SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

AND

COURSES OF STUDY

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.SC.)

CHEMISTRY

First Semester – Fourth Semester

I Semester Examination November 2008

II Semester Examination April 2009

III Semester Examination November 2009

IV Semester Examination April 2010

Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to the M.Sc.Chemistry in the academic year 2008-09

Semester I

Paper I CHY- 121 Bonding and Reaction Mechanism of Co-ordination Compounds

60 hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn about kinetics and reaction mechanism of transition metal complexes and

acquaint them with the nature of metal-ligand bonding in coordination compounds.

I Stability of Complex ions in Solutions 10 hrs

Stepwise and overall formation constants, effect of ligands and metals on stability

constants of complexes, chelate effect; determination of the composition and

formation constants of complexes – mole ratio method, solubility method, spectral

methods (slope-ratio and Job’s method) and Bjerrum’s method (pH-metry).

Self Study: Kinetic and thermodynamic stability of complex ions.

II Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes-I 14 hrs

Ligand Substitution Reactions: patterns of reactivity, classification of

mechanisms, energy profile of reaction transition states; inert and labile

complexes; kinetics of substitution reactions in octahedral complexes, factors

affecting SN1 and SN

2 mechanism acid hydrolysis and factors affecting acid

hydrolysis, base hydrolysis, conjugate base mechanism, direct and indirect

evidence in favour of conjugate mechanism; anation reactions; reactions without

metal ligand bond cleavage.

III Reaction Mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes-II 12 hrs

Mechanism of substitution in square planar complexes, trans effect, theories of

trans effect and its uses, factors affecting substitution reactions in square planar

complexes, cis effect, cis-trans isomerization.

Redox Reactions: classification, mechanism of one electron transfer reaction –

outer sphere type reactions, cross reactions and Marcus-Hush theory, inner sphere

type reactions.

IV Molecular Orbital Theory-I (σ-bonding) 12 hrs

Pre requisite: Crystal field theory.

Ligand field theory; introduction to the molecular orbital diagrams of some

simple polyatomic molecules like BeH2, H2O; complexes involving only σ

bonding, LCAO’s approximation; σ-only molecular orbital energy levels for

octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes.

V Molecular Orbital Theory-II (π-bonding) 12 hrs

π-only molecular orbital energy levels for octahedral, tetrahedral and square

planar complexes; effect of pi-bonding (π- type ligands); experimental evidences

for pi-bonding (crystallography, Infra red spectroscopy); angular overlap model –

principles, angular overlap and geometry.

Text/References: 1. Mechanism of Inorganic Redox Reactions, Second Edition; F. Basalo and R.G.

Pearson; Wiley Eastern Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1973.

2. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins; Oxford

University Press, New York, 1999.

3. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity; Fourth Edition; J.E.

Hueey, E.A. Keiter and R.L. Keiter; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New

York, 1993.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson;

John Wiley and Sons, USA, New York, 1988.

5. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr;

Pearson Education Inc. Singapore, 2005.

6. Coordination Compounds; S.F.A Kettle; Thomson Nelson and Sons Limited,

1975.

Semester I

Paper II CHY- 122 Basics of Organic Chemistry 60 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objectives:

To learn the basics of organic chemistry and the three dimensional concepts of molecules,

elements of symmetry and stereochemistry.

I Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules 12 hrs

Pre requisite: Delocalized chemical bond – conjugation, cross conjugation,

resonance and field effects. hyperconjugation, tautomerism.

Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, alternant and non-

alternant hydrocarbons, Huckel’s rule and Möbius system, energy level of π

molecular orbitals in simple systems (ethylene, 1, 3 butadiene, benzene and allylic

system), annulenes, fullerenes, antiaromaticity, homoaromaticity, PMO approach,

steric inhibition to resonance.

Bonds weaker than covalent – addition compounds, phase transfer catalysis and

crown ether complexes, cryptands, inclusion compounds, cyclodextrins,

catenanes, rotaxanes and Kekulene.

II Reaction Mechanism: Structure and Reactivity 16 hrs

Structure and Reactivity: Concept of linear free energy relationship-Hammett and

Taft equations, application of the above in determination of organic reaction

mechanisms.

Hammond’s postulates, Nucleophilicity, HSAB principle, Curtin- Hammett

principle

Pre requisite: Types of reactions, types of mechanisms, general principles for the

determination of reaction mechanism.

Organic Reaction Dynamics and Reactive Intermediates: general methods for the

determination of reaction mechanism – product analysis, determination of

presence of intermediates, study of catalysis, isotopic labelling, stereochemical

evidences, kinetic evidences and isotope effects.

Methods of generation, structure and reactivity of classical and non-classical

carbocations, phenonium ions, norbornyl system, carbanions, radical-anions and

radical-cations, arynes, carbenes and nitrenes.

III Molecular Rearrangements 12 hrs

General mechanistic consideration – nature of migration, migratory aptitude.

A detailed study of the following rearrangements:

Pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement, Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement, Damjanov

rearrangement, Benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement, Favorskii rearrangement,

Arndt-Eistert rearrangement, Neber rearrangement, Beckmann rearrangement,

Hofmann rearrangement, Curtius rearrangement, Lossen rearrangement, Schmidt

rearrangement, Wolff rearrangement, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Shapiro reaction,

β-Keto rearrangement, Dienone- phenol rearrangement, Wittig rearrangement.

IV Stereochemistry – I 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Conformation, configuration, erythro and threo isomers, E,Z, R,S

and D,L nomenclature.

Optical isomerism, elements of symmetry chirality, enantiomers, diastereomers,

R,S nomenclature in cyclic systems, absolute configuration, optical purity

resolution, prochirality; enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces.

Pseudoasymmetry: optical activity in the absence of chiral carbons (biphenyls,

allenes, spiranes, ansa compounds and cyclophanes), chirality due to helical

shape; chirality in the compounds containing N, S and P.

V Stereochemistry - II 10 hrs

Geometrical isomerism in cyclic and condensed systems (decalins, decalols and

decalones), conformational analysis of cycloalkanes (5, 6, 7 membered rings) and

decalins, effect of conformation on reactivity, conformations of sugars

(glucose,maltose and sucrose), steric strain due to unavoidable crowding.

Asymmetric synthesis, Cram’s rule, Prelog’s rule, CD, ORD, octant rule, Cotton

effect and their application in determination of absolute and relative configuration

and conformation.

Self Study - Geometrical isomerism in acyclic systems.

Text/References:

1. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure; Fourth Edition;

Jerry March; John Wiley and Sons Asia Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007

2. Organic Chemistry; Fourth Edition; G. Marc Loudon; Oxford University Press, New

York, 2002.

3. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B; Fourth Edition; Francis A. Carey and

Richard J. Sundberg; Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

4. Stereochemistry: Conformation and Mechanism; Fourth Edition; P.S. Kalsi; New Age

International Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 1999.

5. Physical Organic Chemistry Vol. I and II; Neil Isaac; Longman.

6. Named Organic Reactions; Thomas Lave and Andreas Plagens; John Wiley and Sons.

7. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Lowry & Richardson; Addison Weiley Publishing

Company.

Semester I

Paper III CHY- 123 Quantum Chemistry and Surface Phenomena

60 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn chemical bonding and quantum mechanical concepts and surface phenomena

including three dimensional concepts of molecules and introduction to group theory.

I Introduction to Quantum Mechanical Results 12 hrs

Schrodinger equation, postulates of quantum mechanics, operators and

commutation relations, discussions of solutions of the Schrodinger equation to

some model systems – particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, rigid rotor, hydrogen

atom.

II Approximate Methods and Angular Momentum 13 hrs

The variation theorem, linear variation principle, perturbation theory (first order

and non – degenerate), application of variation method and perturbation theory to

helium atom, ordinary and generalized angular momentum, eigen functions and

eigen values for angular momentum, operator using ladder operators, addition of

angular momenta, spin, antisymmetry and Pauli’s exclusion principle.

III Molecular Orbital Theory 10 hrs

Huckel’s theory of conjugated systems, bond order and charge density

calculations, applications to ethylene, butadiene, cyclopropenyl radical and

cyclobutadiene.

IV Symmetry and Group Theory 12 hrs

Symmetry elements and symmetry operations, definitions of group and subgroup,

relation between orders of a finite group and its subgroup, conjugacy relation and

classes, point group symmetry, schonfiles symbols, representations of group by

reducible and irreducible presentations and relation between them (representation

for the Cn, Cnv, Dnh etc. groups to be worked out explicitly), character of a

representation, the great orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its

importance, character tables and their use.

V Surface Phenomena 13 hrs

Adsorption: surface tension, capillary action, pressure difference across curved

surface (Laplace equation), vapour pressure of dropletes (Kelvin equation), Gibbs

adsorption isotherm, estimation of surface area (BET equation), surface films on

liquids (electro-kinetic phenomenon), surface films (electro-kinetic phenomena);

catalytic activity at surfaces, electrode/ electrolyte interface; electrode kinetics,

Nernst equation; application of PES, ESCA and Auger spectroscopy to the study

of surfaces.

Micelles: surface active agents and their classification, micellization, hydrophobic

interaction, critical micellar concentration (CMC), factors affecting the CMC of

surfactants, counter ion binding to micelles, thermodynamics of micellization –

phase separation and mass action models, solublization, micro emulsion, reverse

micelles.

Text/References: 1. Quantum Chemistry; Fourth Edition; Ira N. Levine; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd,

New Delhi, 2002.

2. Introductory Quantum Chemistry; Fourth Edition; A.K. Chandra; Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1998.

3. Quantum Chemistry Including Molecular Spectroscopy; B.K. Sen; Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company, New Delhi, 1996.

4. Quantum Chemistry; Second Edition; R.K. Prasad; New Age International (P) Ltd,

New Delhi, 2003.

5. Molecular Quantum Mechanics, Third Edition; P.W. Atkins, and R.S. Friedman;

Oxford University Press Club, New York, 2004.

6. Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Second Edition; Paul C. Heimenz;

Marcel Dekkan, New York, 1986.

7. Chemical Applications of Group Theory, Third Edition; F.A. Cotton; John Wiley and

Sons, Singapore, 1999.

Semester I

Paper IV CHY-124 Principles of Spectroscopy 60 hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objective: To learn the basic principles of spectroscopy beneficial in their further endeavours in

research.

I Basic Elements of Spectroscopy 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.

Characterization of electromagnetic radiation, quantisation of energy,

Regions of the spectrum, representation of spectra, basic elements of practical

spectroscopy, signal-to-noise ratio – resolving power, line width – natural line

broadening, Doppler broadening, Heisenberg uncertainity principle; intensity of

spectral lines – transition probability, population of states, path length of sample;

Born-Oppenheimer approximation; rotational, vibrational and electronic energy

levels in molecules; transition moment, selection rules, Fourier Transform

Spectroscopy methods (IR and NMR)

II Rotational Spectroscopy: Microwave Spectroscopy 10 hrs

Diatomic molecules as rigid rotors: rotational energy levels, intensity of spectral

lines, selection rules, effect of isotopic substitutions, calculation of bond length

for linear, di- and tri-atomic molecules.

Diatomic molecules as non rigid rotors: rotational transition, centrifugal

distortion constant, rotational spectra of linear and symmetric top poly-atomic

molecules; Stark effect, nuclear and electron spin interaction and effect of

external fields; applications.

III Vibrational Spectroscopy 14 hrs

IR spectroscopy: vibrating diatomic molecule- energy of diatomic molecules as

simple harmonic oscillator, zero point energy, force constant, bond strengths,

vibrational transitions and selection rules, anharmonicity, Morse potential energy

diagram, vibrational transitions and selection rules; vibrational-rotational

spectroscopy - breakdown of Born – Oppenheimer approximation rules, selection

rules, P, Q, R branches; vibration of poly atomic molecules- symmetry and

fundamental vibrations, normal mode of vibrations, skeletal vibrations, group

frequencies, overtones, hot bands, fermi resonance bands; influence of rotation on

the spectra of polyatomic molecules – parallel and perpendicular vibrations in

linear and symmetric top molecules.

