ristuli klasteris sxva organizaciebTan); teritori-

151

is aqtiuri marketingisa da Sesabamisi monitoringis Ca-

tareba; infrastruqturaSi investiciebis ganxorciele-

ba (fasiani gzebisa da xidebis mSeneblobis kuTxiT);

kompleqsuri momsaxurebis SeTavazebaSi investiciebis

mozidvis stimulireba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis, sub-

sidiebis, kreditebisa da turistuli Sesasvlelebis

SeTavazebis gziT momgebian pirobebSi; saxelmwifo-ker-

Zo partniorobis sistemis Seqmna (magaliTad, erTobli-

vi proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, maT Soris teritoriis

cnobili da cnobadi saxis Seqmnis mizniT).

aWaraSi turizmis klasteris srulyofis aRniS-

nuli saSualebebis realizacia ganapirobebs klaste-

ris `ganviTarebulobas”. es ki, Tavis mxriv, saSualebas

aZlevs klasters srulfasovnad Seasrulos regionis

konkurentuli upiratesobebis faqtoris funqcia tu-

ristuli momsaxurebebis bazarze.

xazi unda gaesvas saqarTveloSi msxvili konku-

rentunariani struqturebis Seqmnis aucileblobas.

aseTi struqturebi SeiZleba iyos dargTaSorisi klas-

teruli warmonaqmnebi, romlebic xels uwyoben saWir-

boroto ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetas da uz-

runvelyofen ekonomikis ganviTarebas. aseve aucilebe-

lia klasterebis Camoyalibeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis

prioritetuli saxeebis mixedviT, romelTa efeqtiani

saqmianoba xels Seuwyobs regionis konkuretunariano-

bis amaRlebas. misi Sedegi iqneba teritoriebis arse-

buli resursebis gamoyeneba regionis ekonomikuri, eko-

logiuri, socialuri da demografiuli mdgradobis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis.

152

5.4. regionuli konkurentunarianobis

Sefasebis zogierTi sakiTxi46

msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs regionebis

rolis amaRleba. globalizaciis erT-erT arsebiT ga-

movlenas warmoadgens msoflio konkurentuli garemos

konfiguraciis cvlileba, romlis drosac konkurenci-

is subieqtebi xdebian qalaqebi, regionebi, calkeuli

municipalitetebi, romlebic floben inovaciebis Seq-

mnis da realizebis moqnil unars. konkurentul pro-

cesebSi maTi monawileobis warmateba damokidebulia

rogorc makroekonomikur pirobebze, ise konkurentuli

upiratesobebis aRmoCenis, gamoyenebis da SenarCunebis

unarze.

gvevlineba ra konkurentuli urTierTobebis sis-

temis struqturul elementad, konkurentunarianoba,

warmoadgens sinTezur mravalmxriv kategorias, rome-

lic moicavs konkurenciis da monopolizmis Semadge-

nel momentebs, aseve maT sazogadoebriv-saxelmwifoeb-

riv maregulireblebs. amasTan konkurentunarianobis

universaluri gansazRvreba ekonomikis yvela subieqti-

saTvis ar arsebobs, yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze,

Tu romeli obieqtis an subieqtisaTvis gamoiyeneba igi.

mikrodoneze termini `konkurentunarianoba” gani-

xileba rogorc organizaciebis metoqeoba, romlebic

ewevian sameurneo saqmianobas mogebis maqsimizaciis da

ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis mizniT. mocemul

doneze marTebulia visaubroT konkretuli produqci-

46 saqarTvelos regionebis konkurentunarianobis

kompleqsuri Sefaseba ganxorcielda 2008 wels saqarTvelos

erovnuli samecniero fondis finansuri xelSewyobiT

(granti #GNSF/ST06/2-067) profesor evgeni baraTaSvilis

xelmZRvanelobiT. ixileT monografia. evgeni baraTaSvili,

jani zarandia, kaxaber cimintia. saqarTvelos regionebis

konkurentunarianobis kompleqsuri Sefaseba, Tbilisi 2008.

153

is, samuSaos an momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobaze,

anu mis unarze ukeT Seesabamebodes bazris moTxov-

nebs, momxmareblebis moTxovnebs analogebTan Sedare-

biT.

erTis mxriv, konkurentunarianoba ganisazRvreba

saqonlis, samuSaos, momsaxurebis xarisxiT, maTi teqni-

kur-teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, samomxmareblo

TvisebebiT, xolo, meores mxriv - sabazro fasebiT.

makrodoneze konkurentunarianoba gamoixateba

ekonomikuri zrdis maRal doneSi da mosaxleobis mud-

mivad zrdadi realuri Semosavlebisa da cxovrebis

standartebis generirebis SesaZleblobaSi. Tavis

mxriv, socialuri da bunebis dacvis miznebis miRweva

avsebs konkurentunarianobis gagebas makrodoneze da

afarToebs misi gamomsaxveli indikatorebis wres.

mezodoneze konkurentunarianoba SeiZleba gani-

sazRvros rogorc teritoriis SesaZlebloba Seqmnas

iseTi ekonomikuri potenciali, romelic uzrunvel-

yofs progresul ganviTarebas, mosaxleobis Semosav-

lebis maRal da stabilur dones, gare investorebisa-

gan resursebis mozidvas. farTo gagebiT, regionuli

konkurentunarianoba - es aris regionebis SesaZleblo-

ba saerTaSoriso konkurenciis pirobebSi uzrunvelyon

SedarebiT maRali Semosavlebi da mosaxleobis simWid-

rovis done. arsebobs ori Sexeduleba regionuli kon-

kurentunarianobis formirebasTan dakavSirebiT. pirve-

li, regionuli konkurentunarianoba ganixileba ro-

gorc (sakuTrebis yvela formis), sameurneo subieqte-

bis konkurentunarianobebis erToblioba romlebic im-

yofebian mocemuli regionis farglebSi da, meore, re-

gionuli konkurentunarianoba warmoadgens warmoebul

makroekonomikur konkurentunarianobas.

regionis konkurentunarianobis ganviTareba gu-

lisxmobs konkurenciis oTx stadias Semdegi faqtore-

bis safuZvelze: warmoeba, investiciebi, inovaciebi da

154

simdidre. pirveli sami stadia astimulirebs ekonomi-

kur zrdas, bolo - ganapirobebs matebas da klebas.

amavdroulad unda aRiniSnos, rom samamulo eko-

nomikur TeoriaSi da praqtikaSi regionis konkurentu-

narianobis diagnostika da formireba imyofeba sawyis

stadiaSia.

regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebisadmi

meTodologiuri midgomis analizis dros gamoiyofa

Semdegi aspeqtebi:

_ sxvadasxva maCveneblebis sistemis formireba,

romlebic yovelmxriv asaxavs regionis konkurentul

upiratesobebs da erTiandeba konkurentunarianobis sa-

erTo daskvniT indeqsSi ranJirebisa da eqspertuli Se-

fasebebis gziT;

_ konkurentunarianobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis

(saqonlis xarisxisa da fasebis, investiciuri mimzid-

velobis da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis) gamoyofa

da kompleqsuri indeqsis gamoTvla konkurentunariano-

baze maTi zemoqmedebis xasiaTis mixedviT, maTi logi-

kuri gaerTianebis safuZvelze;

_ regionis maxasiaTebeli poziciebis zemoqmedeba

konkurentunarianobis damaxasiaTebeli maCveneblebis

Sefasebis matricaSi maTi mdebareobis mixedviT.

sazRvargareTis praqtikaSi regionis konkurentu-

li upiratesobebis integraluri maCveneblebis sinTe-

zisaTvis gamoiyeneba statistikuri analizis arapara-

metruli meTodebi. araparametruli meTodebis gamoye-

nebis mTavari upiratesoba mdgomareobs sawyisi monace-

mebis matricis ganzomilebis SemcirebaSi sawyisi in-

formaciis `SekumSvis” gziT. amasTan mravalganzomile-

biani statistikuri Sedarebebis araparametruli meTo-

debi umniSvnelo mgrZnobiarobas avlens statistikuri

monacemebis cvlilebebisadmi da ar saWiroebs kerZo

maCveneblebis sazomi erTeulebis SedarebiTobas.

155

aRniSnuli naklovanebebi SeiZleba aRmoifxvras

mravalmxrivi araparametruli meTodebis daxmarebiT,

romlebic iyeneben SedarebiT Sefasebebs, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, SedarebiTi gansxvavebebis meTodi.

SedarebiTi gansxvavebebis meTodi gulisxmobs Se-

fasebis miRebas kerZo maCveneblebis mixedviT formu-

lis normirebis daxmarebiT. anu j-is kerZo maCveneblis

amaRleba i regionis mixedviT Seefardeba j maCveneblis

variacias mTeli rigis mixedviT.

(1)

integraluri koeficientis mniSvnelobis miReba

SeiZleba kerZo koeficientebis saSualo ariTmetiku-

lis meSveobiT. T i koeficientis mniSvneloba miekuTvne-

ba [0; 1] Sualeds, T i = 1-is miRweva SesaZlebelia mxo-

lod im SemTxvevaSi Tu i regions aqvs saukeTeso mniS-

vneloba yvela kerZo maCveneblis mixedviT.

