APUSH: Test 2Chapters:3 8-12

Section I: Givens

Battles:

● Lexington and Concord - opening battles, more of a massacre● Invasion of Canada - American failed invasion of Canada made British in favor of war● Brooklyn Heights and White Plains - British take over NYC and Washington flees to NJ● Trenton and Princeton - Washington surprises British and defeats drunk Hessians● Brandywine Creek - British take over Philadelphia and throw parties and sleep with

prostitutes there● Battle of Saratoga - British wander into countryside and Americans win. Because of this

Battle, the French decide to support the colonists● Monmouth Court House - Washington attacks, ends in a draw● Savannah - British take this port city● Charlestown - British take another port city in the worst defeat of the war and begin to

move North● Yorktown - French naval assistance helping Americans tire out Cornwallis and British

surrenderStrengths and weaknesses of the two sides

● America-Knew the land, had French help, had help of Native Americans● Britain-Had to cross the Atlantic, hired mercenaries, had help of Native Americans

Treaty of Paris

● Europe recognized America as its own independent nation, Britain gave up all claim to America

Articles of Confederation and its weaknesses

● Were weak documents themselves● There were still British forts in North West that threatened America● Economic depression: from British market, debt from war, states didn’t tax because it

wasn't required, no central currency● No central government and little unity

Shays’ Rebellion

● Farmers were having their land seized when they could not keep up payments, and ringleader Daniel Shay rebelled against the Massachusetts government

● People saw this as a sign that a stronger central government was neededNorthwest Ordinance

● Creates a system for new land - once a new land is acquired, it is a territory and then needs a certain number of people (60,000) to become a slave free state

The Constitution as a crisis document

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● The Articles of Confederation were horrible and a new and better document was needed immediately, making some of the things in it specific to the problems of the time

Articles ONE-THREE in Constitution

● Article I: Legislative powers are in Congress in the House of Representatives and Senate● Article II: Powers of the president (Executive Branch)● Article III: Powers of the Judicial Branch

Compromises in the Constitution

● Larger states wanted to be more represented in government, and smaller states thought that everyone should be equally represented

● 3/5 Compromise: blacks count as a person. This helped the smaller states in the South by⅗ raising their populations to include blacks, but were still not too off balance, although it raised their population and representation in the House it also raised their taxes.

● Great Compromise: number of seats in the House is based on population, and Senate has 2 seats per state regardless

Compromise with the interstate commerce clause and slave trade

● Congress can regulate trade between the states● Compromise because it unified the states through trade and made congress more powerful

at the expense of all other branches (and the states)● Used to regulate slave trade

How a bill becomes a law

● Begins in committees when given in by interest groups and Congressmen. Then goes to House, then Senate (and must break filibuster). Then the bill goes to the President, who has 10 days to look at the bill, or it is passed anyways. If the bill is vetoed, Congress can use ⅔majority to override the veto (very unusual)

Committees and filibusters

● In the Senate, the method of filibuster used if they don't want to pass something. Senate is allowed to discuss bills for as long as they want, so they do this for a long time and stall it. 60 votes are needed to break the filibuster and end the debate.

Powers of each branch of government

House (Legislative) Senate (Legislative) President (Executive) Supreme Court (Judicial)

● 2 year terms● Directly appointed by

the people - because people should have a direct say on their taxes

● Number per state based on population

● Can impeach judges and executives (Johnson, Clinton)

● Choose Speaker of House based on majority

● 2 year or 6 year terms

● Appointed by the state legislature, then the people

● Number per state is always 2

● Can remove something from office by ⅔ majority and to ratify treaties

● Can filibuster bills● Approve judges by

simple majority

●Commander and Chief of Armed forces - can send troops, but only Congress can declare war

●Can negotiate treaties (but Senate ratifies)

●Veto power●Enforces laws - if making

a new law will take too long, president can use his executive powers to enforce them

●Can pardon someone convicted of federal

● Must be an odd number (9)

● Serve for life● Cases work their

way up● Chosen by

president

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crimes (unusual)

Federalism

● Means the distribution of power between a central government and the statesClauses – Full Faith and Credit

● States must respect the judiciary decisions made by other statesPrivileges and Immunities

● People in a different state can not be discriminated againstSupremacy Clause

● Everyone should be together and follow the same constitution - all articles are meant to keep the country together

Amending the Constitution

● of federal Congress and ¾ state legislatures are needed to change the Constitution⅔Slavery in the Constitution

● International slave trade remains open until 1808 - then, Congress can abandon it● The exact word “slavery” is not used

Federalists vs Antifederalists and Ratifying the Constitution

● Anti Federalists opposed the constitution - were poorer and didn’t want the government to enforce taxes and debt collection

● Federalists liked the constitution and wanted a stronger central government● The Bill of Rights, which promised to weaken the central government finally got the

antifederalists to agree to pass the ConstitutionThe Bill of Rights and its purpose

● Purpose: to give the states more power and thereby please the anti federalists who didn’t want to pass the Constitution in the first place

Philosophy behind the Federalist Papers and Constitution in general

● Strike a balance between power of the people and that of government, and balance within the government itself

The content of the Bill of Rights – specifically 1st, 2nd,8, 9th and 10th; Generally the rights given in 4-6

