Satellite Instrument Synergy * Maximizing the Utilization of the Nation’s Civil Space-based Remote Sensing Observing Capabilities in the GOES-R era James

Satellite Instrument Synergy*

Maximizing the Utilization of the Nation’s Civil Space-based Remote Sensing Observing

Capabilities in the GOES-R era

James F.W. PurdomCIRA

*Much of information presented here is based on recent work of the Instrument Synergy Science Team that includes participants from

CIRA, CIMSS, MIT/LL, NRL and NOAA/NESDIS

The spatial and temporal domains of the phenomena being observed drive the satellite systems’ spectral

needs as a function of space, time, and signal to noise.

GOES-R: Unique in spectral, spatial and temporal domains

GOES-R sensors spatial and spectral resolutions approach and in some instances surpass those of its

operational polar orbiting counterparts

TemporalComparison of animation sequences of severe thunderstorm over western

Kansas. Movies at 30, 15, 5 and 1 minute intervals. While 5 minute interval imaging is routine for GOES-R, special imaging like this is possible at 1 minute intervals or less at 4(ABI) to 30 (HES-VNIR) times better spatial resolution than

today.

Spatial1 Km to 250 m

GOES-8: ~1 km Hurricane Erin09/09/01 ~1530 Z

•Note the detail in the eye wall (you can see up its side), improving the resolution of visible imagery provides enhanced ability to analyze a cloud field

Simulated GOES-R Imagery

Spectral - ABI

SpectralSpectral

Simulated GOES-R Multi-channel Product Simulated GOES-R Multi-channel Product

Observe Phenomena With Greater

Information Content

Observe Phenomena With Greater

Information Content

New products based on mathematical analysis of multi-channel images – every 5 minutes or less!

Water And Wet Ground

Water And Wet Ground

Boundary Between Dry And Unstable AirBoundary Between

Dry And Unstable Air

Middle Level

Moisture

Middle Level

Moisture Cirrus CloudCirrus Cloud

Severe Thunderstorms

Severe Thunderstorms

L Protect, restore, utilize Littoral (coastal) & ocean resources.

C Understand Climate variability and change (trend).

W Serve needs for Weather and water information.

T Enable safe and efficient Transportation.

Satellite Instrument Synergy: Optimizing the Use of Environmental Satellites to Meet NOAA Strategic

Goals

Satellite Instrument Synergy: Optimizing the Use of Environmental Satellites to Meet NOAA Strategic

Goals

NOAA Strategic Goals

Spatial Temporal Spectral Radiometric Strategic Goal

Climate Long term L Weekly* H vH Climate

Seasonal & interannual

M/L Days to

Weekly*

M M Climate

NWP 1-14 day M/L (obs)

M (surface)

4 hr Sounder: H

Image: M

H Weather,

Transpor-tation

6-24 hr M (obs)

H (surface)

1 hr Sounder: H

Image: M

H Weather,

Transpor-tation

Nowcast Severe Wx H Sounder: 0.5 hr

Image: 1min

Sounder: H

Image: M

H Weather,

Transpor-tation

Littoral H to vH 1-3 hr H – VNIR vH Littoral, Weather,

Transpor-tation

Catastrophic vH 1 min H – VNIR

Image: M

H Homeland Security

+ L~100km, M~10km, H~1 km, vH~100m *cumulative from more freq obs system where instrument stability over very long time period is important

Instrument Synergy within GOES-R FOVT

emp

ora

l

1 hr

4 hr

3 hr

2 hr

ABIVIIRS HES-VNIR CrISAPS ATMSHES-IR CMIS ABI HES-VNIR HES-IR

.25–1 km 10 km 14 km 25 km 5–20 km

.5–2 km

150–300 m 4-10 km 4-10 km150–300 m

.5–2 km

Instrument

Typical viewing over tropical regions and the central United States. Red dots are for NPOESS/METOP system with three s/c. GOES-R (green bars) indicate nominal performance for GOES-E & W with hourly full disc imaging (5 min) & sounding (1 hr). The GOES-R systems may be operated to provide much more rapid interval data (rapid scan) at the expense of area coverage.