(2)

aRniSnuli meTodi saSualebas iZleva miviRoT

kerZo maCveneblebis Sefaseba faqtiuri mniSvnelobebis

SefardebiT saukeTeso mniSvnelobebTan. integraluri

koeficientis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba formuliT:

(3)

156

Catarebuli gamoTvlebi saSualebas iZleva ganva-

xorcieloT regionebis dajgufeba konkurentunariano-

bis donis mixedviT. Tu IK-m SeiZleba miiRos mniSvne-

loba 0-dan 1-mde, maSin aucilebelia gamoiyos regione-

bis xuTi jgufi Tanabari integralebiT:

1 jgufi-konkurentunarianobis maRali done < IK < 1; 2 jgufi-sakmarisad maRali done: 0,6 < IK < 0,8; 3 jgufi-saSualo done: 0,4 < IK < 0,6; 4 jgufi-dabali done: 0,2 < IK < 0,4; 5 jgufi-konkurentuunaro regionebi: о < IK < 0,2.

ekonomikur literaturaSi mocemuli problema

ganixileba qveynis regionebis klasifikaciis safuZ-

velze maTi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mixedviT. avtore-

bi ganasxvaveben aseTi klasifikaciis sxvadasxva niS-

nebs. mag. m.i. muratovi Tvlis, rom regionebis konku-

rentunarianobis ranJireba SesaZlebelia ara erTi ro-

melime mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, aramed erToblivi

Sefasebis mravalganzomilebiani dajgufebebis gamoye-

nebiT. saqarTvlos regionebi dayofilia xuT erTgva-

rovan jgufad (klasterad) - regionis ekonomikis mdgo-

mareobis mixedviT: ayvavebuli regionebi;

saSualoze maRali donis regionebi;

saSualo donis regionebi;

saSualoze dabali donis regionebi;

ukiduresad Raribi (daucveli) regionebi.

yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli faqtobrivi niSnebis

mniSvnelobis mixedviT gamoiyos es eqvsi klasteri.

amitom ufro marTebuli iqneba saqarTvelos regione-

bis mTeli erTobliobis pirobiTad dayofa oTx jgu-

fad:

1) jgufebi konkurentunarianobis maRali doniT (regi-

onebi, romlebic m.i. muratovis klasifikaciaSi) mie-

kuTvneba pirvel da meore klasterebs;

157

2) jgufi konkurentunarianobis saSualo doniT (regi-

onebi, romlebic miekuTvneba me-3 klasters);

3) jgufi konkurentunarianobis saSualoze dabali do-

niT (regionebi romlebic miekuTvneba me-4 da me-5 klas-

terebs);

4) jgufi konkurentunarianobis dabali doniT (regio-

nebi, romlebic miekuTvneba me-5 klasters). zogierTi

ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom regionis konkurentunariano-

ba SeiZleba Sefasdes resursebis potencialis sidi-

diT. maTi azriT, regionis resursebis potencilis si-

dideSi igulisxmeba saboloo produqtis (saqonlis) an

erovnuli Semosavlis iseTi sidide, romlis miRebac

SeiZleba regionis faqtiurad arsebuli resursebis pi-

robebSi da Sesabamisi resursebis maqsimalurad efeq-

tianad gamoyenebis pirobebSi. amasTanresursebis poten-

cialis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba iyos regionis konku-

rentunarianobis Sefasebis safuZveli, radgan konku-

rentunarianoba TviTon asaxavs misi realizaciis pro-

cess, anu axorcielebs ekonomikur procesebs.

regionis konkurentunarianobis gansazRvrisadmi nor-

matiuli midgomisas dgindeeba socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis donis integrirebuli maCvenebeli regio-

nis rangebis saSualo gadaxriT, regionis ganviTarebis

Semdegi maCveneblebis saSualo qarTuli mniSvnelobe-

bis rangebisagan, kerZod:

_ mTliani regionuli produqti (msyidvelobiTi una-

ris donis gaTvaliswinebiT) erT sul mosaxleze (aTa-

si lari);

_ ZiriTad kapitalSi investiciebis moculoba/erT sul

mosaxleze (aTasi lari);

_ sagareo vaWrobis brunvis moculoba, erT sul mo-

saxleze (aSS dolari);

_ regionis finansuri uzrunvelyofa msyidvelobiTi

unaris donis gaTvaliswinebiT, erT sul mosaxleze

(aTasi lari);

158

_ mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebuli momuSaveebis saSua-

lo siiTobrivi raodenobis wili sawarmoebSi da orga-

nizaciebSi dasaqmebuli momuSaveebis mTlian saSualo

siiTobriv raodenobaSi (%-Si);

_ daregistrirebuli umuSevrobis done (%-obiT ekono-

mikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobasTan);

_ erT sul mosaxleze fuladi Semosavlebisa da saar-

sebo minimumis Tanafardoba;

_ saarsebo minimumze naklebi fuladi Semosavlebis

mqone mosaxleobis wili (%-obiT mTlianad mosaxleo-

baSi);

_ sacalo vaWrobis, sazogadoebrivi kvebis da fasiani

momsaxurebebis saerTo brunva erT sul mosaxleze

(msyidvelobiTi unaris donis gaTvaliswinebiT), erT

sul mosaxleze (aTasi lari);

_ ekonomikis dargebis ZiriTadi fondebi (mTliani sa-

balanso Rirebulebis saSualo wliur aRricxvaSi nar-

Ceni sabalanso RirebulebiT, kapitaluri xarjebis

zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT) erT sul mosaxleze (aTasi

lari);

_ saavtomobilo gzebis simWidrovis koeficienti (enge-

lis koeficienti);

_ socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis donis

maCvenebeli, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs Semdeg

parametrebs:

1. skolamdel dawesebulebebSi arsebuli bavSvebis uz-

runvelyofa adgilebiT (adgilebi 1000 skolamdeli

asakis bavSvisaTvis);

2. specialistebis gamoSveba umaRlesi da saxelmwifo

saSualo saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebiT (spec.

10000 adamianze);

3. mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa eqimebiT da saSualo

med. personaliT (10000 adamianze (sul mosaxleze));

159

4. mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa ambulatoriul-polik-

linikuri dawesebulebebiT (erT cvlaSi vizitebis ra-

odenoba 10000 sul mosaxleze (adamianze).

integraluri maCveneblis gamoTvla mimdinareobs eta-

pobrivad gamoyofili ganmeorebebis Tanmimdevrobis

realizaciis gziT. arsebobs regionis konkurentunari-

anobis Sefasebis sxva meTodebi. vTvliT, rom regionis

konkurentunarianobis kompleqsur maCvenebels warmo-

adgens mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi unari, romelic

Sedgeba ori elementisagan:

(4) sadac Y – aris cxovrebis donis maCvenebeli; I – re-

gionis investiciuri mimzidveloba. Sesabamisad yoveli

maTgani Tavis TavSi aerTianebs:

(5) sadac PC – aris mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTi una-

ri; G – Semosavlebis koncentraciis koeficienti (jinis

koeficienti); L – umuSevrobis done.

(6) sadac: Ip – aris regionis sainvesticio potencia-

li; Ir – sainvesticio riski; Iq – investiciebi realuri

moculoba; Q – regionSi wamgebiani sawarmoebis ricxvi. n.i. larini da a.i. makaevi regionebis konkuren-

tuli poziciebis SefasebisaTvis iyeneben qveynebis rei-

tingis gansazRvris meTodis analogiur meTods. misi

arsi mdgomareobs kerZo maCveneblebis rigis agregire-

baSi saerTo maCvenebelSi, romelic axasiaTebs regio-

nis poziciebs mocemuli maCveneblis mixedviT. faqtorebis pirveli jgufi axasiaTebs saqarTve-

los calkeuli subieqtebis ekonomikis mdgomareobas

(10 maCvenebeli). meore avlens regionis sameurneo subi-

eqtebis gare bazrebze gasvlis pirobebs.

160

Catarebulma kvlevam mogvca regionis konkurentunari-

anobis Sefasebisadmi midgomebis dajgufebis saSuale-

ba. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos regionebis kon-

kurentunarianobis Sefasebis sakiTxebis arasakmarisi

meTodologiuri SemuSavebis arapirdapir dadassture-

bas dResdReobiT warmoadgens is, rom ar arsebobs saq-

meebis mimdinare mdgomareobis dadgenidan prognozire-

baze gadasvlis mcdeloba.

5. 5. regionuli politikis evropuli

gamocdileba. konkurentunarianobis

indikatorebi

saqarTvelo unda gaxdes konkurentunariani qveya-

na _ es aris yvelaze ufro xSirad ganmeorebadi mowo-

deba, romlis mosmenac gviwevs sxvadasxva maRali eSe-

lonebis pirTa gamosvlebidan. saqarTvelos regionuli

ekonomikuri ganviTareba da Cveni regionebis konkuren-

tunarianobis amaRleba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

problemaa saqarTvelosaTvis, radgan sxvagvarad qvey-

nis mTliani Sida produqtis mkveTri zrda uaxles

wlebSi, albaT, Znelad misaRwevi iqneba. kerZod, ra

aris konkurentunariani regioni, rogor SevadaroT er-

TmaneTs sxvadasxva regionebis konkurentunarianoba da

rogor gavzomoT regionis konkurentunarianobis done.

ufro naTlad, rogoria aseTi konkurentunarianobis

indikatorebi.