● 1st - “freedoms”○ Freedom of religion (free exercise clause)○ There is no national religion (establishment clause)○ Freedom of speech - unless false or disturbs peace○ Freedom of press - unless it attacks government and is untrue○ Right to assemble - can petition the governmetnt and ask for a change

● 2nd○ Right to bear arms○ Very unclear - could be talking about arms to serve militia, or general rights of

Americans to keep arms● 4th - innocent until proven guilty and search warrants have to have basis (not racist or

aggressive) → Reaction to Writs of Assistance● 5th - can’t be tried for same crime twice, can stay silent if arrested, and cannot be deprived

of life, liberty, property without actual law

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● 6th - everyone has the right to a fair, impartial jury. Also can’t be put in jail without knowing why, allowed to force someone to testify, and allowed an attorney by the state if too poor

● 8th - cant have a cruel and unusual punishment - but are allowed one and not the other● 9th - everyone has basic rights even if not listed in the Bor ● 10th - states automatically get powers not given to the federal governmentat

Roe v Wade and Griswold v CT

● Abortion cases. Argument relates to Article IX because you could say that women have the right to privacy even if it isn’t written in the constitution

Washington’s presidency

● Executive privilege - The right of the president to have privacy in their dealings● Whiskey Rebellion- Whiskey farmers rebelled because of taxes and were swiftly quelled by

the army● Treaty of Greenville and Native Americans and Miamis-Established a boundary between

Indian and American land● Jay’s Treaty-Averted war between Britain and the U.S.

Adams and foreign policy events

● Alien and Sedition Acts - passed these acts the limited immigration and freedom of speech and press

● Nullification- the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its right of sovereignty

● XYZ - sent representatives to talk with France but France would only even talk for money● Quasi War - was annoyed after XYZ affair so went to war, not a real, declared war.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

● States can nullify federal laws they think are unconstitutional● Argued for State rights and strict reading of constitution

Election of 1800 – “Revolution of 1800” Jefferson and his policies and ideology

● Anti federalist● Anti slavery (ironic bc he had and slept with slaves)● Wanted to unify everyone● Agrarian

Embargo Act

● Jefferson passes this act to avoid war, saying that they will not trade with anyone● Actually hurts American economy

Louisiana Purchase

● Bought Louisiana from France for little money● Everyone was happy besides Jefferson - Jefferson was a strict reader of the constitution and

nowhere in the constitution does it say that the president can purchase land, so this went against his beliefs

Barbary Pirates

● Islamic Pirates in the Mediterranean (Libya) attacking United States shipsPartisanship and Federalists v Democrat-Republicans - Differences in their philosophy

● Partisanship-No middle ground. Everyone was fiercely loyal to one side● Federalist-cities, strong central government, loose Constitution, National Bank● Democrat-Republican-, State power, agrarian, strict Constitution

Madison and the causes and effects of the War of 1812

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● Causes○ Territory○ War hawks - aggressive senators○ Humiliation - Britain is pushing us around

● Effects○ Washington DC burned, Canada invasion failed○ American navy strengthened○ Gained nationalism

The Hartford Convention and the end of the Federalists

● Federalists from New England were extremely opposed to the war, suffered economically, and met to try and get rid of the clause and to get the president to just serve one term⅗

● Failed and Federalists died outAttempts at Diplomacy

military aspects of the War of 1812

● America formed a stronger Navy● America was losing the war but did not lose it● Battle of New Orleans

Nationalism

● Boosted after war of 1812 when American proved themselves to everyone Seminole War

● Jackson invades Florida to stop attacks and exceeds his orders● Adams-Onis Treaty- Bought Florida from Spain

Monroe Doctrine

● Written by JQA (John Quincey Adams)● Says that all European countries must to stay out of the americas● America will be more isolated and not take part in anything European● You stay out of America, we stay out of Europe/Russia/Latin America

Era of Good Feelings; Panic of 1819

● Monroe is President● Time of National Unity after Napoleonic Wars● End of Federalist Party● Panic of 1819-Financial crisis

Missouri Compromise

● Missouri would be a slave state and Maine would be a free state - fixes the balance of slave/free states

● Created a line for the future of which states would be slave and which would be free

Section II: Chapter-By-Chapter Analysis

Chapter 8

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Heading Main Idea Related Notes

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Congress Drafts George Washington

Congress nominated George Washington, who looked physically tough and had good character, to lead the continental army

Initially did not want to secede from England - they wanted to make peace with the king [Olive Branch Petition]

Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings

In the early victories and losses of the war, the Americans fought well, proving themselves worthy adversaries of England, and Hessians were hired by England to keep the colonists in line

The Abortive Conquest of Canada

The colonists thought that they could take Canada, but misjudged the situation and lost

They misjudged the situation because they thought that the French would hate the British and help them revolt, sought land which went against their claim of “defending land,” and they lost brutally

Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense

Thomas Paine widely read pamphlet, Common Sense inspired and justified people to secede from England

Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”

Paine promoted the idea of republicanism

Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence

Independence officially sought independence in the Declaration of Independence and defined their role as seeking to part with the king

Patriots and Loyalists There were groups in the revolution, such as the dedicated to England Loyalists and the rebellious Patriots

