saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #1 (62),2015 ART ...62)_2015.pdf1 gazeTi „droeba“,1884,#89,25 aprili maia kiknaZe 11 rafiels Tavisi dis barbare jorjaZis piesaSi `ras veZebdi da

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa

Ziebani

#1 (62), 2015

ART SCIENCE STUDIES

gamomcemloba `kentavri~Tbilisi _ 2015

UDC(uak) 7(051.2) s-364

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #1 (62), 2015

saredaqcio sabWo

Tamar cagareliqeTevan trapaiZerevaz WiWinaZe

literaturuli

redaqtorebi

mariam iaSvilimarikamamacaSvili

dakabadonebaekaterineoqropiriZe

inglisuri teqstis

redaqtori:

mariam

sxirtlaZe

gamomcemlobis

xelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZe

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan unda axldes monacemebi avtoris samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul da inglisur enebze, agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani reziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocema egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT da cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti,II korpusi.

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 2943728mob: +995 (77) 288 762 +995 (77) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

Art Science Studies #1 (62), 2015

Editorial Group

TAMAR TSAGARELIKETEVAN TRAPAIDZEREVAZ CHICHINADZE

Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILIMARIKA MAMATSASHVILI

Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE

The editor of English Text: MARIAM SKHIRTLADZE

Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE

Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scienti c appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic quali cation and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.

Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.

Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State UniversitySecond Block

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 2943728Mob: +995 (77) 288 762 +995 (77) 288 750E-mail: [email protected]: www.tafu.edu.ge

5

sarCevi

Teatrmcodneoba

maia kiknaZerafiel erisTavi qarTul

TeatrSi .............................................................................................8

doqtorantTa samecniero

statiebi

luba eliaSvilisulSi ratom CamafurTxe, anu

kalaSnikovi VS kalami ................................................29xaTuna damCiZeqarTuli sacekvao dialeqtebi

lazeTi _ tao-klarjeTi .........................................43

paata iakaSviliSemoqmedebiTi tradiciebi,

rogorc cenzura ..................................................................58

nana xuskivaZe

msaxiobis fenomeni ............................................................73

6

CONTENTS

THEATRE STUDIES

Maia Kiknadze RAPHAEL ERISTAVI IN THE GEORGIAN THEATRE ......................................................89

UNIVERSITYS Ph.D PROGRAM

Luba EliashviliWHY DID YOU HUMILATE ME OR KALASHNIKOV VS PEN ..................................................90Khatuna DamchidzeTHE GEORGIAN DANCE DIALECTS LAZETI – TAO-KLARJETI ................................................92Paata IakashviliCREATIVITY TRADITIONS AS CENSOR .......................93Nanuka KhuskivadzeACTOR’S PHENOMENON ................................................94

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maia kiknaZe,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

rafiel erisTavi qarTul TeatrSi

me-19 saukunis sazogadoebriv-kulturuli cxovreba warmoudgenelia rafiel erisTavis moRvaweobis gareSe. man udidesi wvlili Seitana qarTuli literaturisa da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis ganviTarebaSi. wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, qarTuli Teatri, dramatuli sazogadoeba Tu sxva mniSvnelovani erovnuli proeqtebi gamoCenil sazogado moRvaweTa didi ZalisxmeviT iqmneboda. maT Soris iyo rafiel erisTavic.

1879 wlis 23 dekembers wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobis sxdomaze, baTumis skolis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, ilia rafiel erisTavs dimitri yifianTan erTad avalebs baTumis skolaSi enobriv kontrols.

1881 wels, rodesac dramatuli sazogadoeba Seiqmna, damfuZnebelTa (al. yazbegi, iv. maCabeli, v. abaSiZe, ant. furcelaZe, n. avaliSvili da sxvebi) Soris rafiel erisTavic iyo. xolo mogvianebiT, 1884 wlis 28 ivniss dramatuli sazogadoebis krebaze Tavmjdomared airCies. is gaxldaT `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis damdgeni komisiis erT-erTi iniciatori da monawile (1882). iliasTan erTad krebulis `glexuri simRerebi, leqsebi da andazebi~ gamomcemeli (1873). 1873 wels gamosca `laTinur-rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni mcenareTa, cxovelTa da liTonTa samefoebeebidgan~. r. erisTavis winasityvaobiTa da redaqtorobiT

9

gamovida sulxan-saba orbelianis `qarTuli leqsikoni~ (1884) da sxva.

1875 wels oqtomberSi iliasa da sergei mesxis TaosnobiT TbilisSi yalibdeba qarTuli wignebis gamomcemelTa amxanagoba, romlis mizani Zvel da axal mweralTa namuSevrebis, istoriuli wignebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis gamocema iyo. komitetis wevrTa (d. baqraZe, b. RoRoberiZe, beso jafariZe, iase WavWavaZe, p. umikaSvili) Sorisaa rafiel erisTavic. is aris avtori araerTi eTnografiuli, folkloruli, enaTmecnieruli Sromisa, romelTac sistematurad aqveynebda im periodSi arsebul Jurnal-gazeTebSi (iveria, droeba, ciskari, Teatri, kavkazi, almanaxi-zurna _ rusul enaze). akaki wereTeli aRniSnavda _ rafieli jarasaviT trialebda da sicocxles aTen-aRamebda sxva da sxva mravalgvar wvrilmani saqmeebis keTebaSi.

1879 wels, rodesac mudmivmoqmedi Teatri Seiqmna, rafieli qarTuli Teatris saTaveebTan idga da Tavisi piesebiT Teatrs repertuaris SeqmnaSi exmareboda. roca Teatrs gauWirda da sezonis Cavardnis safrTxec daemuqra, iliam akakis sTxova rafiel erisTavTan, iona meunargiasTan erTad am saqmis Tavis Tavze aReba da qarTuli TeatrisTvis daxmarebis gaweva.

rafiel erisTavi Zalze mZime periodSi Caudga saTaveSi dramatuli sazogadoebis mmarTvelobas. `droebis~ furclebze xSirad gaismoda kritika dramatuli sazogadoebis muSaobaze. mas ucodinarobasa da uunarobaSi adanaSaulebdnen. werilSi `Cveni Teatris saqme~ vkiTxulobT: `Cvenma scenam ise ukan daiwia, rom artistebs da artistkebs Soris Camovarda SfoTi da ganxeTqileba, rom warmodgenebi Tavis droze veRar imarTeba,

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rom moTamaSeebi erTad SeerTebis magier, sams-oTxs dasad dayofilan, rom Zvirfasi tanisamosis mouvlelobis gamo glaxis farajebs daemsgavsnen, rom maTs karadaSi mxolod 44 kapeikis meti sZevs da sxva~.1

rafiel erisTavi iyo poeti, mTargmneli, dramatuli igav-arakebis avtoric. saqarTveloSi krilovis igav-arakebis Targmna daiwyo maSin, roca krilovi jer kidev cocxali iyo. roca rafiel erisTavma mis igavebs xeli mohkida, ukve arsebobda grigol orbelianis (1832), akakis (1862), anton furcelaZis (1883), mixeil bubuTaSvilis (1876) Targmanebi. sayuradReboa isic, rom 1876 wlis erisTaviseuli Targmanebis gamocemaSi warmodgenilia mis mier gadaTargmnili, gadakeTebuli da galeqsili igav-arakebi.

rafiel erisTavis mravalmxriv moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania misi Teatraluri saqmianoba.

mwerlis siaxlove TeatrTan quTaisidan daiwyo. 1867 wels, rodesac rafieli samegrelodan quTaisSi gadavida guberniis sammarTvelos ganyofilebis Tanamdebobaze, Semdeg ki momrigebeli mosamarTlis Tanamdeobabaze (1868 1 Tebervlidan), am periodSi saTaveSi Caudga scenis moyvareTa wris saqmianobasac, romelsac SeuerTda ruseTidan saqarTveloSi droebiT dabrunebuli akaki wereTeli. am wreSi iricxebodnen: efro kldiaSvili, akaki, yifianis qali, zaqaria WeiSvili. repeticiebi imarTeboda xan efrosTan, xanac rafielis saxlSi. rogorc akaki aRniSnavda, rafieli ramdenjerme gamovida scenaze `2-3-jer iTamaSa kideco~. sabednierod, SemorCenilia Teatraluri afiSa, saidanac Cans, rom

1 gazeTi „droeba“, 1884, #89, 25 aprili

maia kiknaZe

11

rafiels Tavisi dis barbare jorjaZis piesaSi ̀ ras veZebdi da ra vipove~ siraj avetikas roli uTamaSia. piesa 1867 wels 12 dekembers warmoudgeniaT da ramdenjerme uTamaSiaT quTaisSi. rafieli, wris saqmianobas sufliorobasac uTavsebda, rogorc es Zvel TeatrSi iyo miRebuli. am TvalsazrisiT Teatrs sxvadasxva dros exmarebodnen cnobili mwerlebi: avq. cagareli, s. mgalobliSvili, i. griSaSvili, poeti axospireli. sufliori mniSvnelovani posti iyo TeatrSi, karnaxis garda mis movaleobaSi Sedioda msaxiobTa moqmedebis gakontroleba (adgoma, dajdoma, gavla-gamovla da a.S.). mas Tvalyuri unda edevnebina msaxiobebisaTvis, Seeswavla maTi susti mxareebi da warmodgenis dros unda gaeTvaliwinebina. erTxel, rafieli quTaisSi dadgmul Tavisive piesis warmodgenas sufliorobda (1868 w). speqtaklSi akaki wereTeli da efro kldiaSvili monawileobdnen, rafiels II moqmedeba saxlSi darCenia. roca msaxiobebma es Seityves, ukve scenaze yofilan gasulebi, sabednierod akakisac da efrosac piesis deda-azri ise hqondaT Segnebuli, rom ar dabneulan da sakuTari sityvebiT gaubamT laparaki. publikasac veraferi SeumCnevia da didaTac moswonebia.

quTaisSi Tanamdebobis datovebis Semdeg, rafiel erisTavi 1871 wlidan TbilisSi saxldeba da ganagrZobs Tavis literaturul-Teatralur moRvaweobas. monawileobas Rebulobs sajaro gamosvlebsa, koncertebsa da saRamoebSi. sakoncerto saRamoebSi qarTvel mweralTa monawileoba im periodis kulturuli cxovrebis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo. cnobilia ilias, akakis, gr. orbelianis, d. yifianis, d. erisTavis, p. umikaSvilis da sxvaTa gamosvlebi saliteraturo


12

saRamoebze. 1875 wels TbilisSi, sazafxulo TeatrSi saqvelmoqmedo mizniT saliteraturo saRamo gamarTula. am dRes rafiel erisTavi orjer gamosula scenaze. jer waukiTxavs sundukianis `pepodan~ nawyveti da Semdeg sakuTari `scenebi~. rogorc `droeba~ aRniSnavda1 `r. erisTavs `pepos~ nawyveti susti xmiTa da waborZikebiT waukiTxavs (iseve rogorc d. yifians), samagierod `scenebi Cveni xalxis cxovrebidan~ namdvilis xelovnebiT iyo wakiTxulio~. amave gamosvlaze saubrobs mogvianebiT grigol orbelianic2: `4 aprils iyo qarTuls TeatrSi saliteraturo da samusiko saRamo... Zalian cudad gamoCdnen r.e. da d. y. raRaca RmerTi gauwyraT, sul ver waikiTxes da Zalian kargad iyvnen d.e. i.W. a.w.~

saqvelmoqmedo warmodgenaze, romelsac daeswro `mTeli maSindeli qarTveli wodeba da mwerloba~, r. erisTavma Tavi sazogadoebas xatovani sityvebiT daamaxsovra. rodesac warmoTqvamda frazas (scenidan – mariliani yana) ̀ ... yana mainc ar amovida, ravarc Cems Tavze araa balanio~ _ xeli miurtyams melot Tavze, xalxi gaucinebia da mowonebis taSic daumsaxurebia. yaflan orbelians, romelic iqve mjdara darbazSi loJidan wamouZaxnia: `daxe am uniWosa, aki imanac ar gaacina sazogadoeba?!~3 1880 wlis 13 aprils, k. mesxis sasargeblod saliteraturo saRamo gamarTula. am saRamoze sxvebTan erTad r. erisTavic gamosula da Tavisi scenebis kiTxviT gaurTvia sazogadoeba4. rafiel

1 gaz. `droeba~ 1875 #42

2 gaz. `droeba~ 1883 #176

3 kr. `saero dResaswauli~ Tb., 1899. gv. 26-27.

4 gaz. `droeba~ 1880. #83.

maia kiknaZe

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erisTavs „pepos“ TargmanSic miuRia monawileoba, 1874 wels mas sundukianTan erTad uTargmnia piesa somxuridan qarTulad. sundukiani kmayofili aRniSnavda, rom erisTavma mas „Zmuri TanamSromloba aRmouCina“.

sajarod scenaze gamosvla da nawyvetebis kiTxva, rogorc irkveva, rafiel erisTavis saqme ar iyo. misi gamosvla mxolod gansakuTrebuli faqtorebiT iyo gamowveuli, ris Sesaxebac Tavad aRniSnavda. erTxel msaxiob filimon qoriZes, romelic arwrunis TeatrSi koncerts marTavda, rafiel erisTavisTvis gamosvla uTxovia, miT ufro, rom misi vodevilidan `biZiasTan gamoxumreba~ nawyveti unda waekiTxa. am SemoTavazebaze rafiels uari uTqvams da mizezic auxsnia: `Tumca ar vTakilob scenaze gamosvlaso me didi pativiscema maqvs yovelis artistisa da imaTi mniSvneloba, magram radgan scenazed yofna xelobad ar gamixdia, exla gvianRaa imaT dasSi yofna da Tu odesme monawileobas miviReb xolme sxvebTan erTad gamosvlaSi, es moxdeba maSin rodesac fuli grovdeba an swavlis miznisaTvis da an sxva qvelmoqmedebis daniSnulebisaTvis da am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ki ar davizareb scenazed yofnas da daviviwyeb Cems xnovanebasac~.1

rafiel erisTavis damsaxureba qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi upirvelesad ganisazRvreba misi dramaturgiuli moRvaweobiT. is aris avtori araerTi originaluri Tu gadmokeTebuli komedia vodevilebisa, romlebic gansakuTrebuli popularobiT XIX saukunis 60-80-ian wlebSi idgmeboda da udides rols TamaSobda vodeviluri Janris ganviTarebaSi. `mbrunavi stolebi~ (1868),

1 gaz. `droeba~ 1880, #133


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`jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines~ (1868), ̀ dedakacma Tu gaiwia, cxra uReli xaris umZlavresia~ (1870), erT moqmedebiani vodevili `iWviani~ (1870), `biZiasTan gamoxumreba~ (1880), `parikmaxerisas~ (1880 wels calke wignad gamovida), ̀ qaCua~ (1887), `brilianti~ (1889) da sxva. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mas dauweria piesa „nugzari“, romelic warmoadgens libretos operisaTvis, rac TavisTavad pirveli cdaa qarTul dramaturgiaSi.

rafiel erisTavis komediebi, roelTa siuJetebic ucxouri piesebidan iyo aRebuli, qarTuli cxovrebis, qarTveli kacis xasiaTs da qarTveli mayureblis gemovnebas miesadageboda. misi personaJebis saxelebi ki garkveulad gmirTa xasiaTebs gadmoscemda. mebatone – oTar uZleveli (sadili marSlisas), vaWari – baRdasar almasovi (brilianti), advokati _ Tavadi amayaZe da lamazi ymawvili _ sandro varskvlavaZe (advokatebi), aleqsandre fuqsavatiani (biZiasTan gamoxumreba) da sxva.

TavadTa da glexTa urTierTobebi, fulisadmi usazRvro siyvaruli (jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines), skolebSi arsebuli saganmanaTleblo mdgomareoba (maswavlebeli soflis skolisa), da-Zmas Soris qonebrivi dava (sadili marSlisas), unamuso advokatTa Tavgasuloba (advokatebi), romlis magaliTzec masxrad aris agdebli imdroindeli sasamarTlo sistema da marTlmsajuleba, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mankieri mxareebis kritikaze miuTiTebda.

marTalia, rafiel erisTavis piesebi misi winamorbedebisagan (g. erisTavi, z. antonovi, a. cagareli) ar gamoirCeoda raime gansakuT rebuli siaxlis CvenebiT, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, aseve

maia kiknaZe

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perso naJTa xasiaTebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, magram Tanamedrove suraTebis zusti asaxva, nacnobi siuJetebisa da personaJebis Cveneba gansazRvravda misi piesebis popularobas. r. erisTavis dramaturgiis Tavisebureba upirvelesad mis xalxurobaSi vlindeboda da amave dros sametyvelo enaSic (Tbilisur _ yaraCoRluri, somxuri, imeruli da a.S.). giorgi TumaniSvili aRniSnavda: `qarTuli ena axlandels mwerlobaSi ise mdidrad arsad ara sCans, rogorc rafiel erisTavis nawerebSi... aq enas qarTuli xasiaTi aqvs da amav xasiaTs aZlevs TviT ucxo-qveynurs Txzulebasac. es friad didi Rirsebaa axla CvenSi, rodesac sxva mwerlis nawarmoebebSi aramc Tu naTargmns, originalurs Txzulebasac ki mcired etyoba qarTuloba~1...

rafiel erisTavis piesebis dadgmis istoria scenismoyvareTa wris warmodgenebidan iwyeba. jer kidev 1875 wlis 17 ianvris gazeTi ̀ droeba~ werda: `quTaisidan momivida ambavi, rom warsul kviras iqaur saaznauro saxlSi qarTuli warmodgena yofila `skapeni~ akakis Targmani da `dedakacma~ kargad da cocxlad uTamaSniaT da didZali xalxi, romelic warmodgenas daswrebia, Zalian kmayofili darCenilan~.

sayuradReboa isic, rom mudmivmoqmedi profesiuli Teatri, swored rafieli erisTavis vodeviliT ̀ iWviani~ da misi dis barbare jorjaZis piesiT `ras veZebdi da ra vipove~ gaixsna (1879). ufro adre ki rodesac mudmivmoqmedi dasi Seikriba da sagastrolod sxvadasxva qalaqSi gaemgzavra, repertuarSi Setanili hqondaT vodevili `jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines~. gazeTi `droeba~

1 Jurn. `iveria~, 1881. #2.


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aRniSnavda1: `Cinebuli sasceno piesaao~. rafiel erisTavma piesa rusulidan gadmoakeTa,

magram rodesac is pirvelad Jurnal `ciskarSi~ 1868 wlis #10-Si daibeWda, redaqciam amis Sesaxeb ar miuTiTa. rogorc Cans, r. erisTavi am faqtma Seawuxa da 1879 wlis 23 ianvars quTaisidan werili gamougzavna `ciskris~ redaqcias, raTa aRniSnuli `naklovaneba~ gamoesworebina. `is vodevili iyo gadmokeTebuli CemgniT rusulis eniTgan qarTuls enazed. gTxovT gamoacxadoT es SeniSvna, rom mkiTxvelma ar ifiqros, viTomc me mimeTvisebinos sxva avtorebisagan mogonili sagani vodevilisa~2. piesisadmi interesi gaCnda XXs-is 70-ian wlebSic. piesis popularoba ganapiroba qarTul teleekranze warmodgenilma (1975) satelevizio speqtaklma mixeil TumaniSvilis, k. kaxabriSvilis reJisorobiTa da cnobili msaxiobebis _ v. goZiaSvilis, z. lebaniZis, m. jinorias, g. berikaSvilis SesrulebiT. 1981 wels m. TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi, manana anasaSvilis reJisorobiT daidga speqtakli „bnel oTaxSi“, sxva avtorebTan erTad speqtakli rafiel erisTavis „iWvianis“ motivebis mixedviT Seiqmna. aTeuli wlis win ki reJisorma gogi margvelaSvilma m. TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi warmatebuli speqtakli ganaxorciela n. WankvetaZis, g. pipinaSvilis, g. roiniSvilis monawileobiT.

r. erisTavis piesebs sazogadod dadebiTad afasebda presa (Tumca iyo kritikuli SeniSvnebic. xandaxan avtors cudad dadgmuli speqtaklis gamoc akritikebdnen). roca vodevili `parikmaxerisas~

1 gazeTi `droeba~, 1879, #203

2 r. erisTavi, rCeuli Txzulebani, Tb. 1958, gv. 578

maia kiknaZe

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warmoadgines, `droeba~ qebiT ixseniebda dramaturgis Semoqmedebas _ `rogorc sazogadod yvela piesebi, romlebic T. raf. erisTavis kargis kalmidam gamosula cocxali, moZravi, mxiaruli da namdvili sasceno piesebia. erTs sityvas ver naxavT imaSi mometebuls, erT moZraobas, romelsac scenisaTvis raime mniSvneloba ar hqondes~1. `speqtakl `parikmaxerisas~ warmodgenis dros mayurebels muclidan xeli ar mouSorebia imdens icinodneno~2. 1880 wlis 19 oqtombers iTamaSes vodevili `biZiasTan gamoxumreba~, `droeba~ aqac aqebda warmodgenas: `scenaze es vodevili iseTi cocxali da sasiamovno gamodis, rom Tvali ver mogviSorebia scenidan~3.

rafiel erisTavis piesebi uyvardaT msaxiobebs. masSi monawileobda Zveli Teatris TiTqmis yvela msaxiobi. sabenefisod irCevdnen mis piesebs nato gabunia, mako safarova, babo korinTeli da sxvebi.

rafiel erisTavis piesebis popularoba, misi scenuri sicocxle ganapiroba imanac, rom avtori kargad icnobda sasceno xelovnebis anbansa da qarTvel msaxiobTa SesaZleblobebs. giorgi TumaniSvili werda: `T. r. erisTavi ubralod ki ar werda piesebs, romelic Seesatyviseboda mis niWs, aramed qmnida swored iseT rolebs, romlebic Sesaferi iyo dasSi myofi ZalebisaTvis. sakmarisia gavixsenoT Tundac `biZiasTan gamoxumreba~. is TiTqos ganzrax dawerilia saafarova-abaSiZisa da k. yifianisTvis4.

1 gazeTi “droeba”, 1880, #217



4 Г. М. Туманов. Характеристики и воспоминания кн, I ТБ. 1913. gv. 138


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1880 wels rafiel erisTavi ̀ iveriaSi~ aqveynebs sammoqmedebian komedias ̀advokatebi~. piesaSi asaxuli movlenebi presisa da sazogadoebis interess iwvevda da advokatTa saqcieliT Sewuxebul sazogadoebas sifrTxilisaken mouwodebda. piesis mTavari gmiri solomon milovi, igive saponaSvili, warsulSi mkeravi yofila, Semdeg sasamarTloSi uvlia, kanonebis wignidan ramdenime muxli gauzepirebia da fexsacmlis mkerav gabro morgvaZesTan erTad saadvokato kantora gauxsnia. uvici advokati klientebis motyuebis xarjze male gamdidrebula. `ra viyav da ra var?! – ekiTxeba sakuTar Tavs solomoni. kmayofili imis gamo, rasac miaRwia, ambobs: ̀ adrev, kviraSi erTi serTuki unda Semekera, xuTasjer nemsi meCxvilta xelSi, an uToTi TiTebi damewo da erTi Tumani Zlivs damrCenoda! exla ki erTs dReSi – 100 Tumanio~1.

piesas sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba gaaCnda. cxovrebis axleburi wesis da kanonebis SemoRebam axali profesiis adamianebi gaaCina. advokatebi, valerian gunias ganmartebiT,2 Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi `xaxadaRebuli, magrad kbilebalesili da gaumaZRari qlesiebi zneobagaxrwnili arafrisdamzogveli, upirwyali da madagamxecebuli `atukantebi~ iyvnen. xolo maTi gamoaSkaraveba uZluri, uvici xalxis winaSe garkveul gafrTxileba da maTi Tvalis axelva iyo, rac garkveulad piesis socialur JReradobaze miuTiTebda.

speqtakli 1880 wlis 24 oqtombers kote mesxis sasargeblod iyo daniSnuli da garda

1 r. erisTavi – dramatuli nawarmoebebi, t. IV, Tb. 1938, gv. 75

2 v. gunia, qarTveli Teatraluri moRvaweni sasceno xelovnebis Sesaxeb, Tb. 1953, gv. 35

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socialuri JReradobisa, piesam sxva mxrivac miiqcia sazogadoebis yuradReba. `advokatebi~ premiisTvis Teatralur komitetSi warudgeniaT, mouwveviaT sajaro wakiTxvac, Semdeg cal-calkec waukiTxavT zogierT pirebs da maTi gadawyvetilebiT rafiel erisTavisTvis premia ar miuciaT. amis Sesaxeb gazeTi `droeba~ aRniSnavda: `piesa Tu zogierT wvrimal naklulovanebas ar mivaqcevT yuradRebas Cinebuli sasceno piesaa da avtoris azric – axlandel advokatebis dacineba cocxlad aris imaSi gamoxatuli. ubralo moqmed pirsac ver naxavT am piesaSi rom namdvils axlandels Cvenis cxovrebidam amoRebuli da gamoxatuli ar iyos. amboben avtorma es piesa gavlil zamTarSi premieraze warudgina Cven Teatralur komitetsao. magram komitetma daiwuna da araTu premia, warmodgenis Rirsic ar gaxadeso. Tu es marTalia, marto garemoeba amtkicebs imas rom im komitetSi Teatris saqmisa da sceniur xelovnebis mcodne pirebi ar yofilan~1.

reJisor giorgi TumaniSvils, romelic piesis damwunebelTa ricxvSi moxvedrila, „droebis“ redaqciiisTvis ganmartebisaTvis miumarTavs: „...radgan am dawunebis mizezi me gaxldiT unda aRvniSno rom me Tavdapirvelad aRtacebaSi movedi am piesisagan. es piesa namdvili sasceno komediaa. xel-meored rom gadavikiTxe davrwmundi, rom „advokatebi“ grZeli vodeviluri scenebia. avtors neba vTxove, rom zogierTi scena warmodgeniliyo, avtorma neba ar momca da piesa darCa warmoudgeneli“2.

rafiel erisTavi aRniSnulma werilma gaanawyena

1 gazeTi `droeba~ 1880, #226

2 gazeTi `droeba~, 1880, #227, 28 oqtomberi


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da giorgi TumaniSvils mkacri toniT upasuxa. maT Soris polemika `droebis~ furclebSi gaiSala. werilSi, òr – gvari grZnobis da or – nairi Sexedulebis patroni~, r. erisTavma g. TumaniSvils saqcieli dauwuna da or _ gvari grZnobisa da or _ nairi Sexedulebis patroni uwoda. werilidan gairkva, rom erisTavs Tavad waukiTxavs piesa, romelic g. TumaniSvils moswonebia. `roca me vukiTxavdi, maSin àdvokatebi namdvili sasceno komedia iyo da roca TviTon waikiTxa maSin ̀ grZeli vodeviluri scenebi~ Seiqmna. grZeli vodeviluri scnebi romeliRaa? vodevili rogorc me vuwyi, aris piesa, romelSic simRerebia CarTuli da arc grZeli scenebis mqonea. àdvokatebSi~ verc erTs striqonsac ver ipoviT simRerisas da scenebic im zomisani arian, ra zomisac TviT piesis moqmedeba da msvleloba moiTxovda: arc meti, arc naklebi. sCans aqedan, rom TumaniSvils ar scodnia ra aris vodevili~1.

aRniSnul werilSi, rafiel erisTavma madlierebiT moixsenia reJisori mixeil bebuTovi, warsulSi misi piesis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisTvis da msaxiobebi kargi TamaSisaTvis. `warmodgena sazogadoebam aRtacebiT miiRo da ramdenjerme TviT mec gamomiZaxes, taSis kvra did-xans ar Semwydarao~.

piesis warmateba eWvqveS daayena giorgi TumaniSvilma. werilSi ànbani zogierTebisaTvis~2 pirvel rigSi g. TumaniSvilma erisTavs ganumarta vodevilisa da melodramis xasiaTi, misi mniSvneloba, abuCad aigdo r. erisTavis sityvebi `publikas Zalian movwonvaro~ da damcinavi toni

1 gaz. `droeba~, 1880. #229 30 oqt.