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arc ise advilia.

upirveles yovlisa, aucileblad unda ganvmartoT, Tu

rogor gvesmis Cven regionuli konkurentunarianobis

Sinaarsi. es ar gaxlavT ioli amocana, magram vecadoT

avxsnaT. cnobilia, rom sawarmos doneze konkurentuna-

rianoba ganisazRvreba misi unariT gaswios konkuren-

cia, izrdebodes da iRebdes mogebas. arakonkurentuna-

161

riani sawarmoebi iZulebulni arian Seamciron Tavian-

Ti monawileoba bazarze, xolo saboloo jamSi Sewyvi-

ton TavianTi saqmianoba. rasakvirvelia, ufro Znelia

imis gansazRvra, Tu ra aris konkurentunarianoba re-

gionis doneze. saqme imaSia, rom konkurentunarianoba

Cveulebriv ganixileba makrokoncefciis farglebSi da

ara rogorc specifikuri regionuli sakiTxi. meore

mxriv, regionis doneze konkurentunarianobis gansaz-

Rvra imitom aris Zneli, rom ar arsebobs makrodoneze

farTo konsensusi konkurentunarianobis gansazRvris

Taobaze da, garda amisa, TviT konkurentunarianoba

droSi evolucias ganicdis. marTlac, im gansazRvre-

bisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic emyareboda SedarebiT

upiratesobaTa da fasobrivi konkurenciis gagebas,

dRes ukve naTlad ikveTeba gadasvla iseT aramateria-

lur koncefciebze, rogoricaa struqturuli konku-

rentunarianoba, inovacia da codnis ekonomika. amitom,

Cveni azriT, unda avirCioT konkurentunarianobis ise-

Ti gansazRvra, romlis pirobebSic SesaZlebeli iqneba

vipovoT misi gazomvis indikatorebi. am mxriv misabaZia

evropis kavSiri. man es gaakeTa.

evrokavSiris mier miRebuli debulebis Tanaxmad,

qveynis ekonomika konkurentunariania, Tu mis mosaxle-

obas aqvs sakmaod myari, mzardi cxovrebisa da dasaqme-

bis maRali done. ufro zustad, qveynis ekonomika kon-

kurentunarianad unda miviCnioT, Tu ekonomikuri aqti-

urobis dones ar mivyavarT ekonomikis aramyar sagareo

sagadamxdelo balansamde da is eWvqveS ar ayenebs mo-

mavali Taobebis keTildReobas. qveynis ekonomikis kon-

kurentunarianobis da cxovrebis donis tradiciul sa-

zoms erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mo-

culoba warmoadgens, Tumca aucilebelia kidev rigi

indikatorebi socialuri sferos, garemomcveli gare-

mos, janmrTelobis dacvis, mosaxleobis keTildReo-

bis, dasaqmebis donis (Sromisunariani mosaxleobis da-

162

saqmebis procenti) da Sromisnayofierebis (mTliani Si-

da produqti erT dasaqmebulze) parametrebis gazomva.

Sromis nayofiereba miiCneva konkurentunariano-

bis karg maCveneblad im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom

misi zrda amaRlebs konkurentunarianobas, xolo es

ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs da gavlenas ax-

dens mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis ufro maRal tem-

pebs. dasaqmebas zrda mTliani Sida produqtis zrdaas

iwvevs. dasaqmeba da Sromis nayofiereba mWidrod aris

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, Tumca isini saWiroa gan-

xilul iqnes cal-calke, radgan sinamdvileSi erTi

maCveneblis maRali done aucileblad ar iwvevs meo-

ris maRal dones. magaliTad, SeiZleba gavixsenoT umu-

Sevrobis donis zrda romelsac adgili hqonda evro-

kavSiris qveynebSi 1980 wels, rodesac Sromis nayofie-

rebis donis maRali zrda da dasaqmebis umniSvnelo

zrda SeiniSneboda. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, dasaqmebis

zrdis swrafi tempebis miRweva aucilebli araa ewina-

aRmdegebodes Sromis nayofierebis maRali donis miR-

wevas, Tu ekonomikis zrda gansazRvrul mniSvnelze me-

tia (evrokavSirisaTvis 2%) da misi done grZelvadian

periodSi SenarCunebulia. es yovelTvis gamoiwvevs da-

matebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. amitomac SegviZ-

lia vTqvaT, rom xangrZlivadian perspeqtivaSi yovel-

Tvis arsebobs pirdapiri damokidebuleba Sromis nayo-

fierebasa da dasaqmebis dones Soris.

konkurentunarianobasTan mimarTebaSi evrokavSi-

ris politika mdgomareobs cxovrebis donis amaRle-

biT, socialuri da moralur faseulobaTa mxardaWe-

riT arafasobrivi konkurenciis ganviTarebaSi. Sesaba-

misad, evrokavSiri aqcents akeTebs struqturul faq-

torebze, romlebic gansazRvraven konkurentunariano-

bas da xels uwyoben garZelvadian zrdas, kerZod, ino-

vaciebis, informaciuli teqnologiebisa da adamianuri

kapitalis sferoSi. evrokavSiris sabWos lisabonis

163

sxdomaze wamoyenebul iqna amocana, raTa miRweul iq-

nes is, rom evrokavSiris ekonomika momavali aTwleu-

lis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi gaxdes yvelaze ufro

konkurentunariani da mecniertevadi, romelsac myari

zrdis unari Seswevs didi raodenobis ufro xarisxo-

vani samuSao adgilebis SeqmniTa da socialuri Sem-

Widroebis erTianobis maRali xarisxiT.

konkurentunarianobis mimarTebiT arsebobs gamok-

veTili urTierTkavSiri inovaciebs, adamianur kapi-

talsa da informaciul teqnologiebs Soris.

inovaciebisadmi yuradReba globaluri konkuren-

ciis teqnologiebis adaptirebis da mudmivad axali

produqtis warmoebis, anu warmoebis postforduli

sistemis elementebis saukeTeso pasuxad miiCneva. inova-

ciebis davergvisa da aTvisebis unari pirdapir kavSir-

Sia mosaxleobis saganmanaTleblo donesTan. igi sain-

formacio teqnologiebi codnis ganviTarebis procesis

safuZvelia.

mTlianad evrokavSirSi regionebis konkurentuna-

rianobis ganviTareba damokidebulia sawarmoo struq-

turis (mecniertevadi sameurneo saqmianobisa da inova-

ciebis ganviTarebis gziT) modernizaciasa da diversi-

fikaciaze, rac ganapirobebs infrastruqturis, fiziku-

ri da adamianuri kapitalis donis amaRlebas. amasTan,

aucilebelia horizontaluri pirobebis aRricxva, rac

garemoze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT myar ganviTare-

bas gansazRvravs.

evrokavSirSi regionebis konkurentunarianobis

ganviTarebis fuZemdeblur instrumentebs warmoadgens

struqturuli fondebi, romlebic garZelvadian per-

speqtivaSi Semosavlebis gazrdisaTvis regionuli eko-

nomikebis konkurentunarianobisa da Sromisnayofiere-

bis amaRlebis politikis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs

aerTianebs. fondebi mxars uWers infrastruqturaSi,

adamianur kapitalSi, inovaciuri SesaZleblobebis rea-

164

lizaciaSi da garemos mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaSi

investirebas.

evrokavSiris regionebis konkurentunarianobis

indikatorebis gansazRvrisaTvis, evropuli komisiis

mier gamoiyeneba benCmarkingis meTodika (struqturul

indikatorebze inovaciebis sferoSi, sawarmoebis saqmi-

anobis pirobebze, axal teqnologiebze da a.S. aqcen-

tiT lisabonis konferenciaze miRebuli strategiis

gaTvaliswinebiT konkurentunarianobis sferoSi).

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, konkurentunarianobis

indikatorebis gansazRvrisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze

mSp da Sromis nayofierebis garda, gaTvaliswinebuli

unda iyos sxva elementebic (socialuri sfero, jan-

dacva, garemos dacva da a.S.). aRniSnul sferoebSi

progresis gasazomad aucileblia SemuSavdes damatebi-

Ti meTodebi. garda amisa, statistika gvaZlevs monace-

mebs konkurentunarianobis faqtorebze, romlebic da-

debiTad moqmedebs, magaliTad, inovaciebis ganviTare-

baze. miuxedavad amisa, inovaciebis sferoSi arsebobs

sirTuleebi, romlebsac am politikis gamtareblebi

xvdebian, rac im faqtorebis erTdroul gazomvaSi

mdgomareobs, romlebic konkurentunarianobaze maTi

ganxorcielebisa da zemoqmedebis saSualebas iZleva.

amave dros mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is, rom evrokavSir-

Si konkurentunarianoba struqturul reformebzea da-

fuZnebuli (da ara makroekonomikur politikasa da sa-

faso konkurenciaze). amitom indikatorebis SerCeva Zne-

lia.

ganvixiloT konkurentunarianobis gasazomad in-

dikatorebis gamoyenebis ori SemTxveva: 1. indikatore-

bi, romlebic gamoiyeneba ekonomikur da socialuri in-

tegraciis angariSebSi; 2. monitoringisa da Sefasebis

indikatorebi, romlebic struqturuli fondebis Car-

CoebSi (farglebSi) gamoiyeneba.

