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Scaleup of Treatment Programs in East Africa Saidi Kapiga, MD, MPH, ScD Mwanza Interven,on Trials Unit Na,onal Ins,tute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania Department of Infec,ous Disease Epidemiology London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

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Page 1: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Scale-­‐up  of  Treatment  Programs  in  East  Africa  

Saidi  Kapiga,  MD,  MPH,  ScD  Mwanza  Interven,on  Trials  Unit  

Na,onal  Ins,tute  for  Medical  Research,  Mwanza,  Tanzania    

Department  of  Infec,ous  Disease  Epidemiology  London  School  of  Hygiene  &  Tropical  Medicine,  London,  UK  

Page 2: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Access  to  ART  in  African  region  ♦     About  7.6  million  people  were  receiving  ART  in  Africa  by  December  2012  

               -­‐  7.5  million  people  in  sub-­‐Saharan  Africa  

Source:  UNAIDS  report:  Access  to  ART  in  Africa:  status  report  on                                progress  towards  the  2015  targets  

Page 3: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

ART  coverage  for  HIV  treatment  in  East  Africa  

Country   Prevalence  (%)  of  HIV  in  adults  (15-­‐49  yrs)  in  2012  

ART  coverage  (%)  based  on  2010  WHO  guidelines  in  2012  

Burundi   1.3  (1.0-­‐1.5)   58  (50-­‐66)  

Ethiopia   1.3  (1.2-­‐1.5)   86  

Kenya   6.1  (5.9-­‐6.3)     73  (69-­‐77)  

Rwanda   2.9  (2.6-­‐3.2)   87  (80-­‐93)  

Tanzania   5.1  (4.6-­‐5.7)   61  (55-­‐66)  

Uganda   7.2  (6.4-­‐8.4)   69  (57-­‐71)  

Source: WHO Global Health Observatory Data Repository at http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country

Page 4: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

ART  coverage  for  PMTCT  in  East  Africa  

Country   Prevalence  (%)  of  HIV  in  adults  (15-­‐49  yrs)  in  2012  

%  pregnant  HIV+  women  receiving  ART  for  PMTCT  in  2011  

Burundi   1.3  (1.0-­‐1.5)   52  (43-­‐62)  

Ethiopia   1.3  (1.2-­‐1.5)   24  

Kenya   6.1  (5.9-­‐6.3)     67  (59-­‐75)  

Rwanda   2.9  (2.6-­‐3.2)   56  (45-­‐66)  

Tanzania   5.1  (4.6-­‐5.7)   74  (65-­‐85)  

Uganda   7.2  (6.4-­‐8.4)   50  (43-­‐57)  

Source: WHO Global Health Observatory Data Repository at http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country

Page 5: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

ART  coverage  based  on  WHO  2013  guidelines  

u Based  on  WHO  2013  consolidated  guidelines  on  use  of  ART,  about  21.2  [20.2%  -­‐22.7]  million  people  are  eligible  for  ART  in  Africa  in  December  2013  

 u   Overall  ART  coverage  in  Africa  based  on  these  new  guidelines  

is  about  35.8%    

–  Renewed  efforts  needed  by  countries  to  aWain  new  targets  based  on  new  guidelines  

 

–  Consistent  with  UNAIDS  Treatment  2015  ini,a,ve  –  efforts  to  reach  the  global  target  of  15  million  people  on  treatment  by  2015  as  intermediate  step  towards  universal  access  to  ART  

Page 6: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

ART  access  gap  in  Africa  based  on  WHO  2013  treatment  guidelines  

Page 7: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Trends  in  ART  coverage  in  East  Africa  

Page 8: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Country  update  -­‐  Kenya    u By  December  2010  

–  1,171  health  facili,es  providing  ART  services  for  adults,  and  1,105  providing  ART  services  to  children  

 –  396,525  adults  and  36,096  

children  on  ART  based  on  2010  WHO  guidelines  

 –  Coverage  in  adults  rela,vely  

higher  (72%)  than  among  children  (31.1%)  

Source:  Na,onal  AIDS  Control  Council  and  Na,onal  AIDS  &  STI  Control  Programme.                                Kenya  AIDS  Epidemic  Update  2011.  Nairobi,  Kenya  

Page 9: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Country  update  -­‐  Tanzania  u By  December  2010  

–  825  public  and  private  health  facili,es  providing  ART  services    

 

–  384,816    were  receiving  ARTs  based  on  2010  WHO  guidelines  (61%  coverage)    

 

–  Coverage  in  adults  rela,vely  higher  (73%)  than  among  children  (44%)  

Source:  Tanzania  Commission  for  AIDS.  United  Republic  of  Tanzania                                  Country  Progress  Report,  March  2012  

Page 10: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Country  update  -­‐  Uganda    

u By  September  2013  –  1,478  accredited  public  and  private  health  facili,es  providing  ART  services  

 

–  570,486  out  of  821,712  (69%)  eligible  pa,ents  based  on  2010  WHO  guidelines  were  on  ART  

   

–  Coverage  in  adults  rela,vely  higher  (73%)  than  among  children  (44%)  

Source:  Status  of  ART  services  in  Uganda,  STD/AIDS  Control  Programme,                                Ministry  of  Health,  Kampala,  December  2013  

Page 11: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Characteris\cs  of  pa\ents  ini\a\ng  ART  between  2002  and  2009  (Geng  EH  et  al.  J  Int  AIDS  Society  2011;14:46)    

u  A  cross-­‐sec,onal  analysis  of  characteris,cs  of  HIV-­‐infected  adults  (N=48,658)  ini,a,ng  ART  at  30  clinic  sites  in  Kenya,  Uganda  and  Tanzania  

u Overall,  this  study  reported  rapid  expansion  and  improvement  of  effec,veness  of  ART  services  across  sites  

Page 12: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Characteris\cs  of  pa\ents  ini\a\ng  ART  between  2002  and  2009  (Geng  EH  et  al.  J  Int  AIDS  Society  2011;14:46)    

u  Specific  changes  observed    –  Median  CD4+  at  the  ,me  of  ART  ini,a,on  increased  from  87  cells/mm3  in  2002-­‐03  to  185  cells/mm3  in  2008-­‐09  

 

–  Reduced  use  of  more  toxic  regimens  e.g.  use  of  D4T  in  the  first  regimen  fell  from  a  peak  88%  in  2002-­‐03  to  58%  in  2008-­‐09.  Also  propor,on  of  pa,ents  star,ng  NVP-­‐based  regimens  decreased  as  more  regimens  made  use  of  EFV  instead  

 

–  The  propor,on  of  pa,ents  who  had  longer  travelling  ,mes  to  the  clinic  declined  by  50%  

 

–  Self-­‐payments  for  ART  essen,ally  disappeared  during  this  period  

Page 13: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

ART  coverage  is  low  in  some  popula\ons  

u Children  and  adolescents    –  In  all  countries  in  East  Africa,  less  than  25%  of  children  eligible  under  2010  WHO  guidelines  received  ART  in  2012  

 

u Men  –  More  women  than  men  are  receiving  ART  services  in  all  countries  in  the  region,  and  male  sex  is  associated  with  advanced  disease  at  the  ,me  of  seeking  care  and  treatment  

 

–  This  is  not  explained  by  services  targe,ng  pregnant  women  as  part  of  PMTCT  

Page 14: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

ART  coverage  is  low  in  some  popula\ons  

u Key  popula\ons    –  Lack  of  reliable  es,mates  ART  coverage  for  key  popula,ons,  such  as  sex  workers,  people  who  inject  drugs,  men  who  have  sex  with  men,  etc  

 

u Popula\ons  in  remote  rural  communi\es  –  Limited  health  facili,es  and  lack  of  skilled  staff  in  most  rural  communi,es  

Page 15: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Factors  influencing  pace  of  ART  scale-­‐up  

u Substan,al  propor,on  of  people  living  with  HIV  does  not  know  their  status.    –  As  an  example,  in  Tanzania  mainland,  among  those  aged  15-­‐49  yrs,  

only  59%  and  43%  of  men  have  ever  tested  for  HIV  (TDHS,  2010)  

u   Problems  in  linkage  to  care  once  tested  posi,ve  and  weak  referral  system  

 

u Lack  of  skilled  health  workers  –  Health  facili,es  generally  not  adequately  staffed  –  Retaining  qualified  and  trained  health  workers  is  a  major  problem  

 

u User  fees      –  Laboratory  services  and  other  HIV  related  services  

Page 16: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Factors influencing pace of ART scale-up

u Limited  number  of  health  facili,es  providing  ART  services    u Stock-­‐outs      

–  HIV  medicines  and  other  health  commodi,es  –  Laboratory  test  kits  and  other  HIV  related  supplies    

u AWri,on  –  Pa,ents  dropping  out  amer  ini,a,on  of  treatment  

Page 17: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Conclusions  

u Overall,  majority  of  pa,ents  eligible  for  ART  based  on  WHO  2010  guidelines  are  receiving  treatment  

   u In  all  countries  in  this  region,  ART  coverage  for  PMCTC  is  

rela,vely  lower  than  that  for  treatment  

u Addi,onal  efforts  needed  to  reach  increasing  number  of  pa,ents  and  meet  WHO  2013  treatment  guidelines  –  Need  to  target  groups  where  coverage  is  currently  low      

u Addressing  known  barriers  to  ART  access    

Page 18: Scale&upofTreatmentPrograms in)East)Africa)ART)coverage)based)on)WHO)2013)guidelines)! Based&on&WHO&2013&consolidated&guidelines&on&use&of&ART,& about 21.2)[20.2%&22.7])million) people&are&eligible&for&ART&in

Acknowledgements  u I  would  like  to  acknowledge  colleagues  who  have  helped  me  

to  obtain  some  of  the  informa,on  presented    

–  Dr  Anatoli  Kamali,  MRC/UVRI  Uganda  Research  Unit  on  AIDS,  Entebbe,  Uganda  

–  Dr  Fatma  Mrisho,  Tanzania  AIDS  Commission,  Dar  es  Salaam,  Tanzania  

–  Dr  Patrick  Oyaro,  KEMRI,  Nairobi,  Kenya