NOSA and synergy: Initial goal is to integrate Polar (NPOESS) and Geo (GOES-R) systems in 2012 time frame

Environmental Satellite Sensor Synergy

• Observing system characteristics– Polar is global and fixed (well determined orbit and

sensor operational capability)– Geostationary is quasi-hemispheric and adaptive (point

and shoot)• Selected sensors will operate over very similar spectral

regions (visible to infrared)• The spatial, spectral and radiometric resolutions of the

GOES_R geostationary satellite systems’ sensors will in some cases approach and in other cases surpass those of the polar orbiting satellite systems’ sensors.

Goal and Challenge:Dynamic Tasking and Adaptive Sensing



• Intra-Satellite

– GOES: ABI and HES (adaptive)

– NPOESS: VIIRS and CrIS (fixed)

• Intra-System

– GOES-E and GOES-W

– NPOESS AM and PM

• Inter-System

– GOES-R and NPOESS (ABI, VIIRS, HES and CrIS)

– GOES-R, NPOESS and other operational and research satellites



Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis :geostationary, polar and other

Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis: geostationary, polar and other

Synergy in its infancy – hurricane analysis : geostationary, polar and other






ENTERING AN AGE OF MULTI-PLATFORM

MULTI-SENSOR

PRODUCTS

But we’re not there

yet

To assure full utilization we

need to capitalize on the adaptive

observing nature of the geostationary

system in synergy with

the fixed polar system

Cloud Base, Top and Layer related products– Daytime cloud base & top

• stereo ABI and/or HES-VNIR

– VIIRS with GOES imagers every 4 hrs

• shadow from ABI or HES-VNIR, VIIRS at 4 hrs

• HES-VNIR reflectance and HES-IR radiances

– Day or night cloud base

• Derived HES-IR stability, ABI surface temperature

– daytime HES-VNIR for moisture in cloudy regions over land)

– Day or night cloud top

• Multispectral slicing methods

– HES-IR and ABI every 5 to 60 minutes global

– CrIS and VIIRS every 4 hours global

– Cloud layer

• high resolution imager within sounder using n* type methods (requires model baseline), cloud phase with ABI to delineate ice from water cloud, stereo improvement and limited layer thickness using ABI and HES-VNIR

Roles of various sensors (Polar are basically 4 hr repeat; since Geo may do adaptive observing, delta time may be

varied to optimize strategy)

Roles of various sensors (Polar are basically 4 hr repeat; since Geo may do adaptive observing, delta time may be

varied to optimize strategy)

Atmospheric Motion Products

• Cloud and plume motion vectors (Cloud height from prior chart)– ABI

• 5-min interval for hemispheric cmv’s• Rapid scan for special applications

– HES-VNIR (10 to 36x improvement in spatial resolution over ABI)• < 300 m and 1 min intervals for severe weather and hazard applications

• Moisture motion vectors– VIIRS in polar regions– Routine ABI @ 5-min intervals

• Hemispheric and local scale– Routine HES-IR @ 30-60 min intervals

• Hemispheric and local scale– Improved vertical definition for certain applications with HES-VNIR and ABI

– HES-VNIR @ 300 m and ~10 min intervals • moisture motion in convective boundary layer in synergy with HES-IR

• Ocean surface winds– CMIS @ 4 hr intervals

Adaptive observational needs of NWP and nowcasting will help define sensor activity and application in GOES-R era


Viewing Perspective, t and , determine what we see

• Differences in scattering as a function of sun-scatterer-detector geometry allow for a variety of atmospheric, land, costal zone and ocean applications (think of MISR)

• Stereo cloud height determinations: accuracy is in large part a function of spatial resolution (shadows can also provide exceptionally accurate cloud height depending on time of day and viewing geometries)

• Exceptional CMV’s (u, u', v, v', w') in complex situations: potential for nearly 50 times higher resolution than today (150m vs 1000m) and over 10 times higher than GOES-R’s ABI (150m vs 500m)