165

1. ekonomikuri da socialuri integraciis angari-

Sebi evrokavSiris regionebis gamokvlevebis Sedegs

warmoadgens, romelsac regularulad evropuli komi-

sia awarmoebda. regionebis erTmaneTTan Sesadarebis,

maTi ganviTarebis donisa da konkurentunarianobis da-

sadgenad SemoTavazebul iqna ZiriTadi regionaluri

indikatorebis Semdegi klasifikacia:

ekonomika (erT sul mosaxleze mTliani Sida

produqti, msyidvelobiTi unarianobis done, meurneo-

bis dargebSi dasaqmeba, 1 mln. adamianze evropul pa-

tentze ganacxadebis raodenoba);

Sromis bazari (umuSevrobis done, pirvel rig-

Si, qalebsa da axalgazrdebSi; myari umuSevroba, mo-

saxleobis 15-64 wlis askis adamianebSi dasaqmebis do-

ne);

demografia (mosaxleobis raodenoba, mosaxle-

obis simWidrove 1 kv.km. mosaxleobis procenti 15

wlamde, 15-64 wlamde da 65 wlis asakis zemoT).

ganaTleba (ganaTlebis done 25-29 wlis asakis

pirebSi).

yuradReba unda mivaqcioT im faqts, rom es meTo-

dologia ar gulisxmobs yvela im faqtorebis Sedare-

bas, romlebic regionebis konkurentunarianobas amaR-

leben, magram SesaZlebels xdis analizi gaukeTdes im

faqtorebs, romlebic masze arsebiT gavlenas axdenen,

ramdenadac konkurentunarianobis faqtorebis Sedare-

biTi mniSvneloba gansxvavdeba regionebis tipebis mi-

xedviT.

2. 2000-2006 ww. evrokomisiam warmoadgina monito-

ringis indikatorebi da proeqtebis da programebis Se-

fasebebi, romlebic finansdeboda an Rebulobda dama-

tebiT dafinansebas struqturuli fondebidan. moRvawe-

obis sferoebi klasificirdeba kategoriebad da qveka-

tegoriebad. moRvaweobis yvela sferos aqvs Tavisi in-

dikatori (romelTac sTavazoben, magram iZulebiT ara-

166

vis Tavze ar axveven). qvemoT naCvenebia indikatorebi

moRvaweobis ramdenime sferosaTvis, romelic dakavSi-

rebulia regionebis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebas-

Tan.

samecniero gamokvlevebis sferoSi, teqnologie-

bis ganviTarebasa da inovaciaSi Semdegi indikatorebi

gamoiyeneba:

produqtis indikatori: kvleviTi proeqtebisa

da doqtorebis raodenoba (mamakacebi, qalebi), romel-

sac mxari dauWires.

rezultatis indikatori: warmatebiT dasru-

lebeuli proeqtebis procentuli raodenoba (publika-

ciebis da a.S.), mkvlevarTa raodenoba, romelTac sa-

mecniero xarisxi mieniWaT (qalebi, kacebi); samecniero

samsaxurSi miRebuli TanamSromlebis ricxvis zrda

(kacebi, qalebi);

zemoqmedebis indikatori: SemuSavebuli inova-

ciebis raodenoba, axali sawarmoebis raodenoba, rom-

lebic mkvlevari personalis mier gaixsna.

sawarmoebsa da kvleviT institutebs Soris ino-

vaciebis, teqnologiebis gadacemis sferoSi Sesabamisi

qselis Seqmnasa da partnioruli urTierTobis Seqmna-

Si Semdegi indikatorebi gamoiyeneba:

produqtis indikatori: kompaniebis raodenoba,

romelTac samecniero kvlevebis, teqnologiebis ganvi-

Tarebisa da inovaciebis sferoSi finansuri mxardaWe-

ra miiRes, teqnologiebis SeZenaSi mxardamWeri proeq-

tebis firmebsa da samecniero institutebs Soris Cata-

rebuli konsultaciebis da treningebis raodenoba;

Sedegis indikatorebi: sawarmoebis raodenoba,

romlebmac miiRes mxardaWera Tanamedrove samecniero

kvleviT proeqtebSi, kapitaldabandebebis zrda samec-

niero kvlevebis, teqnologiebis ganviTarebis da inova-

ciebis sferoSi, romlebic xorcieldeba im sawarmoe-

167

bis mier, romlebmac erTobliv proeqtebSi miiRes mona-

wileoba; Tanxmobebis raodenobaze zemoqmedebis indika-

torebi: TanamSromlobaze kvleviT institutebs Soris,

romlebmac miiRes erTi wlis Semdeg firmebis daxmare-

ba. sawarmoebis raodenoba regionebSi, romlebmac mii-

Res monawileoba programaSi da aRniSnes dadebiTi

efeqtebi teqnologiebis gadacemiT weliwad-naxevris

Semdeg; mxardamWeri kompaniebis raodenoba, romlebmac

SeiZines patenti, licenzia da erTi wlis Semdeg er-

Tobliv proeqtebSi miiRes monawileoba; axali produq-

tebis/procesebis raodenoba, romlebic firmebma bazar-

ze warmoadgines da miiRes finansuri mxardaWera; ori

wlis Semdeg miRebuli damatebuli Rirebuleba; Seqmni-

li samuSao adgilebi da mTliani dasaqmebis procenti. samecniero kvlevebis, teqnologiebis ganviTarebi-

sa da inovaciebis infrastruqturaSi Semdegi indika-

torebi gamoiyeneba:

produqtis indikatori: warmodgenili terito-

ria (ha), aSenebuli da gadaiaraRebuli farTobi (kv.m.);

erToblivad Seqmnili samsaxurebis raodenoba;

Sedegis indikatori: samecniero kvlevebis, in-

formaciuli teqnologiebis da kapitalis sferoSi mi-

Rebuli TanamSromlebis (kacebi, qalebi) raodenoba,

mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba;

zemoqmedebis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis

raodenoba, romlebSic erTi wlis Semdeg parkis CarCo-

ebSi Seqmnilia maRali teqnologiebi. sawarmoebis rao-

denoba, romlebic Seqmnilia parkis CarCoebSi erTi

wlis Semdeg, sruli dasaqmeba, (Seqmnili an SenarCune-

buli erTi wlis Semdeg. samuSao adgilebis raodenoba

da saerTo dasaqmebis zrdis procenti).

produqtis indikatori: axlad Seqmnili sawar-

moebis raodenoba, romlebic sainformacio teqnologi-

168

ebs emsaxurebian (onlain-momsaxureba, eleqtronuli

vaWroba da a.S.);

Sedegis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis raode-

noba, romlebmac miiRes finansuri mxardaWera, raTa

warmodgenil samsaxurSi SeaRwion (mag., internetSi).

mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebic awarmoeben in-

formaciuli teqnologiebis sferoebis samsaxurs da

organizebas ukeTeben maT komerciul realizacias. in-

ternetis momsaxurebis raodenoba wertilebisa adgi-

lobrivi kavSiris zonaSi;

zemoqmedebis indikatori: ori wlis Semdeg

Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli mTliani/wminda dasaqmeba

(samuSao adgilebis raodenoba an procenti saerTo da-

saqmebis).

biznesis sakiTxebis konsultaciebis sferoSi (in-

formacia, biznes-gegma, marketingi, menejmenti, eqspor-

ti, marTva da zemoqmedeba garemomcvel pirobebze, teq-

nologiebis SeZena, samecniero kvlevebis konkurentuna-

rianobis zrda) Semdegi indikatorebi gamoiyeneba:

produqtis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis ra-

odenoba (mflobelebi _ kacebi, qalebi), romlebic kon-

sultaciebs iReben.

Sedegis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis raode-

noba, romlebic gaxdnen eqsportiorebi da romlebmac

axal bazarze eqsporti daiwyes; mcire sawarmoebis

procenti, romlebic warmodgenili samsaxuriT arian

kmayofilni;

zemoqmedebis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis

eqsportuli gayidvebis brunvis procenti, romlebmac

daxmareba 1,5 wlis Semdeg miiRes; namati Rirebulebis

1,5 wlis Semdeg gazrda; 2 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili an Se-

narCunebuli sruli dasaqmeba; (samuSao adgilebis ra-

odenoba da saerTo dasaqmebis procenti).

adamianuri resursebis SefasebisaTvis (adamianu-

ri samuSao Zalis da sawarmoo saqmianobis moqniloba,

169

inovacia, informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologia) ga-

moiyeneba Semdegi indikatorebi:

produqtis indikatori: TanamSromlebis rao-

denoba, romlebmac treningi gaiares (treningis xan-

grZlivoba, tipi), mcire sawarmoebis raodenoba, rom-

lebmac treningis Catarebaze finansuri mxardaWera mi-

iRes (dafinansebis zoma, tipi, treningis xangrZlivo-

ba), beneficiarebis raodenoba;

Sedegis indikatori: mcire sawarmoebis biuje-

tis gazda da kadrebis momzadeba (%);

zemoqmedebis indikatori: beneficiari pirebis

raodenoba romlebmac daiwyes biznesi 2 wlis Semdeg

(kacebi, qalebi), 1,5 wlis Semdeg namati Rirebulebis

zrda; mosamsaxureebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebis Sede-

gad Sromis nayofierebis zrda (erT mosamsaxureze

brunvis zrdis procenti); 2 wlis Semdeg sruli daaq-

meba samuSao adgilebis Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli

(raodenoba da saerTo dasaqmebis procenti).

satransporto infrastruqturaSi Semdegi indika-torebi gamoiyeneba:

produqtis indikatori: aSenebuli an rekon-

struirebuli Cqarosnuli rkinigzis sigrZe, mSeneblo-

bis damTavrebis xarisxi, gaumjobesebuli rkinigzis

liandagis sigrZe;

Sedegis indikatori: dro, romelzec gakeTda

ekonomia (mgzavrebis dro, gamravlebuli momsaxurebis

raodenobaze), drois ekonomia (mgzavrebis dro gamrav-

lebuli satvirTo an samgzavro nakadze), xelmisawvdo-

moba (siCqaris ekvivalentis Semcireba swor xazze);

zemoqmedebis indikatori: satvirTo da sam-

gzavro nakadis gazrda 1 wlis Semdeg: zemoqmedeba ga-

remoze (amaRleba, dadableba), xmauriani datvirTvis

Secvla; Seqmnili an SenarCunebuli sruli dasaqmeba, 2

wlis Semdeg (samuSao adgilebis raodenoba da saerTo

dasaqmebulobis procenti).