Raman spectroscopy: classical and quantum theories of Raman effect, Rayleigh

and Raman scattering, stokes and antistokes radiation, molecular polarizability,

selection rules; rotational Raman spectra – linear molecules, symmetric top and

spherical top molecules; vibrational Raman spectra- symmetry and Raman active

vibrations, rules of mutual exclusion; rotation- vibration Raman spectra of

diatomic molecules, polarized and depolarized Raman spectra.

Self Study: Resonance Raman spectroscopy, coherent antistokes Raman

spectroscopy CARS (brief idea)

IV Electronic Spectroscopy 12 hrs

Atomic spectroscopy: energy of atomic orbital, vector representation of momenta

and vector coupling, spectra of hydrogen atom and alkali metal atoms.

Molecular spectroscopy: energy levels, molecular orbitals, vibronic transitions,

vibrational progression; geometry of excited states, Franck-Condon principle,

emission spectra, radiation and non-radiation decay, internal conversion.

Photoelectron spectroscopy: basic principle, ionization process, Koopmen’s

theorem,

photoelectron spectra of simple molecules, ESCA, chemical information from

ESCA, Auger electron spectroscopy (basic idea).

Self Study: Spectra of transition metal complexes, charge transfer spectra.

V ESR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy 14 hrs

Electron spin resonance spectroscopy: basic principles, zero field splitting and

Kramer’s degeneracy, factors affecting ‘g’ value, hyperfine coupling, isotropic

and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constant, spin Hamiltonian, spin densities and

McConnell relationship, measurement techniques, spin polarization for atoms and

transition metal ions, application to transition metal complexes (having one

unpaired electron) including biological systems and to inorganic free radicals such

as PH4, F2- and [BH3]

-.

Mossbauer spectroscopy: basic principles, spectral parameters and spectrum

display, application of technique to studies of (i) bonding ans structure of Fe+2

and

Fe+3

compounds including those of intermediate spin, (ii) Sn+2

and Sn+4

compounds – nature of M-L bond, coordination number, structure and (iii)

detection of oxidation state and inequivalent MB atoms.

Text/References: 1. Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, Third Edition; Colin N, Banwell and

Elaine M, Mc Cash; Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1983.

2. Modern Spectroscopy, Third Edition; J.M. Hollas; John Wiley and Sons, India, 1996.

3. Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy; G.M. Barrow; International Edition; Tata

McGraw Hill, Singapore, 1962.

4. Physical Methods in Inorganic Chemistry; R. S. Drago, First Edition; Affiliated East-

West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1968.

5. Analytical Chemistry – Theory and Practice, First Edition; U. N Dash; S. Chand and

Co., New Delhi, 1995.

Semester I

Paper V CHY-125 (a) Mathematics for Chemists 30 hrs (2 hrs/week)

(For students without Maths in B.Sc.)

Objectives: 1. To improve the analytical skills

2. To understand the subject as tool applicable in chemical science.

I Matrix Algebra 6 hrs

Matrix addition and multiplication, adjoint, transpose and inverse of matrices,

special matrices (symmetric, skew-symmetric, unit, diagonal); determination of

eigenvalues and eigenvectors, determinants (examples from Huckel theory)

II Differential Calculus 6 hrs

Rules for differentiation, applications of differential calculus including maxima

and minima (examples related to maximally populated rotational energy levels,

Bohr’s radius and most probable velocity from Maxwell’s distribution etc.);

partial differentiation, co-ordinate transformations.

III Integral calculus 6 hrs

Integral calculus: basic rules for integration, integration by substitution,

integration by parts and through partial fraction.

IV Permutation, Probability ,Vector Algebra and Calculus 6 hrs

Permutation and Probability: permutations and combinations, probability and

probability theorems, curve-fitting (including least squares fit etc.) with a general

polynomial fit.

Scalars and vectors, additional and subtraction of vectors, multiplication of

vectors – scalar and vector product, vector operators – gradient, divergence and

curl. (Expressions only).

V Elementary Differential Equations 6 hrs

Order and degree of differential equation solution of first order and first degree

linear differential equation by variable-separable; homogenous and linear

equations; applications to chemical kinetics, secular equilibria, quantum

chemistry etc.; second order linear ordinary differential equations and their

solutions.

Text/References: 1. The Chemistry Mathematics Book; E. Steiner; Oxford University Press.

2. Mathematics for Chemistry; Doggett and Sucliffe; Longman.

3. Mathematical Preparation for Physical Chemistry; F. Daniels; McGraw Hill.

4. Chemical Mathematics; D.M. Hirst; Longman.

5. Applied Mathematics for Physical Chemistry; J.R. Barrante; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

6. Basic Mathematics for Chemicals; Tebbutt; John Wiley and Sons.

Semester I

Paper V CHY-125 (b) Biology for Chemists 30 hrs (2 hrs/week)

(For students without Biology in B.Sc.)

Objective: To learn the basic life processes which link the biological systems with the chemical

systems.

I The Matrix of Life 5 hrs

Origin of life and living system, prebiotic evolution of macromolecules;

elementary idea of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, cell organelles and their

functions, difference between plant and animal cells.

Biomolecules: chemical composition and bonding; three dimensional

configuration and confirmation, chemical reactivity; macromolecules and their

monomeric units.

II Energetics of Life 6 hrs

Energetics of metabolic processes; energy rich phosphate compounds; glycolysis;

TCA cycle, ETC, oxidative phosphorylation, HMP; fatty acid synthesis, α and β

oxidation.

III Amino acids and Proteins 7 hrs

Structure of Zwitter ion; types of amino acids – essential and non essential;

degradation and biosynthesis of amino acids, amino acid sequencing.

Proteins: covalent structure and three dimensional structure; α helix and β sheets;

secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; protein function – complementary

and reversible interactions between proteins and ligands (immunoglobulins and

O2 binding proteins).

IV Carbohydrates 7 hrs

Monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; structure, function and

derivatives, structural and storage polysaccharides.

Glococojugates: proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids.

Lipids: fatty acids, essential fatty acids; triglycerols, steroids, cholesterol,

sphingolipids and prostaglandins; structural lipids in membranes.

V Nucleic Acids 5 hrs

Purines and pyrimidines; linkages; structure of RNA and DNA, double helical

structure, DNA replication, transcription and translation – the chemical basis for

heredity.

Text/References: 1. Principles of Biochemistry; Third Edition; A.L. Lehninger; McMillan Press Limited,

London, 2002.

2. Biochemistry; Fifth Edition; L. Stryer; W.H. Freeman and Company, 2002.

3. Biochemistry; First Indian Reprint;J. David Rawn, Tanima Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi, 2004.

4. Biochemistry; Second Edition; Voet and Voet; John Wiley and Sons Inc., New york,

1995.

5. Outline of Biochemistry; Fourth Edition; E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf; John Wiley and

Sons Inc., New Delhi, 1994.

Semester I

Paper VI CHY-126 Laboratory Course I 180 hrs (12hrs/week)

Organic Chemistry 90 hrs

Basic techniques involved in synthetic organic chemistry

i. Different types of glass wares

ii. Filtration

iii. Distillation (distillation at atmospheric pressure, steam distillation, fractional

distillation and distillation at reduced pressure).

iv. Recrystallization and melting point correction.

v. Use of decolourising carbon.

vi. Thin layer chromatography.

Synthesis

a. One step synthesis (any two)

i. Cis-trans isomerization (maleic acid to fumaric acid)

ii. Aldol condensation (dibenzal acetone from benzaldehyde)

iii. Acetylation (synthesis of acetanilide from aniline)

b. Two step synthesis (any six)

i. Benzoin → benzil → benzilic acid

ii. Benzoin → benzil → dibenzyl

iii. Benzophenone → benzopinacol → benzapinacolone

iv. Hydroquinone → hydroquinone diacetate → 2,5 dihydroxyacetophenone

v. Acetanilide → p-nitroacetanilide → p-nitroaniline

vi. o-hydroxyacetophenone → o-benzyloxyacetophenone → o-hydroxy

dibenzylmethane

vii. Acetanilide → p-bromoacetanilide → p-bromoaniline

viii. Benzophenone → benzophenone oxime → benzanilide

ix. Resorcinol → Fluorescien → Eosin

c. Three step synthesis (any two)

i. Phthalic anhydride → phthalimide → anthranilic acid → methyl red

ii. Phthalic anhydride → phthalimide → anthranilic acid → o-chloro benzoic

acid

iii. Aniline → benzanilide → p-bromobenzanilide → p-bromoaniline

Extraction of organic compounds from natural resources (any three)

i. Isolation of caffeine from tea leaves

ii. Isolation of casein from milk

iii. Isolation of lactose from milk

iv. Isolation of nicotine dipicrate from tobacco

Physical Chemistry 90 hrs A list of experiments under different heading is given below. Students are required to

perform 8 -10 experiments.

Adsorption

i. To study the adsorption of acetic acid or oxalic acid from aqueous solution by

activated charcoal or animal charcoal and examine the validity of Freundlich and

Langmuirs adsorption isotherms.

ii. To compare cleansing power of samples of two detergents.

iii. Study the variation of surface tension of solution of n-propyl alcohol with

concentration and hence determine the limiting cross section area of alcohol

molecule.

Thermochemistry

i. Determine the solubility of benzoic acid at two temperature and calculate the

enthalpy change of the dissolution process.

ii. Determine the solubility of benzoic acid in water-DMSO mixture (4:1) and

calculate the enthalpy change of the dissolution process.

iii. Determine the lattice energy of calcium chloride from its heat of solution using

Born-Haber cycle. You are provided the Enthalpy changes for Ca+2

(g) → Ca(g)

2Cl- (g) → 2Cl (g), Ca (g) → Ca (s), 2Cl (g) → Cl2 (g) and Ca (s) + Cl (g) →

CaCl2 (s) as -451.1, 174.3, -38.8, -58.0 and -190.0 Kcal/mole respectively.

Chemical Kinetics (any three)

i. Determine the relative strength of two acids (hydrochloric acid and sulphuric

acid) by studying the hydrolysis of an ester (methyl acetate or ethyl acetate) at the

room temperature).

ii. Determine the rate constant of the hydrolysis of an ester such as methyl acetate

catalyzed by an acid (0.5N HCl or 0.5N H2SO4) and determine the energy of

activation.

iii. Study the kinetics of the reaction between K2S2O8 (potassium persulphate) and KI

(potassium iodide) and determine the rate constant and the energy of activation of

the reaction.

iv. Study the kinetics of saponification of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide and

determine the rate constant.

pH Metry

i. Titrate the given mixture of CO3-2

and HCO3- ions against a strong acid, 0.1N HCl

solution and determine their strength.

ii. Titrate a tribasic acid (H3PO4) against a strong base (NaOH).

iii. Determine the dissociation constant of a weak acid.

Potentiometry

i. Determine the concentration of ferrous ion in the given solution by titrating

against N/10 Cr2O7-- or Ce

+4 ion solution. Determine the equivalence point by

plotting E v/s V, ∆E v/s ∆V and ∆2E/∆V

2 v/s ∆V.

Electrochemistry

i. Estimate the amount of halide ions present in a given solution by titration with

silver nitrate conductometrically.

ii. Determine the solubility and solubility product of a sparingly soluble salt like

BaSO4, or PbSO4 or AgCl in water conductometrically.

Text/References:

1. Experiments in General Chemistry; C.N.R. Rao; U.C. Agarwal, East West-Press Pvt.

Ltd.

2. Advanced Practical Chemistry, First Edition; Subash C. Das; Calcutta Publishing,

Calcutta, 2000.

3. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Fifth Edition, B.S. Furniss, A.J.

Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith, A.R. Tatchell; Adission – Wesley Longman Ltd., England,

1998.