2 gaz.`droeba~, 1880. #231 1 nomeb.

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Seitana polemikaSi: `roca piesis damwers xalxi taSs ukravs, yovelTvis unda gqondeT mxedvelobaSi, rom umecari xalxis taSiT rigiani mwerali ar unda dakmayofildes. TeatrSi taSs ukraven zogjer im kacsac, romelsac kreslo gamoaqvs scenaze. me rasakvirvelia amas imitom ar vambob, rom amgvari SedarebiT vawyenino raf. erisTavs da davamtkico imis publikis masxroba. me amas vambob mxolod imitom, rom yovelgvar publikas ar unda endos kaci~-o. cxadia, rom g. TumaniSvilma erisTavs piesac dauwuna da misi speqtaklis sanaxavad misuli mayurebelic. mayureblis amgvar Seuracxyofaze r. erisTavma, weriliTve upasuxa: `rac iTqmis erT umecarzed, an mTvralzed is ar miewereba mTel sazogadoebas. nametnavaT imisTana rCeuls sazoga-doebas, rogoric iyo `advokatebis~ warmodgenis Rames qvelmoqmedebis mizniT TavSeyrils~1. kamaTi r. erisTavma daamTavra. g. TumaniSvils misTvis aRar upasuxia. mogvianebiT, rodesac rusul enaze giorgi TumaniSvilis `mogonebebis~ wigni gamoica (1913), 1895 wels rafiel erisTavze daweril werilSi, TumaniSvilma erisTavs mravalmxriv Semoqmedi, saqmeSi metad Caxeduli da gulisxmieri adamiani uwoda.

rafiel erisTavis Teatralur moRvaweobaSi Zalze mokrZa lebul adgils iWers misi Teatraluri recenziebi, saTeatro werilebi. 1880 wlis 9 ianvars, roca nato gabunias benefisi gaimarTa, r. erisTavi sabenefiso warmodgenas ramdenime dReSi gamoexmaura. gabuniam saRamoze or speqtaklSi iTamaSa. r. erisTavis `jer daixocnen, mere iqorwines~ da specialurad natosTvis dawerili akaki wereTlis `kinto~. werilSi ~TeatrSi~ r.

1 gaz. `droeba~, 1880. #234.


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erisTavma akakis `kamedia~ dauwuna _ `ar miyvars piris pir tkbili, cbierebiTi Rimili da pirsukan ki Zraxvao!~ gansakuTrebiT ar moewona II da III moqmedeba. aq ver dainaxa `niWieri akakis kalami da imisi mSvenieri xelovneba~. daiwuna speqtaklic rafiels ar moewona mTavari gmiri qalis salomes kintod gadaqceva _ `vis gaugonia da unaxavs, rom kneina kintouraT icomda da kintoebSi midioda~. r. erisTavisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda salomes oTaxSi gaTamaSebuli viTom ori adamianis (kinto-salome) sasiyvarulo scena, marTalia, moqmedeba daxurul kars miRma xdeboda, magram scenidan saarSiyo tlaSa-tluSunis xma ismoda, ris gamoc erisTavi aRSfoTebuli werda: `if ra zneobiTi suraTia, TeatrSi myofi gasaTxovari qalebisaTvis~. r. erisTavs speqtaklze msjelobisas, arc nato gabunias Cacmuloba daviwyebia da Teatris gamgeobas sayveduriT mimarTa: `mikvirs rogora hkadres am patiosanma pirebma, Tavis Tavs, sazogadoebas da erTs pirvelTagans warmomadgenels qarTulis truppisa – n. gabuniasas, rom ise umsgavsod Caacves kintos rolSi?! sircxvili ar aris? sad iSoves is Coxa? gana pirvels aqtrisas, mere kiden imis benefisSi ase unda scmoda? meaqlemes rols xom ar TamaSobda?!~.1

rafiel erisTavis SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili aqvs daTmobili patara dialogebisagan Semdgar scenebs (bazris scenebi (1878), mikibul-mokibuli (1877), kaxeTSi gaxldiT (1883), viziti (1881), axalgazrda glexis naambobi (1877), scenebi Cveni xalxis cxovrebidan (1886), suraTebi Cveni xalxis cxovrebidan da sxva) misi simciris gamo maT xSirad divertismentebsa da sajaro gamosvlebSi

1 r. erisTavi, moTxrobebi da scenebi. Tb. 1937 t. III gv. 179

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gamoiyenebdnen. `scenebi~ 70-ian wlebSi `iveriisa~ da `droebis~ furclebze ibeWdeboda da asaxavda sazogadoebis yvela sferosa da fenas: Tavadaznaurebs, glexebs, naswavl kneinebs, vaWrebs, aristokratebs, gaRatakebis gzaze damdgar imerel aznaurebs, qalaqel biWebs, yaraCoxelebs da sxva. rafiel erisTavis `scenebis~ srulyofilad Seafasa sergei mesxma: `...amJamad CvenSi or-sam mwerals garda aravin gveguleba iseTi, romelic Cvens cxovrebas raf. erisTavze ukeT icnobdes da ukeT xatavdes am cxovrebis suraTsa da xasiaTs. erTnairis xelovnebiTa xatavs raf. erisTavi rogorc Tbiliseli kintoebis xasiaTs, imaT udardelobasa da dardimandobas, agreTve ufro maRali sazogadoebis usaqmobasa da fuWa-cxovrebas, da axalgazrda qalebisa da vaJebis siyvarulze sjasa da sxva guliTad wadilebasa... sazogadoT raf. erisTavis suraTebi imiT arian SesaniSnavi, rom marto sicils ar ajereben mkiTxvels: yoveli gonieri da moazrovne mkiTxveli, ueWvelia, dafiqrdeba rodesac zogierT am scenebs waikiTxavs...~1

Teatris mdgomareobiT Sewuxebulma rafiel erisTavma 1888 wels, Jurnal „TeatrSi“ (#21), werili gamoaqveyna saTauriT `qarTuli Teatris warsuli sezoni~, sadac TeatrSi arsebul problemebze isaubra. sezonis warumateblobaSi, erisTavi brals debda yvelas, visac Teatrze zrunva evaleboda _ dramatul sazogadoebas, msaxiobebs, mwerlebs da gulgril sazogadoebas, romelTac TeatrSi siaruls, balebsa da klubebSi drois gasatareblad siaruli erCia, mezurneebsa da banqoSi fulis gadaxda. r. erisTavma saqcieli

1 s. mesxi, werilebi Teatris Sesaxeb, Tb. 1956 gv. 85-86


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dauwuna qarTvel `bariSnebsac~, romelTa umravlesobac qarTul warmodgenebs operis speqtaklebs amjobinebda. 80-ian wlebSi, qarTvel mandilosnebSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda italieli baritoni ̀ turfa da lamazi~ momRerali gvarad lodi. misi xmisa da simRerisaTvis is gulSi Cavardnoda qalebs (gulSi WdeT aCndaT lodi-o). misdami gadametebul ltolvas erisTavi ironiiT uyurebda.

baRSi rad ar melodia?...miyvars Seni melodia!...mesakuTre me lodia...anu gulze me lodia...1

1889 wels, rafiel erisTavi sacenzuro komitetSi iwyebs muSaobas (1896 wlamde). maSindeli Tavmjdomare hakeli yovelnair Tavisufal azrs sdevnida. r. erisTavi ki cdilobda saqme avtoris sasargeblod gadaewyvita. g. TumaniSvili aRniSnavda, rom rogorc cenzors, r. erisTavs SeeZlo rTuli situaciidan gamosvla ise, rom ar dazianebuliyo nabeWdio. cenzoris Tanamdebobaze man araerTi saqme gaakeTa. 1895 wels gamosacemad gaamzada mamia gurielis Txzulebebi. nato gabunias sabenefisod warmodgenili a. cagarelis istoriuli dramis `qarTveli dedis~ dadgmis nebarTvis gacemac, rafiel erisTavs mouwia. r. erisTavis Tanamedrove al. jabadari ixsenebda r. erisTavis sityvebs: `me ar vici cenzorad rodemde viqnebio, Tu saeWvo rame gaqvs dasabeWdi cenzoris mxriv, saCqarod warmoadgineT cenzuraSi sanam aqa varo~.2

rafiel erisTavis saxeli Sesulia baumgartneris msoflio literaturis istoriis I

1 r. erisTavi, moTxrobebi da scenebi. Tb. 1937 t. III gv. 185

2 qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb. 1974, t. IV.gv. 256

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tomSi, romelic 1897 wels germaniaSi, fraiburgSi gamoica. sxva qarTvel poetebTan erTad (ilia, akaki, gr. orbeliani, razikaSvili, vax. orbeliani, gurieli) r. erisTavi warCinebul qarTvel poetTa ricxvSi moixsenieba.

r. erisTavs, misi damsaxurebuli Rvawlis gamo, 1895 wlis 22 oqtombers qarTvelma xalxma 50 wlis iubile gadauxada. momzadda krebuli `saero dResaswauli T. r. erisTavis iubilis gamo~. `iveria~ aRniSnavda, rom es iyo simptomi eris moqalaqeobrivi momwifebisa da ganviTarebisa maCvenebeli eris gaRviZebisa da saukeTeso cxovrebisaken miswrafebisa~.

1901 wlis 19 Tebervals (Zv.stili) rafiel erisTavi 77 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. ̀ TiTqmis arc erTi dargi xelovnebisa ar dautovebia, rom Tavisi wvlili ar Seetana da riTime ar gaemdidrebia~.


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doqtorantTa samecniero

statiebi1

1 naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT,statiis stili daculia.

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luba eliaSvili,humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesis da marTvis fakultetis sadoqtoro programis

`kultura mediaSi~ doqtoranti,xelmZRvaneli _ prof. goga CarTolani

sulSi ratom CamafurTxe, anu

kalaSnikovi VS kalami

erTi Tve gavida frangul satirul Jurnal Charlie Hebdo-ze ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmidan. tragediiT gamowveuli vnebaTaRelva SedarebiT ganelda, bevri analitikuri statiac daiwera da vfiqrob, ukeT aris SesaZlebeli mSvidi gonebiT am mZime faqtis gaanalizeba. Charlie Hebdo-ze ganxorcielebulma Tavdasxmam da masobrivma mkvlelobam mTeli evropa SeZra da mcire xniT zedapirze amoitana is siRrmiseuli problemebi, romelic multikulturul globalur samyaroSi arsebobs.

g. almondi da s. verba ayalibeben samoqalaqo kulturis wiaRSi arsebul urTierTSeuTavsebel politikur orientaciebs, romlebic demokratiuli politikuri sistemis moTxovnilebas yvelaze metad Seesabameba da saboloo jamSi ganapirobebs mis stabilur funqcionirebas;

samoqalaqo kulturis ganmsazRvreli parametrebia: Zalauflebasa da pasuxismgeblobas, aqtiurobasa da pasiurobas, Tanxmobasa da uTanxmoebas, racionalur da iracionalur qcevebsa da qmedebebs Soris balansi. am azriT, samoqalaqo kultura _ zomieri, gawonasworebuli, dabalansebuli kulturaa, sadac radikaluri

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qmedebebi gamoiricxeba da aqcenti mSvidobian, konsesualur politikur procesze keTdeba, romelSic maRalia Tanxmobis xarisxi demokratiis ZiriTadi sabaziso Rirebulebebisa da „politikuri TamaSis wesebis“ irgvliv, erTi mxriv, politikur Zalebs, meore mxriv, sazogadoebasa xelisuflebas Soris.

civilizebul samyaroSi adamianebs moniWebuli gvaqvs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisufleba da imavdroulad, aRiarebulia sityvisa da gamoxatvis Tavisuflebac. ramdenad SesaZlebelia am ori uflebis SeTavseba, Tanaarseboba da kohabitacia im multikulturul garemoSi, romelSic dRes arsebuli wesebiTa da eTikis kodeqsiT moqmedi media sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaSi erT-erTi gavleniani faqtoria. mokled rom vTqvaT, dRes arsebuli Jurnalisturi standarti da eTikis kodeqsi ramdenad axerxebs ise daareguliros mediis saqmianoba, rom media, Tavisdauneburad, arc terorizmis maprovocireblad iqces, da arc terorizmis msxverplad.

aRniSnuli tragediiT gamowveulma mravalricxovanma saprotesto aqciebma pirvel rigSi franguli sazogadoebis araqsenofobiurobas gausva xazi, Tumca am aqciebis ZiriTadi slogani _ „Cven vgmobT terorizms da ara islams“, _ ormagad SeiZleba wavikiTxoT. protestSi monawile adamianebi dauSveblad miiCnevdnen romelime religiasTan (am SemTxvevaSi, islamTan) dapirispirebas, rac demokratiuli samyaros fundamenturi principia da, amave dros, isini dasaSvebad miiCnevdnen imas, rom agresiuli Zaladobis da mkvlelobis gamo gamowveuli maTi gulwrfeli protesti vinmes SeiZleboda CaeTvala moqalaqeTa religiuri

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grZnobebis, konkretulad ki islamis winaaRmdeg gamosvlebad. arc amgvari sifrTxile da arc es daSveba ar iyo SemTxveviTi. dasavluri media, nebiT an uneblieT, amkvidrebs islamis, rogorc zogadad agresiuli religiis xats, rac teroristuli aqtebis umetesobis muslimuri eqstremaluri organizaciebis monawileobis xazgasmaSi gamoixateba. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT cnobili iumoristis, Jeff Dunham-is Zalze popularuli Sou saxelwodebiT Achmed The Dead Terrorist. videoSi terorists ganasaxierebs Tojina, romelsac muslimTa Soris gavrcelebuli saxeli hqvia da Tavzec Calma aqvs moxveuli. am videos socialur qsel you tube-Si aTobiT milioni naxva aqvs. namdvilad niWieri komikosis mier Seqmnili teroristis es portreti imdenad sasacilo da STambeWdavia, rom savaraudod, mis uamrav mnaxvels didi xniT CarCeba mexsierebaSi. safuZvels araa moklebuli varaudi, rom mayureblis warmodgenaSi teroristisa da muslimis saxe erTmaneTTan asociaciurad kavSirdeba.

axali media-miTebis SeTavazeba RirebulebaTa konfliqtis bewvis xidze gadis. amdenad, imisaTvis, rom Jurnalistis saqmianoba mexanZris da frontis wina xazze myofi jariskacis saqmianobaze ufro meti riskis Semcveli ar gaxdes, Sesaswavli da dasadgenia eTikis ra normebi unda gansazRvravdes eleqtronul mediaSi sensitiuri religiuri Temebis nebismieri saxiT gaSuqebas da muSaobs Tu ara aseTi sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas Jurnalisturi eTikis dadgenili normebi. kultura, rodesac igi aseTi masobrivi da globaluri xdeba, SesaZloa Tu ara iziarebdes mosazrebas, rom xelovnebasa da mediaSi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas ar SeiZleba raime

sulSi ratom CamafurTxe, anu kalaSnikovi VS kalami

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saxis sazRvrebi dauwesdes, garda konstituciiT aRiarebuli rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis pativiscemis moTxovnisa. iqneb dadga dro gadaixedos es mosazreba da rwmenis sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas ufro daxvewili da gaazrebuli eTikuri sazRvrebis SemoReba iyos mizanSewonili, rogorc es umciresobaTa, arasrulwlovanTa da msgavsi metad sensitiuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas uwesdeba medias. amas xels uwyobs iamave eqstremistuli organizaciebis liderebis agresiuli gancxadebebis tiraJireba mediis mier, rac aris kidec amgvari eqstremistuli jgufebis mizani, _ Tavisi Zlevamosilebis tiraJirebiT SiSis qveS amyofos adamianebi. aseve moqmedebs mediis gaZlierebuli yuradReba eqstremistebis egzotikuri da araadamianuri meTodebisadmi. socialuri qselic uxvad Seicavs sikvdiliT dasjis da SariaTis samarTlis sisastikis amsaxvel videoebs, rac konkretul kulturebSi Rrmad Cauxedavi, zedapiruli mayureblisTvis saSinelebis da borotebis xatis gamaerTianebeli simbolo xdeba.

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi religia, Tavisi institutebis meSveobiT, qmnida warmodgenebs keTilisa da borotis, codvisa da danaSaulis, sisastikisa da gulmowyalebis Sesaxeb, amkvidrebda yofiT wes-Cveulebebs, qcevis dasaSvebobis koordinatTa sistemas, iZleoda zneobis da uzneobis ganmartebas da a.S. Cvens droSi am instituts poziciebis TandaTanobiT daTmoba uwevs, risi magaliTic aris Tundac kaTolikuri eklesiis mier erTsqesianTa qorwinebis daSveba da sxva reformebi.

sekularul sazogadoebaSi faseulobebis formirebis da saarsebo kulturuli garemos

luba eliaSvili

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Camoyalibebisa da ganmsazRvrelis funqcia xelovnebam da mediam itvirTa. Sesabamisad, axali rakursiT dgeba Sedegebze maTi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxic. saqme ise wavida, rom sayovelTaod saerTaSoriso samarTlis sistemas aRar aRiareben kulturis erTian safuZvlad. rogorc ki saxelmwifoTa erTobis erTi an ramdenime wevri praqtikulad uaryofs saerTaSoriso samarTlis savaldebulo xasiaTs da Teoriuladac ki saxelmwifos moqmedebis erTaderT normad sakuTari jgufis _ iqneba es eri, partia, klasi, eklesia Tu saxelmwifo _ Zalauflebas gamoacxadebs, TamaSebrivi qcevis formalur narCenebTan erTad mTeli kultura iRupeba da sazogadoeba arqauli kulturis doneze dabla ecema.

humanisturi sazogadoebis Camoyalibebamde jer kidev Soria. msoflioSi iaraRiTa da samxedro ZaliT problemis gadawyvetis meTodebi kvlav gamoiyeneba da sicocxlis ufleba, Sesabamisad, ar aris aRiarebuli absolutur uflebad. terorizmic, Cveni civilizaciis am naklovanebis erT-erTi gamovlenaa. roca Tavisuflebis fanatizmi upirispirdeba religiur fanatizms, sicocxle safrTxeSia. amis mware gakveTili iyo 2014 wlis 7 ianvars parizSi momxdari tragedia.

SegaxsenebT, Charlie Hebdo-s teraqtis Semdgom bevri analitikuri statia daiwera, magram tragediis adamianur motivebze, vfiqrob, jerovnad ar gamaxvilebula yuradReba.

eqstremizmis msxverpli iyo ara mxolod daRupuli 12 adamiani, aramed is teroristebic, romlebmac aseTi sastiki danaSauli Caidines. damnaSave teroristuli organizacia da am organizaciis ukan mdgomi jgufebis finansuri Tu


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politikuri interesic aris. ra aqcevs adamians, romelic demokratiul,

civilizebul samyaroSi daibada da aRizarda, teroristuli organizaciis iaraRad misTvis miuRebeli satirikosebis winaaRmdeg, ra gavlena aqvs adamianis fsiqikaze mis religiur grZnobebs, rogoria am grZnobebis buneba, rogor da ras aRiqvams adamiani am grZnobebis iseT ukidures Seuracxyofad, rac mZime danaSaulis Cadenisken ubiZgebs?

cnobilia, rom adamiani, fizikuris garda, socialur sxeulSic arsebobs da am meore ipostasSi arsebobisas misTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania RirebulebaTA sistema, romelic mas xdis mowyvlads da aseve uqmnis daculobis gancdas. „Sen me sulSi CamafurTxe“, _ am sityvebiT aRwers ramdenime gansxvavebuli kulturis adamiani socialur sxeulze miyenebuli tkivilis gancdas. tyveobaSi Cavardnili meomrebi wamebis pasuxad mifurTxebas iyenebdnen sakuTari ganrisxebis gamosaxatad da mtrisTvis Seuracxyofis misayeneblad, Tumca es qmedeba maT xSirad sicocxlis fasad ujdebaT. realurad mwameblisadmi zizRis amgvari gamoxatviT isini mxolod sakuTar sicocxles agdeben safrTxeSi, magram imis gancda, rom maT aqvT Tundac es iaraRi sakuTari damokidebulebis gamosaxatad, amad uRirT.

wamebis meTodad aris miCneuli garkveuli qmedebebi, romelic SesaZloa, fizikurad adamians ar vnebs, magram misi kulturisTvis an im socialuri jgufisTvis, romlis wevradac igi Tavs miiCnevs, mZime Seuracxyofad iTvleba da amitom adamianis fsiqikisTvis autanlad mtkivneulia. arcTu iSviaTia Seuracxmyofeli qmedebebis

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msxverplTa Soris suicidis SemTxvevebic. aris Tu ara yvela muslimisTvis alahis karikaturuli gamosaxulebebis naxva wameba, rodesac mas Tavisi rwmenis mixedviT, saerTod akrZaluli aqvs uflis saxis daxatva da es misTvis saSinel mkrexelobad iTvleba? aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, wamebis akrZalva adamianis absolutur uflebad iTvleba. utrireba rom movaxdinoT, kiTxva asec SegviZlia davsvaT: _ arRvevs Tu ara karikaturuli satira wamebis ardaSvebis absolutur uflebas, rodesac igi adamianis religiur grZnobebs satiruli karikaturebis formiT exeba? dRevandeli saerTaSoriso kanonmdebloba, sicocxlis xelyofaze ufro mZime danaSaulad wamebas miiCnevs. Sesabamisad, dasafiqrebelia isic, Tu ra azrs vdebT terminSi „wameba~, radgan Tu wameba adamianisTvis emociuri tkivilis miyenebac aris, albaT msjelobis sagnad unda iqces, aris Tu ara adamianis religiuri grZnobebis Seuracxyofa misi wameba.

ra kvebavs terorizms? _ es aris SekiTxva, romelze pasuxis gacemac Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis mTavari gamowvevaa. erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi ar arsebobs. momxdarma tragediam amgvari diskusiis veli gaxsna da albaT, saWiroa am SekiTxvas damkvidrebuli Sablonebis gverdis avliT gaeces pasuxi.

vidre civilizebul samyaros ar miuRwevia humanisturi idealisTvis da Sedegis misaRwevad agresia kvlav aqtualuria; vidre miznis misaRwevad samxedro meTodebiT moqmedeba gamarTlebuli da dasaSvebia da igi SesaZleblad miaCniaT garkveuli saxelmwifoebis liderebs da interesTa jgufebs, mowinaaRmdege mxridan aseve moiZebneba finansuri


36

da adamianuri resursi, romelic mzadaa Tavisi miznebisTvis terorizmi gamoiyenos. rogorc Cans, terorizmis sakvebi wyaro arsebobs manam, vidre demokratiul samyaroSic ki miznis misaRwevad samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba dasaSvebia, vidre sakuTari ideebis da rwmenis damkvidrebis gzad eqstremizmi da ukiduresi radikalizmi misaRebia. ZalTa dRes arsebuli balansi humanistur Rirebulebebsa da agresiuli meTodebiT TviTdamkvidrebas Soris Zalian myifea da rogorc Cans, uvargisia am multikulturul, mraval plastian, globalur sociumSi usafrTxod arsebobisTvis da progresuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis.

rogor pasuxobs media am gamowvevebs? xom ar xdeba igi uneblie iaraRi agresiuli Zalebis xelSi? Ria sazogadoebis mTavari mizani xom, pirvel rigSi, gansxvavebuli kulturis, rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis adamianebis mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebaa da ara sazogadoebis romelime segmentis upiratesobis damtkiceba sxvebTan SedarebiT.

Charlie Hebdo-c, iseve rogorc nebismieri media-saSualeba, gavlenis iaraRia, magram kalaSnikovis avtomatisgan gansxvavebiT, fizikur sxeuls ki ar klavs, aramed socialur sxeulze zemoqmedebs da Tu Jurnalisturi eTikis gverdis avliT, romelime gavlenis jgufis manipulaciis iaraRad iqceva, axdens adamianTa da ideaTa garkveuli jgufis marginalizacias, aCens Sablonebs da xSir SemTxvevaSi ufro qmediTia, vidre sasikvdilo iaraRi. ra moaqvs am qmedebas sazogadoebisTvis _ meti sikeTe Tu ziani?

daRupvamde ramdenime dRiT adre ̀ Sarli ebdos~ redaqtoris pasuxi kiTxvaze _ unda ibeWdebodes

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Tu ara presaSi karikaturebi religiur Temebze, aseTi iyo, _ `sagnebi miT ukeTesi ar xdeba, magram me vxatav pirvel rigSi imisTvis, rom ufro msubuqad gadavitanoT es samyaro~.

miuxedavad Charlie Hebdo-s xalisiani TanamSromlebis samyarosadmi msubuqi damokidebulebisa, maTma tragikulma daRupvam sxvadasxva seriozul Temebze gansjas misca impulsi. is rom gamocemam gaagrZela sicocxle, xazs usvams ramdenad faseulia evropuli sazogadoebisTvis gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, maT Soris aseTi tipis sarkastuli karikaturis arsebobac. amdenad, savaraudoa, rom medias RirebulebaTa konfliqtiT polarizebul samyaroSi kvlav mouwevs axal gamowvevebTan gamklaveba.

mirCevnia movkvde fexze mdgomi, vidre daCoqili, _ werda Charlie Hebdo-s gamocemis mTavari redaqtori stefan Sarbonie, igive „Sarbi“ teraqtamde mcire xniT adre. man icoda, rom „al-yaidis“ mTavari samizneebis siaSi iyo, aRsaniSnavia, rom mas amis gamo policiac icavda. Sarbis pozicias iziarebdnen danarCeni karikaturistebic: kabiu, volinski, onore da tiniu.

ra igulisxmeba termin fexze dgomis ukan?! is xom ara, rom gamoxatvis Tavisufleba is idealia, romlis dasacavad mTeli redaqcia mzad aris sakuTari sicocxle gaswiros? xom ar hgavs Tavisi radikalizmiT da fanatikurobiT es gamonaTqvami Sahidi kamikaZeebis moqmedebis motivs, romlis arsi aseTia _ dae movkvde mec da sxvebic, oRond ar miadges Crdili im ideals, romlisac me mjera da mwams.