170

5. 6. konkurentunariani regionebis sxva

indikatorebi

evropuli komisiis garda, Catarebuli sxva gamok-

vlevebis mizania gamoerkviaT regionuli konkurentuna-

rianobis indikatorebi. aRvniSnoT zogierTi maTgani.

`msofliosTan Sejibri~. gamokvleva Catarebulia

bank `barklais~ eqspertebis mier. Sedegebi gamoqveynebu-

lia 2002 wels. Sedarebulia msoflios 15 konkurentuna-

riani regioni (maT Soris 10 evrosabWos regioni) da mi-

Rebuli mcdelobis Sedegad gamovlenilia konkurentu-

narianobis saerTo faqtorebi. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi

15 regionis sirTule, Tanmimdevruli da urTierTsawi-

naaRmdego monacemebi. gakeTebulia daskvna, rom TiToe-

ul regionSi aris saerTo faqtorebis mcire raodenoba,

romlebic warmatebiT ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs. ` regionuli konkurentunarianobis indikatori ~.

gamokvleva Catarebulia britaneTis vaWrobis da mrew-

velobis saministros mier. avtorebis azriT, SerCeuli

14 indikatori iZleva regionebis konkurentunariani

dabalansebis suraTs. amasTanave, mravali faqtori moq-

medebs ara regionaluri konkurentunarianobis doneze,

aramed Sedegebze. `britaneTis centraluri sagrafoebis konkuren-

tunarianobis benCmarkingi~. gamokvlevis Sedegebi ga-

moqveynebulia 1997 wels. Catarebulia am regionis kon-

kurentunarianobis Sedareba, evropis sxva regionebTan.

gamokvlevebis mcdelobiT miRebulia zomebi, romlebic

regionebis konkurentunarianobas amaRleben. kvlevisas

gamoyenebulia benCmarkingis mravalganzomilebiani mo-

deli, romelic 55 SedarebiT maCvenebels Seicavs da

TiToeul maTgans gansazRvruli reitingi gaaCnia. `regionis investicirebuli klimatis gamokvle-

va~. aRniSnul gamokvlevaSi benCmarkingis regionaluri

investicirebuli klimatis xarisxis gasazomad Crdi-

171

lo-dasavleT evropis 40 regionSi SemuSavebulia meTo-

dologia, romelic regionebis gamokiTxul mewarmeTa

Sedegebis mixedviT aris gansazRvruli. cvlilebebi

gamoyenebul gamokvlevaSi dayofilia 2 jgufad: 1. in-

dikatorebi, romlebic gamoxataven bazris urTierTo-

bebs da 2. sawarmoo sferos faqtorebi.

evropuli integraciis procesSi regionuli po-

litikis ganxorcielebis universalur meTodad koope-

raciis meTodia miCneuli, kerZod, mones meTodi. es me-

Todi gamoyenebulia evrokavSiris ganviTarebis yvela

etapze, maT Soris maastrixtis 1991 wlis dekembrisa da

1992 wlis Tebervlis, agreTve 2000 wlis amsterdamisa

da nicis xelSekrulebebis dadebisas, romlebic iTva-

liswinebdnen evrokavSiris gafarToebas 27 monawile

qveyanamde.

evrokavSiris `Zvel~ wevrebze saubrisas dabeji-

TebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom regionaluri politika da-

saxul amocanas Tavs kargad arTmevda. man gadawyvita

ZiriTadi teritoriuli disproporciebis sakiTxi da

Seqmna evrokavSiris regionebis konvergenciis winapi-

robebi.

XXI saukunis pirvelma wlebma warmoaCina kidev

erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba _ regionebis, rogorc

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, po-

litikuri urTierTobis uSualo subieqtTa mzardi ro-

li. regionebis winaaRmdegoba rac ufro metad gacdeba

nacionaluri doneebis CarCoebs, konkurenciisa da spe-

cifikur `regionul korporaciebad~ regionebis gardaq-

mnis pirobebSi, miT ufro rTuldeba evrokavSiris amo-

cana daZlios regionTaSorisi disproporciebi, gansa-

kuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTis evropis qveynebSi (yofi-

li aRmosavleTis blokidan). am amocanis sirTuleze

metyvelebs dRemde SenarCunebuli teritoriuli winaaR-

mdegobebi evropis kavSiris ukeT ganviTarebul zonaSic

ki (15 `Zvel~ monawile qveyanaSi).

172

5.7 regionis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis

Sefasebis meTodi

sainvesticio procesebi warmoadgens saqarTvelos

ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnis mTavar faqtors.

sainvesticio Semadgeneli aris ekonomikis regulire-

bis yvela bazisuri modelis fuZemdebluri elementi

(klasikuri, monetaristuli, keinzianuri). sainvestici-

uo politika, romelic saxelmwifos anticikluri po-

litikis nawilia, SeiZleba iqces saqarTvelos ekonomi-

kis ganviTarebis katalizatorad.

sabazro gardaqmnebis dasawyisSi saqonelmwarmo-

eblebis sainvesticio aqtiuroba mniSvnelovnad Seamci-

ra saxelmwifos sagadsaxado da safinanso-sakredito

politikam. safinanso-sakredito sistemam miiRo hiper-

trofuli ganviTareba, sainvesticio kreditis sapro-

cento ganakveTi gamoricxavda misi gamoyenebis SesaZ-

leblobas sawarmoo miznebisaTvis.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri krizisis erT-erT mize-

zad unda CaiTvalos regionebSi sakuTari resursebis

mobilizaciis da gare wyaroebis mozidvis qmediTi me-

qanizmebis ar arseboba. uaRresad dabalia xarjebis

done sainovacio saqmianobaze (axali perspeqtiuli

teqnologiebis SeZenaze modis mTeli sainovacio xar-

jebis 2,2%).

investiciebis indeqsi ZiriTad kapitalSi 2001

wels Seadgenda 21%-s (1990w.=100%). Tumca investiciebis

moculobis Semcirebis fonze zogierT regionSi Sei-

niSneba maTi koncentraciis tendencia.

sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis gansazRvra warmo-

adgens nebismieri saqmianobis sawyis wertils, rome-

lic dakavSirebulia investirebasTan. saboloo jamSi,

es SeiZleba gaxdes sainvesticio saSualebebis mobili-

zaciis dasawyisi. qarTveli da ucxoeli, kerZo Tu sa-

xelmwifo potenciuri investorebi dainteresebuli

173

arian miiRon informacia axali sainvesticio SesaZleb-

lobis Sesaxeb. aseTi informaciis Sesaqmnelad sainves-

ticio proeqtis identifikaciisaTvis mizanSewonilia

gamoviyenoT sainvesticio proeqtis mravalsafexuriani

Sefaseba:

• ekonomikis seqtoris, erovnuli ekonomikis dar-

gebis doneze. Sefasebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT sain-

vesticio produqtis savaraudo masStabi da sameurneo

subieqt-investoris rangi (saerToerovnuli korporaci-

a, regionuli korporacia da a. S.). analizi SeiZleba

Catardes, rogorc zogadad saqarTvelos masStabiT,

aseve mezodoneze;

• regionis (mezodone) da misi potencialis done-

ze;

• sawarmoos - sainvesticio proeqtis doneze. pirveli ori donis gamosakvlevad sainvesticio

proeqtis Sefaseba moicavs informaciis Segrovebas re-

gionis, sawarmoo seqtoris Sesaxeb, agreTve resurse-

bis analizs da warmoebis ganviTarebis kompleqsuri

gegmis Sedgenas. mikroekonomikuri midgoma, umTavresad,

moicavs mewarmeebis, investiciebis xelSemwyobi organi-

zaciebis da safinanso dawesebulebebis sainvesticio

ideebis analizs.

investorebis dainteresebis stimulirebis mizniT

konkretuli proeqtebis SesaZleblobebis gamokvlevebs

unda gaaCndes garkveuli sabazo informacia, Tanac ar

aris sakmarisi ubralod saqonlis CamonaTvali, rom-

lis warmoebisaTvis arsebobs Sida potenciali. aseTi

analizi dafuZnebuli unda iyos saerTo ekonomikur

maCveneblebze (magaliTad, importi wina periodSi, mom-

xmarebelTa moTxovnis zrda) an regionis, sawarmoo

seqtoris, resursebis saerTo SesaZleblobebis gamok-

vlevis masalebze, rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos investiciis

ganxorcielebis amosaval wertilad.