• Pre-cumulus moisture field and its changes in time

Atmospheric Profile Products

Resolutions of various sensors• CrIS/IASI 4 hr T and H2O profiles, globally, 14 km clear and above cloud top• ATMS/AMSU 4 hr T and H2O, globally, ~30 km through cloud over ocean• HES-IR 15 min to hourly T and H2O profiles, clear and above cloud top• HES-VNIR mesoscale TCM (total column moisture), 300m best used in conjunction w/

HES-IR and ABI (surface temperature)Sounding applications• Global scale analysis and modeling

– 4 hr radiances• Regional scale modeling

– 1-4 hr sounding/radiances • Local scale/ mesoscale for severe storm prediction

– <hourly radiances, sounding, • Surface parameters from sounder (in conjunction w/ VIIRS and ABI)

– SST 4 hr over open ocean and hourly to 5 minutes* over coastal waters– Surface Temperature and moisture hourly to 5 minutes*– (*cloud cover, temporal and spatial requirement play crucial role)



11µm

0.86µm

MODIS

MODIS pixels within one AIRS FOV

land

water

Example Sub-pixel Characterization within One AIRS FOV

Improved Clear Radiance Datafrom Combining Imager and Sounder Observations

(Smith et al. 2003)

RMS radiance differences between true clear radiance and cloud re-moved clear column

Note improvement in sounder clear column radiance estimation when higher resolution imager data is used in synergy with sounder data

Convection and Severe Weather • Vertical shear – ABI (cloud motion)– HES-IR (moisture motion)– HES-VNIR (cloud and moisture motion)

• Evolving instability field– ABI (surface heating)– HES-IR (instability and surface heating)– HES-VNIR (detailed moisture field)

• Cold pool production– HES-IR

• Updraft strength– ABI (IR top temperature)– ABI and HES-VNIR (overshooting top height)– Above with HES-IR (updraft efficiency)

• Anvil characteristics & storm environment interaction– ABI (growth and detailed upper level atmospheric motion and

water vapor behavior)– HES-IR and VNIR (as ABI but with better spectral definition)

• Rotating overshooting top– ABI and HES-VNIR

• Storm damage– HES-VNIR

Nowcasting requires detailed information on mesoscale thermodynamic structure of atmosphere, cloud type and vertical wind shear

Nowcasting requires detailed information on mesoscale thermodynamic structure of atmosphere, cloud type and vertical wind shear

Important for Nowcasting Convection and Severe Weather

• Vertical wind shear• Evolving instability field• Strength of storm produced cold pool• Updraft strength• Anvil characteristics

DevelopmentTemperature structure

• Storm-environment interaction• Cloud top rotation• Storm damage

The development and evolution of deep convection

GOES-R: Unique in spectra, space and time

The spatial and temporal domains of the phenomena drive the spectral needs as a function of space, time, and signal to noise. Nowcasting severe convection requires frequent imaging and sounding that can only be provided by geostationary satellites.

Ocean Color Products

Coastal: At-sensor radiances to determine ocean color products including chlorophyll, CDOM, suspended matter, and bottom properties

• HES-VNIR optimal for multiple cloud free views /day @ <300 m– Hourly best for modeling coastal ocean dynamics and currents by

feature tracking– Tasked by ABI defined “cloud free” (%TBD) FOV every 5 min

• VIIRS Not optimal, spatial, spectral or temporal for coastal zone – 4 hourly fixed views @ 1000 m not adequate to resolve tidal related

features– May not be cloud free FOV– Complex features and atmospheric correction best resolved by HSI

• Selected commercial high-spatial resolution data may be available

Open Ocean (chlorophyll major constituent)• VIIRS 4 hourly fixed views @ 1000 m appears adequate• HES-VNIR may be tasked for selected cloud free views @ <300 m

– Tasked by ABI defined cloudy FOVs• Selected international data may be available

Example: Use ABI Data to Task HES VNIR

GOES-8 loop from 1615 to 2345: this loop illustrates the changes that occur in the cloud field after the MODIS pass and the need to dynamically task HES.

