Scaling up Adaptation Strategies for Climate Resilient Agriculture

Dr. K. Sammi ReddyDirector (Acting)

ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland AgricultureHyderabad, Telangana, India

Email: drksammireddy@gmail.com

COP 24 @ Katowice: Side Event at Indian Pavilion on 5th December 2018

Climate Change Scenarios in India

(IMD 2013)

Carbon dioxide concentration has crossed 410

ppm.

Mean temperature increased by ~1oC.

Seasons shifting.

Winter season shortened.

The number of cold days and nights has decreased

and the number of warm days and nights has

increased globally

In India significant increase in mean maximum

temperature is observed in many states in the last

60 years

Rainfall variability is increasing

Sea level risen by ~20 cm, to rise by ~50 cm by

2100. (IPCC 2014)

Frequency of El Nino - Drought on the rise

No. of years experienced drought 1870-1939: 10 where as during 1940-2010:15

Extreme Events in the recent past India

Trend in rainy days during Southwest Monsoon Season (1981-2010)

Rainfall Distribution is Crucial:Scenarios of 2016 and 2017, Normal Monsoon Years

Even with normal monsoon in

2016 and 2017:

• 34 and 18% area had deficit

rainfall

• 19 and 21% excess, respectively

19%

(21%)

44%

(61%)

34%

(18%)

3%

Excess (>20% normal)

Normal (-20% to +20%

normal)

Deficient (-20% to -

40% normal)

Scanty (<-40%

normal)

Year Rainfall Departure (%)

2000 -8

2001 -15

2002 -19

2003 +2

2004 -13

2005 -1

2006 -1

2007 +5

2008 -2

2009 -23

2010 +2

2011 +1

2012 -8

2013 +6

2014 -12

2015 -14

2016 -2

2017 -4

Impacts of Climate Change on Various Crops

Rice MustardWheat

Irrigated rice yields to reduce by ~4% in 2020, ~7% in 2050

and ~10% in 2080 scenarios. Rainfed rice will be less

affected.

Wheat production to reduce by ~4% in 2020, ~15% by

2050 and ~20% by 2080.

Mustard production to reduce by ~4% by 2020, ~25% by

2050 and ~50% by 2080. SN Kumar et al. (2015)

Positive Effects of Climate Change

Simulation studies indicate on an average, future climate would

have a positive impact on productivity of rainfed soybean in the

country (Soybean)

The maximum positive impact of future climate was observed

on chickpea, which showed an average increase in productivity

ranging from 23 to 54%. However, a large spatial variability for

magnitude of change in the productivity is projected

(Chickpea)

National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)

Components NICRA Network

ATARI

• Unique project brings all sectors of agriculture viz., crops, horticulture,

livestock, fisheries, NRM and extension scientists on one platform.

National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) Project

Mandate

To undertake strategic research on adaptation and mitigation

To validate and demonstrate climate resilient technologies on

farmers' fields.

To strengthen the capacity of scientists and other stakeholders

in climate resilient agriculture

To draw policy guidelines for wider scale adoption of

resilience-enhancing technologies and options

To enhance the resilience of Indian agriculture to climatic

variability and climate change

Challenge

State of Art Infrastructure Facilities/ Equipment in NICRA

Satellite data receptionAutomatic Weather

Station

FATE

Plant growth ChamberRainout Shelter

Tharmal Imaging System

Eddy covariance Flux tower

Cage harvested Cobia fishFV Silver Pompano Environmental Chamber

High Though put Plant Phenomics facility

Calorimetric Chamber

Environmental Chamber Multi gas analyzer Photosynthesis SystemBiochar making system

CTGCGas Chromatography

Developed District level vulnerability atlas of the country

GHG inventory for different cropping systems and

production systems.

GHG emissions quantified from Conservation Agriculture

(CA) – 15 to 20% reduction

Resource conservation technologies (Biochar, zero tillage,

reduced tillage, mulching etc.)

C Sequestration in different agroforestry systems (16-22 t C

ha-1 )

Natural Resource Management

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

% d

istr

icts

VH H M L VL

State-wise distribution of districts with different levels of vulnerability

Vulnerability Atlas has been prepared and vulnerable districts identified

About 229 districts were found to be high to very highly vulnerable to climate change

Large number of germplasm screened for drought, heat, salinity,

submergence tolerance etc. in different field and horticultural crops,

for identifying donors for stress tolerance.