174

monacemebi SeiZleba Seivsos informaciiT, rome-

lic moicavs konkretuli produqciis warmoebis meTo-

debs da tendeciebs. es mniSvnelovania potenciuri in-

vestorisaTvis – radganac man unda SeZlos Seafasos

arsebuli SesaZleblobebi, maTi sarfianoba, imisaTvis

rom gadavides proeqtis momzadebis Semdeg stadiaze.

informaciis raodenobrivi Sefasebis mTavar in-

struments warmoadgens sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis

gamokvleva.

sainvesticio SesaZleblobebis gamokvlevis far-

glebSi analizs ukeTeben Semdeg aspeqtebs:

• bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic vargisia warmo-

ebisaTvis, magaliTad: xis masala gadamamuSavebeli

warmoebisTvis;

• soflis meurneobis arsebuli struqtura, ro-

gorc samrewvelo dargebis safuZveli, romlebic ba-

zirdeba soflis meurneobaze;

• moTxovna garkveul samomxmareblo saqonelze,

romelTa moxmareba SeiZleba gaizardos mosaxleobis

raodenobis an msyidvelobiTi unaris zrdiT;

• importi; • gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis seqtorebi, rome-

lic warmatebiT funqcionireben analogiuri ekonomi-

kuri bazis, msgavsi ganviTarebis donis da finansuri,

SromiTi da bunebrivi resursebis mqone sxva regioneb-

sa da qveynebSi;

• SesaZlebeli urTierTkavSirebi adgilobriv an

transnacionaluri masStabis sxva dargebTan;

• arsebuli warmoebis SesaZlebeli gafarToeba

integraciis safuZvelze, magaliTad, navTobgadamamuSa-

vebeli da navTobproduqtebis gamwmendi warmoebis ga-

erTianeba;

175

• SesaZlebeli deversifikacia, magaliTad, nav-

Tobqimiuri kompleqsis gardaqmna farmacevtiul warmo-

ebad;

• arsebuli sawarmoo simZlavreebis SesaZlebeli

gafarToeba ekonomiis misaRebad, rac ganpirobebulia

warmoebis masStabis zrdiT;

• saerTo sainvesticio klimati;

• saxelmwifos sawarmoo politika;

• sawarmoo faqtorebis arseboba da Rirebuleba;

• saeqsporto SesaZleblobebi.

garemoebebidan gamomdinare unda moxdes saerTo

(seqtoruli midgoma), an konkretuli proeqtis (midgo-

ma sawarmos doneze) SesaZleblobebis Seswavla, an

orives erTad. saerTo SesaZleblobis gamokvleva SeiZ-

leba davyoT sam kategoriad:

• regionis gamokvleva, iqneba es administraciu-

li provincia, CamorCenili raioni, an portis maxlobe-

li raioni;

• sawarmoo gamokvlevebi, maTi daniSnulebaa ga-

moavlinon mocemuli warmoebis dargis SesaZleblobe-

bi;

• gamokvlevebi, romelTa daniSnulebaa, gamoavli-

non bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi,

sasoflo-sameurneo an sawarmoo produqciis Sesaqmne-

lad.

amgvarad mezodoneze ekonomikis subieqtebis Se-

saZleblobebis da safinanso-ekonomikuri zrdis per-

speqtivebis Sefaseba SeuZlebelia maTi sainvesticio

potencialis analizis gareSe. Ees dakavSirebulia

imasTan, rom ekonomikis subieqtebis resursebis erTob-

lioba mezodoneze xSirad danawevrebulia sxvadasxva

wyaroebebisa da Semadgenlobebis mixedviT. amasTan da-

kavSirebiT erovnuli an mezodonis sainvesticio pro-

176

cesebis aRweris dros arsebobs terminologiuri erTi-

anobis problema.

“regionis sainvesticio potenciali – transfor-

mirebad garemoSi regionis damoukidebeli sainvesti-

cio saqmianobis ganxorcielebis integraluri maxasia-

Tebelia”47.

sainvesticoi potencialis Sefasebis, teritorie-

bis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis mixedviT ranJirebis

mizniT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT xarrodis modelis baza-

ze agebuli Teoria.

xarrodis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi faq-

toruli parametrebis urTierTkavSiri, romlebic axa-

siaTebdnen ganviTarebis potencials Semosavlebis maC-

veneblebiT. mocemuli modelis farglebSi sawyis cne-

bebs warmoadgens: “ekonomikuri Semosavali” da “kapita-

li”. “ekonomikuri Semosavali” warmoadgens samewarmeo

momsaxurebis RirebulebiT gamoxatulebas.

cneba “kapitali”, romelic gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva

xarisxis sirTulis obieqtebis (qveyana, dargi, regioni,

sawarmoo) sainvesticio potencialis SedarebiTi Sefa-

sebis modelebSi, aris sxvadasxva analitikuri midgo-

mebis Sedegi:

a) “kapitali” aris gancalkevebuli resursebis

erToblioba. Ees ukanaskneli Sedgeba qonebis, mowyobi-

lobis, sabrunavi saxsrebis, saqonlis da Sualeduri

produqtebis maragis, agreTve moxmarebis sagnebisagan,

romlebic gamoiyeneba moxmarebis sagnebis da momsaxu-

rebis warmoebisaTvis. mTeli es gancalkevebuli re-

sursebi iZenen “faseulobas” da warmoadgenen sainces-

ticio potencialis struqturul elementebs. “sainves-

ticio faseulebebis” Seqmnis ZiriTadi faqtoria same-

47 Рясков С.Н. Формирование инвестиционного потенциала и оптимизация его использования (региональный аспект) – Автореферат. – М.: РАГС, 2000 г.

177

warmeo unari da “ekonomikuri mindobilobis” meqaniz-

mi, romelic uzrunvelyofs ekonomikuri Semosavlebis

miRebis SesaZleblobas (albaTobas). warmoebis proces-

Si gamoyenebuli kapitaluri resursebi gadaiqceva in-

vesticiebad, Tu isini uzrunvelyofen mogebis miRebis

SesaZleblobas;

b) “kapitali” - es aris Sualedur faseulobaTa

erToblioba, romelTa mTavari daniSnulebaa gazardon

sazogadoebrivi Sromisnayofiereba;

g) “kapitali”- es aris yvela kvlavwarmoebuli sa-

qonlis erToblioba. “kapitalis” ekonomiuri arsi ima-

Si ki ar mdgomareobs, Tu ras qmnis igi, aramed mis

kvlavwarmoebaSia;

d) “kapitali” aris sameurneo subieqtebis ekono-

mikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegi, romlebic cvalebad

resurss aqcevs ekonomikur Semosavlad. kapitalis Ri-

rebuleba ganpirobebulia Semosavlis RirebulebiT

(“kapitaluri resursebi-Semosavali-Semosavlis Rirebu-

leba-kapitalis Rirebuleba”).

qarTuli praqtika adasturebs, rom sainvesticio

potencialis dacemis pirvel signals warmoadgens ma-

Ralkvalificirebuli kadrebis gadineba. es procesi

amcirebs adgilobrivi biujetebis sagadasaxado bazas,

rac ganapirobebs mosaxleobis rigi socialuri jgufe-

bis mdgomareobis gauaresebas, romlebic Semosavlebs

Rebuloben biujetidan. saerTo keTildReobis Semcire-

bas praqtikulad yovelTvis Tan sdevs kapitalis gadi-

neba. es ki regionul process aZlevs kumulatur xasi-

aTs. aqedan SeiZleba gavakeToT erTi mniSvnelovani

daskvna: regionebis ekonomikuri keTildReoba da var-

dna aris TviTganviTarebadi procesi, romelic aZlie-

rebs araTanabar regionul ganviTarebas.

praqtikisaTvis cnobilia sainvesticio klimatisa

da riskebis erovnuli reitingebi, romlebic cnobili

saeqsperto saagentoebis mier Moody's, Standard & Poor,

178

IBCA periodulad qveyndeba msoflios wamyvan ekonomi-

kur JurnalebSi Euromoney, Fortune, The Economist. sainvesticio mimzidvelobis integraluri Sefase-

bis sistema dafuZnebulia ori zomvadi sididis, ori

ZiriTadi maCveneblis urTierTkorelaciaze: sainvesti-

cio riski da sainvesticio potenciali. amis saSuale-

biT erTis mxriv SesaZlebelia regionSi savaraudo

biznesis masStabebis Sefaseba, xolo meores mxriv Se-

saZlebelia dadgindes ramdenad sariskoa am biznesis

ganviTareba. risk-potencialis sibrtyeSi mocemulia

Semdegi gradacia.

potenciali:

maRali (cifruli aRniSvna 1),

saSualo (2),

dabali (3).

riski:

dabali (anbanuri aRniSnva A),

saSualo (B), maRali (C), Zalian maRali (D).