4. Practical Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition; P.C. Mann, B.C. Sounders; Orient

Longman Ltd.

5. Experimental Organic Chemistry, Vol. I, P.R. Singh, D.S. Gupta, K.S. Bajpai, Tata

McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry; Twenty-second Edition; J.B.Yadav; Goel

Publishing House, Merrut,2005.

Semester II

Paper I CHY- 221 Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 60 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the importance of metal ions in living systems and to know the unique bonding

system in inorganic chains, clusters and cages.

I Electronic Spectra of Transition Metal Complexes 14 hrs

Pre requisite: Determination of ground state – Hund’s Rule, spin orbit coupling.

Selection rules for electronic transitions, spectroscopic ground states, splitting of

dn terms in octahedral and tetrahedral field; correlation diagrams, Orgel and

Tanabe-Sugano diagrams (d1-d

9 states); spin cross-over; field strength –

spectrochemical series, nephelauxetic series; calculations of Racah parameters;

applications of Tanabe-Sugano diagrams in determining ∆o from spectra; charge

transfer spectra.

II Metal π-complexes 12 hrs

Pre requisite: Mononuclear carbonyls.

Metal carbonyls: preparation, properties, structure and bonding with special

reference to dinuclear and trinuclear carbonyls; vibrational spectra of metal

carbonyls for bonding and structural elucidation; dinitrogen and dioxygen

complexes.

III Boron Cage Compounds and Metal Clusters 10 hrs

Higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes and metallocarboranes; compounds

with metal-metal multiple bonds.

IV Metal Ions in Living System 13 hrs

Pre requisite: Essential and trace elements - a general idea.

Metal ions in biological systems: bulk and trace metals with special reference to

Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu; molecular mechanism – ion transport across membranes,

active transport of Na-K (ion pumps), chlorophyll and their role in

photosynthesis, PS I and PS II system.

Transport and storage of dioxygen: haeme proteins and oxygen uptake; models of

oxygen binding; structure and functions of haemoglobin, myoglobin,

haemocyanin and haemerythrin.

V Electron Transfer in Bio-systems 11 hrs

Structure and function of metalloproteins in electron transport processes –

cytochromes with special reference to cytochrome C; iron sulphur proteins –

ferredoxins; biological nitrogen fixation and its mechanism, nitrogenenases,

dinitrogen complexes as models for nitrogen fixation.

Text/References:

1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; S. J. Lippard, J.M. Berg;

Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 2005.

2. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; I.Bertini, H.B.Gray, S.J.Lippard,

J.S.Valentine; Viva Books Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 1998.

3. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; M.Satake, Y.Mido; Discovery Publishing

House, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson; John

Wiley and Sons, USA, New York, 1988.

5. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr; Pearson

Education Inc. Singapore, 2005.

6. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy; Second Edition; A.B.P. Lever; Elsevier

Science Publishing CompanyInc., New York, 1984.

7. A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry; Fifth Edition; J.D. Lee; Blackwell Science,

London, 1989.

8. Coordination Compounds; S.F.A Kettle; Thomson Nelson and Sons Limited,

1975.

9. Coordination Chemistry; D. Banerjea; Tata McGraw Hill, Co .Ltd.

Semester II

Paper II CHY- 222 Mechanism of Organic Reactions 60 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the concept of substitution, addition and elimination reactions and their reaction

mechanism.

I Substitution v/s Elimination 14 hrs

Pre requisite: SN1 and SN2 mechanism of alkyl halides

Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution: SN1, SN2, mixed SN1 and SN2, ion pair and

SN1 mechanism, SNi mechanism, SET mechanism; neighbouring group

participation and anchimeric assistance; substitution at allylic and vinylic carbon

atoms; ambident nucleophiles; effects of substrate structure, attacking

nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium on reactivity; regioselectivity.

Pre requisite: E1, E2 mechanism of alkyl halides, Hoffmann and Saytzeff rules.

Elimination Reaction: E2, E1, E1CB and E2C (syn elimination) mechanisms; E1

– E2 – E1CB spectrum; orientation of the double bond; effect of substrate

structure, attacking base, leaving group and reaction medium on reactivity;

mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination.

Self Study: hydrolysis of esters (acid and base catalyzed mechanism);

II Electrophilic Substitution Reaction 12 hrs

Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution: bimolecular mechanism – SE2 and SEi; the

SE1 mechanism, substitution by double bond shift; addition-elimination

mechanism and cyclic mechanism; effect of substrates, leaving group and solvent

polarity on the reactivity.

(a) Hydrogen as electrophile- hydrogen exchange, hydro-dehydrogenation, keto-

enol tautomerism, (b) halogen electrophiles- halogenation of aldehydes, ketones

and carboxylic acids, (c) nitrogen electrophiles- aliphatic diazonium coupling,

direct formation of diazo compounds, direct amination, insertion by nitrenes, (d)

sulphur electrophiles- sulphonation, sulphenylation, (e) carbon electrophiles-

acylation, Stork-enamine reaction, insertion by carbene, (f) metalation with

organometallic compounds, trans metalation with metal and metal halides.

Self Study: Arenium ion mechanism (nitration, sulphonation, halogenation and

Friedal-Crafts mechanism- alkylation and arylation); orientation and reactivity;

energy profile diagrams; directive influence and its explanation in different

substitutions.

III Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 10 hrs

Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution: SNAr, SN1, benzyne and SRN1 mechanism;

effect of substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophiles on

reactivity; typical reactions – Bucherer reaction, Rosenmund reaction, von-

Richter, Sommelet-Houser and Smiles rearrangement.

Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution: o/p ratio; ipso attack, orientation in other ring

system; quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles;

substitution reactions involving diazonium ions; Vilsmeir reaction; Gattermann-

Koch reaction

IV Free radical Substitution Reactions 10 hrs

Long lived and short lived radicals, detection and characteristics of free radicals;

neighbouring group participation and free radical rearrangements; mechanism at

an aromatic substrate, reactivity for aliphatic, aromatic substrate at bridge head

carbon atom, reactivity of the attacking radical, effect of solvent.

Important reactions involving free radicals – Wohl-Ziegler bromination, Elbs

reaction, autooxidation, Sandmeyer and Gattermann reaction, Hunsdiecker

reaction, Gomberg-Bachmann reaction,oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acid,

coupling of alkynes .

V Addition to C-C and C-Hetero Multiple Bonds 14 hrs

Addition to C-C multiple bond: mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of

addition reaction involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radical, regio and

chemo selectivity, orientation and reactivity, addition to cyclopropane ring,

hydrogenation of double and triple bonds, hydrogenation of aromatic rings,

hydroboration, Michael reaction, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation.

Addition to C-Hetero Multiple Bonds: mechanism of metal hydride reduction of

saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters and nitriles; Tollens

reaction; addition of grignard reagents, organozinc and organolithium reagents to

unsaturated carbonyl system

Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates – Aldol, Knoevenagel,

Claisen, Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions.

Text/References: 1. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure; Fourth Edition; Jerry

March; John Wiley and Sons Asia Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007

2. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B; Fourth Edition; Francis A. Carey and Richard J.

Sundberg; Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

3. Physical Organic Chemistry Vol. I and II; Neil Isaac; Longman.

4. Named Organic Reactions; Thomas Lave and Andreas Plagens; John Wiley and Sons.

5. Principles of Organic Synthesis; Third Edition; R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon; Nelson Thornes,

United Kingdom, 2003.

6. Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, Third Edition; W. Carruthers; Cambridge University

Press; U.K. 1996.

7. A Guidebook to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Sixth Edition; Orient Longman; New Delhi,

2002.

8. Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry, First Edition; John D. Roberts and Marjorie C. Caserio;

W. A. Benzamin Inc., New Delhi, 1964.

Semester II

Paper III CHY- 223 Chemical Kinetics and Electrochemistry 60 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn rate laws from a proposed mechanism and analyze kinetics in gases and

solutions and to understand the behaviour of ions in solution and structure of electrode

surface.

I Theories of Reaction Rate 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Factors affecting rate of chemical reactions, comparison between

order and molecularity, units of rate constants for different orders of reactions.

Scope, laws of chemical kinetics, stoichiometry; time and true order,

determination of order of reaction, methods of determining rate laws, differential

and integrated form of rate expression (1st, 2

nd …….n

th order), rate expression for

opposing, parallel and consecutive reactions; collision theory of reaction rates,

steric factor, activated complex theory, comparison between collision theory and

activated-complex theory.

II Elementary Reactions in Gas Phase and in Solution 10 hrs Unimolecular gas reactions, dynamics of unimolecular reactions (Lindemann,

Hinshelwood and Rice-Ramsperger – Kassel-Marcus RRKM theories); factors

determining reaction rates in solution; primary and secondary salt effects-

influence of ionic strength and dielectric constant on reactions involving (i) ions

(ii) dipoles (iii) ion and dipole.

III Complex Reactions 12 hrs

Steady state approximation in reaction mechanisms; chain reactions – thermal and

photochemical reactions, dynamic chain (mechanism of hydrogen-bromine and

hydrogen-chlorine reactions), pyrolysis of acetaldehyde, decomposition of ethane;

oscillatory reactions – Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction; enzyme catalysis –

Michaelis-Menten kinetics; general features of fast reactions, study of fast

reactions by flow methods, relaxation method, flash photolysis.

Self Study: Factors affecting enzyme catalyzed reactions, effect of pH on

enzymes

IV Ions in solution 14 hrs

Deviation from ideal behaviour, ionic activity, ion-solvent and ion-ion

interactions; Debye-Huckel-Bjerrum model; mean activity coefficient;

applications of Debye-Huckel limiting law- diverse ion effect, extent of

dissociation of a weak electrolyte in the presence of an inert electrolyte; Debye-

Huckel theory of strong electrolytes, Debye-Huckel-Onsager treatment of the

conductance of strong electrolyte – experimental verification, limitations and

modification.

V Electrochemistry – Electrical Double Layer 14 hrs

Introduction, evidences and structure of electrical double layer- Helmholtz-Perrin,

Guoy-Chapman, Stern, Graham-Devanathan-Mottwatts, Tobin, Bockris and

Devanathan models.

Electro capillary phenomenon: electro capillary curves, surfactants – Lipmann’s

equation, interpretation and electro kinetic phenomena, zeta potential and its

applications.

Electrodics of elementary electrode reactions: over potential, hydrogen and

oxygen over voltage, exchange current density, Tafel plot, derivation of Butler-

Volmer equation.

Quantum aspects of charge transfer at electrodes – solution interfaces,

quantization of charge transfer, tunneling.

Semiconductor interfaces-theory of double layer at semiconductor, effect of light

at semiconductor solution interface.

Electrocatalysis-influence of various parameters.

Corrosion: introduction, homogeneous theory, forms, monitoring and prevention

methods.

Text/References: 1. Chemical Kinetics, Third Edition; K.J. Laidler; Pearson Education Pvt. Ltd.,

Singapore, 2004.

2. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Chemical Transformation, First Edition; J. Rajaram

and J.C. Kuriokose; Macmillan India Ltd., Delhi, 1965.

3. Modern Electrochemistry Vol. I & II, Second Edition; J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N.

Reddy; Plenum Press, New York, 2000.

4. Electrochemistry; S. Glasstone, First Edition; Affiliated East-West press Pvt. Ltd.,

New Delhi, 1942.

5. Kinetics and Mechanism, Second Edition; A.A. Frost and R.G. Pearson; John

Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1961.

6. Fundamentals of Photochemistry; K.K. Rohatagi – Mukherjee, Revised Edition;

New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, 1986.

Semester II

Paper IV CHY- 224 Applications of Spectroscopy 60 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objective: To learn the concepts of spectroscopy for the study and structural elucidation of

molecules.