Tanamedrove samyaroSi amgvari nonkonformistebis mdgomareoba Zalian pirobiTa. erix fromis azriT,


38

sazogadoebis Zalian mcire nawili iRebs realurad damoukidebel gadawyvetilebebs. ZiriTadad ki, raki yvela sociumis Svilebi varT da mogvwons Tu ara, gviwevs vicxovroT misi wesebiT. SeuZlebelia vicxovroT sazogadoebaSi da Tan viyoT misgan damoukidebeli. garemos gavlena didia. garSemomyofebi gveubnebian rogor unda moviqceT, gvaswavlian cxovrebas sazogadoebis wesebiT, es yvelaferi ki daRs asvams Cvens xasiaTsa da individualobas. adamianTa umravlesobas sjera, rom sakuTari nebis Sesabamisad moqmedebs da ver acnobierebs, rom Tavad es neba maTze Tavsmoxveulia da, rom sazogadoeba ostaturad manipulirebs misiT. Cven ver an ar vxvdebiT amas, veguebiT yvelafers da ar gamovdivarT sakuTari ̀ komfortis zonidan~. swored komfortis zonis masStabi gansazRvravs, Tavisuflebis jaWvis sigrZes.

sainteresoa im movlenis kvleva, rogor eqcevian adamianebi al-yaidas msgavsi organizaciebis gavlenis qveS. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom isinic msxverpli arian da maT mkvlelobis iaraRad aqceven. ramdenad monawileobs am procesSi eleqtronuli media da magaliTad telekompaniebi `al jazira~ da `al arabia~, romlebic zogierTi agresiuli muslimi imamebis mier gamocxadebuli jihadis Sesaxeb informacias avrceleben, an Tundac dasavluri kulturisaTvis kargad nacnobi da axlobeli media saSualebebi, romlebic demokratiis saxeliT warmoebul samxedro operaciebs pirdapir eTerSi gadascemen. aRniSnuli samxedro moqmedebebis Sedegad ki uamravi adamiani (maT Soris mSvidobiani) iRupeba. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi medias moxsnili aqvs pasuxismgebloba mis mier gavrcelebuli informaciis Semdgom Sedegze. mTavari

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principia _ daculi iyos informaciis sizuste da mediasaSualeba informaciis gavrcelebiT gamowveul Semdgom movlenebze pasuxs ar agebs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSia daculi gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.

Charlie Hebdo-s redaqciis TanamSromelebs kargad esmodaT is sasikvdilo safrTxe, romelic maT saqmianobas axlda Tan. miuxedavad imisa, rom Charlie Hebdo sulac ar iyo gansakuTrebulad popularuli gamocema, Tavad masobrivi mkvlelobis faqtma mTeli evropa SeZra da milioniani saprotesto aqciebis mizezad iqca. am aqciebze sxvadasxva qveynis politikuri istebliSmentebi xelixelCakidebulebi idgnen. „dRes me var Sarli“ _ am slogans dauzareblad tiraJirebda msoflio media.

teraqts gadarCenilma gamocemis erT-erTma TanamSromelma, 73 wlis holandielma mxatvarma bernar holtropma, romelic „vilemis” fsevdonimiTaa cnobilida Charlie Hebdo-s garda, aseve gazeT Liberation-TanTanamSromlobs, dascina maT, visac Jurnali aSarJebda da teraqtis Semdgom gamocemis megobroba daibrala. (misi sityvebis citirebas holandiuri gamocema Volkskrant-i axdens). „Cven didi raodenobiT axali megobari gamogviCnda. romis papi, dedofali elizabeti da putini. CemTvis es sasaciloa“, – ganacxada karikaturistma. vilemma frangi nacionalistebis lideri, „erovnuli frontis“ xelmZRvaneli marin lepenic gaakritika: „mas uxaria, rodesac islamistebi srolas iwyeben. guli mereva yvela am adamianebze, romlebic uceb Cveni megobrebi gaxdnen“, – aRniSna man.

am TemasTan dakavSirebiT, ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno diskusia, romelsac qarTul telekompania


40

„imedis“ gadacemaSi „mTeli kvira“ hqodna adgili. „Sen xar dRes Sarli?“ _ hkiTxa erT-erTma wamyvanma (eka xoferia) meores (naniko xazaraZe). „me ara var Sarli“, _ iyo cxadi da erTmniSvnelovani pasuxi meore wamyvanisgan. Cemi azriT, arc SekiTxva da arc pasuxi ar iyo SemTxveviTi. es mcire magaliTi, imis xazgasasmelad dagvWirda, rom mTel msoflioSi orive pozicias hyavda mimdevrebi. SekiTxvis avtori eka xoferia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda, sainformacio-politikur gadacemebSi. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva evropul organizaciaSi gadioda treningebs, eswreboda seminarebs da kargad esmis evropuli media-politkulturuli korequris Sinaarsi, kargad icnobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis qcevis wesebs da iziarebs maT. meore wamyvani, naniko xazaraZe, wlebis ganmavlobaSi gasarTobi gadacemebis wamyvania da Sesabamisad, ufro metad Tavisufali globaluri media-Sablonebis gavlenisagan. igi Cveuli gulwrfelobiT SeekamaTa kolegas. aqve sainteresoa isic, rom Cveni qveyana konservatiuli tradiciebis aris da istoriulad, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, mis moqalaqeebs mudmivad uwevdaT gansxvavebuli rwmenis mimdevarTa Rirebulebebisadmi angariSis gaweva mSvidobian garemoSi TanacxovrebisaTvis. am myife wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad nebismieri saxis eqstremizmi damRupvelia.

albaT, amitomac, magaliTad, saqarTvelos istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba, romelic ufro konservatulia, frTxilad ekideba axals da mtkivneulad emSvidobeba tradiciul Rirebulebebs. Sesabamisad, sazogadoeba ufro metad qsenofoburia, vidre axalgazrda, gabeduli media, romelic ZiriTadad

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dasavlur gamocdilebasa da Rirebulebebze aRizarda da Camoyalibda. mediaSi religiis Temis gaSuqebaze saubrisas aucileblad unda mivaqcioT yuradReba im RirebulebiT gansxvavebebs, romelic tradiciebis mimdevar da morwmune adamians aqvs danarCenebTan SedarebiT da gaviTvaliswinoT is sulieri tkivili, rasac misi rwmenis Seuracxyofa ayenebs religiur adamians. nebismieri morwmune adamianisaTvis prioriteti imqveyniuri maradiuli cxovrebaa. am qveynad yofnas igi aRiqvams, rogorc droebiTs da mosamzadebels maradisobisTvis. amitom Tavad fizikuri sicocxle misTvis iseTi Rirebuleba ar aris, rogorc socialuri sicocxle, rasac igi Rirsebas eZaxis. aq mxolod droSia gansxvaveba, Torem swored evropaSi (maT Soris, safrangeTSi), RirsebisaTvis duelebs Seewira uamravi adamianis sicocxle. Sahids, romelic mzad aris Tavi aifeTqos, misi azriT dakninebuli Rirsebis gamo da arad dagidevs sakuTar sicocxles, rTulia gaagebino ra saSinel danaSauls Cadis. igi Znelad Tu mixvdeba, ra Zvirfasia sxva adamianebis sicocxle, gansakuTrebiT im kulturisTvis, romelic am cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi Warb moxmarebasa da amqveyniur sikeTeebzea orientirebuli da romlisTvisac yvelaze didi faseuloba amqveyniuri arsebobis gaxangrZliveba, misi sikeTeebis da siamovnebebis maqsimalurad Sergebaa da ara imqveyniuri samoTxe. rasakvirvelia, konkretuli radikaluri SemTxvevebis ganzogadeba ar SeiZleba arc religiebze, arc rwmenasa da arc konkretuli saxelmwofos moqalaqeebze. magaliTad, breivikis mier Cadenili masobrivi mkvleloba (teroristuli aqti) verafriT CaiTvleba misi qveynis moqalaqeebis damokidebulebad ucxoeli


42

studentebisadmi, iseve rogorc ori konkretuli muslimi fundamentalistis mier Cadenili masobrivi mkvleloba redaqciaSi ver CaiTvleba zogadad islamis damokidebulebad da zogadad islamur terorizmad sityvis Tavisuflebisadmi da mediisadmi. swored amitom Zalian gasagebia moproteste milionobiT adamianis lozungi „Cven vebrZviT terorizms da ara islams“.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. politikuri kulturis SedarebiTi analizi - redaqtori: guram abesaZe, recenzentebi: Tamar kiknaZe, vaxtang maisaia,

2. sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi. Tb; 2008.3. Johan Huizinga - Homo Ludens, 1949 4. Фромм Э. Бегство от свободы - Die Furcht vor der

reiheit (1941) / Перевод Г. Ф. Швейника, М., 1990

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xaTuna damCiZe, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis qoreologiis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,

xelmZRvaneli: prof. anano samsonaZe

qarTuli sacekvao dialeqtebi

lazeTi _ tao-klarjeTi

(pirveli nawili: istoriografiuli wyaroebi)

sanam lazuri sacekvao folkloris ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, saWirod miviCnie gamekeTebina mokle istoriul-eTnografiuli eqskursi lazeTisa da tao-klarjeTis Sesaxeb, radgan saqarTvelos es ZirZveli mxare dRevandel dRes mezobeli saxelmwifos, TurqeTis, SemadgenlobaSia da ukve didi xania ucxo eTnikurma da religiurma gavlenam Tavisi kvali daatyo mis TviTmyofadobas.

lazika moicavda mdinare rionisa da mdinare Woroxis xeobebs. mdinare rionis xeobaSi, lazeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi laz-megrelTa tomi, xolo mdinare Woroxis xeobaSi ki laz-WanTa tomi binadrobda. istorikosebi mis dedaqalaqad arqeopoliss, dRevandel noqalaqevs miiCneven.

pirveli aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi laz-WanTa tomi dawinaurda da calke samefod Camoyalibda. vaxuStis mixedviT `baiburdisa da forCxis samxriT, WaneTis mTas iqiT, aris WaneTi.Dda an uwodeben lazsave.Aars ese Savis zRvis kidis wadevnebiT,Ggoniidam trapizonis samzRvramde~.1

`VII-VIII saukuneebis mijnaze lazeTma dakarga politikuri Zalaufleba da afxazTa erisTavebis xelSi gadavida. amasTan erTad, lazikam

1 vaxuSti; aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa; Tb.; 1941; gv. 6

44

teritoriuli mTlianobac dakarga, orad gaiyo: samxreT-dasavleTiT moeqcnen dasavleTis qarTuli modgmis tomebi - Wan-lazebi, Crdilo-dasavleTiT _ CrdiloeTis qarTuli modgmis tomebi-megrelebi~.1

mogvianebiT Crdilo da samxreT lazikis teritoriis Suawelze aRmosavleTidan, qarTlidan, arabTagan devnili qarTulad molaparake eTnikuri tomi dasaxlda.

laz-WanebiT dasaxlebuli lazeTi Woroxis xeobidan trapizonamde iyo gadaWimuli, magram misi ZiriTadi nawili bizantiis Semadgenel nawilad iqca, mxolod mcire teritoria _ viwe, xofa, gonio _ darCa samcxis saerisTavos SemadgenlobaSi. lazeTi bizantiuri gavlenis qveS moeqca.

