SCHISTOSOMIASISIN AFRICA

Tymeka Lewis, Ph.D. student

Walden University

PUBH 8165-1

Instructor: Dr. Shana Morrell

Spring, 2009

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

SchistosomiasisDefinition

Rate of the disease

Symptoms

Treatments

Prevention

WHAT IS SCHISTOSOMIASIS?• Bilharzia or snail fever (CDC, 2008)

• 200 million people are infected, mainly in Africa (CDC, 2008)

• 20 million people disabled (EPA, 2008)

• 280,000 die each year (EPA, 2008)

• Contaminated freshwater with snails carry the disease (CDC, 2008)

CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/schistosomiasis/default.html

EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.eps.gov/aging/press/othernews/2008/2008

HOW YOU GET IT? Contact with

contaminated freshwater with Schistosoma eggs Eggs hatch Parasites grows in

snails Parasites leaves snails Parasites enters a

person’s skin (CDC, 2008)

CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: Fact sheet. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov.

Figure 1. Wikipedia. Skin vesicales on the forearem, created by the penetration of Schistosoma.

MAIN FORMS OF HUMANSCHISTOSOMIASIS

S. mansoniFigure 2. Wikipedia.

S. haematobium

Figure 3. Wikipedia.

SYMPTOMS

Rash or itchy skinFever or chillsCoughMuscle achesInflammation -swelling and

tenderness of the liver

CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.html

TREATMENT FOR SCHISTOSOMIASIS Praziquantel – treats all

forms (CDC, 2008)

Oxamniquine – treats intestinal (CDC, 2008)

Metrifonate – treats urinary (WHO, 2007)

No vaccine (CDC, 2008)CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for

the lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.html

WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html

Figure 4. Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel ) 600 mg Tablets

PREVENTION

Avoid freshwater washing, swimming,

wading or bathing

Drink safe water

Heat bath water

Use toilets

CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov

Figure 5. Photo Disc Image.

WHO DOES IT MAINLY AFFECT?

CHILDREN!

Figure 6. Girl getting water. Figure 7. Kids playing in water.

REDUCING THE DISEASE IN AFRICA Health education Control of freshwater

snails Supply of water Low cost of medicine Management of the

environment Improve sanitation

WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html

Figure 8. WHO. New parasites (cercariae)

CONCLUSION

Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic flatworms (CDC, 2008).

A person become infected with schistosomiasis when contaminated freshwater where snails carry schistosomes gets on the skin (CDC, 2008).

There are two main forms of schistosomiasis (Britannica, 2009).

CONCLUSION

Praziquantel is the drug that treats it (CDC, 2008).

DON’T swim, wade, bath or wash in freshwater.

66 million children are affected with schistosomiasis (WHO, 2007).

CONCLUSION

To reduce incidence in African communities

Health education should be provided

Freshwater snails should be under control

Supply of water should be tested

Praziquantel should be provided to children annually

Management of the environment including improved sanitation (pipes)

REFERENCESCDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from

http://www.cdc.gov.

CDC. (2008). Schistosomiasis: A fact sheet for the lost boys and girls of Sudan. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dq/refugee/lostboysandgirlssudan/schistosomiasis_fact_sheet.html

CDC. (2009). Prevention of specific infectious diseases. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://wwwn.cdc.gov.travel.yellowBookCH4-Schistosomiasis.aspx

CDC. (2009). Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org

Clements, A., Garba, A., Sacko, M., Toure., Dembele, R., Landoure, A., Bosque-Olivia, E., Gabrielli, A. F., & Fenwick, A. (2008). Mapping the probability of schistosomiasis and associated uncertainty, West Africa. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 14(10), 1629-1632. DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.080366

REFERENCES CONTINUEDDeganello, R., Cruciani, M., Beltramello, C., Duncan, O., Oyugi, V., &

Montresor, A. (2007). Schistosoma hematobium and S. mansoni among children, Southern Sudan. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13(10), 1504-1506.

Doumenge, J. P., Mott, K. E., Villenave, C. D., Perrin, O. C., & Reaud-Thomas, G. (1987). Atlas of the global distribution of schistosomiasis. World Health Organization. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.who.int/wormcontrol/documents/maps/en/contents.pdf

EPA. (2008). Scientist identify new leads for treating parasitic worm disease. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.epa.gov/aging/press/othernews/2008/2008_0316_ons_1.htm

Generic Biltricide (Praziquantel). [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.generics.ws

Meltzer, E., Artom, G., Marva, E., Assous, M. V., Rahav, G., & Schwartz, E. (2006). Schistosomiasis among travelers: New aspects of an old disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 12(11), 1696-1700.

REFERENCES CONTINUEDPhotos Disc Image. [Online Image]. Water boiling in pot on stove.

Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://images.google.com

Schistosomiasis. (2009). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2009, from Encyclopedia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/527459/schistosomiasis

Taylor, M. (2008). Global trends in schistosomiasis control. World Health Organization, 86(10), 738. doi 10:2471/BLT.08.058669

WHO. (2007). Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/Schisto.html

WHO. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from World Health Organization. http://www.microbiologybytes.com

Wikipedia. Schistosomiasis. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009, from Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org

FOR FURTHER READING CDC. (2008).. Schistosomiasis. Retrieved April 13, 2009,

from http://www.cdc.gov. Centron, M. S., Chitsulo, L., & Sullivan, J. J. (1996).

Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi. Lancet, 348, 1274-1278.

Photograhy.com. [Online Image]. Retrieved April 13, 2009 from Photography.com

Pritt, B. S., & Clark, C. G. (2008). Amebiasis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 83(10), 1154-1160.

Schwartz, E., Kozarsky, P., Wilson, M., & Centron, M. (2005). Schistosome infection among river rafters on Omo River, Ethiopia. Journal Travel Medicine, 12, 3-8.

World Health Organization. (1993). The control of schistosomiasis: Second report of the WHO Expert Committee. WHO Technical Report Series 830. Geneva.

ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS?

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING TO MY PRESENTATION!