I Mass Spectrometry 12 hrs Introduction, ion-production—EI, CI, FD and FAB, factors affecting

fragmentation, ion analysis, ion abundance, detection of molecular formula –

molecular ion, molecular ion peak, nitrogen rule, isotope peak, metastable ions;

fragmentation – basic fragmentation types and rules, factors influencing

fragmentation, McLafferty rearrangement, fragmentation pattern of hydrocarbons,

alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amines, nitro compounds,

alicyclic and heterocyclic compounds. High resolution mass spectrometry.

Self Study: Problems of mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds for

structure determination.

II UV and Visible Spectroscopy 12 hrs

Electronic transitions (185-800nm), Beer- Lambert law, bathochromic and

hypsochromic shifts, characterization of organic compounds – application of

Woodward-Fieser rule to conjugated dienes, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl

compounds, benzene and its substituted derivatives, polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons, polyenes and polyenynes; steric effects in biphenyls.

Electronic spectra of transition metal halides and oxo compounds; charge transfer

transition; intensity, electronic spectra of charge transfer complexes of organic

compounds, charge transfer transition in inorganic and coordination compounds,

emission spectroscopy.

Self Study: Electronic spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds,

intensity of d-d transitions, spin-allowed crystal field transition in octahedral and

tetrahedral complexes, orgel diagrams.

III IR Spectroscopy 10 hrs

Quantitative studies: calculation of force constants, factors effecting the shift in

group frequencies – isotope effect, hydrogen bonding, solvent effect, electronic

effects (inductive and mesomeric) and steric effect; different absorption regions in

IR spectra.

Characteristics functional group absorptions in organic compounds: carbon

skeletal vibrations (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds), alcohols,

phenols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, amides, acid anhydrides,

conjugated carbonyl compounds, esters, lactones, amines, amino acids;

interpretation of typical IR spectra of organic compounds.

Changes in the IR spectra of donor molecules upon coordination: changes in the

spectra accompanying changes in symmetry upon coordination, differentiation of

coordinated water and lattice water and bridging and terminal carbonyls.

Self Study: Overtones, combination bands and fermi-resonance.

IV Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy 12 hrs

Introduction, chemical shift and factors affecting chemical shift, spin-spin

interaction, factors affecting coupling constant, shielding mechanism, chemical

shift values and correlation for protons bonded to carbon (aliphatic, olefinic,

aldehydic and aromatic) and other nuclei (alcohols, phenols, enols, carboxylic

acids, amines, amides and mercaptides), chemical exchange, effect of deuteration,

complex spin-spin interaction between two, three, four, and five nuclei (first order

spectra), hindered rotation, Karplus curve variation of coupling constant with

dihedral angle, simplification of complex spectra – nuclear magnetic double

resonance, contact shift reagents, dynamic NMR spectroscopy.

Solvent effects, Fourier transform technique and its advantages, nuclear

overhauser effect (NOE), resonance of other nuclei-19

F, 31

P.

V 13

C NMR spectroscopy and Combined Applications 14 hrs 13

C NMR spectroscopy: general considerations, chemical shift, (aliphatic, olefinic,

alkyne, aromatic, heteroaromatic & carbonyl carbon), proton (1H) coupled

13C

NMR spectrum, off-resonance and noise decoupled 13

C NMR spectrum.

An introduction to two dimensional NMR spectroscopy.

Nuclear quadruple resonance spectroscopy: quadruple nuclei, quadrupole

moments, electric field gradient, coupling constant, splittings, applications.

Structure elucidation of simple organic compounds by joint application of IR,

UV, NMR and mass spectroscopy.

Text/References: 1. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, Sixth Edition; R.M.

Silverstein and F.X. Webster; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Singapore, 1991.

2. Applications of Spectroscopy; Third Edition; William Kemp; Palgrave Publisher

Ltd., New York, 2004.

3. Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds; First Edition;

J.R. Dyer; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2005.

4. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition; Dudley H.

Williams and Ian Fleming; Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New

Delhi, 2001.

5. Spectral Analysis of Organic Compounds; Creswells and Campbell; Longman.

Semester II

Paper V CHY- 225 Computers for Chemists 30 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objective: This course will help the students to learn the basics of computer in order to deal with

chemical equations.

I Introduction to Computers and Computing 6 hrs

Basic structure and functioning of computers with a PC as an illustrative example;

memory : RAM, ROM, IROM, EPROM, EEPROM, I/O devices: Key Board,

Mouse, Printer, Scanner, Joystick, Light pen, Digitizer, secondary storage: Floppy

Disk, Compact Disk, DVD, computer languages (Generation of Languages)

difference between different types of OS, Internet surfing through search in

engines.

II Programming in BASIC 6 hrs

Principles of programming, algorithms and flow charts, elements of the computer

language, constants and variables, operations and symbols, expressions,

arithmetic assignment statement, input and output format statement, termination

statements.

III Advanced Programming in BASIC 6 hrs

Branching statements such as 1 F or GO TO statement, logical variables, double

precision variables, subscripted variables and dimensions.

IV Applications in Chemistry - I 7 hrs

Development of small computer codes involving simple formulae in chemistry,

such as van der Waals equation, pH titration, kinetics, radioactive decay;

evaluation of lattice energy and ionic radii from experimental data.

V Applications in Chemistry - II 6 hrs

Basic language to calculate the molecular weights of organic compounds

determination of percentage of elements in an organic compound, determination

of molecular weight of organic compounds by experimental methods to calculate

wavelength of conjugated dienes and enones

Text/References: 1. Microcomputer Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition; J.P. Killingback and

Adam Hilger Ltd., Bristol and Boston, 1985.

2. Quick basic Programming for Scientists and Engineers; Joseph H. Noggle;

CRC Press, 1992.

3. Meth Norton’s; Introduction to Computers; Fourth Edition; McGraw Hill,

New York.

Semester II

Paper VI CHY-226 Laboratory Course II 180 hrs (12hrs/week)

Inorganic Chemistry 90 hrs

Qualitative analysis

Analysis of mixture for eight radicals (cations and anions) including

i. Less common metal ions – Mo, W, Ti, Zr, Th, V, U (two metal ions in

cationic/anionic forms)

ii. Insolubles – oxides, sulphates and halides

iii. Interfering- Oxalate, phosphate, borate, fluoride.

Quantitative analysis: volumetric analysis (any three)

i. Determination of chloride ion in water by Mohr’s method or by use of adsorption

indicator.

ii. Analysis of talcum powder by EDTA titration.

iv. Analysis of hydrogen peroxide by iodometric method.

v. Determination of percentage purity of boric acid

vi. Comparison of an antacid capacity of commercial tablet samples.

Organic Chemistry 90 hrs

Qualitative analysis

Separation, purification and identification of components of a mixture of two organic

compounds (one liquid and one solid or two solids) and three organic compounds (one

liquid and two solids or three solids) using TLC for checking the purity of separated

compounds.

Spectroscopy Identification of organic compounds by the analysis of their spectral data.

Text/References: 1. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Fifth Edition, B.S. Furniss, A.J. Hannaford,

P.W.G. Smith, A.R. Tatchell; Adission – Wesley Longman Ltd., England, 1998.

2. A Hand Book of Organic Analysis, Qualitative and Quantitative; Hans Thacker Clarke; Edward

Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.

3. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Fifth Edition; G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett. J.

Mendham, R.C. Denney; Longman Scientific and Technical Publication, England, 1991.

4. Advanced Practical Chemistry, First Edition; Subash C. Das; Calcutta Publishing, Calcutta, 2000.

5. Experimental Chemistry, Sixth Edition; Michell J. Sienko, Robert A. Plane; Stanley T. Marcus;

International Student Edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, Singapore, 1985.

6. Experimental in Chemistry, Second Edition; D.V. Jahangirdar; Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai,

2003.

7. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Sixth Edition; G. Svehla; Orient Longman, New Delhi, 1987.

Semester III

Paper II CHY- 321 Photochemistry and Pericyclic Reactions 60 Hrs (4 hrs/week)

Objective: To learn about the importance of light in organic reactions.

I Basics of Photochemistry 10 hrs

Electromagnetic radiation, photochemical excitation – interaction of

electromagnetic radiation with organic molecules, types of excitations, fate of

excited molecules, Jablonskii diagram, intersystem crossing, energy transfer,

photosensitization, quenching, quantum yield, Stern-Volmer equation; types of

photochemical reactions – photodissociation, gas phase photolysis.

II Photochemical Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds 10 hrs

Photochemical reactions of ketones – alpha cleavage or Norrish type I cleavage,

gamma hydrogen transfer or Norrish type II cleavage; photo reductions; Paterno-

Buchi reactions; photochemistry of α,β-unsaturated ketones, cis-trans

isomerization, β,γ-unsaturated ketones, cyclohexenones (cross conjugated and

conjugated).

III Photochemistry of Alkenes and Aromatic Compounds 10 hrs

Photochemistry of alkenes: intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond – cis-

trans isomerisation (stilbene), cyclization reactions, rearrangement of 1, 4 and 1,

5-dienes.

Photochemistry of aromatic compounds: photochemical rearrangement,

photostationary state, 1, 3, 5 – trimethyl benzene to 1, 2, 4-trimethyl benzene, di-π

methane rearrangement.

IV Miscellaneous Photochemical Reactions 15 hrs

Barton reaction, photo Fries rearrangement of ethers and anilides, singlet oxygen

reactions. formation of smog, photodegradation of polymers, photochemistry of

vision, photo oxygenation, Photosubstitution, Photooxidation and Photoreduction

of Inorganic reactions, Photosynthesis and its mechanism, water photolysis and

nitrogen fixation.

V Pericyclic Reactions 15 hrs

General characteristics, classification, molecular orbital symmetry.

Electrocyclic reactions: theories of explanation (FMO, Woodword-Hoffmann and

PMO approach), frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1, 3-butadiene, 1, 3, 5-hexatriene

and allyl systems, valence tautomerism.

Cycloaddtion Reactions: 2+2, 4+2 cycloaddition, 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition and

cheletropic reactions; stereoselectivity (endo, exo), stereospecific and

regioselective hydrogen reactions, Lewis-acid catalysis in Diels’ Alder reaction.

Sigmatropic rearrangements: suprafacial and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropic

shifts involving carbon moieties, 3, 3- and 5, 5-sigmatropic rearrangements;

Claisen, Cope and Aza-Cope rearrangements; isomerization of divinyl

cyclopropane; fluxional tautomerism (bullvalene); ene reaction.

Text/References: 1. Photochemistry; Horsepool;

2. Fundamentals of Photochemistry; First Edition; K.K. Rohatagi – Mukherjee; New

Age International Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2005.

3. Molecular Reactions and Photochemistry; First Edition; Charles H. Depuy and

Orville L. Chapman; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 1988.

4. Reaction Mechanism in Organic Chemistry; Third Edition; S.M. Mukherjee and

S.P. Singh; Macmillan, India Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

5. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B; Fourth Edition; Francis A. Carey and

Richard J. Sundberg; Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

6. Pericyclic Reactions by Mukherjee and Singh.

7. Pericyclic Reactions by Woodward and Hoffmann.

Semester III Paper II CHY- 322 Organotransition Metal Chemistry 45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn a know how among the students on the application potential of coordination compounds in

catalysis and to acquaint them with the promising future of organotransition metal chemistry in industrial,

biological and environmental fields.

I σσσσ - Alkyls and Aryls of Transition Metals 8 hrs Types, routes of synthesis, stability of organometallic compounds and

decomposition pathways; organocopper in organic synthesis, transition metal

compound with bonds to hydrogen.

II Metal-Carbon Multiple and and π-Bonded Organometallics 10 hrs

Preparation, properties, structure and bonding of -carbene and carbyne

complexes( both Fischer and Schrock types) , η2- alkene and alkyne complexes,

η3- allyl complexes, fluxionality and dynamic equilibria in compounds such as

η2- olefin and η

3- allyl complexes.

