Saxifragales Diversity of Wisconsin Rosidscourses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_401/pdf/401_09RoseCurrantBW.pdf · Rosids: Separate petals *Rosaceae - rose family Rosaceae is a large family

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Diversity of WisconsinRosids

. . . roses, currants, raspberries . . .

SaxifragalesSmall group of families that include witch hazel,bishop’s cap, currants, peonies, and jade-plants.

Paeonia

Sedum

SaxifragalesSmall group of families that include witch hazel,bishop’s cap, currants, peonies, and jade-plants.

They can be generally identified with theirtwo or more separate or semi-fused carpels.

Paeonia

Sedum

Hamamelidaceae - witch hazel familyA medium sized family of trees and shrubs in subtropical and temperate areas but only 1species in Wisconsin - witch hazel found in rich deciduous woods. A very distinctive shrubwith asymmetrical crenate leaves and late-blooming flowers.

Hamamelis virginianaWitch hazel

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Hamamelidaceae - witch hazel family

Simple, alternate leaves on flattened branches; these leaves usually with palmatevenation or at least pronounced basal veins


Witch hazel yields anastringent and soothinglotion for cuts andbruises; water divinersfavor witch hazel fortheir dowsers (thedivining rod to findwater underground)

Hamamelidaceae - witch hazel familyThe flowers are perfect, 4 merous (thefamily can be five merous), and insectpollinated in the fall (images from Sept)

Petals are ribbon-like

4 stamens opposite the sepals, but 4 smallstaminodia are opposite the petals

CA 4-5 CO 4-5 A 4-5 G (2)


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Hamamelidaceae - witch hazel family

Ovary is generally inferior orhalf-inferior with the topssomewhat separated

The two locules each have oneor more ovules

Fruit woody, dehiscent at top

CA 4-5 CO 4-5 A 4-5 G (2)


Previous year’s fruit

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Crassulaceae - stonecrop family

Succulent herbs or smallshrubs most common in aridtemperate or warmtemperate regions of theworld.

Common as potted plants orin rock-gardens

CAM (crassulacean acidmetabolism) type ofphotosynthesis

All Wisconsin species areintroduced, although yellowsedum is spreading in sandysoils

Sedum acre - Gold-moss stonecrop,Yellow sedum

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Crassulaceae - stonecrop family

Flowers typically 5 merouswith stamens 2X number ofsepals (3,4, or 6 merousspecies occur)

Carpels are essentiallyseparate and produce follicleswhen mature

Nectary scales usually evidentat base of each carpel

CA 5 CO 5 A 10 G 5

Sedum acre - Gold-moss stonecrop,Yellow sedum

Saxifragaceae - saxifrage familyThe family comprises about 30 genera and nearly700 species; cosmopolitan in distribution.Saxifragaceae is now being broken up into unrelatedfamilies.


Major distinctive vegetative feature is the usual setof basal leaves which are often gland-tipped alongthe edges.


Major distinctive vegetative feature is the usual setof basal leaves which are often gland-tipped alongthe edges.

Most prefer wet woods, swampy conditions, ordrippy cliffs as in the driftless region.

Saxifraga in swampy woods Sullivantia under dripping cliffs

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Saxifragaceae - saxifrage family

5 merous flowers usually on leafless stems

CA 5 CO 5 A 5or10 G (2)

Saxifraga pensylvanica - swamp saxifrage


5 merous flowers usually on leafless stems

CA 5 CO 5 A 5or10 G (2)

Saxifraga pensylvanica - swamp saxifrage

2 styles

Superior pistil is made of 2 carpels, usuallyseparated, at least from the middle up; perigynoushypanthium often present

Fruit 2 follicles or 1 splitting capsule


Note cup-likehypanthium

Mitella diphyllaBishop’s-cap or miterwort[with 2 stem leaves]

Mitella nudaSmall Bishop’s-cap


Heuchera richardsonii prairie alumroot

Tiarella cordifoliaFoamflower

Endangered boreal sp.

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P. palustris [threatened]

Parnassia - grass of parnassus - has now been movedto its own family, unrelated to Saxifragaceae. Notethe staminodia.

P. parviflora [endangered]P. glauca


P. palustris [threatened]

Parnassia - grass of parnassus - has now been movedto its own family, unrelated to Saxifragaceae. Notethe staminodia.

P. parviflora [endangered]

Calciphiles (adapted to highcalcium areas like fens, lime-stone pavement- e.g. Door Co.)

P. glauca

Grossulariaceae - currant familyOne genus, 150 species of shrubs from the north temperate regions and Andes

Characterized by lobed leaves, raceme inflorescences, and fleshy fruits (currantsand gooseberries)

Ribes americanum - American black currant

Grossulariaceae - currant family

CA 5 CO 5 A 5 G (2)

Flowers 5 merous with sepals large and petals smaller

Gynoecium inferior of 2 fused carpels

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One genus, 150 species of shrubs from the north temperate regions and Andes

Characterized by lobed leaves, raceme inflorescences, and fleshy fruits (currantsand gooseberries)

well developed hypanthium

ovary

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Ribes americanumAmerican black currant

Currants identified by long racemes of many flowers

Ribes triste - swamp currant


Ribes missourienseMissouri gooseberry

Gooseberries identified by paired flowers; stemsoften spiny

Ribes cynosbati - prickly gooseberry, dogberry

RosidsRosids are one of the two large groups of dicots;the other group are the Asterids

Asterids:

Fused petals

Rosids:

Separate petals

*Rosaceae - rose familyRosaceae is a large family of nearly 100 genera and almost 3000 species distributedworldwide but most common in the north temperate regions - important fruit family

Comprise herbs, shrubs, or trees and withsimple, pinnately compound or palmatelycompound leaves

Stipules welldeveloped incompound leaves

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Rosaceae - rose family

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ � G [variable!]

Flowers are showy, 5 merous, with numerous stamens

Gynoecium is variable and used to define subfamilies


Flowers are showy, 5 merous, with numerous stamens

Gynoecium is variable and used to define subfamilies

Hypanthium is present to somedegree in all these forms

Bracts on calyx (epicalyx) oftenpresent

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ � G [variable!]


The gynoecium is variable as we will seeand has been used to define 4subfamilies

1. Spiraeoideae

2. Rosoideae

3. Prunoideae

4. Pomoideae or Maloideae

Gynoecium variability encompasses sizeof receptacle, position of ovary, size ofhypanthium, and the resulting fruit types:


achenes aggregate of achenes

drupelets

drupespomes

follicles

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Rosaceae - Spiraeoideae subfamily

Physocarpus opulifolius - ninebark

apocarpic, superior pistilsshort hypanthiumfollicle fruits

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ � G 2-8

Rosaceae - Spiraeoideae subfamily

Spiraea alba - meadow-sweet Spiraea tomentosa - hardhack

Rosaceae - Rosoideae subfamily

Herbs mostly with compoundleaves

Plants with stolons (running stemsabove ground) or runningrhizomes

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ � G ∞


Herbs mostly with compoundleaves

Plants with stolons (running stemsabove ground) or runningrhizomes

Flowers apocarpic with many carpels

Hypanthium well-developed orreceptacle elongated

One-seeded achenes

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ � G ∞

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Achenes often modified intoaggregate of achenes (from oneflower) as in the strawberry or fleshydrupelets as in raspberry, dewberry

Rubus idaeus - American raspberry Fragaria sp. - strawberry

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ � G ∞


Fragaria virginiana - wild strawberry

Geum triflorum - prairie smoke


Fragaria virginiana - wild strawberry

Agrimonia gryposepala - common agrimony,harvest lice

2 achenes, but hypanthium disperses as a unitwith “velcro”-like barbs from top of hypanthium


Potentilla simplexCommon cinquefoil

Argentina argentea[Potentilla argentea]

silverweed

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Rubus hispidus swamp dewberry

Rubus parviflorusthimbleberry

Rubus allegheniensisblackberry

Rosaceae - Rosoideae subfamilyRosa rugosaBeach rose

Rosa palustrisSwamp rose

Rosa multifloraMultiflora roseInvasive weed

Rosaceae - Prunoideae subfamily

CA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G 1

Shrubs and trees with simple leaves, often with glandsalong petiole (cherries, plums, peaches)

Gynoecium superior with one carpel = monocarpic

Fruit a drupe = fleshy, with one bony seed

Rosaceae - Prunoideae subfamilyPrunus serotina wild black cherry

Prunus virginiana choke cherry

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Prunus pumila - sand cherry


Prunus americanaWild plum

Rosaceae - Pomoideae/Maloideae subfamilyCA 5 CO 5 A ∞ G (3-5)

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Shrubs or trees with showy 5 merous flowers

Gynoecium inferior of 3 to 5 fused carpels

Hypanthium thickens in fruit to form pome fruit

ovary

Malus pumila or Pyrus malus - apple

Rosaceae - Pomoideae/Maloideae subfamilyAronia melanocarpa

black chokeberry

Pyrus communisPear (introduced)

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Rosaceae - Pomoideae/Maloideae subfamilyAmelanchier laevis

Serviceberry, Juneberry

Rosaceae - Pomoideae/Maloideae subfamilyCrataegus crus-galli - cockspur hawthorn

Crataegus mollis - downy hawthorn

Documents

Saxifragales Diversity of Wisconsin Rosidscourses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_401/pdf/401_09RoseCurrantBW.pdf · Rosids: Separate petals *Rosaceae - rose family Rosaceae is a large family