Also had some people in the middle

The Loyalist Exodus Loyalists were treated harshly by the Patriots

Loyalists even helped the British against the Patriots due to their mistreatment

General Washington at Bay After being kicked out of New York, Washington surprised the British by their victorious attack in Trenton

Boosted American morale and enabled them to win more battles in positive spirits

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion

Burgoyne came up with an elaborate, 3 part plan to conquer at Albany that failed

Revolution in Diplomacy? Ben Franklin went to France and sealed France support of America in the Franco-American Alliance

The Colonial War Becomes a Wilder War

More countries like France and Spain also joined the war against England

Blow and Counterblow Benedict Arnold traded sides, war got more intense with guerilla warfare, and Americans won some battles, and so did the British

The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier

On land, America led surprise attacks on the British forts. On the sea, the American navy was developed

Most Indian sided with the British and even helped fight the Americans, but gave up land eventually in the Treaty of Ft. Stanwix

Yorktown and the Final Curtain

The battle at Yorktown was the final battle, when Cornwallis surrendered while trapped trying to get supplies

Peace at Paris John Jay went to Paris and made peace with the Treaty of Paris

Went behind France’s back because Jay was suspicious of them

A New Nation Legitimized America’s outcome of the war surpassed expectations

Makers of America: The Loyalists

The Loyalists were freshly out of England, and were well educated and conservative. Black loyalists sided with the British in hopes for freedom. Loyalists were generally viewed negatively as traitors

Questions:How and why did Americans move in 1775-1776 from fighting only for the “rights of Englishmen” within the British Empire to declaring their independence?

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● Initially want to stay with England and make peace. They wanted to resend a list of grievances to the king, hoping he would change his mind and ways. Yet, they raised money for an army and appointed George Washington as leader - so they were trying to make peace, yet looking to start a war.

● The colonies sent the Olive Branch Petition to London to pledge loyalty and ask for peace, but after the vicious Battle of Bunker Hill, the king said no to peace and officially declared the colonies in a state of rebellion. He sent Hessians to fight the colonists

● In 1776 Americans still wanted to make peace with Britain, but could not after the English burnt Norfolk, VA, the British were forced out of Boston, and two Southern battles

● Then, Thomas Paine’s Common Sense pushed the Americans to think towards independence (see below)

● The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson officially claimed American desire for independence (see below)

What specific arguments and general principles did Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence use to promote and justify American independenceCommon sense

● Said that it was simply common sense to break away from the Empire. ● Called for the revolutionary idea of a republic● Everyone deserves personal rights

Declaration of Independence● Stated American rights and claimed that these rights had been taken by the king● Specifically listed all the things the king had overstepped

In what ways was the Revolution a political and military “civil war” between American Patriots and Loyalists , as well as a war for independence against Britain?Civil war:

● Patriots imprisoned, hung, and tarred and feathering Loyalists● Loyalists left down and left their land to the Patriots● About 50,000 Loyalists served the British in the war by acting as soldiers and by spying and

inciting Indians● After the war Loyalists were horribly treated for their support of Britain

War against Britain:● Defeated Britain first in a surprise attack at Trenton which increased American morale● War was to gain independence from Britain

How and why did the British strategy to swiftly crush the rebellion fail, and how were Washington and his generals able to sustain war after 1778 and take advantage of French assistance?Americans disrupted British communication along the forts. The British also could not control the population because they concentrated on cities. Washington had help from France and kept up waterways so that the French could help

Take advantage of French assistance:

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● French gave America its navy● In Yorktown, Cornwallis was trapped by General Washington and Rochambeau and

surrendered

Why were Americans able to win not only the war but a stunning diplomatic victory in the peace settlement of 1783?

● Americans had French assistance and therefore won war● Americans made a peace treaty with England. They were supposed to consult with France

first, but didn’t, so the British wanted to work out a deal quickly behind France’s back, so they offered American an amazing deal:

○ They recognized independence all the way to the Mississippi River and gave them fishing rights

Chapter 9

Heading Main Idea Related Notes

The Pursuit of Equality As the many conservatives were lost with the loss of the loyalists, the notion of “equality” paved the way for more equal rights for religion, slavery, poorer classes, and women.

Republican motherhood - women felt they had a huge responsibility to educate the boys as they would become the men of the future republic

Constitution Making in the States

In 1776, the Constitutional Congress asked that each state write a constitution

They were specifically established in ways to keep the power with the people.

Economic Crosscurrents America, entrenched in war debt, faced further economic troubles when England stopped trading with them

It was not all bad - this helped American Industry get started.

A Shaky Start Toward Union

Building a nation was hard - states were not unified and England made economy difficult.

Another upside - did have similar constitutions in the 13 colonies and also had good leaders

Creating a Confederation The Articles of Confederation were created as a loose form of federal government and dealt with the issue of new land

The compromise and agreement to comply with the solution to the new land issue was an example of unity

Articles of Confederation: America’s First Constitution

The Articles of Confederation focused on a weak central government and was overall unsuccessful

Landmarks in Land Laws As the US physically grew, the ordinances solved the issues of quarreling over land by giving it to the US and slowly gaining more

Schools were built which was a landmark for public education in the new country

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members, with the goal to hopefully achieve statehood.