III π-Bonded Organometallics 10 hrs

Preparation properties, structure and bonding of η4- diene complexes, η

5- dienyl

complexes, η6- arene & triene complexes( nucleophilic and electrophilic

substitution), fluxionality and dynamic equilibria in dienyl complexes.

IV Principles and Important Reactions of Transition Metal Organometallics

8 hrs

Co-ordinative unsaturation; oxidative addition, C-H bond activation; reductive

elimination; insertion; reactions on co-ordinated ligands.

V Catalysis by Organotransition Metal Complexes 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Classification, nomenclature and general characteristics of

organometallic compounds.

Homogeneous catalysis: hydrogenation of alkenes, hydrosilylation of alkenes,

metathesis of alkenes, oligomerization and polymerization of alkenes and alkynes,

hydroformylation of alkenes, acetic acid synthesis and other carbonylation

reactions, oxidation reactions of alkenes.

Heterogeneous catalysis: Fischer Tropsch process, water gas shift reaction.

Text/References: 1. Organometallic Chemistry: A Unified Approach; Second Edition; R.C. Mehrotra and A.Singh;

New Age International Private Limited, New Delhi, 2005.

2. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr; Pearson Education Inc.

Singapore, 2005.

3. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity; Fourth Edition; J.E. Hueey, E.A.

Keiter and R.L. Keiter; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, 1993.

4. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition; F.A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson; John Wiley and

Sons, USA, New York, 1988.

5. Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition Bodie Douglas, Darl McDaniel, John

Alexander; John Wiley and Sons, Singapore, 2001.

Semester III

Paper III CHY- 323 Thermodynamics 45 Hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the fundamentals of thermodynamics and to describe thermodynamics at a

molecular level and apply the concepts for the study of equilibrium reactions and reaction

rates.

I Classical Thermodynamics 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Laws of thermodynamics, free energy, chemical potential and

entropies.

Thermodynamic system of variable composition: chemical potential-Gibbs-

Duhem equation, partial molar quantities-partial molar free energy, partial molar

volume, partial molar heat content and their significance, determination of partial

molar quantities.

Thermodynamics of real gases and real solutions: fugacity- concept, methods of

determination, dependence on temperature, pressure and composition; non-ideal

system-excess functions, activity, activity coefficient, Debye-Huckel theory for

activity coefficient of electrolytic solution; determination of activity and activity

coefficient, ionic strength.

II Equilibria 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Kirchoff’s equation and its application at different temperatures,

phase rule and its application to one and two component systems.

Chemical Equilibrium: reactions involving gases and solutions, temperature

dependence of equilibrium constant, use of Kirchoff’s equation for the calculation

of eqilibrium constant.

Phase equilibria: applications to binary liquid systems- separation of two miscible

liquids-fractional distillation, formation of azeotropic mixture; ternary systems

involving three liquids, solubility of ionic solids in water, solubility curves,

ternary system involving water and two soluble ionic solids; formation of double

salts.

III Statistical Concepts of Thermodynamics 9 hrs

Macro and micro states: distribution of particles in different energy levels, most

probable distribution, Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, distribution of molecular

velocities – most probable, average and rms velocities.

Partition functions: canonical and molecular partition functions, separation of

partion functions, translational, rotational, vibrational and electronic partition

functions, interpretation of partition functions.

IV Statistical Approach to Thermodynamic Properties 9 hrs

Internal energy, entropy, enthalpy, Helmholtz function, pressure, Gibbs function,

residual entropy, equilibrium constant, average energies and equipartition

principle; heat capacity of mono and diatomic gases, o- and p- hydrogen and

mixture of the two viz., o-H2 and p-H2; heat capacity of solids – Einstein and

Debye models, thermodynamic properties of solids.

V Applications of Statistical Thermodynamics 9 hrs Quantum Statistics Bose: Einstein statistics – theory of paramagnetism, statistics

of a photon gas and liquid helium.

Fermi-Dirac statistics – Thermonic emission-Electron gas (metals)

Equilibrium theory of chemical reactions rates: rate of association and

dissociation, effect of rotation on dissociation. ARRT – calculation of rate

constant and temperature coefficient of rate constant.

Text/References: 1. An Introduction to Chemical Thermodynamics, Sixth Revised Edition; R.P

Rastogi and R.R Misra; Vikas publishing, Pvt Ltd. New Delhi, 1995.

2. Thermodynamics For Students Of Chemistry, Second Edition; K.Rajaram and J.C

Kuriacose; S.L.N Chand and Company, Jalandhar.

3. Chemical thermodynamics, Fourth Edition; I.M Klotz and R.M Rosenberg; W.A

Benzamin Publishers, California.

4. Statistical thermodynamics, Second Edition; M.C Gupta; New Age International

Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, 1995.

5. Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry; S.H Maron and J.B Lando; MacMillan

Publishers, Newyork.

6. Physical Chemistry, A Molecular Approach, First Edition; D.A. Mc Qurrie and

J.D Simon; Viva Low Priced Student Edition, New Delhi, 1998.

7. Thermodynamics for Chemists, Third Edition; Samuel Glasston; Affiliated East -

West Press Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

Semester III

Paper IV CHY- 324 Analytical Methods 45 Hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the principles in addition to the methods learnt in paper CHY-224.

I Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 8 hrs

Introduction, application of analytical chemistry, methods of quantitative analysis,

selection of methods of analysis, chemical analysis and analytical chemistry,

quantitative analysis and scale of operations, various steps in quantitative

analysis, methods of analytical determination, role of instrumentation; reliability

of analytical data; errors in chemical analysis – classification of errors, accuracy

and precision, determining the accuracy of methods, improving the accuracy of

analysis, statistical analysis, rejection of results and presentation of data; sampling

in analysis – definition, theory and techniques of sampling, statistical criteria of

good sampling, stratified sampling v/s random sampling, minimization of

variance in stratified sampling, transmission and storage of samples.

II Separation Techniques: Chromatography – I 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Purification of solids and liquids – simple crystallization,

sublimation; distillation, fractional distillation, distillation under reduce pressure.

Basic principles, classification–adsorption and partition chromatography.

Column chromatography: adsorbents, preparation of column, adsorption, elution,

recovery of substance, factors affecting column efficiency and applications

(separation of methylene blue and fluorescein).

Thin layer chromatography: general procedure, essential requirements, methods

for production of thin layer on plates, choice of adsorbent and solvent, detecting

reagents, development and detection, preparation of chromatogram and

applications (separation of vitamins).

Paper Chromatography: principles and techniques, preparation of sample, choice

of paper, location of spots and measurement of Rf value, factors affecting Rf

value, applications (separation of amino acid mixtures); radial paper

chromatography.

III Separation Techniques: Chromatography -II 8 hrs Ion exchange chromatography: principles and techniques, ion exchange resins,

action of resins, separation factor, factors affecting separation factors, applications

(separation of Zn-Mg, Co-Ni, Cd-Zn, chloride – bromide).

Gas chromatography: carrier gas, injection port, columns – solid inert support,

stationary liquid phase, column thermosetting, detectors, applications (separation

of amino acids).

High pressure liquid chromatography: principles, comparison with GC and TLC,

experimental techniques, instrumentation and applications.

IV Optical Methods of Analysis 11 hrs

Pre requisite: Lambert and Beer law, verification, derivation, signification of

λmax and molar absorptivity, theory of fluorescence and phosphorescence.

Spectrophotocolorimetry: single beam and double beam spectrophotometers,

functions of the components, applications.

Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophotometry: variables that affects

fluorescence and phosphorescence, measurement of fluorescence, application in

quantitative analysis, comparison of luminiscence and UV visible absorption

methods.

Atomic absorption spectroscopy: principle, method of calibration, comparison of

atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy, atomic fluorescence,

applications in quantitative analysis (analysis of Zn2+

, Cu2+

and Pb2+

).

Flame photometry: principle, flames and flame spectra, flame source, atomisers,

optical and electronic system, photo sensitive detectors, calibration curve,

interferences in flame photometry, applications in quantitative analysis

(determination of sodium in samples).

V Voltammetry 9 hrs

Introduction, basic principles of polarography, apparatus – polarizable dropping

mercury electrode (DME), theory – residual current, migration current, diffusion

current, Ilkovic equation, generation of polarographic waves, concept of half

wave potential, polarographic maxima, applications of polarography, A.C

polarography, rapid scan polarography, organic polarographic analysis, pulse

polarography, square wave polarography; amperometric titrations.

Text/References: 1. Analytical Chemistry – Theory and Practice, First Edition; U.N. Dash; S. Chand

and Co, New Delhi, 1995.

2. Fundamentals Of Analytical Chemistry, Seventh Edition; D.A. Skoog, D.M. West

and F.J. Holler; Saunders College Publishing Philadelphia, 1991.

3. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, Seventh Edition; H.H. Willard, L.L. Merritt,

J.A. Dean, F.A. Settle; CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 1986.

4. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry Second Edition; S.M. Khopkar; New

Age International Publisher, New Delhi, 2000.

5. Chemical Analysis and Instrumental approach, Third revised Edition; A.K.

Srivastava and P.C. Jain; S. Chand & Company, New Delhi, 1997.

6. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Fifth Edition; G.H. Jeffery,

J. Bassett. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney; Longman Scientific and Technical

Publication, England, 1991.

7. Quantitative Analysis, Sixth Edition; R.A. Day, A.L. Underwood; Prentice-Hall

of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999.

8. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical Chemistry; F. Settle;

Prentice-Hall, Inc. United States of America, 1997.

Semester III

Paper VI CHY-326 Laboratory Course III 90 hrs (6 hrs/week)

Inorganic Chemistry Practical

Quantitative analysis

i. Separation and determination of two metals Ni-Zn, Cu-Fe and Cu-Ag involving

volumetric and gravimetric methods.

ii. Separation and determination of three component mixture (one volumetrically and

two gravimetrically, any two)

a. Pb+2

, Zn+2

, Cu+2

b. Zn+2

, Cu+2

Fe+2

c. Cu+2

Fe+2

, Ni+2

d. Cu+2

, Ni+2

Mg+2

Chromatographic separation

Paper chromatography

Separation, identification and determination of Rf value of the following (Any two)

i. Cu and Cd

ii. Ni and Mn

iii. Ni and Co

Thin layer chromatography

i. Separation and determination of Rf value of mixture containing metal ions-nickel,

manganese, cobalt and zinc.

Column chromatography (Practice Exercise)

i. Separation of metal ions by column chromatographic techniques followed by their

quantitative determinations.

Flame Photometric Determinations (Demonstrations)

Combined Applications:

Estimation of three component mixture using different techniques

Synthesis

Preparation of selected inorganic complexes and their study by IR spectra (any four)

i. Metal complexes of dimethyl sulphoxide, CuCl2.2DMSO

ii. Metal oxalate hydrate complexes, Nickel dioxalate

iii. Phosphine, Ph3P and its transition metal complexes

iv. Bis acetalacetonate cobalt (II)

v. Trisacetylacetonato iron (III)

vi. Cis and trans bis glycinato copper (II) monohydrate

Text/References: 1. Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis; Fifth Edition; G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett. J.

Mendham, R.C. Denney; Longman Scientific and Technical Publication, England, 1991.

2. Infrared and Raman Spectra; Inorganic and co-ordination Compounds, Fifth Edition Part A;

K.Nakamoto; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1997.

3. Infrared and Raman Spectra; Inorganic and co-ordination Compounds, Fifth Edition Part B;

K.Nakamoto; John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1997.

Semester III

Paper VII CHY-327 Laboratory Course IV 90 hrs (6 hrs/week)

Organic Chemistry Practical

Quantitative analysis (any five) i. Determination of the percentage and number of hydroxyl groups in an organic

compounds by acetylation method.

ii. Estimation of amines/phenols using bromate bromide solution

iii. Determination of iodine and saponification value of an oil sample

iv. Determination of neutralization equivalent of the acid.

v. Estimation of sulphur by messenger or fusion method.

vi. Estimation of halogen by fusion or stepnow’s method.

vii. Estimation of nitrogen by kjeldahl’s method.