Number of advance breeding materials was generated and

evaluated at multi-locations for developing new cultivars.

QTL for drought tolerance was introgressed into pusa basmati rice

varieties. Two rice genotypes for submergence tolerance was

registered with NBPGR. One salinity tolerant variety is in final year

of AICRP trials. Three superior heat tolerant hybrids were developed.

Four drought tolerant rice varieties were released for Tripura.

Two extra-early (50-55 days) green gram varieties were identified

for summer cultivation (IPM 409-4, IPM 205-7) and one multiple

stress tolerance redgram wild accession (C. scarabaeoides).

Five heat tolerant and 12 drought tolerant genotypes in tomato.

Number of mapping population in rice, wheat, maize were

developed for identifying QTL for various abiotic stresses in these

crops for utilization in MAS breeding.

Development of Stress Tolerant Crop Varieties

Inter-specific grafting technique (tomato over brinjal) for flood

Environmentally safe protocol for induction of synchronized

flowering

High Throughput Screening of Germplasm using Plant Phenomics,

Temperature Gradient Chambers, Rainout Shelters (Two high

temperature tolerant tomato hybrids, IIHR 335, 339; four flood

tolerant onion accessions, 1656, W 397, W 441 and Arka

Pitamber)

Allometric equations developed to estimate above and below

ground biomass and carbon in mango

Horticulture

Climate Change Adaptation

Ch

ang

e fr

om

mea

n y

ield

s

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Improvedmanagement +Existing variety

ExistingManagement +

Improved variety

BMP's (soil,water, crop) withstress tolerant

variety

Impact

CRIDA

Natural Resource Management Technologies • Long Term Strategy: Efficiently Conserve and Utilize Efficiently

• Short term strategy: In-seasonal tactical approaches to mitigate adverse effects of weather aberrations

• Preparedness: Drought preparedness is essential for successful implementation of real time contingencyplanning.

Rainwater Management (In-situ moisture conservation & Ex-situ water harvesting technologies)

Renovation of water harvesting structures

Conservation Agriculture

Promising Cropping Systems

Tank silt/manure application

Application of novel materials such as polymers, zeolites etc.

• Delayed Monsoon: Contingent crops/crop varieties

• In-Season Measures: Early, Mid-season & Terminal droughts

Conservation furrow

Mulching

Crop adaptations

Foliar Sprays

Boosting dose of fertilizers

Agricultural Contingency Plans for Mitigating In-Season Droughts/dry

spells

South Asia Seasonal

Climate Outlook

Forum-2018

Normal monsoon for much of India

Less than normal rainfall. -Southern

states particularly Tamil Nadu, Parts of

NE states, Parts of Karnataka, AP (small

portion in Rayalaseema), Rajasthan

(western part) and Gujarat (Kutch

region)

Higher than normal rainfall-Large parts

of Odisah, Norht Corastal AP

State-level ICAR-DAC-Line Department-SAU-KVK Interface meetings on Preparedness for Agricultural

Contingencies during Kharif 2018

State Date

Tamilnadu 25th May 2018

Andhra Pradesh

2nd August 2018

Sensitization

workshops

Arunachal Pradesh-

14th Sep 2018

Mizoram- 25th Sept

2018

Climate Resilient Villages and Their Upscaling

Climate Resilient Village

Integrated approach

• Preparedness: In-situ/Ex-situ soil moisture conservation

• Suitable crop/crop varieties

• Contingency measures

• POPs : Nutrient, weed, pest and disease management

Established 151 Climate Resilient Villages

Resilient villages involved in

some of the states

• Uttar Pradesh (17)

• Madhya Pradesh (12)

• Maharashtra (11)

• Bihar (8)

• Rajasthan (7)

• Gujarat (6)

• Assam (6)

Selection of Vulnerable

District (Vulnerability atlas)

Selection of Vulnerable

Village/ Block

Base line survey

Problem Identification

Prioritisation of Problems

Technological Options

Budget Estimates

Implementation Plan

Establishment of Village Level Institutions

Convergence with ongoing

schemes

Project Implementation

Capacity Building

Impact studiesStake holders ICAR Institutes Sate Agril Universities KVKs/NGOs Line Departments Farmer representatives