The World’s Ugly Duckling America struggled in their relationships with other countries. England would not trade with them and held on to land in America, Spain closed off the Mississippi and tried to claim Florida, France wanted war debts paid, and pirates from North Africa robbed American ships.

The Horrid Specter of Anarchy

There was a lot of conflict under the influence of the Articles of Confederation - state conflicts, class conflicts, and questioning on the Articles themselves

Shays’ Rebellion - Daniel Shay led other poor farmers who were annoyed about farming mortgage on a revolt. The impact of this was fear, and a desire for stronger federalist government.

A Convention of “Demigods”

A convention of high attendance, important people came together initially to revise the Articles of Confederation

“Demi-gods” refers to the extremely high attendance of the meeting

Patriots in Philadelphia The men at the convention were mostly young wealthy men who wanted to strengthen the federal government

Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises

The Convention ended up starting from scratch and tried to compromise the issue of how representation in Congress would be handled

Ultimately decided that the representatives of the House would depend on population size with slaves counting as ⅗ a person, and Senate would have 2 representatives regardless of size.

Safeguards for Conservatism

Conservatives put in safeguards to make sure that the “mobocracy” didn’t rule. (Examples: federal judges appointed for life, electoral college put in place so voting for president wasn’t directly direct, Senators elected by state legislatures, not common people)

Power was still essentially with the people

The Clash of Federalists and Antifederalists

The Federals and Antifederalists had different views on what the new constitution should be

The Great Debate in the States

Elections were held and most states ratified the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island held out the longest.

Massachusetts was a significant wn because it was so close, and only agreed when a Bill of Rights was promised. Without them, it

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probably wouldn’t have been ratified by other states.

The Four Laggard States Eventually, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were forced to agree to the Constitution because everyone else did so they were pressured, and would be able to carry on by themselves.

Federalist paper helped push the vote in New York.

A Conservative Triumph The Constitution was passed so the Conservatives ultimately won

The Conservatives won because they created a stronger central government, with aspects such as the electoral college, permeance of judges, and indirect elections of senators.

Questions:

What were the political and social consequences of the American revolution?Social

● Shift in religion - because the Anglican church, a huge tie to England, was gone (although Congregational still stood), separation of church and state began.

● Classes - people generally wanted more equality as conservatives were fewer with the loss of loyalists. One example of a smaller class divide was that commoners wanted to be called “Ms.” and “Mrs.”

● Slavery - though still pretty prevalent, there were beginnings of anti-slavery. The Congressional Congress of 1774 called for the abolition of slavery and Quakers founded the first abolition society in 1775.

● Women - also still had a minor role, but it was increasing. A few women fought in the war disguised as men, the New Jersey constitution permitted women to vote for a time (voting rights were evaluated by weight, not gender), and they felt important by the notion of republican motherhood, that they were responsible for educating the boys who would become the future of the republic.

Political● Each state had to write a constitution. They were written documents with general law, often

having a bill of rights. There were also many characteristics that were a reflection of the revolution, of people’s strong desires to keep the power with the people instead of one person. This entailed annual elections of legislators so the people in power wouldn’t be there for too long, as well as weak judicial and executive branches.

● The Articles of Confederation focused on having a very weak central government as people were afraid of becoming like England, a strong central government that abused its power. This was through no executive branch, and a weak and restricted Congress

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What were the primary achievements and failures of America under the Articles of Confederation?Achievements

● Formed national unity and was a good intermediate step between total states’ rights and the constitution

● Fair land division. States said they had claims on land, but these claims were unfair and often overlapping, so the confederation compromised that the US would own the land, sell it cheaply through the Ordinances.

Failures● States had too much power and began fighting over boundaries, taxing each other, and

printing their own money.● Shays’ rebellion

What essentially motivated the drive to create a new foundation for government, and how did the Constitution written in Philadelphia reflect the Founders’ central intentions?Drive to create a new foundation for government:

● Issues of commerce, state feuds, fear from Shays’ rebellion● Due to issue listed above, felt they needed a stronger federal government

Kept the Founders’ central intentions● Had checks and balances, so no powerful branch/monarchy● Though the president would not be directly elected by the people, rather through the

electoral college, it was still somewhat by the people - idea of republicanismWhat were the fundamental disagreements between the federalists and antifederalists and why were the federalists successful in achieving ratification of the constitution?Federalist vs. Anti Federalists

● Federalists wanted the Constitution ratified. They wanted a stronger central government, and were generally wealthy prior-loyalists.

● Anti Federalists did not want the constitution ratified. They wanted a weaker central government, claiming that it was the sole purpose of the revolution, and were generally poorer. They felt that the Constitution was created for the rich and it threatened their independance.

Why the federalists were successful:● The patriots were too liberal and radical. Everything needed to be pulled back to a medium● People who voted had to be landowning and allowed to vote - thereby of higher classes

If the constitution in part represented a “conservative” reaction to the American Revolution, how did it at the same time preserve and protect the essential “radical” principles of the Revolution?

● Kept the principle of elections by the people - just redefined as popular sovereignty. Had 3 branches that represented the people, not just legislature, and the system of checks and balances kept this intact.