Spectrophotometric Estimations

a) Inorganic Chemistry (any three)

i. Manganese/chromium in steel.

ii. Nickel/Iron by extractive spectrophotometric method.

iii. Flouride/nitrite/phosphate

iv. Iron-phenanthroline complex: Job’s methos of continuous variation.

v. Zirconium-alizarin Red-S complex: Mole ratio method.

b) Organic Chemistry (any three)

i. Protein

ii. Carbohydrate

iii. Cholesterol

iv. Phenol

v. Tanin

Text/References:

1. Vogel’s Text Book of Practical Organic Chemistry, Fifth Edition, B.S. Furniss, A.J.

Hannaford, P.W.G. Smith, A.R. Tatchell; Adission – Wesley Longman Ltd. England,

1998.

2. Practical Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition; P.C. Mann, B.C. Sounders; Orient

Longman Ltd.

3. Spectral Analysis of Organic Compound; Second Edition; Elifford J. Creswell, Olaf,

A. Runquist, Malcolm M. Campbell; Longman.

Semester III

Paper VIII CHY-328 Laboratory Course V 90 hrs (6 hrs/week)

Physical Chemistry Practical

A list of experiments under different heading is given below. Students are required to

perform atleast 12 experiments.

Thermochemistry

i. Determine the partial molal volume of solute (KCl or NaCl) and solvent in a

binary mixture at normal temperature and pressure.

ii. Determine the partial molar volume of ethanol-water system at normal

temperature and pressure.

Chemical kinetics

i. Determine the rate constant, energy of activation and entropy of activation in the

oxidation of benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) by potassium permanganate in acidic

medium

ii. Determine the formation constant for the (Ce+4

-H3PO2)intermediate complex and

also its decomposition rate constant at the room temperature.

iii. Determine the rate constant for the bleaching of malachite green in basic medium

at room temperature spectrophotometrically.

Electrochemistry

i. Determine equivalent conductance of the strong electrolytes (KCl, HNO3, HCl

etc.) at several concentrations and verify the Onsagar’s equation and also find the

values of a and b in the equation.

ii. Determine the equivalent conductance of acetic acid at infinite dilution and

calculate its degree of dissociation at different dilutions as well as dissociation

constant at the room temperature.

Phase Equilibrium

i. Determine the solubility diagram for a three component liquid system chloroform,

acetic acid an water or toluene, acetic acid in water or benzene ethanol and water.

Discuss the diagram in a light of phase, component and degree of freedom.

Polarimeter

i. Determine the rate constant of the inversion of cane sugar in presence of

hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid by using polarimeter and evaluate the

relative strength of the two acids.

Spectrophotometry

i. Determine the acid dissociation constant (pK value) of methyl red.

ii. Determine the stability constant of FeSCN+2

complex ion keeping ionic strength

constant.

iii. Determine the composition and stability constant of the complex Fe (III)/salicylic

acid system by jobs variation method.

Polarography

i. Determine the half wave potentials of Cd+2

and Zn+2

ions 0.1 M KCl solution and

show that half wave potential is independent of the concentration.

Text/References: 1. Experiments in General Chemistry; C.N.R. Rao; U.C. Agarwal, East-West Press Pvt.

Ltd.

2. Advanced Practical Physical Chemistry; Twenty-second Edition; J.B.Yadav; Goel

Publishing House, Merrut,2005. 3. Advanced Practical Chemistry, First Edition; Subash C. Das; Calcutta Publishing, Calcutta,

2000.

Semester IV

Paper I CHY-421 Chemistry of Life Processes 45 Hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objective: To learn the basics of biological processes that are required to explain concept of

pharmacy.

I Introduction to Metabolic Processes 9 hrs Catabolism and anabolism, ATP-currency of biological energy, energy rich and

energy poor phosphates, role of NADH, NADPH, FADH2, TPP, coenzyme A,

lipoic acid and biotin.

II Carbohydrate Metabolism 8 hrs Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate under anaerobic conditions, citric acid cycle,

oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport system), gluconeogenesis and

glucogenolysis, C4 pathway, pentose phosphate pathway and photosynthesis.

III Fatty Acid Metabolism 8 hrs Even chain and odd chain (saturated and unsaturated) fatty acids, ketone bodies,

fatty acid anabolism, calorific values of food.

IV Protein Metabolism and Disorders 11 hrs Degradation of amino acids (C3, C4, C5 family), urea cycle, uric acid and

ammonia formation.

Proteins (Structure and Functions)

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure; Enzymes, active sites,

allosteric sites and mechanisms of their actions, e.g., chymotrypsin,

carboxypeptidase, lipases, etc; enzyme immobilization and their application,

enzyme as target as drug design, clinical uses of enzymes.

V Nucleic Acids 9 hrs

Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, structure and functions of DNA, RNA (m-

RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA), an overview of gene expression (replication, transcription

and translation), genetic code (origin, Wobble hypothesis and other important

features), genetic errors, carcinogenesis and recombinant DNA technology.

Text/References: 1. Principles of Biochemistry, Third Edition; A.L. Lehninger; McMillan Press, U.K, 2002.

2. Biochemistry, Fifth Edition; L. Stryer; W.H. Freeman, 2002.

3. Biochemistry; J. David Rawn, Tanima Publishing Co., New Delhi, 2004.

4. Biochemistry, Second Edition; Voet and Voet; John Wiley and Sons, U.S.A., 1995.

5. Outline of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition; E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf; John Wiley and

Sons, New Delhi, 1994.

6. Chemistry and the Living Organisms; Bloomfield; John Wiley and Sons, 1987.

Semester IV

Paper II Elective Paper I CHY-422 Polymers 45 Hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objective: To learn the basic concepts of polymer science for inculcating the research aptitude.

I Basics 8 hrs Scope and importance of polymers; basic concepts of polymer science-

monomers, repeat units, degree of polymerization; classification of polymers;

molecular forces and chemical bonding in polymers.

Classification (block and graft copolymers) and composition of copolymers,

polymerization in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.

II Polymer Characterization 10 hrs

Average molecular weight, number-average and weight-average molecular

weights; sedimentation and viscosity average molecular weights, polydispersity

and molecular weight distribution; practical significance of molecular weight;

measurement of molecular weights – end-group, viscosity, light scattering,

osmotic and ultra centrifugation methods; analysis and testing of polymers –

chemical analysis of polymers, spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction study,

microscopy, thermal analysis and physical testing – tensile strength, fatigue,

impact, tear resistance, hardness and abrasion resistance.

III Structure and Properties 9 hrs Morphology and order in crystalline polymers – configuration of polymer chains,

crystal structure of polymers, morphology of crystalline polymers, strain -

induced morphology, crystallization and melting; polymer structure and physical

properties – crystalline melting point Tm (melting point of homogenous series,

effect of chain flexibility and other steric factors, entropy and heat of fusion), the

glass transition temperature Tg, relation between Tm and Tg, effects of molecular

weight, diluents, chemical structure, chain topology; property requirements and

polymer utilization.

IV Polymerization Reaction 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Addition and condensation polymerization.

Classification of polymerization mechanism, mechanism of stepwise

polymerization, kinetics and statistics of linear stepwise polymerization, poly

functional step reaction polymerization.

Radical chain (addition) polymerization: mechanism and kinetics of vinyl radical

polymerization; molecular weight and its distribution, effects of temperature and

pressure on chain polymerization; similarities and contrasts in ionic

polymerization, cationic, anionic, coordination and ring-opening polymerization.

Kinetics and mechanism of copolymerization

V Polymer Processing 8 hrs

Plastics, elastomers and fibres, compounding, processing techniques- calendaring,

die casting, rotational casting, film casting, injection moulding, blow moulding,

extrusion moulding, thermoforming, foaming, reinforcing and fibre spinning.

Text/References: 1. Textbook of Polymer Science, Third Edition; Fred. W. Billmeyer; John Wiley &

Sons, Singapore, 2002.

2. Polymer Science, First Edition; V.R. Gowariker, N.V. Viswanathan, Jayadev

Sreedhar; New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.

3. Principles of Polymer Science, First Edition; P. Bahadur and N.V. Sastry; Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Polymer Science, First Edition ; M.G. Arora, M. Singh, K. Naran; Anmol

Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1994.

5. A Textbook of Inorganic Polymers; A.K. Bhagi and G.R. Chatwal; Himalaya

Publishing House, Bombay, 2001

Semester IV

Paper III : Elective Paper II CHY-423 Advanced Polymer Chemistry

45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the kinetics and mechanism of various polymerization reactions and to expose

the students with the industrial use of commercial polymers.

I Commercial Organic Polymers – I 10 hrs Polyethylene, polypropylene, other olefin based polymers and copolymers,

natural rubber and other polyisoprenes, rubber copolymers, rubber derived from

butadiene, other synthetic elastomers, polystyrene and related polymers, acrylic

polymers, polyvinyl chloride.

II Commercial Organic Polymer – II 10 hrs Polyamides and polypeptides, polyester, polyethers and related polymers,

cellulosic polymers, phenolic and amino resins, unstaturated polymer resins,

epoxy resins and polymers; miscellaneous thermosetting resins.

III Inorganic Polymers-I 8 hrs

Structure, properties and applications of

i) Polymer based on boron – borazines, boranes and carboranes

ii) Polymer based on polymetalloaxanes and polymetallosiloxanes, silazanes

Self Study: Silicones

IV Inorganic Polymers – II 10 hrs

Structure, properties and applications of

i) Polymer based on phosphorous – polyphosphates, phosphorous sulphide cages

ii) Polymer based on sulphur – tetrasulphur tetranitride and related compounds.

Self Study: Phosphazenes

V Bio Medical Polymers 7 hrs Introduction, contact lens, dental polymers, artificial heart, kidney, skin and blood

cells.

Text/References: 1. Textbook of Polymer Science, Third Edition; Fred. W. Billmeyer; John Wiley & Sons,

Singapore, 2002.

2. Polymer Science, First Edition; V.R. Gowariker, N.V. Viswanathan, Jayadev Sreedhar;

New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.

3. Principles of Polymer Science, First Edition; P. Bahadur and N.V. Sastry; Narosa

Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Polymer Science, First Edition ; M.G. Arora, M. Singh, K. Naran; Anmol Publications

Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1994.

5. A Textbook of Inorganic Polymers; A.K. Bhagi and G.R. Chatwal; Himalaya Publishing

House, Bombay, 2001

Semester IV

Paper IV Elective Paper III CHY-424 Pharmaceutical Chemistry

45 Hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objective:

To learn about pharmaceuticals and have a strong base for pursuing further research in

pharmacy.

I Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 9 hrs

Introduction, classification, nomenclature, mechanism of drug action – action at

extracellular and cellular site, drug receptors and biological responses, chemistry

of drug receptor binding, mechanism of different types of drug action.

II Pharmacokinetics 9 hrs

Structure-activity relationship: binding interactions, functional groups as binding

groups, pharmacophore, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR).

Absorption and assay of drugs, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug

excretion, drug administration and drug doses.

III Antibiotics 7 hrs

Mechanism of action of lactum antibiotics, non-lactam antibiotics and quinilones,

antiviral and anti-AIDS.

Neurotransmitters, classes of neurotransmitters, drugs affecting collingeric and

adrenergic mechanisms.

IV Important Chemotherapeutic Agents – I 10 hrs

Hypnotics and sedatives (barbitone sodium, pentabarbitone sodium, nitrazepam,

glutethimide).

CNS stimulants (caffeine)

Anticonvulsant drugs (paramethadione, troxidone, carbomazepine, primidone)

Antianxiety drugs and Tranquilizers: chlorpromazine hydrochloride, promazine

mesylate, promazine hydrochloride, diazepam, dilhozem, chlorbazam.