Despite increasing cloud cover, the Florida Bay and Northern Keys could be successfully imaged over several hours which will allow for observations of ocean color as well as changes due to tidal effects.

Florida Bay

Northern Keys

Then along came Floyd

Ocean color showing result of flooding interacting with pig farms. You want to be able to make daily cloud free images of this consequence of a natural disaster immediately and blend with SST, ocean currents and other information.

It will be important to monitor such disasters hourly at very high resolution as will be available from HES’VNIR capability

Role of GOES-R in Climate• GOES-R total HES can serve as stable reference basis for other satellites

(operational polar and other LEO) – Contiguous and high resolution spectral measurements required for inter-

calibration• Spectral flexibility (adaptability) allows for spectral matching with other

systems’ instrumentation• GOES-R total HES is a baseline

• GOES-R ability to track diurnal cycle – Simultaneity with LEO constellation – Contribution to GPM (Global Precipitation Mission)

• High spectral resolution radiance matching for scenes over long time periods by one fixed system at the same viewing angle and from the same altitude (Goody concept) – Detect and monitor long term changes (trends) in water vapor and other gasses

Climate products require long term, stable and accuratesensor measurements


Role of GOES-R in Climate

• GOES-R ability to track diurnal cycle spectrally with both ABI and HES!



Aerosol Products

• Primary VIIRS/APS global product every 4 hours

• Marine environment– ABI adds more frequent observations for variation as function time – HES VNIR provides more frequent and @ <300 m resolution (less cloud

effects) – Moisture effect on aerosols (particle size)– Water leaving radiance for coastal water algorithms– CrIS/ 4 hr and HES-IR/ 1 hr provides better definition of moisture profile at

4-10-12 km scale • Over land

– ABI adds more frequent observations for variation as function time – HES VNIR provides more frequent and @ 300 m resolution (less cloud effects) – Moisture effect on aerosols (particle size)– CrIS/ 4 hr and HES-IR/ 1 hr provides better definition of moisture profile at

4-10-12 km scale

Aerosol Products – Dust storm during daylightFilling the gaps between 4 hourly APS

Aerosol Products – Dust storm day and night Filling the gaps between 4 hourly APS

Catastrophic Products

• Catastrophic (on demand): utilize baseline information – every 5 min update required

• Accurate plume location and tracking – ABI @ 1 min– HES VNIR @ 1-5 min w/ <300 m resolution (less cloud effects)

• Dual satellite HES VNIR better plume depth

• HES-IR 15 min characterization of moisture profile and trace gases

• Damage area identification and possible assessment

Rapid Response!!Rapid Response!!

Fire and Plumes, as below, can be rapidly detected and assessedSo can other type plumes

•VIIRS every 4 hrs at various resolutions•ABI every 1 to 5 minutes at various resolutions

•HES often, depending on aerial extent, at 300 meters or less

This damage was due to a tornado, it could have occurred over a similar or larger area due to explosions from various causes. Do you want to wait for conventional monitoring methods to begin damage assessment? With HES you can view immediately with exceptionally high spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions.

LaPlata tornado damage path at 120 m resolution

LaPlata tornado damage path at 240 m resolution

LaPlata Tornado Damage – 1from EO-1

30 m 60 m 120 m 240 m

The Satellite System of the GOES-R Era Will Lead To Improvements . .

• Improved prediction accuracy from improved observations– Observe phenomena

with greater clarity– Observe phenomena

with greater information content

– Observe phenomena with greater frequency

• Observe the previously unobserved

Particularly when:

we capitalize on the adaptive observing nature of the geostationary system in synergy with the fixed polar system


• Intra-Satellite

– GOES: ABI and HES (adaptive)

– NPOESS: VIIRS and CrIS (fixed)

• Intra-System

– GOES-E and GOES-W

– NPOESS AM and PM

• Inter-System

– GOES-R and NPOESS (ABI, VIIRS, HES and CrIS)

– GOES-R, NPOESS and other operational and research satellites



Documents

Satellite Instrument Synergy * Maximizing the Utilization of the Nation’s Civil Space-based Remote Sensing Observing Capabilities in the GOES-R era James