Sesabamisad yoveli regionis reitingi aRiniSneba

anbanur-cifrobrivi kombinaciiT. zogadad aRniSnuli

meTodika SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc sainvesticio

klimatis Sefasebis meTodika, romelic aerTianebs

qveynisa da regionis obieqtur SesaZleblobebs (sain-

vesticio potenciali) da investoris saqmianobis piro-

bebs (sainvesticio riski).

gasagebia, Tu ratom ar aris sakmarisi gadawyve-

tilebebis misaRebad mxolod potencialis, an mxolod

riskis ganxilva. regioni SeiZleba saukeTeso iyos po-

tencialis TvalsazrisiT - magaliTad, iq aris nedle-

uli, resursebi an mosaxleobaa mdidari, magram Tu po-

litikuri mdgomareoba arastabiluria, an garemo imde-

nad dabinZurebuli, rom kidev erT qarxanas mosaxleo-

179

ba ubralod ver aitans, investiciebze cotani Tu da-

Tanxmdebian.

sainvesticio potenciali (teritoriis sainvesti-

cio tevadoba) warmoadgens investiciebis ganxorciele-

bis obieqtur winapirobaTa jams, romelic damokidebu-

lia rogorc investirebis obieqtebis, sferoebis arse-

bobaze da mravalferovnebaze, aseve - maT ekonomikur

janmrTelobaze.

sainvesticio potenciali iTvaliswinebs ZiriTa-

dad makroekonomikur maxasiaTeblebs, teritoriis ga-

jerebas warmoebis faqtorebiT, mosaxleobis samomxma-

reblo moTxovnas da sxva maCveneblebs. regionis sain-

vesticio potenciali yalibdeba rva kerZo potencia-

lisagan:

• nedleul-resursuli (bunebrivi resursebis Zi-

riTadi saxeebis sabalanso maragiT uzrunvelyofa);

• SromiTi (SromiTi resursebi da maTi saganma-

naTleblo done);

• sawarmoo (regionSi mosaxleobis sameurneo saq-

mianobis erTiani Sedegi);

• inovaciuri (regionSi mecnierebis ganviTarebisa

da samecniero-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis daner-

gvis done);

• instituciuri (sabazro ekonomikis wamyvani in-stitutebis ganviTarebis xarisxi);

• infrastruqturuli (regionis ekonomikur-geog-

rafiuli mdebareoba da misi infrastruqturuli uz-

runvelyofa);

• safinanso (sagadasaxado bazis moculoba da

regionis sawarmoebis momgebianoba);

• samomxmareblo (regionis mosaxleobis erTob-

livi msyidvelobiTi unari).

maSasadame, sainvesticio potencialis Sefaseba

efuZneba moyvanili rva potencialidan calkeulis eta-

180

pobriv Sefasebas, xolo Semdeg am sainformacio baza-

ze dayrdnobiT yalibdeba erTiani, integraluri Sefa-

seba.

regionebis ranJirebis aRniSnuli meTodikis meo-

re Semadgenels warmoadgens sainvesticio riskis maCve-

nebeli. sainvesticio riskis sidide aCvenebs investici-

ebis danakargebis da maTgan mogebis miRebis albaTo-

bas. ganixileba riskis Semdegi saxeebi:

• ekonomikuri (tendenciebi regionis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi);

• safinanso (regionuli biujetisa da sawarmoe-

bis finansebis dabalansebulobis xarisxi);

• politikuri (arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT mo-

saxleobis politikur simpatiaTa ganawileba, adgi-

lobrivi xelisuflebis avtoritetuloba);

• socialuri (socialuri daZabulobis done);

• ekologiuri (garemos dabinZurebis done, radi-

aciulis CaTvliT);

• kriminogenuri (regionSi damnaSaveobis done,

damnaSaveobis simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT);

• sakanonmdeblo (ama Tu im sferoSi an dargSi

investirebis iuridiuli pirobebi, warmoebis calkeu-

li faqtorebis gamoyenebis wesi). am riskis gansazRvri-

sas unda gaviTvaliswinoT rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve

regionebis doneze miRebuli kanonebi da normatiuli

aqtebi. agreTve is dokumentebi, romlebic uSualod

aregulirebs sainvesticio saqmianobas an arapirdapi-

rad exeba mas.

riski TiTqos ajamebs “TamaSis wesebs” sainvesti-

cio bazarze. sainvesticio potencialisagan gansxvave-

biT bevri ram am wesebidan SeiZleba uecrad Seicva-

los imdenad, ramdenadac icvleba adamianis xasiaTi da

azri, amitom riski Tvisobrivi maxasiaTebelia.

181

kanonmdebloba warmoadgens sainvesticio riskis

umniSvnelovanes Semadgenels. regionTaSorisi midgo-

mis specifika mdgomareobs imaSi, rom regionTa umrav-

lesobis teritoriaze moqmedebs saqarTvelos saerTo-

saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo foni, romelic awesrigebs

sainvesticio saqmianobas mxolod Tavisi uflebamosi-

lebis farglebSi. garda amisa kanonmdebloba, rogorc

wesi, ara marto gavlenas axdens sainvesticio riskis

xarisxze, aramed awesrigebs ama Tu im sferoSi an dar-

gebSi investirebis SesaZleblobebs, gansazRvravs regi-

onis sainvesticio potencialis calkeuli faqtorebis

gamoyenebis wess.

regionis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis Sefaseba

SeiZleba avagoT Semdegi klasifikaciiT:

1A tipi - maqsimaluri SesaZleblobebi minimalu-

ri riskis pirobebSi.

2A tipi - saSualo SesaZleblobebi minimaluri

riskis pirobebSi.

3A tipi - jgufi dabali SesaZleblobebiT da mi-

nimaluri riskiT.

1B tipi - jgufi maRali potencialiT da zomieri

riskiT.

2B tipi - jgufi saSualo potencialiT da zomie-

ri riskiT.

3B tipi - jgubi dabali potencialiT da zomieri

riskiT.

3B1 tipi - daqveiTebuli potenciali da riskis

zomieri indeqsi.

3B2 tipi - regionebi umniSvnelo potencialiT da

riskis zomieri indeqsiT.

1C tipi - regionebis jgufi maRali potencialiT

da maRali riskiT.

2C tipi - jgufi saSualo potencialiT da maRali

riskiT.

182

3C1 da 3C2 tipi - regionebi dabali potencialiT

da maRali riskiT.

3D tipi - regionebi dabali potencialiT da eq-

stremaluri riskiT.

aRniSnul regionebSi jgufebi 1 A da 2 A, 1 B , 2B SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc potenciuri ”zrdis po-

lusebi”.

saeqsperto Sefasebebi momavalSi hpoveben farTo

gavrcelebas. Tumca reitingebis sayovelTao gamoyeneba

Seqmnis mraval problemas maTi utyuarobis Semowmebas-

Tan dakavSirebiT48, radganac eqspertTa Sefasebebi su-

bieqturia. maTze gavlenas axdens politikuri, kultu-

ruli, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da sxva faqtore-

bi. es ki iwvevs erTi da imave ekonomikuri indikatoris

da movlenis sxvadasxvanair interpretirebas.

didi moculobis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis gaT-

valiswinebis SesaZlebloba warmoadgens saeqsperto

modelebis umTavres Rirsebas. Tumca obieqturobis do-

nis amaRlebisaTvis saWiroa maTi Sevseba satatistiku-

ri monacemebis sistemiT da gamoTvlebiT, rac Sesru-

lebuli iqneba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSori-

so meTodikis gamoyenebiT.

sabiujeto-safinanso federalizmis ganviTarebis

pirobebSi iqmneba pirobebi principulad axali sainves-

ticio kavSirebis sistemis CamoyalibebisaTvis, romle-

bic uzrunvelyofen regionis sainvesticio potencia-

lis realur CarTvas kvlavwarmoebiT procesSi.

regionis sainvesticio potencialis sivrciTi da

droiTi “gaSla” ganapirobebs misi rogorc sistemis

ganxilvas. am sistemis calkeul elementebs Soris kav-

48 Рожков Ю. Терский М. Инвестиционный потенциал региона и масса регионального инвестиционного риска. Вестник Хабаровской государственной академии экономики и права, 2001 г.

183

Sirebi unda iyos mowesrigebuli sainvesticio poten-

cialis efeqtiani realizebis TvalsazrisiT obieqte-

bis, formebis, doneebis da drois mixedviT.

amrigad regionis sainvesticio potenciali (rsp)

warmoadgens rigi parametrebis funqcias: warmoebis

faqtorebis arseboba, makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi,

institucialuri garemos ganviTarebis maCveneblebi da

sxva:

)x...xxx(f n321 ++++=rsp .

amasTan, zemoqmedebis faqtorebi SeiZleba gaiyos

or jgufad:

• pirobiT-mudmivi, romelTa done ucvleli rCeba

teqnologiebisa da sazogadroebrivi urTierTobebis

ganviTarebis mocemul doneze (bunebriv-klimaturi, re-

sursuli, geopolotikuri da a.S.), anu maT cvlilebebs

aqvs gadataniTi xasiaTi;

• cvladebi, romlebic SeiZleba Seicvalon teq-

nologiebis mocemuli donis CarCoebSi. maTi moZraobis

xasiaTi - uwyvetia. regionis sainvesticio potencialis

cvalebadi faqtorebis magaliTia mocemul regionSi

investoris saqmianobis sakanonmdeblo sfero.

regionis sainvesticio potenciali SegviZlia

warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:

∑∑ += cfpmfrsp ,

sadac

pmf - pirobiT-mudmivi faqtorebia;

cf - cvladi faqtorebi.

praqtikuli gamoTvlebisaTvis mizanSewonilia Se-

movitanoT faqtorTa orive jgufis mniSvnelobis koe-

ficientebi, radganac maT SesaZlebelia ar gaaCndes

adeqvaturi wonis mniSvnelobebi, anu:

∑∑ += cfpmfrsp 21 kk , Tanac 1kk 21 =+

184

regionis sainvesticio potenciali, sainvesticio

tevadobis cnebisagan gansxvavebiT gansazRvravs regi-

onSi dabandebuli investiciebis maqsimalurad SesaZ-

lebel moculobas, mizanSewonilobis (ekonomikuri

efeqtianobis) pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

amrigad davadginoT cnebaTa Tanamimdevroba. re-

gionis sainvesticio potenciali moicavs kategoriebs -

sainvesticio mimzidveloba, sainvesticio klimati, eko-

nomikuri potenciali. ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT

ori termini - sainvesticio da ekonomikuri potencia-

li. Sefasebis SemoTavazebuli meTodebis analizis

dros, rogorc ekonomikuri potencialis SemTxvevaSi,

ise sainvesticios, SeiZleba SevamCnioT maTi gasaocari

ara mxolod korelacia, aramed sinqronulobac. DTum-

ca, gavrcelebuli TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikuri poten-

cialis cneba mTavari dominirebadia cnebaTa ierarqia-

Si, Mmagram Cveni azriT adgili aqvs Semdegs: kategori-

ebi ”sainvesticio potenciali” da “ekonomikuri poten-

ciali” sinonimuri cnebebia da miekuTnebian erovnuli

ekonomikis mdgomareobis analizis gansxvavebul aspeq-

tebs. regionis sainvesticio potenciali warmoadgens

regionis ekonomikur potencials, romelic koreqtire-

bulia zogadekonomikuri efeqtianobis kriteriumisa

da ganviTarebis perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT. igi ga-

moiyeneba ekonomikuri mecnierebis ufro viwro sfero-

Si - sainvesticio saqmianobaSi.

Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tu regionebis ranJi-

reba, regionis sainvesticio potencialis abstraqtuli

Sefaseba ar iqneba dakavSirebuli konkretuli dargis

da sameurneo subieqtis moTxovnilebebTan is srulyo-

filad ver asaxavs regionis sainvesticio potencialis

mTel arss da praqtikul mniSvnelobas. iseve, rogorc

yvela gasaSualoebuli maCvenebeli - regionis sainves-

ticio potencialis maCvenebeli warmoadgens mxolod

miaxloebiT orientirs, romelic mniSvnelovania makro-

185

donis procesebis ekonomikuri Sefasebisas, da ara mik-

rodonis - sawarmos donis. regionis sainvesticio po-

tencialis maCvenebels ar SeuZlia Seafasos konkretu-

li dargis saqmianoba da korporatiuli efeqtianoba.

rogorc gviCvena Catarbulma analizma mezoekono-

mikis subieqtis sainvesticio potencialis cvladebi,

rogorc makroekonomikuri garemos elementebi, dinami-

kaSi icvlebian. aqedan gamomdinare subieqts Tavisi

saqmianobis ZiriTadi parametrebis SenarCunebisa da

ganviTarebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis mizniT SeuZlia

monitoringis ganxorcieleba, sainvesticio potencia-

lis cvlilebis prognozireba, saqmianobis dagegmva er-

T-erTi scenaris mixedviT, magaliaTad: pesimisturi,

stabilizaciuri, optimisturi.

TiToeul scenarSi sainformacio-analitikur ba-

zas warmoadgens mezoekonomikis subieqtis sainvesti-

cio potencialis maxasiaTebelTa nakrebi. kerZod, mak-

roekonomikur garemoSi sainvesticio saqmianobis prog-

nozirebis mizniT SeiZleba SevadginoT regionis sain-

vesticio potencialis cvlilebis tendenciebis matri-

ca (cxrili 1), romelic asaxavs mezoekonomikis subieq-

tis reaqciisa da RonisZiebebis ramodenime varianti.

cxrili 5.1

regionis sainvesticio potencialis

tendenciebis matrica

garemo

tendenciebi

ekonomi-

kuri

samarTleb-

rivi

institucio-

naluri

pozitiuri +1 +1 +1

stabiluri 0 0 0

negatiuri –1 –1 –1

186

zogadi saxiT, makroekonomikuri garemos cvlile-

bis metad SesaZlo integraluri tendencia (TPmax), SeiZ-leba warmodgenili iqnes gaanalizebul tendenciaTa

gasaSualebiT:

( )∑==

N

1iiimaxP x*aT ,

sadac ai (∑ =1ai ) maCveneblis kuTri wonaa, rogorc

wesi, wona gamoiTvleba yoveli konkretuli tendenciis

mniSvnelobis xarisxis Sesabamisad; xi – maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs erT tendenci-

as;

N – makroekonomikuri garemos SemadgenelTa ricxvi-

a. zemoganxiluli SemTxvevisaTvis (cxrili 5) SesaZ-

lo integralur tendencias aqvs saxe:

( )∑==

3

1iiimaxP x*aT .

regresiis gantolebas eqneba Semdegi saxe:

∑ ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ ∑=

= =

ρ3

1i 1jjimaxP

Ki

z*aT ,

sadac

T maxPρ

– integraluri tendenciaa;

∑=

Ki

1jjz – regresiis gantoleba i-uri tendenciisaTvis;

j – i-uri tendenciis regresiis gantolebaSi niSnadi

parametrebis raodenobaa.

ganvixiloT dawvrilebiT ramodenime sasazRvro

scenari.

pesimisturi scenari. pesimisturi ewodeba scenars,

romlisTvisac TPmax = –1, anu ekonomikur, samarTlebriv

da institucionalur garemoebs aqvT negatiuri tenden-

187

cia. praqtikaSi, es xSirad niSnavs, rom ekonomikur ga-

remoSi, magaliTad, mcirdeba mosaxleobis jamuri

msyidvelobiTunarianoba, izrdeba warmoebis danaxar-

jebi; samarTlebriv garemoSi - Rebulobenen sakmaod

mkacr kanonebs, ilaxeba aqcionerTa uflebebi, viwrov-

deba institucionaluri garemo. am SemTxvevaSi, magali-

Tad, korporacias SeuZlia daiwyos antikrizisuli Ro-

nisZiebebis gatareba. zomierad-pesimisturi scenari. zomierad pesi-

misturi scenari mimdinareobs maSin, roca erT an or

garemos gaaCnia negatiuri tendencia, danarCenebi ki

stabiluria, anu: –1 < TPmax < –0,3. praqtikaSi, es SeiZleba

niSnavdes, rom ekonomikur garemoSi izrseba inflaci-

is molodini, mcirdeba realuri moTxovnis indeqsi, sa-

marTlebrivi garemo ar icvleba, institucionalur ga-

remoSi ki, magaliTad, arsebobs uTanxmoeba momwode-

belTan. am situaciaSi korporacia atarebs kerZo Ro-

nisZiebebs TiToeuli konkretuli mimarTulebis Sesa-

bamisad da maTi Sedegebis mixedviT iRebes gadawyveti-

lebebs investirebis Sesaxeb.

stabilizaciuri scenari. stabilizaciuri scenari

(-0,3 < TPmax < 0,3) miuTiTebs, rom nebismier gansaxilvel

garemoSi ar arsebobs raime saxis negatiuri dinamika.

es niSnavs, rom korporaciisaTvis iqmneba ganviTarebisa

da efeqtianobis zrdis pirobebi. amitom saqmianobis

mTavar mimarTulebas warmoadgens finansirebis axali

wyaroebis mozidva warmoebis gafarToebis, produqciis

xarisxis gaumjobesebis, danaxarjebis optimizaciisaT-

vis.

zomierad optimisturi scenari. es scenari mimdina-reobs maSin, roca erT an or garemos aqvs pozitiuri

dinamika, danarCeni ki, stabiluria. magaliTad, 0,3 < TPmax < 1. praqtikulad es niSnavs, rom ekonomikas gaaCnia

zrdis tendenciebi, mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunaria-

noba izrdeba, Rebuloben axal kanonebs, romlebic asa-

188

xavs erovnul ekonomikaSi mimdinare realiebs. insti-

tucionaluri garemo stabiluria, anu yvela valdebu-

leba sruldeba xelSekrulebebiTa da kanonmdeblobiT

dadgenil vadebSi. aseT situaciaSi korporacias SeuZ-

lia investorebis agresiuli strategiis gamoyeneba,

calkeul garemoebSi pozitiuri tendenciebis gamoyene-

biT Seecados ganaxorcielos garRveva danarCenebSi.

magaliTad, korporacias SeuZlia ganaxorcielos PR aqciebi institucionaluri garemos axal monawileTa

(aqcionerebi, momxmareblebi da sxva) mozidvisaTvis.

optimisturi scenari. optimisturi scenari, romel-

sac axasiaTebs TPmax = +1 Tanafardoba, miuTiTebs Zali-

an xelsayrel klimatze investiciebis ganxocielebi-

saTvis. Aam pirobebSi saqmianobis konkretuli mimarTu-

lebebi SeiZleba iyos:

• marTvis optimizacia, misi momzadeba korporaciis

SesaZlebeli gafarToebisaTvis;

• axali kapitalis mozidvisaTvis emisiis momzadeba

da ganTavseba;

• Semosavlebis gadanawileba sainovacio procesSi.

makrogaremos cvlilebis dinamikis prognozirebi-

saTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT gansazRvruli instrumen-

tebi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems ufro zustad da-

vakvirdeT tendenciebs da movaxdinoT sameurneo subi-

eqtebis saqmianobis strategiuli dagegmareba.

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evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia

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