Cardiovascular agents: cardiotonic (cardiac glycosides), antiarrythymic drugs

(procainomide hydrochloride, disopyramide phosphate), antihypertensive agents

(guanthedine, methylodopa), dluretics (chlorothiazide, bendrofluzide)

V Important Chemotherapeutic Agents – II 10 hrs

Antihistamines (diphenhydramine hydrochloride, promethazine hyrdrochloride,

chloro-cyclizine hydrochloride).

Analgesics (methadone, dipipanane).

Antiviral agents (methisazone, idoxuridines)

Antipyretics (phenacetin, paracetamol)

Antimalarials (aminoquinolines, pyrimidine)

Anticancer agents/Antineoplastic agents (euclophosphamide, chlorambucil,

melphalan, busulphan, azathioprine, taxol, CCNU)

New developments, e.g., gene therapy and drug resistance.

Text/References:

1. Medicinal Chemistry; G. Patrick, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd.

2. Synthetic Drugs; M.S. Yadav; Campus Books International, New Delhi., 2002.

3. Synthetic Drugs; Rajbeer Singh; Mittal Publications, New Delhi., 2002.

4. Synthetic Drugs; G.R. Chatwal; Himalaya Publishing House., 1994.

5. An Introduction to Synthetic Drugs and Dyes; P.P.Singh, R.S. Rao, V. Chawla;

Himalaya Publishing House., 1992.

6. A Text Book of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Jayashree Ghosh; S. Chand and Co.

Ltd., New Delhi.

7. Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry by Gisworld and

Dordge.

8. Medicinal Chemistry by Berger, Vol I & II.

9. Medicinal Chemistry by Ashutosh Karr.

Semester IV

Paper V : Elective Paper IV CHY-425 Environmental Chemistry

45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objective: To learn about the environment we dwell in.

I Atmosphere – I 8 hrs

Environment: introduction (definition, nomenclature, scope and unit of

concentration), environmental segment (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and

biosphere), structure of atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere,

ionosphere), temperature inversion, heat radiation balance of earth, atmospheric

residence time.

Biogeochemical cycles: water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, nitrogen cycle,

sulphur cycle & phosphorous cycle; various types of particles, ions, radicals and

their formation in the atmosphere, chemical & photochemical reactions in the

atmosphere – O2 & O3 chemistry, SO2, NOx, and organic compounds.

II Atmosphere – II 10 hrs

Aerosols: sources, size distribution, effect on visibility, climate and health.

Green house effect: green house gases, causes, consequences and abatement of

green house effect.

Acid rain: Introduction, acid rain precursor, their aqueous and gas phase

atmospheric oxidation reactions, damaging effects on aquatic life, plants,

buildings and health, acid rain control strategies.

Environmental disasters: Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl, Three mill Island,

Sewozo minamata.

III Atmosphere – III 8 hrs

Stratospheric chemistry: ozone layer, environmental concentration units for gases,

chemistry of ozone layer, high absorption by molecules, biological consequences

of ozone depletion, creation, non-catalytic and catalytic process of ozone

destruction, atomic chlorine and bromine as X catalysts; ozone hole and the other

sites of ozone depletion- the Antarctic ozone hole, Arctic ozone depletion, global

decrease in stratospheric ozone, UV increase at ground level.

IV Hydrosphere 10 hrs

Water resources, chemical composition of water bodies, water chemistry

(physical properties, precipitation reactions, acid/base reactions, alkalinity,

hardness, buffer solutions).

Oxidation- reduction chemistry in natural waters: dissolved oxygen, oxygen

demand, BOD and COD, anaerobic decomposition of organic matter; nitrogen

and sulphur compounds in natural water, PE scale, aluminium, fluoride and nitrate

in water, eutrophication of water bodies.

V Lithosphere and Environmental Toxicology 9 hrs

Soil: classification, profile, inorganic and organic components, acid base and ion

exchange reactions, micro and macro nutrients, nitrogen pathway and NPK.

Toxic chemicals in environment: impact of toxic chemicals on enzymes,

biochemical effects of Cd, As, Pb, Hg, CO, nitrogen, oxides, SO2, ozone, PAN,

pesticides and carcinogens.

Text/References: 1. Environmental Chemistry, Sixth Edition; Stanley E. Manahan; Lewis

publishers, Boston.

2. Environmental Chemistry, First Edition; Colin Baird; W.H. Freeman and

company, New York, 1998.

3. Environmental Chemistry, Fourth Edition; A. K. De; New Age International

Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2003

4. Environmental Chemistry, First Edition; Soumitro Ghose; Dominant

Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi, 2003.

5. Environmental Chemistry; P.S. Sindhu; New Age International (p) Ltd.

Publishers, New Delhi, 1998.

6. Chemistry of the Environment, Second Edition; Thomas G. Spiro & William

M. Stigliani; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.

7. Environmental Chemistry, A Global Perspective; Gary W. Vanloon & Stephen

J. Duffy; Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.

Semester IV

Paper VI Elective Paper V CHY-426 Environmental Pollution and its Treatment

45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objective: To learn about environmental pollution and remedies related to them.

I Water Treatment 10 hrs

Water quality and standards, water classification and treatment systems;

coagulation; softening – lime soda and ion exchange softening; mixing and

flocculation – rapid mix and flocculation; disinfection – disinfection kinetics,

chlorine reaction in water, chlorine-disinfecting action, chlorine/ ammonia

reactions, ozonation and ultraviolet radiation and adsorption technique to purify

water.

II Waste Water Treatment 10 hrs

Municipal water treatment, treatment of water for industrial use, sewage

treatment, primary waste treatment, secondary waste treatment by biological

processes (aerobic water treatment), tertiary waste treatment, industrial waste

water treatment, removal of solids, removal of calcium, iron, manganese,

dissolved organics and inorganics (electrodialysis, ion exchange, reverse

osmosis).

III Air Pollution 8 hrs

Air pollutants and standards, effect of air pollutants on materials, vegetation and

health.

Origin and fate of air pollutants: CO, NO2, SO2, , total suspended particulates,

indoor air pollution; air pollution meteorology – stability; atmospheric

monitoring–sampling, analysis of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon

monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matter.

IV Nature and Sources of Hazardous Wastes 8 hrs

Classification, origin and amounts of wastes; flammable, combustible, reactive,

corrosive and toxic substances; chemical class of hazardous substances, physical

forms and segregations of wastes; generation, treatment, disposal and effects of

hazardous wastes; hazardous wastes in hydrosphere, geosphere, atmosphere &

biosphere.

V Treatment of Hazardous Wastes 9 hrs

Introduction, waste reduction and minimization, recycling, physical methods of

waste treatment, chemical treatment, thermal treatment methods, biodegradation

of waste, land treatment and composting, preparation of waste for disposal,

ultimate disposal of waste; leachate and gas emissions, in-situ treatment –

immobilization, vapour extraction, detoxification in-situ and in-situ thermal

process.

Text/References: 1. Environmental Chemistry, VI Edition; Stanley E. Manahan; Lewis publishers,

Boston.

2. Environmental Chemistry, I Edition; Colin Baird; W.H. Freeman and Co., New York,

1998. 3. Environmental Chemistry, IV Edition; A.K.De; New Age International Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi,

2003

4. Environmental Chemistry, I Edition; Soumitro Ghose; Dominant Publishers &

Distributors, New Delhi, 2003. 5. Environmental Chemistry; P.S. Sindhu; New Age International (p) Ltd. Publishers, New

Delhi, 1998.

6. Chemistry of the Environment, II Edition; Thomas G. Spiro & William M. Stigliani;

Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2002.

7. Environmental Chemistry, a Global Perspective; Gary W. Vanloon & Stephen J.

Duffy; Oxford University Press, New York, 2000.

Semester IV

Paper VII: Elective Paper VI CHY-427 Bioinorganic and Supramolecular

Chemistry

45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the importance of metalloenzymes used in biosystems and metals in medicine

and to understand the importance of co-ordinaiton compounds in the emerging field of

supramolecular chemistry.

I Iron and Calcium in Biological Systems 9 hrs

Metal Storage and Transport: Ferritin, Transferrin, Siderophores.

Calcium in Biological Systems: calcium in living cells, transport and regulation of

Ca2+

ions in higher organisms, molecular aspects of intramolecular processes,

extracellular binding proteins.

II Metalloenzymes 10 hrs

Zinc enzymes-carboxypeptidase and carbonic anhydrase; iron enzymes – catalase,

peroxidase and cytochrome P-450; copper enzymes – superoxide dismutase;

vitamin B12 and B12 coenzymes.

III Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry and Metal-Nucleic acid Interactions 10 hrs

Metals in medicine: metal deficiency and disease, toxic effects of metals, metals

used for diagnosis, chemotherapy with special reference to anticancer drugs.

Metal-nucleic acid interactions: basics- nucleic acid structure, fundamental

interactions and reactions with nucleic acids, applications of different metal

complexes that binds nucleic acids, conformational probes, metal-nucleic acid

interactions with special references to zinc finger protein.

IV Supramolecular Chemistry-I 8 hrs

Molecular recognition: molecular receptors for different types of molecules

including arisonic substrates, design and synthesis of coreceptor molecules and

multiple recognition; supramolecular reactivity and catalysis.

V Supramolecular Chemistry-II 8 hrs Pre requisite: Essential and trace elements in biology, basic concepts of nucleic

acid.

Transport processes and carrier design, supramolecular devices- supramolecular

photochemistry, supramolecular electronic, ionic and switching device.

Text/References: 1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; S. J. Lippard, J.M. Berg; Panima Publishing Corporation,

New Delhi, 2005.

2. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; I.Bertini, H.B.Gray, S.J.Lippard, J.S.Valentine; Viva Books Pvt Ltd., New

Delhi, 1998.

3. Bioinorganic Chemistry; First Edition; M.Satake, Y.Mido; Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 2003.

4. Supramolecular Chemistry, First Edition; Concepts and Perspectives; J.M. Lehn; VCH, Verlagsgesellschaft,

Germany, 1995.

5. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; D.F. Shriver and P.W. Atkins; Oxford University Press, New York, 1999.

6. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structure and Reactivity; Fourth Edition; J.E. Hueey, E.A. Keiter and R.L.

Keiter; Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York, 1993.

7. Inorganic Chemistry; Third Edition; Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr; Pearson Education Inc. Singapore,

2005.

Semester IV Paper VIII Elective Paper VII CHY-428 Nuclear and Radiation Chemistry

45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn about nuclear chemistry and to equip students for future career in nuclear

industry.

I Atomic Nucleus 9 hrs

Sub-nucleons, classification of nuclides, nuclear stability, binding energy, nuclear

radius, orbital, spin and total angular momentum of nucleons, electric quadrupole

moment of nuclides; nuclear models – liquid drop model, fermi gas model, optical

model, shell model.

II Radioactivity 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Properties of α, β and γ rays.

Decay scheme, decay kinetics, parent-daughter decay growth relationship,

branching decay, alpha emission, beta emission – type of beta decay, electron

capture, neutrino, double beta decay, nuclear deexcitation – gamma emission,

gamma transition, internal conversion, auger effect; artificial radioactivity,

counters – Geiger counter, scintillation counter, proportional counter, semi

conductor detector.

III Nuclear Reactions 10 hrs

Pre requisite: Nuclear fission and fusion.

Types, special nuclear reaction – evaporation, spallation, fission, fragmentation;

reaction cross section; compound nucleus mechanism for nuclear reaction, high

energy, photo and thermo nuclear reaction; fission – process and product, fission

energy, theory of nuclear fission, nuclear reactor, breader reactor in India, fusion

and its scope.

IV Elements of Radiation Chemistry 7 hrs

Interaction of radiation with matter, radiolysis of water, chemical and biological

effect of radiation, units for measuring radiation absorption.

V Applications of Radio Nuclides 8 hrs

Pre requisite: Radioisotopes

Tracer method, isotope dilution analysis, activation analysis, diffusion studies,

structure determination, reaction mechanism, radio pharmaceuticals, dating

techniques, neutron activation analysis.