Turquli eqspansiis Sedegad ki, dResdReobiT, `lazebi ZiriTadad cxovroben sofel sarfSi, aseve baTumSi, gonioSi, maxoSi, simoneTSi, axalSenSi, urexSi da sxv., xolo saqarTvelos mTeli teritoriis masStabiT, garda aWarisa da lazeTisa, _ afxazeTsa da zugdidis raionis sofel anakliaSi~.2 lazeTi (TurqeTis) ori mazrisagan Sedgeboda da ekuTvnoda trapizonis vilaeTs.Qqemeridan gurufamde aTinis mazraa, gurufidan kofmiSamde _ xofis mazra. Sesabamisad arsebobda ori ZiriTadi dialeqti _ aTinuri da xofuri. lazebi (Wanebi) laparakobdnen lazurad, romelic Zalian hgavs megruls. lazuri megrulTan da svanurTan erTad qarTvelur enaTa jgufSi Sedis.

lazeTTan dakavSirebiT fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdian gasul saukuneebSi am regionSi Catarebuli samecniero eqspediciebis

1 m. vaniliSi, a. Tandilava; ,,lazeTi’’; sabW. saq.; Tb.; gv. 292 z. Tandilava; lazuri xalxuri poezia; ,sabW. aWara,’’ baT. 1972, gv. 5

xaTuna damCiZe

45

mier mopovebuli masalebi. 1836 wels mecnierma k. koxma kavkasiaSi

imogzaura. miuxedavad, imisa, rom misi kvlevis Tema samedicino sferos ganekuTvneboda, metad saintereso da yuradsaღebi informacia mogvawoda XIX saukunis lazeTis yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb:

`saRamos sagangebod migviwvies ganTqmuli momRerlisa da Cinebuli gitaristis mosasmenad. mahmadianebs Tavisi Rirsebis damcirebad miaCndaT simRera an romelime instrumentze dakvra. maTi azriT es mxolod monis saqmea. samagierod lazebi Tavisi naTesavi qarTvelebis msgavsad, mamapapuri Cveulebebis erTgulni darCnen. maT ara marto uyvarT simRera da dakvra, aramed TviTonac kargi ostatebi arian am saqmisa. odiTgan qarTul mxareebSi (iqac ki sadac mosaxleobam mahmadianoba miiRo) SexvdebiT e. w. quCis moxetiale momRerlebs, anu trubadurTa msgavss, soflidan sofelSi an erTi qalaqidan meoreSi rom gadadian. maT yvelgan guliTadad xvdebian, siamovnebiT usmenen da SeZlebisdagvarad saukeTeso kerZiT da sasmeliT umaspinZldebian. mahmadian qarTvelebs, (mahmadian qarTvelebSi vis gulisxmobs - aWarlebs? _ x. d.) iseve rogorc lazebs, metad uyvarT Rvino da Tu axlos mola ar egulebaT, siamovnebiT Seeqcevian sasmels. isini ufro metad arays etanebian, romelsac alublisgan amzadeben; gansakuTrebiT ki trapezundis maxloblad, sadac bevri berZeni cxovrobs, aq mas mRvdlis rZes (Galaton papadon s) uwodeben.

lazistanis da sazogadod pontos mTebis moxetiale momRerlebi namdvilad Camohgvanan Sua saukuneebis trubadurebs. isini, CveulebRiv, warCinebuli ojaxidan arian gamosulni da

qarTuli sacekvao dialeqtebi lazeTi _ tao-klarjeTi

46

maT mxolod Sinagani swrafva aiZulebT raRac sakoncerto turnes msgavsi moawyon. koncertSi ojaxis yvela wevri Rebulobs monawileobas. isini naTesavebs da nacnobebs epatiJebian musikis da simReris mosasmenad. koncertSi qalebic iReben monawileobas, gansakuTrebiT simReris damTavrebis Semdeg gamarTul cekvebSi. marTalia, sinarnariTa da sikoxtaviT es cekvebi Camouvardeba espanur cekvebs, magram mainc metad metyveli da momxiblavia. qarTveli momRerali, provansaleli momreraliviT, garda mayurebelTa madlobisa, araviTar gasamrjelos ar iRebs; samagieros sadilobis Jams maT saukeTeso kerZiT umaspinZldebian.

Tumca maTi citra iseT JReradobas ver gamoscems, rogorsac Cveni instrumentebi, gansakuTrebiT Cveni gitara, magram maTma dakvram da simReram mainc gagvaoca. Cven iseTi siamovneba miviReT im saRamos, rogorsac germanuli musikis koncertebidan vRebulobT xolme. saintereso iyo jimjimis msgavsi `instrumentis~ akompanimentic, romelic SigadaSig gaismoda, xolo koncertis momRerals ori xis kovzi ukavia marcxena xelis TiTebs Sua da marjvena xeliT sxvadasxvanairad aJRerebs maT~.1

rogorc amonarididan Cans, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ucxo gavlenis qveS myofi saqarTvelos es uZvelesi kuTxe da misi xalxi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi cdilobda SeenarCunebina maTTvis sisxlxorceuli wesi da Cveuleba.Ggarda amisa, aq vxedavT metad saintereso informacias trubadurTa msgavsi profesionali momReral-mocekvaveebis

1 k. koxisa da o. spenseris cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasi-is Sesaxeb; ,,mogzauroba redut kaledan trapezuntamde’’; Tb.; mecn.; 1981 w.

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Sesaxeb. axsenebs instrumentebs, romlebic man lazebTan Sexvedrisas naxa. agreTve exeba iseT detalebs, romlebic lazTa eTnikurobis, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli CveulebebiT aris niSandebuli.

1910 wels akademikosma niko marma imogzaura TurqeTis lazeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi da Seqmna pirveli mecnieruli xasiaTis geografiul-eTnografiuli aRweriloba. igi fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis imerxeuli (SavSuri) cekvebis Sesaxeb NnaSromSi ̀ SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi~.

`kviris dResaswaulze (paraskevs), adgilobrivi muslimanebi Tavs iyrian eklesiasTan saTamaSod an salaybod (saybedod). erTxel Cemi aq yofnisas, aseT dResaswaulze movidnen Wabukebi guda-stviriT, `TulumiT~, an qarTulad `Wibo~-Ti, rogorc miRebulia misi saxelwodeba imerxevSi.

Wabukebis am jgufis axsniT, maTTvis cnobilia cekvebi:

`deli-xoromi~, ferxuli CajdomiT (romelsac qarTulad ̀ buqna~ ewodeba). mocekvaveebi qmnian wres, magram erT adgilas wris jaWvi garRveulia;

`karSiber~ (Turq: erTmaneTis pirispir), oris cekva, moZraobebis mixedviT, mucliT cekva; es cekva vnaxe kidec gzad velSi, magram maSin cekvavda erTi (Tumca partniori Jestebis mixedviT igulisxmeboda). cekva, rogorc Cans, satrfialoa, magram qalis gareSe, radgan qalebs gamoCena ekrZalebaT. xelebiT keTdeba ara marto moZraobebi, aramed Jestebic~; `gzad velSi~ nanaxs ki ase aRwers: `gzad SevxvdiT musikoss Wibo’Ti, romlis gverdiT dabali, lamazi Wabuki, cekvavda umeteswilad mucliT, sakmaod moqnilad swevda


48

ra win mkerdisa da muclis xazebs da aTamaSebda mxrebs. cekvisas misi saxe gamoxatavda daRlasa da vnebas.

àlafranka~, `sarma~, `TiTrama~. 1

samwuxarod àlafrankas~, `sarmasa~ da `TiTramas~ Sesaxeb araviTari informacia ar mogvepoveba.

`tbeli Wabukebi misaxelebdnen qalebis cekvasac, `vardas~. qalebi sxva cekvebsac cekvaven, magram ara ̀ deli-xorums~. isini cekvaven calke. Tu naTesavebi dainaxaven, rom viRaca uTvalTvalebs misi colis an colebis cekvas, adgilzeve moklaven~.2

aq gamokveTilad Cans, rom ̀ varda~ qalTa cekvaa garkveuli sakraluri saburveliT, radgan is ucxo TvalisTvis dafarulad icekveboda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi savalalo SedegiT damTavrdeboda.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT `vardasTan~ dakavSirebiT Semdegi versiis arsebobas vuSvebT: kavkasiuri tomebis Sesaxeb masalaTa erT-erT krebulSi vkiTxulobT: àdre, jer kidev warmarTobis dros, somxebma (lazeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebma somxebma – x. d.) 6 agvistos daaweses afroditesadmi miZRvnili dResaswauli ̀ vardavari~ (`vardis naTeba~) (vardi somxuradac vards niSnavs _ x. d.). mas (afrodites _ x. d) msxverplad swiravdnen vardebs~.3 A

1 n. mari; SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi;

baTumi; 2014; gv. 116.

2 n. mari; SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi; baTumi; 2014; gv. 141

3 Сборник материалов местности и племен Кавказа (вып. XVIII, Тифлис 1894, ч 2, ст. 1)

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qristianobis damkvidrebis Semdgom, warmarTulze dafuZnebuli, erTgvarad asimilirebuli, orive religiuri mimarTulebis maxasiaTeblebis Semcveli sanaxaobebi warmoiSva. iqve vkiTxulobT: `axla ki 6 agvistos `vardavars~ uwodeben im mizeziT, rom qriste, Tavis gardasaxvamde, hgavda vardis kokors, romlis sxeulic mTa Taborze yofnisas daiRvenTa da ainTo vardis naTeba~.1

somexi mecnieri srbui lisiciani ki ase ganmartavs: `yovelwliurad gamarTuli bevri dResaswauli qristianobas afarebda Tavs (qristianuli saburveliT iyo moculi). dReoba (dResaswauli) vardavari _ RvTis gardasaxva _ isev Tavis warmarTobisdroindel saxels atarebs RvTaeba vard-is _ wylisa da TeslTa RvTaebis pativsacema~.2

zemoT moyvanilma informaciam da n. maris mier dafiqsirebulma cnobam cekva `vardas~ Sesaxeb erTgvari asosiacia gaaCina. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT istoriul faqts lazeT-WaneTisa da tao-klarjeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTuli eTnosis gakaTolikeba-gaberZenebis, gasomxeba-gagregoreanobis Sesaxeb, SegviZlia vivaraudoT da davuSvaT, rom es ori dResaswauli erTi fuZidan modis an erTi da igivea.

n. mari sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom ̀ yoveli cekva iwyeba zrdilobiani Tavis dakvriT ufrosis mxares,

1 Сборник материалов местности и племен Кавказа (вып. XVIII, Тифлис 1894, ч 2, ст. 1)

2 Србуи Лисициан, Старинные пляски и театральные представления Армянского народа, Т. I. Изд. Акад. Наук Армянской сср. Ереван, 1958 г., стр. 40.


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TiTqosda cekvis nebarTvis TxovniT~.1

`cekvas kolsarma (qarT. calke sama, da ara aini), taqti 4/4, rusTavelis Sairis terfi, dRes cekvavda msuqani, janmrTeli, qalissaxiani 12 wlis imfxvreuleli (toponimi lazeTSi _ x. d.) biWi SeRebili xelis mtevnebiT. igi didi xelovnebiT cekvavda, Zalian ostaturi iyo muclisa da sajdomis narnari moZraoba. biWs (qoCegi) Tavi cxvirsaxociT gqonda Sexveuli. cxvirsaxoci kvanZiT marcxena yuris zemoT moexvia~.2

avTandil TaTaraZe ki ase ganmartavs `yolsama~ an `yolsarma~ _ Zveli aWaruli xalxuri cekva. `yol~ Turqulad mklavebs niSnavs, ̀ sama~ ki cekvis aRmniSvneli qarTuli terminia.Aaqedan gamomdinare `yolsama~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT mklavebiT cekvas niSnavs. arsebobda qalebisa da vaJebis `yolsama~ cal-calke, romelTagan pirvels, e. i. qalTa ̀ yolsamas~ ̀ Tarnninos~ uwodeben, meores ki vaJTas _ `mxaruls~.

cekva `yolsamas~ Turqulad `yolsarmasac~ uwodeben, sadac ̀ yol,~ rogorc aRiniSna, mklavebs niSnavs, `sarma~ ki moxvevas. vfiqrobT, rom aRniSnuli terminis warmoSobas safuZvlad daedo cekvaSi vaJis zeda kidurebis iseTi moZraobebi, romlebic mklavebis Semoxvevas mogvagonebs.

ZiriTadad `yolsamas~ elementebzea agebuli dRevandeli aWaruli cekva `gandagana~.3



3 av. TaTaraZe; qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani; ,,ganaTleba’’, Tb.;

1986; gv. 44.

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rogorc vxedavT n. maris mier daxasiaTebuli da a. TaTaraZis mier aRwerili erTi da igive saxelwodebis cekva srulebiT ar hgavs erTmaneTs. erTi ram SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom ̀gandaganasTvisac~ da `mxarulisTvisac~ mklavebis, mxrebis gansakuTrebiT elastiuri, moqnili moZraobebia damaxasiaTebeli. es aris xelwera, romliTac aWaruli da lazuri qoreografia aris niSandebuli.

n. maris mier aRwerili `yarSiberi~ da `yolsarma~ Zalian hgavs erTmaneTs,

`jgufuri cekva, rogorc vxedav, ramdenime saxisaa: cekvaven adgilobrivadac da xofeli lazebis msgavsadac. Aaxla CemTan, patara oTaxSi sami cekvavs~.1 es epizodi gaurkvevelia, radgan konkretikis simciris gamo ar Cans romel jgufur cekvas gulisxmobs mkvlevari da erTgvarad konteqstidan amoglejilis STabeWdilebas tovebs.

n. maris informaciiT ai, rogor ganmartaven lazebi ferxuls: `fer(qx)uli cekva: `vincxa rom Zvelia, ityvian ifer(qx)uleT-o, isameT-o, is Tqma ari~.2 rogorc vxedavT, aq `sama~ zogadad cekvis sinonimad gvesaxeba, rac niSnavs `icekveTo.~ sainteresod gvesaxeba is faqti, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi eTnikuri cvlilebebiT gamowveulma dialeqturma transformaciam ZirZvel terminebs veraferi daaklo da ucvleli saxiT Semoinaxa.

arc saqorwilo rituali darCenila didi mkvlevaris yuradRebis miRma; `Sedis ra ezoSi, mayari iwyebs revolverebidan da Tofebidan




52

haerSi srolas. iwyeba cekva: `sama~, `ferxuli~, `jumbuSi,~ (jumbuSi-garToba-TamaSoba, drostareba, seirnoba-x.d.) simRera. ukraven aseve guda-stvirze: `Tulumbze~, an `Wibonze,~ `Wibo~. cekvaven ganurCevlad yvelanair cekvas: ̀ yarSibersa~ (igivea rac ̀ xel-gaSlili~) da ̀ deli xoromsac~. sacekvaod epatiJebian sityvebiT: ̀ isame~, an ̀ adeg isame~, resp. àde isame~.1 mari ̀ samasa~ da ̀ ferxuls~ cal-calke asaxelebs; yvelanair cekvebSi ki `yarSibersa~ da `deli xoroms~ moixseniebs.

niko mari naSromSi `Из поездки в Турецкий Лазистан~ aRniSnavs, rom àdgilobrivi garTobebidan Semonaxulia jgufuri cekvebi eqspromntuli leqsebiT.Amas Wanuri terminiT hqvia obiru (obiru) an nasesxebiT otraRodu (otragodu). sazogadoeba gayofilia or jgufad TiToeulSi xuTi an meti raodenobiT. moZraoben ra erTmaneTis sapirispirod, yoveli nawili (mwkrivi _ x. d.) rigrigobiT, saukeTeso eqspromntistis (moSairis _ x. d.) saSualebiT leqsiT amxels (aSairebs _ x. d.) mowinaaRmdeges. vaJebTan erTad gogonebi ferxulSi ar monawileoben, mxolod bavSvebi. Tumca soflelma qalebmac icodnen aseTi sacekvao leqsebi (traRoduman _ tragoduman), romelsac calke awyobdnen.Mmamakacebi maTTan ar daiSvebodnen, magram Cumad yurs ugdebdnen qalebis eqspromtebs da izepirebdnen. Wani qalebi xom saukeTeso poetebi iyvnen~.2

òbirus~, `traRodumansa~ da òtraRodus~ qvemoT kidev davubrundebiT.Aaq ki aRvniSnavT,


2 Н. Марр; Из поездки в Турецкий Лазистан; С-Петербург; ИИАН.; 1910; ст. 629.

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rom n.Mmaris naSromSi daculi informacia fasdaudebelia, im TvalsazrisiTac, rom iSviaTia da sakmao konkretikis Semcvelic.Aaseve sruliad veTanxmebi, rodesac ambobs: `SavSeTsa da mTels Woroxis qveynebSi `saqarTvelodan midioda~ da piriqiT, aqedan (tao-klarjeTidan _ x. d.) midioda aWaraSi simRerebi, cekvebi, Tqmuleba-gadmocemebi... Woroxis qveynebi saerTo kulturis matareblebi iyvnen, amitomacaa, rom bevri paraleli iZebneba maT metyvelebaSi, folklorSi, YyofaSi... SeiZleba iTqvas Woroxis auzi erTiani kulturuli sivrcea, romelsac SeiZleba samxruli kultura vuwodoT~.1

me-20 saukunis ocian wlebSi mxatvarma evgeni lanserem imogzaura kavkasiaSi da CanaxatebTan erTad Seqmna mogzauris wigni saxelwodebiT `dRiurebi.Mmogzauroba, kavkasia: saqmiani dReebi da dResaswaulebi~ _ wigni meore. TurqeTis saqarTveloSi yofnisas misma kalamma CvenTvis saintereso sferos _ cekvis zogierTi detalis dafiqsireba SeZlo. am aRwerilobis Targmans ucvlelad moviyvan:

`aRmafrTovana medolem.Llazebis cekva. SeZaxilebi, _ xan Wixvini, xan yefa da kakani. saSinlad sainteresoa. cekva xanjlebiT. xalxuri cekvebi (muclis). komikosTa cekva _ erTi viTom munji _ fexs udebda, ifurTxeboda _ didi mxiaruleba. Bbevri stili. Bbolos pantomima skamiTa da didi joxiT _ TiTqos cecxls aRvivebs, urevs, sinjavs (kerZs _ x. d.), aceminebs saWmelSi.Mmagram yovelive amasTan, TiToeuli Jesti metismetad ukadrisi, uwesoa.Aase rom, aq, rogorc Cans, ormagi azria.

1 n. mari; SavSeTsa da klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebi; baTumi; 2014


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meore nawili ukve joxis gareSe: verafriT SeZlo skams daufleboda, kotrialobs miwaze, mixoxavs, skamze daemxoba da finali _ sazeimod xelSi aitacebs skams da cekvavs xelSi maRla atacebul skamTan erTad. რogorc Cans, esec aris miniSneba sasiyvarulo siZneleebSi.Nnadir-bei meubneba, rom erotikuli xasiaTis cekvebs ZiriTadad cekvaven boSebi aRmosavleT provinciebidan, romelTac sagangebod iwveven qorwilebsa da wveulebebze.

yvela cekva nelia, narnari, mibnedil-minazebuli, avxorculi krunCxviT (muclis cekva) TvaldaxuWuli.Llazebsac aqvT muclisa da sajdomis grexva da triali, mxolod ufro swrafad. sxva gansxvaveba _ es aris dauRalavi TamaSi xelis mtevnebiT.Yyvela mocekvave cekvavs xangrZlivad gansakuTrebiT lazebi xanjlebiT.

davbrundiT zeda bazarSi _ aqac cekvebi, ufro sada, ubralo, cekva kovzebiT kastanetebis magivrad~. 1

evgeni lanseres naSromSi gadmocemuli informacia sagangebod ucvleli davtove da zusti Targmani Sevasrule. ramdenime detalma miiqcia Cemi yuradreba:

1. Llazebsac hqoniaT muclis cekva, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom ufro cocxali da swrafi yofila; eWvgareSea, es is cekvebia, romelsac n. mari aRwers Tavis mogzaurobis angariSSi lazeTsa da tao-klarjeTSi. gansakuTrebuli miniSneba ar aris saWiro imis gamosacnobad, rom lazuri qoreografiis es nawili moqceuli iyo ucxo eTnikuri gavlenis qveS.

2. lazebsac scodniaT xanjlebiT cekva da Tan

1 Евгений Лансере; Дневники. Путешествия Кавказ: будни и праздники, книга вторая; Москва; искусство-XXI век; 2008; Ст. 67.

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xangrZlivad; aq SegviZlia pirdapiri paraleli gavavloT Zveli lazikis erTiani sivrcis Semadgeneli nawilebis samegrelosa da afxazeTSi SemorCenil cekvebTan sxvadasxva saxis iaraRis TanxlebiT.

3.Llazebs scodniaT pantomimuri Teatralizebuli qmedeba, sadac aSkarad ikveTeba erotikuli xasiaTi, xoxva da miwasTan kavSiri. yovelive es ganayofierebis kultisadmi miZRvnili ritualis detals unda warmoadgendes;

4. kovzebi-instrumenti kastanetebis msgavsi (am instruments vxvdebiT k. koxisa da o. spenseris aRwerilobaSic).

lazeT-Wanetisa da tao-klarjeTis istoria da kultura dResac mecnierebis interesis sferos warmoadgens. uaRresad mniSvnelovania XX saukunis meore naxevarsa da Cvens epoqaSi Seqmnili Sromebi eTnografia-eTnologiasa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. gansakuTrebuli Rvawli da damsaxureba miuZRviT m. vaniliSsa da a. Tandilavas.

`lazeTSi, ise rogorc saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebul Sromis leqs-simRerebidan gvxvdeba naduri, `lazurad `noderi~. sxvadasxva saxis nadurebis simReras ewodeba zogadad `noderiS birafa~ (naduri simRera)~.1

sanam sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebTan dakavSirebul sacekvao nimuSebis ganxilvaze gadavidode, saWirod miviCnie terminebis ̀ birafasa~ da `obirus~ mniSvnelobis dadgena.

o-bir-u _ mRera;bir-af-a _ simRera;

1 z. Tandilava; lazuri xalxuri poezia; sabW. aWara; baTumi; 1972; gv. 21


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orive termins fuZe erTi aqvs.zurab Tandilavas mixedviT `termin birafas

ganmartebisaTvis `birafa-s adrindeli mniSvneloba yvelaze ukeT daculia lazuris aTinur kolokavSi.. aq birafa TamaSobasac aRniSnavs, leqssac da simRerasac. xolo lazuris xofur kilokavSi es sityva mxolod leqsisa da simReris mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. amrigad lazurSi ̀ birafa-s~ sami mniSvneloba aqvs: mRera (simRera), leqsi da TamaSoba~.1 n. maris mier dafiqsirebuli terminis òbirus~ ganmartebisaTvis zurab Tandilavas naSromSi `lazuri xalxuri poezia~ vkiTxulobT: `musikaluri moqmedebis aRmniSvneli termini `birafa~ anu òbiru~ lazurSi simReris garda leqssac gulisxmobs. leqsis, rogorc poeturi nawarmoebis aRsaniSnavad lazurs sxva sityva ar gaaCnia. sayuradReboa, rom `birafa~ (òbiru~) niSnavs, agreTve TamaSs~.2

amasve adasturebs ivane javaxiSvili da ganmartavs: `sagulisxmoa, rom mReris megruls Sesatyvisobas bira-sa da birafa-s am saxelzmnis Zvel qarTulSi daculi Tavdapirveli, TamaSobis aRmniSvneli mniSvneloba ar Semounaxavs, aramed mxolod xmiT simReras, galobasRa niSnavs. marto obireS-i-sa da obire-s, romelnic simRerisa-ca da mRera-cekvisaTvis gankuTvnili adgilis saxeladac ixmareba, am sityvis pirvandeli mniSvneloba kidev odnav moCans. Wanurs birafas _ ki pirvandeli mniSvneloba ukeTesad aqvs daculi da es sityva iq TamaSobasac niSnavs da simRerasac. aTinaSi



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obiru ixmareba, romelic si (=o) mReras (bir-u) udris. xofurad es sityva mxolod simReris gamomxatvelia~.1

obirusa da birafas saerTo fuZe-birOaerTianebs. iv. javaxiSvilis dakvirvebis safuZvelze SegviZlia amgvari daskvna gamovitanoT: termini da masTan dakavSirebuli qmedeba lazeTis orive olqSi (aTinasa da xofaSi) SemorCenilia rogorc leqsis, simRerisa da TamaSis mniSvnelobis Semcveli. Aamave dros obiru ara konkretuli simReris, aramed zogadad cekva-TamaSis, ferxulis mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli sityvaa.

d. janeliZec ̀qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi~ aseve n. mars eyrdnoba da aRniSnavs ̀ WanurSi SemorCenil ot r a R o d u s d a o t r a R o d u m a n s Zveli qarTuli dramis istoriisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. Aam terminTan dakavSirebiT n. mari aRniSnavs, rom meore Wanuri zmna o x o r o n u c (cekva) agreTve momdinareobs berZnuli

dan. Wanuri winadadeba `kai kai ipaamTes, isTes, ixorones, ibires~ niSnavs: ̀ kargad isaubres, iTamaSes, icekves (ixorones), imReres~.2

aq ki otraRodu, otraRodumanTan dakavSirebiT `nasesxebSi~ unda vigulisxmoT ucxouri, kerZod berZnuli, radgan orive sityva erTi fuZidan _ traRo _ tragediadan warmosdgeba.Ooxoronus ki qvemoT SevexebiT, radgan es termini `xorumis~, igive `xoronis~ safuZvlad SegviZlia miviCnioT.

Temis gagrZeleba (meore nawili _ `sacekvao

nimuSebi~) ixileT krebulis Semdeg nomerSi

1 iv. javaxiSvili; qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi; xelovneba; Tb.; 1990; gv. 45

2 d. janeliZe; qarTuli Teatris istoria; ganaTleba; Tb.; 1983; gv. 106


58

paata iakaSvili,saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da

kinos saxelmwifo universitetis kinomcodneobis mimarTulebis doqtoranti,

xelmZRvaneli _ prof. gogi gvaxaria

SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebi, rogorc

cenzura

saqarTveloSi totalitaruli reJimis mier kinoxelovnebaSi damkvidrebuli ideologiuri da SemoqmedebiTi cenzuris istorias aqvs winaistoria, rac Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis specifikurma xasiaTma ganapiroba.

TbilisSi Catarebuli lumierebis pirveli kinoseansisTvis, 1896 wlis 16 noembers, TiTqmis saukune iyo gasuli mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo ruseTis koloniad qceuliyo da metropoliis wesiT da kanonebiT cxovrobda. marTalia, ruseTis imperia totalitaruli saxelmwifo ar yofila, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo iyo, magram amas ruseTis mier dapyrobili xalxebis kulturuli ganviTarebisTvis xeli ar Seuwyvia _ piriqiT da amitom kinematografi ruseTis koloniebSi Znelad mkvidrdeboda da viTardeboda. amis Sesaxeb metad sayuradRebo mosazrebas gamoTqvams frangi kinomcodne, msoflio kinos mkvlevari JorJ saduli: `mefis ruseTi xalxTa sapyrobile iyo da amitom masSi erovnuli kinematografiis ganviTareba arsebiTad SeuZlebeli gaxldaT~.1

simarTle unda iTqvas, rom am reJimma Tavad rusuli kinos dabadebasac Seuqmna dabrkoleba da

1 Жорж Садуль, Всещбщая История Кино, T. 2. , Издательство “Искусство”, Москва, 1958, ст. 301

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mxolod 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciiis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli ruseTis imperiaSi Tavad rusuli da sxva xalxebis (ukrainelebis, qarTvelebis, litvelebis, latvielebis, estonelebis) erovnuli kinematografiis warmoSoba da neli ganviTareba. imperiis reaqciuli reJimi kvlavac ganagrZobda negatiur zemoqmedebaს kinoxelovnebis xasiaTze, magaliTad, aseTi gankargulebis gamocemiT:

`...sinematografiuli seansebisaTvis gankuTvnil SenobaSi ekranze suraTis demonstrirebasTan erTad yovlad dauSvebelia e.w. cocxali nomrebi, anu momReralTa, mocekvaveTa, fizionomistTa, maxinjTa da sxvaTa gamosvlebi. 6 ivlisi 1909 w. gubernatori antonovi~.1

qalaq Tbilisis rusi gubernatoris brZaneba kuriozuli xasiaTisa iyo, da ai ratom: im dros, rodesac es brZaneba daiwera, kinematografs jer kidev ar gaewyvita kavSiri sabazro warmodgenebis Semadgenel sxva atraqcionebTan; maSin kinoTeatrebi ukve arsebobda, maTSi iseve aCvenebdnen sabazro sanaxaobebs, rogorc sabazro warmodgenebSi sinematografiul suraTebs. es bunebrivi kavSiri gaxldaT, _ evropisa da amerikis kinoTeatrebSi kidev didxans SemorCa da mxolod mogvianebiT, kinokulturis ganviTarebis Sedegad, aseve bunebrivad dairRva. ruseTis imperiaSi ki mas iseve xelovnurad wyvetdnen, rogori xelovnuric Tavad es imperia iyo... miuxedavad am brZanebisa, saqarTveloSi kino kidev didxans sxvadasxva gasarTobi atraqcionis Semadgenel nawilad darCa, da piriqiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba movitanoT 1912 wlis 23 agvistos `saxalxo gazeTSi~ dabeWdili

1 ix. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi 29, saqme 573, #1

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gancxadeba: `dRes muStaiTis baRSi gaimarTeba seirnoba. moewyo iluminacia, ukravs orkestri da sazandari. proJeqtor-sinematografi ufasoa... dasawyisi 5 saaTze~.