Process of Establishing CRVs

Technological Interventions for Enabling Climate Resilience

Weather

1. Village weather stations

2. Automatic weather stations

3. Weather based agro-advisory

4.Documenation of aberrant weather conditions

5. Awareness building through extension

6. Real time measures adverse weather

Water

1. Aquifer recharge

2. Ground water recharge

3. In-situ-moisture conservation

4. Farm ponds

5. Efficient application system

6. Drainage

7. Integrated farming system

8. Flood diversions

9.Community management of water

Crop

1. Drought tolerant varieties

2. Flood tolerant varieties

3. Saline tolerant varieties

4.Intercrop /systems

5. Efficient rice systems

Fertilizer

1. Soil health cards

2. SSNM

3. Legumes

4. INM

5. Precision application

6.Fertigation

Manuring

Carbon

1. Village organic resource inventory

2. Residue recycling

3.Conservation agriculture

4. Tank silt

5. Agro forestry

6. Livestock management

Institutional

1. VCRMC

2. Custom Hiring Centers

3. Seed bank and fodder bank

4. Commodity groups

5. Capacity building

Flood tolerant rice varieties were demonstrated

and facilitated their spread

Jalkuwari(Assam)

Jalshree(Assam, Bihar)

• Flooding conditions in the NICRA villages were characterized

• Flood tolerant varieties for various flooding situations were demonstrated

• Significant yield improvement (>30%) was observed due to these cultivars

Swarna Sub1( UP, Bihar,

Odisha, Assam, AP,

West Bengal)

Dipholu(Assam)

Short duration drought escaping paddy cultivars for avoidance of terminal

drought in eastern India and for enhancing cropping intensity

• Average yield in farmers fields with Sahabhagi dhan was 34.6 q/ha with an yield advantage of 26% over traditional long duration variety in Gumla in 2016.

• Significant adoption and scaling out was observed in several districts

Jehanabad, Aurangabad, Buxar, Saran and Supaul in Bihar; Koderma, Palamu and Gumla in Jharkhand

Sahabhagi dhan

Abhishek Susk Samrat

+26% +20%

Naveen

Variety Average yields

(q/ha)

Sahabhagi Dhan 34.6

Anjali 41.2

Naveen 39.0

Abhishek 35.0

Susk samrat 38.5

Prabhat 34.5

+31% +18%

Demonstration of drought escaping cultivars in Arid Regions of Rajasthan

Crop Variety Demo yield(q/ha)

Local check(q/ha)

% increase

Moth CZM-2 3.70 3.0 23.3

RMO-435 3.72 2.67 39.36

Guar RGC-1017 4.75 3.50 35.7

RGC-1055 11.4 9.20 20.2

Gram GNC-1581 17.18 14.04 22.36

Moong GM-4 6.40 5.00 28.0

IPM-02-03 8.73 7.46 17.02

Urd PU-31 8.60 5.90 45.7

Resilience in Low Rainfall Regions(Case study: Bhalot village, Kutch, Gujarat)

Vulnerability: Scanty & erratic rainfall (360 mm, 13-15 rainy days), Depletion

of groundwater, Cyclonic storms

2016 Kharif: 229 mmJune(-73%), July (-70%) and Sept (-86%)

Total area of the village: 1016 ha Cultivated area: 510 ha, Households: 177 (85% possess livestock)

Resilient Practice Impact No. of adopters

Enhanced water storage (check dams,

ponds, percolation tanks)

Improved water availability in 130 ha 258

Recharging open & bore wells Access to critical irrigation 210

In-situ (land levelling & farm bunding) Reduced soil and water erosion (86 ha) 47

Efficient water use by drip irrigation 153 ha of cotton and castor 97

Improved cluster bean (GG-2) 40 ha (26% yield increase) 100

drought tolerant castor (GCH-7) 6 ha (16% yield increase ) 15

Wilt tolerant Cumin (GC-4) 68 ha (32% yield increase ) 170

Improved green gram (GM-4) 10 ha (34% yield increase) 25

Timely sowing of wheat (GW-496) 16 ha (46% yield increase) 40

Improved fodder sorghum and Lucerne Productivity increase by 21-25% (55 ha) 175

Area specific mineral mixture 100 units (10% increase in productivity) 100

Vaccination of Cattle Reduced disease incidence (678 animals) 320

Community fodder bank Supported 380 animals in lean season 142

Seed bank 860kg fodder sorghum, 620kg lucerne 75

Custom hiring center Timely farm operations with low cost 106

Climatic vulnerability: DroughtVillage area: 100 haNo. of Households: 131

Minimizing the impact of drought in Aurangabad ( Bihar)