Text/References: 1. Essentials of Nuclear Chemistry, IV Edition; H.J. Arnikar; New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi,

1995.

2. Source book on Atomic Energy II Edition; S. Glasstone; Van Nostrand Co. Inc., New Jersey.

3. Nuclear Chemistry for B.Sc. and M.Sc. Students of Indian Universities, I Edition; C.V. Shekhar;

Dominant Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, 2003.

Semester IV

Paper IX Elective Paper VIII CHY- 429 Heterocyclic Chemistry

45 Hrs (3 Hrs/week)

Objectives:

To learn about synthetic organic chemistry for their future research purposes.

I Introduction and Nomenclature of Heterocycles 8 hrs

Replacement and systematic nomenclature (Hantzsch-Widman system) for

monocyclic, fused and bridged heterocycles.

Self Study: General chemical behaviour of aromatic heterocycles, classification

(structural type), criteria of aromaticity (bond lengths, ring current and chemical

shifts in 1H NMR-spectra, empirical resonance energy, delocalization energy and

Dewar resonance energy, diamagnetic susceptibility exaltations), heteroaromatic

reactivity and tautomerism in aromatic heterocycles.

II Conformational Analysis of Non-aromatic Heterocycles 8 hrs

Strain-bond angle and torsional strains and their consequences in small ring

heterocycles.

Conformation of six-membered heterocycles with reference to molecular

geometry, barrier to ring inversion, pyramidal inversion and 1,3-diaxial

interaction; stereo-electronic effects – anomeric and related effects; attractive

interactions – hydrogen bonding and intermolecular nucleophilic-electrophilic

interactions.

III Small Ring and Benzo-Fused Five-Membered Heterocycles 10 hrs

Three-membered and four membered heterocycles – synthesis and reactions of

aziridines, oxiranes, thiiranes, azetidines, oxetanes and thietanes; synthesis and

reactions including medicinal applications of benzopyrroles, benzofurans and

benzothiophenes.

IV Six-Membered Heterocycles 10 hrs

With one heteroatom: synthesis and reactions of pyrilium salts and pyrones and

their comparison with pyridinium and thiopyrylium salts and pyridones; synthesis

and reactions of quinolizinium and benzopyrylium salts, coumarins and

chromones.

With two or more heteroatoms: synthesis and reactions of diazines, triazines,

tetrazines and thiazines

V Meso-Ionic, Seven- and Large-Membered heterocycles 9 hrs

Meso-ionic heterocycles: classification, chemistry of some important meso-ionic

heterocycles of type-A and B and their applications.

Seven and large membered heterocycles: synthesis and reactions of azepines,

oxepines, thiepines, diazepines thiazepines, azocines, diazocines, dioxocines and

dithiocines.

Text/References:

1. Heterocyclic Chemistry Vol. 1-3; First Edition; R.R. Gupta, M. Kumar and V. Gupta;

Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998.

2. Heterocyclic Chemistry; Fourth Edition; J.A. Joule and K.Mills; Blackwell Science Ltd.,

London, 2000.

3. Heterocyclic Chemistry; T.L. Gilchrist; Longman Scientific and Technical.

4. An Introduction to the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds; Second Edition; R.M.

Acheson; John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi, 1976.

5. Contemporary Heterocyclic Chemistry; G.R. Newkome and W.W. Paudler; Wiley

Interscience.

Semester IV

Paper X Elective Paper IX CHY-430 Chemistry of Natural Products

45 Hrs (3 Hrs/week)

Objective:

To learn about different classes of natural products for future endeavours in organic

chemistry.

I Terpenoids and Carotenoids 10 hrs

Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, general methods of structure

determination, isoprene rule; structure determination, stereochemistry and

synthesis of the following representative molecules – Citral, Geraniol, α-

Terpenol, Menthol, Santonin and β-Carotene.

II Alkaloids 10 hrs

Definition, nomenclature, physiological action, occurrence, general methods of

structure elucidation, degradation, classification based on nitrogen heterocyclic

ring.

Structure, stereochemistry and synthesis of the following – Ephedrine, (+)-

Nicotine, Atropine, Quinine and Morphine.

Self Study: Role of alkaloids in plants.

III Steroids 10 hrs

Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diels’ hydrocarbon and

stereochemistry.

Structure determination and synthesis of Cholesterol, Bile acids, Androsterone,

Testosterone, Estrone, Progestrone, Aldosterone.

IV Plant Pigments and Vitamins 8 hrs

Structure and synthesis of important members of anthocyanins (palargonidin),

flavanones (quercetin) and quinines (lapachol).

Vitamins: introduction, vitamin B complex, biotins, vitamin E group and vitamin

K group.

V Porphyrins, Pyrethroids and Rotenones 7 hrs

Structure and synthesis of haemoglobin and chlorophyll.

Synthesis and reactions of pyrethroids and rotenones. (for structure elucidation,

emphasis is to be placed on the use of spectral parameters wherever possible)

Text/References: 1. Organic Chemistry, Vol 2; Fifth Edition; I.L. Finar; Longman Scientific and

Technical, Singapore, 1997.

2. Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds; Ed. S. Coffey; Elsevier.

Semester IV

Paper XI Elective Paper X CHY-431 Organic Synthesis 45 Hrs (3 Hrs/week)

Objective:

To learn the retrosynthesis for synthetic organic research.

I Disconnection Approach and Protecting Group 10 hrs

An introduction to synthons and synthetic equivalents, disconnection approach,

functional group inter-conversions, the importance of the order of events in

organic synthesis, one group C-X and two group C-X disconnections,

chemoselectivity, reversal of polarity, cyclisation reactions, amine synthesis;

principle of protection of alcohol, amine, carbonyl and carboxyl groups.

Self study: Name reactions

II One and Two Group C-C Disconnections 10 hrs

Alcohols and carbonyl compounds, regioselectivity, alkene synthesis, uses of

alkynes and aliphatic nitro compounds in organic synthesis; Diels’ Alder reaction,

1,3-difunctionalised compounds, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, control in

carbonyl condensations, 1,5-difunctionalised compounds; Micheal addition and

Robinson annelation.

III Synthesis of Some Complex Molecules 9 hrs

Application of the above units in the synthesis of following compounds – vitamin

B12, longifoline, taxol and menthol.

IV Oxidation 9 hrs

Introduction, different oxidative processes.

Hydrocarbons (alkenes, aromatic rings), alcohols, diols, aldehydes, ketones,

carboxylic acids, amines, hydrazines and sulphides; oxidation with ruthenium

tetraoxide and thallium (III) nitrate.

V Reduction 8 hrs

Introduction, different reductive processes.

Hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes, aromatic rings), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic

acids and their derivatives, epoxides, nitro, azo and oxime groups;

hydrogenolysis.

Text/References 1. Designing Organic Synthesis; First Edition; S. Warren; John Wiley and Sons, Great Britain, 2002.

2. Organic Synthesis- Concepts, Methods and Starting Materials; J. Fuhrhop and G.Penzillin; Verlage

VCH.

3. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis; Third Edition; W. Carruthers; Cambridge Univ. Press,

UK, 1987.

4. Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure; Fourth Edition; Jerry March;

John Wiley and Sons Asia Private Limited, New Delhi, 2007

5. Principles of Organic Synthesis; Third Edition; R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon; Nelson Thornes, UK,

2003.

6. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A & B; Fourth Edition; Francis A. Carey and Richard J. Sundberg;

Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.

Semester IV

Paper XII Elective Paper XI CHY-432 Biophysical Chemistry

45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the complexities in molecular modelling and to introduce students to the

methods of modern structural and quantitative analysis involved in structural

determination of biological macromolecules.

I Fundamentals of Biological Macromolecules: 10 hrs

Biological cell, structure and functions of proteins and enzymes; chemical bonds

in biological systems; properties of water; structure and functions of cell

membrane, ion transport through cell membranes, irreversible thermodynamic

treatment of membrane transport; nerve conduction; thermodynamic principles in

biological systems; properties and classification of amino acids; structure and

composition of nucleic acids, properties of nucleosides and nucleotides. DNA and

RNA in living systems.

II Molecular Modelling and Conformational Analysis 9 hrs Complexities in modelling macromolecular structure; polypeptide chain

geometries and internal rotational angles; Ramachandran plots; molecular

mechanics; stabilizing interactions in biomolecules; simulating macromolecular

structure; energy minimization; molecular dynamics.

III Methods for the Separation of Biomolecules 9 hrs General principles including chromatography, sedimentation, moving boundary

sedimentation, zonal sedimentation, electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, capillary

electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF.

IV Structural Determinations 9 hrs Physical methods: ultracentrifugation and other hydrodynamic techniques; light

scattering – fundamental concepts, scattering from a number of small particles,

Rayleigh scattering, scattering from particles that are not small compared to the

wavelength of radiation, dynamic light scattering, low angle X-Ray scattering,

neutron scattering, Raman scattering.

V Optical Methods 8 hrs

Optical techniques in biological systems – absorption spectroscopy; fluorescence

spectroscopy; linear and circular dichroism; single and multidimensional NMR

spectroscopy.

Text/References: 1. Biophysical Chemistry, Vol,. I-III, Twelth Edition; Cantor, C.R. & Schimmel, Paul

R.; W.H. Freeman & Company, U.S.A., 2002

2. Principles of Biochemistry, Third Edition; Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D.L. & Cox, M.

M. Lehninger; McMillan Press Ltd., London, 2002

Semester IV

Paper XIII Elective Paper XII CHY-433 Solid State Chemistry

45 hrs (3 hrs/week)

Objectives: To learn the students with the fascinating area of solid state chemistry and super

conductors and to appreciate the use of various diffraction methods in structural analysis.

I Solid State Reactions and Preparative Methods of Inorganic Solids 8 hrs General principles, experimental procedures, co-precipitation as a precursor to solid state

reactions, kinetics of solid state reactions.

Preparative methods of inorganic solids (solgel and MOCVD processes) – crystallization of

solutions, glasses, gels and melts, vapour phase transport methods, electrochemical reduction

methods, preparation of thin films, growth of single crystals, high pressure and hydrothermal

methods.

II X-ray diffraction 11 hrs Laue method, Bragg method, Debye-Scherrer method of X-ray structural analysis of crystals,

Miller indices, index reflections, identification of unit cells from systematic absences in diffraction

pattern, structure of simple lattices and X-ray intensities, structure factor and its relation to

intensity and electron density, phase problem; procedure of X-ray structure analysis, absolute

configuration of molecules.

III Electron and Neutron Diffraction 9 hrs Electron diffraction: scattering intensity v/s scattering angle, Wierl equation measurement

technique, elucidation of structure of simple gas phase molecules, low energy electron diffraction

and structure of surfaces.

Neutron diffraction: scattering of neutrons by solids, measurement techniques, elucidation of

structure of magnetically ordered unit cell.

IV Crystal Defects and Non-Stoichiometry 8 hrs

Pre requisite: Vacancies – Schottky and Frenkel defects.

Perfect and imperfect crystals, intrinsic and extrinsic defects – point, line and

plane defects; thermodynamics of Schottky and Frenkel defect formation; colour

centes; non-stoichiometry and defects.

V Electronic Properties and Band Theory 9 hrs

Pre requisite: Introduction and band structure of metals, insulators and semi

conductors.

Semiconductors: influence of doping on band gap; applications – p-n junction,

photovoltaic cell and solar conversion.

Superconductivity: Meissner effect, critical temperature and critical magnetic field

– type I and II superconductors; ternary oxides – structure of 123 oxides (Y-Ba-

Cu-O); BCS theory of superconductivity – Cooper Pair Electron.

Text/References: 1. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications; A.R. West; John Wiley and Sons, Singapore, 2004.

2. Principles of Solid State, First Edition; H.V. Keer; New Age International Publishers, New Delhi,

2002.

3. Solid State Chemistry, First Edition; D.K. Chakrabarty; New Age International Publishers, New Delhi,

2005.

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