Cveni yofis specifikurobam ganapiroba isic, rom XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli sazogadoeba orad gaxleCili aRmoCnda: erTni socialuri problemis mogvarebas aniWebdnen upiratesobas, meoreni _ erovnulisas. imZlavres pirvelebma, sazogadoebaSi maTi Sexedulebebi gabatonda; amis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo egnate ninoSvilis 1892 wels dawerili moTxroba, `qristinesTan~ dakavSirebuli ambavi. es mZafri socialuri JReradobis mqone nawarmoebi XX saukunis aTian wlebSi uCveulod popularuli gaxda.

1909 wels polio ireTelma am moTxrobis mixedviT SeTxza piesa, romelic warmatebiT idgmeboda qarTul TeatrebSi, 1918 wels ki kompozitorma revaz gogniaSvilma amave Temaze dawera opera, romelic imave wels daidga. amitom gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom am or TariRs Soris vinmes `qristines~ ekranizeba moendomebina. aseTi ganzraxva ukve 1915 wlidan hqonda germane gogitiZes _ 1917 wels misi TaosnobiT da al. wuwunavas reJisorobiT `qristine~ gadaiRes. Cndeba kiTxva: nuTu qarTul literaturaSi ar arsebobda sxva, ufro saintereso nawarmoebi, rom misi ekranizeba ganexorcielebinaT? _ cxadia, arsebobda Tundac Salva dadianis mier jer kidev 1911 wels Seqmnili `vefxistyaosnis~ scenari; magram, mas yuradReba ar mieqca. socialuri Tematikis popularobam g. gogitiZes koniunqturuli gadawyvetileba miaRebina.

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kinematografis qarTvel Tayvanismcemlebs gauWirdaT erovnuli kinoxelovnebisa da kinowarmoebis Seqmna, saqmes verc enTuziastebis Zalisxmevam uSvela, verc sazogadoebrivi organizaciis (`cekavSiris~) mxardaWeram da verc saxelmwifo kinofirmis Seqmnam (1920 wlis 3 seqtemberi). ramdenime dokumenturi, ori (erTi moklemetraJiani da erTi srulmetraJiani) saxeobiTi filmi iyo is kinoproduqcia, risi gadaRebac 10-ian wlebSi moxerxda; magram pirvelma qarTvelma kinematografistebma, qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis sapirispirod, TavianT SemoqmedebaSi gaaerTianes socialurica da erovnulic da ise warmoudgines mayurebels. ase, magaliTad: dokumentalistma vasil amaSukelma Tanabari interesiT imuSava filmze `ferma sofel WomaSi~ (1910 weli) da `akakis mogzauroba raWa-leCxumSi~ (1912 weli). igive iTqmis saxiobiTi kinos reJisoris aleqsandre wuwunavas Semoqmedebis adreuli etapis Sesaxeb _ misi pirveli saxiobiTi filmi `berikaoba-yeenoba~ qarTuli xalxuri saxiobis Tematikisa da problematikis principebiT Seqmnili socialur-politikuri komediaa, meore, `qristine~ ki _ socialuri drama.

amrigad, XX sakunis 10-iani wlebis ideologiur brZolaSi axlad fexadgmulma qarTulma kinom Tavisi gansxvavebuli azri daafiqsira da es im ideur orientirad iqca, ramac, mogvianebiT, gansazRvra kidec qarTuli sabWoTa arakoniunqturuli kinos xasiaTi.

1921 wels saqarTvelom kvlav dakarga damoukidebloba, damyarda koloniur-komunisturi reJimi.

komunisturi reJimis ideologia mTeli rigi

SemoqmedebiTi tradiciebi, rogorc cenzura

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ideologiuri dogmebisagan Sedgeboda, romelic samoqmedo principebis saxiT miewodeboda sazogadoebas. naTel warmodgenas am principebze gviqmnis sergo amaRlobelis mier 1928 wels gamocemuli wigni ̀ Teatrisa da kinos problemebi~, esTetikur-sociologiuri narkvevebi. es Sroma 20-iani wlebis bolos daibeWda, masSi zustad aris asaxuli am aTwleulis dasawyisis ideologiuri Sexedulebani, is zedmiwevniT zustad gadmogvcems drois xasiaTs da asaxavs Rirebulebebis, principebisa da interesebis axal sistemas (rac arsebiTad burJuaziuli sazogadoebis analogiur sistemasTan SedarebiT antisistemas warmoadgens).

gTavazobT ramdenime mosazrebas am wignidan: `sanaxaobiTi xelovnebis, Teatrisa da kinos

sakiTxebi partiis winaSe aqtiurad sdgas. axali adamianis fsiqikis organizaciis dros, xelovnebis yvela dargTa Soris, Teatri da kino upirveles adgils iWers~;

`moralis problemas ver ascdeba xelovani, adamianis gancdaTa amsaxveli, adamianTa urTierTobebis gamomxatveli. adamianTa urTierToba ki umTavresad da upirvelesad moraluri urTierTobaa. moraluri kanoni sazogadoebis loRikuri kategoriaa, maSin, rodesac iuridiuli kanoni misi istoriuli kategoriaa~;

`burJuaziulma azrovnebam ver monaxa moralis materialuri buneba~;

`ngreva mTeli kulturis sistemisa iwvevs Zveli moralis ngrevasa da axlis Casaxvas~;

`Zveli burJuaziuli moraluri atmosfero gaifanta, axali proletaruli moraluri atmosfero jer kidev ar damkvidrebula~;

`aSkaraa, rom proletariats aqvs Tavisi

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moraluri sazomi, magram aSkaraa isic, rom amave proletariatSi mravladaa Zveli burJuaziuli moralis niSnebi~;

àxali morali axali adamianis gadaWraSi hpovebs xsnas. axali adamiani, axlis gancxadebiT, msoflmxedvelobiT axali moralis safuZvelzea~;

`proletaruli morali jer kidev klasobrivi brZolis moralia da ara sazogadoebrivi yofa-cxovrebisa, revoluciis zneoba da ara ojaxisa, megobrobisa, yofis urTierTobisa~;

`kino gaaZevebs eklesias, kino mohklavs religias, kino gandevnis aryiTa da RviniT gaTbobis Cveulebas, kino miscems glexs agronomiuls, sanitaruls da sazogado codnas~;

`Cvenma kino-mrewvelobam an unda gadaWras mis winaSe aRmarTuli samxatvro amocanebi, an unda daisvas misi arsebobis sakiTxi~.1

yvelaferi is, rac am citatebSia naTqvami, ama Tu im formiT, gavlenas axdenda 20-iani wlebis qarTuli filmebis xasiaTze.

uaxlesi istoriis asaxva ideologiuri moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, anu _

ìstoriul-revoluciuri filmis~ dabadeba

filmi àrsena jorjiaSvili~ qarTul sabWoTa kinomcodneobaSi pirvel qarTul ìstoriul-revoluciur~ filmad aris miCneuli.

es suraTi Tu ramiT aris pirveli, imiT, rom masSi ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis ambebi tendenciuradaa naCvenebi da gmiric metismetad idealizebulia. aseTi poziciiT Seqmnilma am da sxva nawarmoebebma kinoSi saTave daudo revoluciuri

1 sergo amaRlobeli, Teatrisa da kinos problemebi, 1928


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brZolebisa da socialuri dapirispirebis amsaxveli istoriebis falsificirebas zogadad sabWour da konkretulad qarTul kinoSi.

rac Seexeba Tavad formulirebas _ ìstoriul-revoluciuri~, ganmartebulia, rogorc _ `kinoxelovnebis nawarmoebi, romelic mogviTxrobs istoriul movlenaze, mSromelTa feodaluri da kapitalisturi Cagvrisagan ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaze. Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis xalxTa brZolebze~.1 aseTi ganmarteba ubralod uazrobaa, radgan socialuri da politikuri xasiaTis istoriul movlenebs _ iqneba es klasobrivi brZola Tu erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba _ warmatebiT asaxavs iseTi Janri, rogoricaa ìstoriuli filmi~ da romlis Sesaxebac ukve citirebul leqsikonSi amoikiTxavT: `kinoxelovnebis nawarmoebi, romelic warsulis movlenebsa da adamianebze mogviTxrobs~.2

absurduloba cnebisa ̀ istoriul-revoluciuri filmi~ Tavad rusma sabWoTa kinomcodneebma SeamCnies da scades, misTvis gamarTleba moeZebnaT. am TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia ganmarteba, rasac iZleva rusi kinomcodne n. zorkaia: `termini ìstoriul-revoluciuri filmi~, iseve, rogorc Cvens kinomcodneobaSi miRebuli bevri sxva cneba, pirobiTia, araviTari principuli mxatvruli gansxvaveba ar arsebobs istoriul-revoluciur filmsa da istoriul an Tanamedrove films Soris, magram amasTanave mas aqvs gamosaxvis

1 Кинословарь, издательство “Советская Энциклопедия”, Москва, 1966, T1, ст. 611.2 Кинословарь, издательство “Советская Энциклопедия”, Москва, 1966 г. T. 1, ст. 615.

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Tavisi gansakuTrebuli sagani. yvelaze mokled es aris revolucia, revoluciuri xalxi mxatvrul saxeebSi~.1

`revolucia, revoluciuri xalxi mxatvrul saxeebSi~ sxva araferia, Tu ara revoluciisa da revolucionerebis WeSmariti saxis tendenciurad asaxva. am filmebis daniSnulebac arsebiTad es iyo, amitom gamoyves sagangebod revoluciuri moZraobisa da komunisturi partiis amsaxveli suraTebi da ganixilavdnen maT calke, qveynis istoriuli cxovrebis saerTo konteqstidan amoglejilad.

aseTi dayofis mizani Tavidanve gacxadda: warsuli ise unda yofiliyo naCvenebi, rogorc es komunistur partias sWirdeboda.

am ideologiis wyalobiT sabWoTa kinoreJisorebi Tavad imas akeTebdnen, rasac sxvas ukiJinebdnen. is, Tu rogor erkveodnen isini istoriis falsifikaciis arsSi, kargad Cans sergei eizenSteinis im mosazrebaSi, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis mier warsulis interpretaciis kritikas rom Seicavs:

`yovel sazogadoebas ainteresebs Tavisi istoria da yoveli klasi cdilobs warsulis iseT interpretacias, rom gaamarTlos Tavisi arseboba. burJuazia ki eZebs Tavisi arsebobis gamarTlebas, magram veraferiT axerxebs. amgvar situaciaSi iZulebulia daamaxinjos da gaayalbos warsuli...

am magaliTze naTlad vxedavT, Tu raoden iZulebulia burJuazia, ise daamaxinjos da Seabrunos istoriuli masala, rom amiT rogorme

1 Зoркая Н.М. Советский историко – революционный фильм, Академия наук ССР, Москва, 1962 ст. 5


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gaamarTlos Tavisi muSaobis meTodebi~.1 zustad aseve, am meTodiT moqmedebdnen

sabWoTa kinos reJisorebi, xolo xelovnuri termini ìstoriul-revoluciuri filmi~ rusma kinomcodneebma istoriuli ambebis gasayalbeblad moigones.

àrsena jorjiaSvili~

scenari filmisaTvis àrsena jorjiaSvili~ (`general griaznovis mkvleloba~) Salva dadianma saqarTveloSi social-demokratiuli xelisuflebis arsebobis dros, 1920 wels dawera.

am filmis gadaRebis ideis Taobaze saintereso mosazreba aqvs kritikos akaki baqraZes:

`mogexsenebaT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelmZRvanelebi ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis wevrebi iyvnen, ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare revoluciuri procesi maTi TavkacobiT mimdinareobda. sxva rom ara iyos ra, ruseTis imperiis xalxebs 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg mefisa da carizmis damxoba karlo CxeiZem gamoucxada da amcno. maT surdaT, 1905 wlidan 1917 wlis Tebervlamde momxdari ambebi filmad gadaeRoT da revoluciuri liangisaTvis (brbosTvis _ p.i.) eCvenebinaT. am Canafiqris pirveli kinosuraTi iyo `general griaznovis mkvleloba anu arsena jorjiaSvili~.2 amrigad, gamodis, rom Salva dadiani am scenaris daweriT erTgvar politikur dakveTas asrulebda.

1 Сергей Эизенштеин, избранные произв

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