Chapter 10

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Heading Main Idea Related Notes

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Growing Pains Population was growing rapidly and the economy was the number one problem

Washington for President Washington was the perfect candidate for the presidency both physically and characteristically, and he was unanimously elected.

Quickly established a cabinet once admitted to office.

The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights, as promised, was passed after being approved by ⅔Congress and ¾ states

Supreme Court was set up too

Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit

Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton came up with a 4 part plan to help get America on track financially

Hamilton was generally not well-liked and was thought to be more British than American

Customs Duties and Excise Taxes

In order to actually get the money for the federal government to pay off the debts, Hamilton imposed a tax on tariff and whiskey

Tax on whiskey angered the farmers who sometimes used whiskey for money.

Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank

Hamilton wanted a national bank, but Jefferson did not. Hamilton won.

Jefferson offered a strict interpretation of the Constitution and Hamilton offered a loose interpretation

Mutinous Moonshiner in Pennsylvania

People from Tennessee were upset over tax on whiskey, so they revolted. Washington responded by sending out an army and crushed the revolt.

Showed people that the new government was strong

The Emergence of Political Parties

The disagreement between Hamilton and Jefferson caused the emergence of political parties

The Impact of the French Revolution

The French Revolution, inspired by the American Revolution, erupted in France and Americans had divided opinions on the matter

Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation

Washington chose to remain neutral and not side with either France or Britain

Citizen Edmond Genet thought that the idea of neutrality didn’t really reflect the Americans’ views and came to America to try and get them to revolt

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Embroilments with Britain

Tensions with Britain were heating, specifically as British traded with Native Americans and kidnapped US ships

Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell

Washington sent John Jay to make peace with England then soon after resigned from the presidency

In Jay’s Treaty, England agreed to pay for damages when they kidnapped US soldiers and peace in exchange for US paying off debts to England from before the revolution and and British leaving frontier posts

John Adams Becomes President

John Adams, narrowly beating Thomas Jefferson, won the presidency

It was a hard job to come into because he was a “cold” New Englander, was hated by Hamilton had a VP from a totally different party (Jefferson), and came in during tension with France

Unofficial Fighting with France

Annoyed France captured American ships, and things escalated after the XYZ affair

Many Americans wanted war but Adams made sure things were in control

Adams puts Patriotism Above Party

Instead of potentially becoming popular and being re elected, Adams chose the high route and made peace with France rather than go to war

Convention of 1800 ended the Franco-American Alliance and made Americans pay damage to the French

The Federalist Witch Hunt

The Federalists were fully in charge and passed the limited Alien and Sedition Acts to further boost their power

Since the president was Federalist and Congress was, nobody did anything to change the laws

The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

These resolution helped give some power back to the states and nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts

Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans

The Federalists and Democratic Republicans were ultimately two distinguished parties in America

Main difference: Federalists were stronger federal government, Democratic Republican were stronger state government

Questions:

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How did George Washington’s Personal Prestige and Alexander Hamilton’s financial policies get the new federal government off to a strong beginning?Washington commanded respect from everyone. He was able to unify people even though he was not the most brilliant man there.

Hamilton: 4 part plan1. Pay off debts: the federal government would pay off all debts to prove to gain everyone’s

respect and the states would assume all of their debt to the federal government. This would make the states loyal to the federal government and also tie the states together.

a. Some states, like Massachusetts who had a huge debt, loved the idea, while other that did not, like Virginia hated it. To compromise to Virginia, it was decided that the national capital would be right next to Virginia in Washington DC.

2. Tariff on imports - imposed to raise money for the federal government to pay off debts, and long term wise to make industry boom

3. Tax whiskey - imposed to raise money for the federal government to pay off debts, but was heavy and angered farmers who used whiskey as money

4. National bank - wanted to stabilize the economy by storing government money, lending to businesses, and printing money

What were the policy differences between Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson within Washington’s cabinet, and how did their disagreement lead to the formation of the first American political parties, the Federalists and the Republicans?A National Bank

● Jefferson thought, strictly that since the bank was not written in the Constitution, it should not exist. Amendment 10 said that any power not granted to the federal government should be given to the states - so if anything, a bank should be left to the states

● Hamilton thought, loosely, that just because it is not prohibited in the Constitution, it is allowed. He said that by the elastic clause, since anything that is “necessary and proper” is allowed by Congress - and Congress has the ability to regulate commerce, thus, they needed a bank

Political parties were formed because the divide was so strong. How did the French Revolution and related events create conflict and polarization between Federalists and Republicans over American foreign policy, and how did President Washington maintain American neutrality?Conflict and polarization:

● Difference of opinion:○ The Federalists were appalled at the violence that went on○ Liberals thought it was a small price to pay for freedom

● After England joined, sides were still divided○ Hamiltonians thought that America should support England because it would be

economically advantageous○ Jeffersonians thought that America should support France because of the Franco-

American alliance. France helped America in their Revolution, so America should do the same

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President Washington:● Said that America should side with neither country, through the Neutrality Proclamation.

This was the most practical decision, as America was too young anyways to engage in warHow did the Alien and Sedition Acts reflect popular anti-French hysteria as well as Federalist political interests?

● The Alien Acts made it difficult for immigrants. It made it harder for them to become citizens and easier to be deported. The Federalists realized that immigrants would likely become Republicans, which of course they didn’t approve. The government wanted no part of the French.

● The Sedition Acts attacked the constitution, the first amendment of freedom of speech and press. The Federalist were looser readers of the constitution, so for them this was ok, but Republicans, not so much. They made that act to stop people from criticizing their actions in regard to France

What were the underlying philosophical and political differences between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans?

Hamiltonian Federalists Jeffersonian Republicans

● Wealthy, lived close to coasts● Wanted big-industry America● Pro-British● Wanted a strong, elite, federal

government with no “mobocracy”● Lower classes are not capable of

making governmental decisions

● Poorer farmers, lived in rural areas● Wanted agricultural America● Pro-French● Wanted stronger state government● Common people can make common

sense decisions about government - they should have say

Chapter 11

Heading Main Idea Related Notes

Federalist and Republican Mudslingers

The Federalists and Republicans attacked each other

Adams made enemies because of the Alien and Sedition acts as well as refraining from war, and Jefferson was charged with robbing a widow of trust fun and sleeping with Blacks

The Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800”

When Jefferson became president, it was revolutionary because it was a peaceful exchange of presidents as well as people being better represented in the White House

Jefferson almost lost - first narrowly beat Adams, and then tied with Burr twice

Responsibility Breeds Jefferson, though a Democratic

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Moderation Republican, tried to be a moderate president between the two parties

Jeffersonian Restraint Jefferson removed the Alien and Sedition Acts and the excise tax that he was strongly against, but restrained himself and left other policies that he did not approve of

Demonstrated that just because one party lost, it did not mean that everything they stood for and worked for had to be destroyed. Parties could co-exist

The “Dead Clutch” of Judiciary

Federalists tried to fill the courts with Federalists that would serve for life to strengthen their representation, and Republican tried to combat it

Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior

Jefferson was generally averse to war and preferred peace

He did however eventually send the navy to fight the Barbary Pirates

The Louisiana Godsend Jefferson bought Louisiana from the French

Lousiana in the Long View

The recent purchase of tons of land was unfamiliar, so Jefferson sent people to explore it

The Aaron Burr Conspiracies

Aaron Burr first tried to break away from the country with New England, and then in the Missouri area

Burr killed Hamilton when Hamilton tried to stop him

A Precarious Neutrality America tried to stay neutral in the war between France and England but ended up getting involved

The Hated Embargo To try and avoid getting involved with France and England, the hated Embargo Act hurt America

Though really hurt American economy, the act did positively help develop American industry on their own

Madison’s Gamble Madison reinstated trade with France through Macon’s Bill No 2 when they promised to drop trade restrictions

Madison was reluctant but agreed anyways

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Indians Tecumseh and the Prophet tried to band Indians together but were wiped out

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Mr. Madison’s War American went to war with England in the War of 1812

Questions:

How did Jefferson adapt his principles and ideals to practical realities as he carried out the “Revolution of 1800”?For the most part, he tried to be neutral between the two parties

● Said “we are Republicans, we are all Federalists” - showed unity, that everyone was together● Didn’t “clean the house” after elected - didn’t want to undo everything that the prior

President did● Removed Alien and Sedition Acts and excise tax but did not touch any other policies

Why did Republicans and Federalists clash so sharply over the judiciary, and how did John Marshall perpetuate Federalist principles on the Supreme Court?

● Republicans and Federalists clashed over judiciary. Federalists wanted judges to serve for life, thereby always having representation from their party in government. On John Adams last day as president, he filled the court with Federalist judges to do this

● John Marshall, appointed Supreme Court Chief Justice, supported Federal cases and thus strengthened the Federal government

What were Jefferson’s basic foreign policy goals, and how successful was he in achieving them?

● Jefferson was generally reluctant towards war● He finally gave in when Barbary Pirates embarrassingly stole the American consulate flag

(and pirated American ships), and sent a navy in the Tripolitan War● Went against his own personal views about strict reading of the Constitution to more

practically purchase Louisiana from the French - thought that president should not have the power to purchase land, but but it would be good for the country, so he did. It gave America endless land

What were the causes and effects of the Louisiana Purchase?Causes

● Wanted access to the Mississippi River● France got ahold of the land and Napoleon gave it over for a cheap price because they had

no use for it after losing Haiti, and he wanted to focus his energies in EuropeEffects

● Lots of new, unfamiliar territory that could be settled● Massive expansion was difficult to manage - as seen from Aaron Burr, when he tried to

break away from the countryHow did America become embroiled in the turbulent crisis of the Napoleonic Wars, and why did President Madison see a new war with Britain as essential to maintaining America’s republican experiment?Napoleonic Wars

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● America was stuck because they wanted to send supplies in the war to Britain in France. Except, to get to France, they had to stop at British ports are ordered by the Orders in Council, and France would steal any ships in British ports. So they were stuck in the middle

War with Britains● British Leopard attacked Chesapeake which energized america towards war● US wanted freedom of the seas and the possibility to get Canada and Florida● They wanted to resolve Indian issues, and were mad that the British gave Indians guns● Wanted to prove themselves as a country - defeat of England would put them on the same

level as other nations

Chapter 12

Heading Main Idea Related Notes

On to Canada Over the Land and Lakes

Americans lost battle in and near Canada, but won before England to get to major New England cities

Washington Burned and New Orleans Defeated

British burned down Washington DC but did not gain control of the Mississippi River when they lost to Jackson in New Orleans

The Treaty of Ghent In this Treaty, both sides agreed to stop fighting the war

British initially wanted and Inian buffer zone, and controls of the Great Lakes and main, but this was given up as they lost more battle

Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

Federalists from New England were mad about economically suffering during the war and met at the Hartford Convention to decide a solution

Wanted monetary help and a requiring of votes for an ⅔embargo but failed, due to the mood of the recent war victory

The Second War for American Independence

America won independence and respect from the war

Nascent Nationalism Nationalist emerged in new American culture

American System After England hurt American economy by producing cheap goods, America responded with a strong transportation

People were not willing to give money to improve transportation because they thought it gave too much

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plan, the American System power to the federal government, thus unconstitutional

The So-Called Era of Good Feelings

After the war, there was a burst of nationalist pride and an “era of good feelings” when everyone was united, under one party

There was a bit of a divide - the South didn’t like the new tariff and transportation and felt that it only benefitted the North

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times

Huge economic panic, specifically in the West from loans from Eastern banks

Growing Pains of the West Land was extremely desirable due to better soil and better transportation, and was also very cheap

Slavery and the Sectional Balance

Missouri being a pro-slavery state would disrupt the sectional balance between the pro and anti slave states

The Uneasy Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, and set future boundaries for future state

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida

American and England decided to share Oregon and then seized Florida

The Menace of Monarchy in America

In Europe, people tried to bring back monarchies which worried America

Also, America and England agreed to not take Latin American land to make Europe lay off

Monroe and his Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine was passed to keep England and Russia out of the Americas

Monroe Doctrine Appraised Other countries didn’t like the

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Monroe Doctrine because it was bold

Questions:Why was the War of 1812 so politically diverse and poorly fought by the United States, and how did the course of the war reflect those problems?Diverse because:

● West and South were pro war● Northeast was very against it - hurt by trade restrictions

Course of war reflected the problems:

Why did the War of 1812, despite its stalemated outcome, lead to an outburst of proud postwar nationalism and an “era of good feelings” in the United States?Nationalism:

● Nationalism was inspired because America proved itself to other countries. They were not afraid of attacking England, a huge country, and gained respect.

● Nationalism prevalent in culture: emergence of American fiction writing, rebirth of Washington DC, strengthened military

Era of Good Feelings● War made the Federalist party vanish - so everyone was united, under one party

Why did a serious conflict over slavery suddenly burst on the American scene in 1819 and how did the Missouri Compromise resolve it (at least temporarily)?Conflict

● Missouri being a slave state would disrupt the balance of pro/anti slave states. The North tried to prevent this from the Tallmadge Amendment but the South voted it down in the Senate where they had equal representation, Tensions grew as the South became fearful of the rapidly growing North

Missouri Compromise● The ratio was fixed when Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state● All states North of 36∘30 would be admitted as a free state, and South, slave state

How did John Marshall’s Supreme Court promote the spirit of nationalism and counter growing nationalism through its ruling to favor of federal power?

What were the origins and essential principles of the Monroe Doctrine?Origins and essential principles

● England tried to team up with America and prevent other european powers from Latin America. England did this because it traded with Latin America

● America responded “no” and made the Monroe Doctrine, which said European powers had to stay out of the Americas. America in turn said they would stay out of Greece. This was basically telling the world that America didn't want to be involved in European affairs.

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Section III: Terms

● Second Continental Congress - met to address worsening violent state in the colonies. Decided to send another list of grievances to the king, raised an army, and appointed George Washington to be head of the army

● George Washington - general of Continental army and first president● Ft. Ticonderoga/Crown Point - surprise victories of the colonists that captured gunpowder

and cannons● Battle of Bunker Hill - Americans lost but fought well and proved themselves● Olive Branch Petition - pledged loyalty and ask for peace● Hessians - Germans hired by British as soldiers● Thomas Paine - author of Common Sense● Common Sense - pamphlet that said it was justified to secede from the Union● Republic - government where people elect representatives● Thomas Jefferson - wrote the Declaration of Independence; third president● Declaration of Independence - official and formal statement of independence● Patriots - young people that supported the war for independence● Loyalists - older people that supported the British● Trenton - first victory of Americans that was a surprise attack and boosted morale● Baron von Steuben - got soldiers into shape● Franco-American Alliance - when France joined America in the war and helped them● Treaty of Ft. Stanwix - Indian American treaty where Indians gave over most of their land● Privateers - legal pirates that captured British ships● Treaty of Paris - treaty that ended the Revolution War on the terms that American

independence was recognized, Americans were given fishing rights, and loyalists had to be treated fairly

● Republican motherhood - idea that women had to educate the boys, thus having an important role in the future

● Articles of Confederation - loose form of government with a small federal government and a strong state government

● Land Ordinance - divided up the Ohio valley by a method of selling it in squares● Northwest Ordinance - way for new states to come into existence; first would become a

territory and then once has enough members, can ask to become a state● Shays’ Rebellion - farming rebellion because of angry poor farmers that led to fear and

desire for a stronger federal government● Constitutional Convention - where the US constitution was written● Virginia Plan - large states would have greater representation in government (The House)● New Jersey Plan - smaller states would have equal representation in government (Senate)

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● Great Compromise - Congress would have 2 houses - House for the Virginia Plan and Senate for the NJ Plan

● Electoral College - way to elect a president by the people but not directly by the people● Three-fifths compromise - slaves would count as a person when measuring population ⅗

for representation● Federalists - wanted a strong central government and a ratified constitution● Anti federalists - wanted a weak central government and a not ratified constitution● Bill of Rights - rights given to the states that persuaded the anti federalists to ratify the

Constitution (specifically Massachusetts)● Judiciary Act of 1789 - set up Supreme and Federal Court System● John Jay - first Supreme Court justice; did Jay’s treaty● Funding at par - paying off debts 100%● Assumption - Federal government assuming state’s debt● Strict interpretation - if something is not specifically the Constitution, it is not allowed● Loose interpretation - if something is not in the Constitution, it still may be allowed● Elastic Clause - Congress has the power to do whatever they need to fulfill their duties● Bank of United States - national bank● Mobocracy - rule by masses● Whiskey Rebellion - farmers were annoyed about Whiskey and rebelled until Washington

sent troops to quiet them down● Citizen Edmond Genet - French person who thought that the Americans were not truly in

favor of the neutrality proclamation and came and tried to convince them to secede● Neutrality Proclamation - America would be neutral in the war between France and England● Battle of Fallen Timbers - war with Indians when Americans realized that Indians were

using British weapons● Treaty of Greenville - Indians surrendered Ohio valley● Jay’s Treaty - treaty with England that avoided war; said that America would pay off debts

to Britain, Britain would leave American forts, England would pay for impressments but not stop impressments, and there would be no war

● Pinckney Treaty - gave Americans rights to the Mississippi River and Florida● XYZ Affair - Adams sent representatives to France to smooth things over, but France would

only even talk for a fee● Convention of 1800 - ended Franco-American alliance and forced Americans to pay for

damages● Alien Act - raised time to become a resident from 5 to 15 years and gave president

authorization to deport foreigners● Sedition Act - jailed people for insulting the government; took away freedom of speech and

press● Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - by passing the Alien and Sedition Acts, the Federal

government overstepped their rights● Compact Theory - states made a compact when they decided to allow the Federal

government, so the states are allowed to nullify Federal laws● Aaron Burr - vice to Jefferson and tried to band together people and secede

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● Revolution of 1800 - the first peaceful exchange of power and the first Democratic Republican in office when Jefferson became president

● Judiciary act of 1801 - Adams created 16 Federal court districts● Midnight Judges - Adams quickly hired Federalists in the courts before he left office that

would serve for life as an attempt to preserve Federalist power● John Marshall - strong Federalist Supreme court justice● Marbury v. Madison - allowed Supreme Court to declare cases unconstitutional● Samuel Chase - Supreme Court justice that the Republicans tried to fire but failed● Barbary Pirates - North African pirates that pirated American ships and Jefferson sent the

navy● Lewis and Clark - explorers of land acquired in Lousiana Purchase● Orders in Council - stated that any ship heading to France had to be checked in a British port● Leopard/Chesapeake - British ship attacked American ship at Chesapeake which made

American energized for war● Embargo Act - Jefferson said that America would stay out of the war by trading with nobody● Non-Intercourse Act - no shipping to France and England only● Macon’s Bill No 2 - said that whoever dropped trade restriction could once again trade with

America, which Napoleon did● War Hawks - young Congressmen who were hungry for war● Tecumseh and the Prophet - organized Indians, enforced culture, urged them not to give up

and sell lands● War of 1812 - war with England● Battle of New Orleans - pivotal battle that ended the war, which lead to a lot of nationalism.

Lead by Andrew Jackson● Andrew Jackson - 4th president and War of 1812 hero● Treaty of Ghent - cease-fire treaty that ended the War of 1812● Hartford Convention - convention of economically hurt New Englanders that wanted money

and vote⅔● Rush-Bagot Agreement - limited both US and British naval power on the Great Lakes● American System - economic plan for America that involved a banking system, tariff, and

transportation network● Era of Good Feelings - good period of time full or nationalism and unity under one party● Panic of 1819 - end of the “Era of Good Feelings”, financial collapse due to land over

speculation● Wildcat Banks - banks that gave money to anyone who wanted to buy land● Tallmadge Amendment - limited slavery in Missouri by banning any more slaves from

coming in and promising eventual emancipation to existing slave● Missouri Compromise- Missouri wanted to become a slave state, but this would create a

disbalance between the north and south. the compromise was that Maine would become a non slave state to balance everything out. Also restrictions were set for admittance of future pro/anti slave states

● Treaty of 1818 - joint occupation of Oregon, sharing fishing, and border line

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● Florida Purchase Treaty - American paid $5 million for Florida. Also Spain gave up Oregon, America gave up Texas, and a limit on Oregon was placed

● Monroe Doctrine- Monroe warned European powers that America was off limits. They could not colonize or interfere with any of the new world

● Russo-American Treaty of 1824 - set Southern boundary of Russian land

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