Intervention Extent of

Adoption (ha)

Extent of yield improvement

Improved short duration

varieties of paddy

71 Up to 32%

Critical irrigation to

kharif crop

60 Up to 28%

Improved varieties of

rabi crops with

harvested water; wheat (

HD2985), Gram (PG186),

Lentil (HUL-57)

72 Up to 36%

Use of water from farm

ponds for rabi cropping

11 Up to 42%

Use of sprinkler

irrigation for pre sowing

irrigation

53 Up to 37%

Zero till sowing of rabi

crop for timely sowing

69 31%

Use of mineral mixture 75 Milk improvement

Introduction of fish in

stored water

All the ponds in

the village

Additional income ( Rs.

30,000/pond)

Drought Proofing in Regions with 500 mm Rain (Tumkuru, Karnataka)

Water Storage Created (Cu m)

Millets Pigeonpea

Flower crop

Access to water for critical irrigation was provided to the majority of the households

In-situ conservation in uplands (Trench Cum Bund, Ridge and Furrow, Conservation Furrow)

Harvested water used for life saving irrigation during the dry spell during July 2015 improved yields

in ground nut (40%), paddy (31%) and finger millet (56%)

Area under rabi increased by 21%

151075

40100

32560

760 600 Community tankconstructed/renovated

Farm pondconstructed/renovated

Check damconstructed/renovated

Water storage structure

172 water harvesting structures created

Agro- advisory for Climate Resilience C

on

cep

tual

izat

ion

an

d Im

ple

me

nta

tio

n

Block level Agromet advisory bulletins (50Lakh SMS/ year) disseminated throughField Information Facilitators (FIFs) inNICRA villages across 20 States

• District Agricultural

contingency plans ( 633

numbers)

• Block level Advisory ( NICRA)

• Village level forecast in NICRA

CRVs

Agro advisory

• Through mobile service

• Through portal

• In different languages

• Working closely with IMD

Institutional Interventions

Village Climate Risk Management Committee

(VCRMC)

Custom Hiring Center (CHC)

Community Seed Bank

Community Fodder bank

Seed Hubs

Commodity Based Organizations (CBOs) for

value addition and marketing

Resilience Analysis at Village level: Indicator based Approach

Each indicator is given a score ranging from 0 – 100 and averaged to arrive the category index value and all categories averaged to arrive at ‘resilience score/ index’

Indicators

Dimensions

Components of resilience in NICRA & non-NICRA villages

(Pune)

NICRA village did better with respect to indicators related to technology adoption and showed better resilience.

Capacity Building

Year Programs No. of farmers

2011 2445 38256

2012 1411 34304

2013 1670 41823

2014 1767 39416

2015 2064 55167

2016 2225 61482

2017 1780 73330

Total 13362 343778

Convergence with Government Programs

Activity/ Problem Options On-going programs for convergence

Change total

rainfall/rainy days/ onset

of monsoon /

temperature

Improving irrigation and

drainage infrastructure

Promotion of micro-

irrigation methods (drip

and sprinklers)

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana:

Accelerated Irrigation and Flood

Management Programme

Integrated Watershed Management

Programme

Crop losses due to

drought conditions

Short duration and

drought escaping

varieties and critical

irrigation

National Food Security Mission

Farm Ponds scheme

Arresting land

degradation and

enhancing soil fertility

Arresting soil erosion

Land management

Nutrient management

National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture

Integrated Watershed Management

Programme

MGNREGP

Crop failure and risk

minimisation

Risk management

through crop insurance

with universal coverage

Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana

Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme

Taking Climate Resilient

seeds to farmers

Seed chain

Seed hubs

NMSA

Weather forecast Agromet advisory Convergence with IMD

ICAR-NICRA Team is in Constant touch with State Governments

through Regular Stakeholder Workshops and Handholds

Implementation of Contingency Plans

• PoCRA (Project on Climate Resilient Agriculture-Nanaji Deshmukh Krishi Sanjivani Prakalp) in Maharashtra, 5000 villages, Rs 4500 Cr. (World bank)• Drought proofing in Odisha, Rs. 200 Crores (State

Govt)• Telangana, 2 districts, EPRI (Environment

Protection & Training Institute)• 65 Cr for CRVs (NABARD)• Assam, Mizoram, MP, J&K (under way)

(ICAR-CRIDA as knowledge partner)

Upscaling CRVs

Thank You for your kind attention…….

NRM division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi