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Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders SANCHAI KULADEE Department of Psychiatry Ramathibodi 2014

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

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Page 1: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Schizophrenia Spectrum!and Other Psychotic Disorders

SANCHAI KULADEE!Department of Psychiatry Ramathibodi 2014

Page 2: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

!Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder!!Delusional Disorder!!Brief Psychotic Disorder!!Schizophreniform Disorder!!Schizophrenia!!Schizoaffective Disorder!!Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder!!Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition!!Catatonia!!Other Specified/Unspecified

Page 3: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia

Schizoaffective!disorder

Delusional!disorder

Attenuated psychosis!syndrome

Page 4: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Emil Kraepelin!(1856-1926)

Eugen Bleuler!(1857-1939)

Kurt Schneider!(1887-1967)

Page 5: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

• ชายหนุ่มโสด 31 ปี ขณะนี้ว่างงาน ช่วง 1 ปีนี้ มีความคิดหมกมุ่นว่ามีมนุษย์ต่างดาวแอบเอา chip computer มาใส่ไว้ในสมอง และมนุษย์ต่างดาวสามารถควบคุมให้ทำพฤติกรรมต่างๆได้ผ่านทาง chip

• มารดาเล่าว่า 2 เดือนนี้ ลูกชายมักมีพฤติกรรมแปลกๆ เอาถังใส่น้ำแข็งมาราดตัวทั้งที่ใส่เสื้อผ้าอยู่ หมกมุ่นกับการเขียน 20 เรื่องเกี่ยวกับตัวเอง ส่งไปให้คนต่างๆ บอกว่ามนุษย์ต่างดาวบังคับให้ทำ หากไม่ทำมนุษย์ต่างดาวจะเลิก update antivirus ใน chip ทำให้สมองถูกทำลาย ไม่เคยมีหูแว่วหรือเห็นภาพหลอน ยังดูแล ADL ได้ตามปกติ

Case Scenario 1

Page 6: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

1. Schizophrenia!

2. Delusional disorder!

3. Schizotypal personality disorder!

4. ขอ rule out organic ก่อน

What is the Diagnosis?

Page 7: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia

A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a !!significant portion of time during a 1-month period 1. Delusions.2. Hallucinations.3. Disorganized speech 4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.5. Negative symptoms

Note : Only one criterion A symptom is required if! ! - Bizzare delusion!! ! - Schneiderian first-rank auditory hallucinations

At least one of these must be (1 ), (2), or (3):1

Note : Deleted2

Page 8: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Characteristic Symptoms

DatabaseDSM-IV

Schizophrenia Sample size

Criterion A by virtue of single bizarre delusion or

“Schneiderian first-rank” hallucination

Patients without delusion, hallucination, or disorganized speech

Peralta and Cuesta (1999) 358 5 (1.4%) 7 (1.9%)

Allardyce et al. (2007) 113 0 (0.0%) 4 (3.5%)

Shinn et al. (2013) 325 7 (2.1%) —

Tandon et al. (2013) 221 1 (0.4%) 3 (1.4%)

Tandon, R., Gaebel, W., Barch, D., Bustillo, J., Gur, R., Heckers, S., Malaspina, D., Owen, M.J., Schultz, S., Tsuang, M.T., Van Os, J., Carpenter, W., 2013. Definition and description of schizophrenia in the DSM-5. Schizophr. Res. 150 (1), 3–10.

12

Page 9: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Schizophrenia Subtypes

3%6%9%

82%

Paranoid UndifferentiatedDisorganized Residual

• socio-demographic • environmental risk

factors • prior psychiatric Hx • cognitive • biological markers • course of illness

731 DSM-IV Schizophrenia Patients

“No significant differences”Korver-Nieberg, N., Quee, P.J., Boos, H.B., Simons, C.J., 2011. The validity of the DSM-IV diagnostic classification system of non-affective psychosis. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 45, 1061–1068.

Page 10: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Changes Rationale1. Characteristic symptoms • improve reliability for diagnosis

2. Elimination of special attribution • nonspecificity of Schneiderian symptoms!

• poor reliability in distinguishing bizarre from nonbizarre delusions

3. Elimination of subtypes • low diagnostic stability!• do not exhibit distinctive

patterns of treatment response and longitudinal course

Changes of Schizophrenia

Page 11: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DSM!IV-TR!!

S C A N !

2 in 5

DSM!IV-TR!!

S C A N !

N O T E

DSM!5!!

S C A N !

2 in 5

Psychotic Patients“What are!

Your Opinions?”

Non-Schizophrenia

Non-Schizophrenia

Page 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DSM-5 : Dimensional Assessments

Page 13: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity!(DSM-5 pp.742-744)

Page 14: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Clinician-Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity!(DSM-5 pp.742-744)

Page 15: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Schizoaffective Disorder

SchizophreniaMood disorders

Page 16: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Year Schizoaffective Disorder diagnoses

DSM I 1952 Schizophrenic reaction, Schizo-affective type

DSM II 1968 Schizophrenia, Schizo-affective type, excited Schizophrenia, Schizo-affective type, depressed

DSM III 1980 Schizo-affective Disorder!No operational diagnostic criteria

DSM III-R 1987

Schizoaffective Disorder - Bipolar Type - Depressive Type Introduces 4 diagnostic criteria

DSM-IV 1994 Mixed subtype of Bipolar Type added No change of diagnostic criteria

DSM-IV-TR 2000 No change

Schizoaffective Disorder in prior DSM editions

Page 17: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DSM-IV-TR : Schizoaffective disorderA. There is either a major depressive/manic/mixed episode

with symptoms that meet Criterion A for schizophrenia.

B. During the same period of illness. Delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the absence of prominent mood symptoms.

C. Symptoms that meet criteria for a mood episode are present for a substantial portion of the total duration of the active and residual periods of the illness.

Page 18: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Substantial???

90%

10%

70%

30%

50% 50%

30%

70%Poor Diagnostic Reliability!!

Page 19: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Num

ber o

f Pat

ient

s

0

40

80

120

160

Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder MDD Schizoaffective

12

76

117

133

33

103

141145

6 month 24 month

2 Years Stability of Diagnosis

Schwartz JE, Fennig S, Tanenberg-Karant M, Carlson G, Craig T, Galambos N, et al. Congruence of diagnoses 2 years after a first-admission diagnosis of psychosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:593-600.

92%83%

74%

36%

Page 20: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DSM-5 : Schizoaffective disorder

Mood Episode at least 50%

A. There is either a major mood episode concurrent with Criterion A of schizophrenia

B. Delusions or hallucinations for 2 weeks in the absence of a major mood episode during the lifetime of the illness.

C. Symptoms that meet criteria for a major mood episode are present for the majority of the total duration of the active and residual portions of the illness.

Page 21: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DELUSIONAL DISORDER

“Erroneous Beliefs”

“Fixed, False Beliefs”

Page 22: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DSM-IV-TR : Delusional disorder

A. Nonbizarre delusions of at least 1 month’s duration.!

B. Criterion A for Schizophrenia has never been met.

C. Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or itsramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired and behaviour is not obviously odd or bizarre.

Page 23: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

• น.ส.ทราย อายุ 25 ปี มีอาการเครียด นอนไม่หลับมา 3 เดือน

• ช่วง 3 เดือนนี้ รู้สึกเครียดมาก เรื่องที่แม่เลี้ยงคิดวางแผนวางยาเจ้าคุณปู่ให้ค่อยๆเสียชีวิต และแอบปลอมแปลงพินัยกรรมเจ้าคุณปู่ เพื่อฮุบสมบัติ 1 พันล้านให้ตัวแม่เลี้ยงและลูกสาวของแม่เลี้ยง รู้สึกเครียดกังวล หมกมุ่นกับการค้นหาพินัยกรรมปลอมที่แม่เลี้ยงทำขึ้นมา

• น.ส.ทราย พยายามแจ้งตำรวจหลายครั้ง แต่เจ้าหน้าที่ไม่รับแจ้ง และต่อว่าว่าเธอดูละครมากไป จึงได้ไปปรึกษาเพื่อนสนิท เพื่อนไม่ได้ให้ความเห็นใดๆ นอกจากบอกว่า “แกไปหาหมอเหอะ”

Case Scenario 2

Page 24: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

1. Yes!

2. NO!

3. ขอโทรถามเจ้าคุณปู่ก่อน

ทรายมี Delusion หรือไม่???

Page 25: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

• Delusions : Fixed beliefs that are not amenable to change

• Bizarre delusions : Clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences.

Definition of Delusions

Page 26: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

• ชายโสดอายุ 25 ปี เชื่อว่าตัวเองเป็น “ผู้ถูกเลือก” ขององค์กรลับ เพื่อนำร่างไปวิจัยพัฒนาศักยภาพมนุษย์

• มีอาการหวาดระแวงว่าตัวเองถูกติดตามโดยชายชุดดำจากองค์กรลับ โดยชายชุดดำมีจำนวนนับสิบๆคน แต่ละคนมีใบหน้าและบุคลิกลักษณะเหมือนกันหมด รู้สึกหวาดกลัวมาก เก็บตัวอยู่แต่ในห้อง ไม่ไปทำงาน ไม่พูดคุยกับใคร

Case Scenario 3

Page 27: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

1. Bizarre!

2. Nonbizarre

Bizarre or Nonbizarre Delusion?

Page 28: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Too Strange to Be Hunted by Hundreds of Agent Smiths?

Page 29: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

DSM-IV-TR : Delusional disorderDSM-5 : Delusional disorder

A. Nonbizarre delusions of at least 1 month’s duration.!

B. Criterion A for Schizophrenia has never been met.

C. Apart from the impact of the delusion(s) or itsramifications, functioning is not markedly impaired and behaviour is not obviously odd or bizarre.

The presence of one(or more) delusions with a duration of 1 month or longer.

No requirement of Nonbizarre

Page 30: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

• ชายหนุ่มโสด 31 ปี ขณะนี้ว่างงาน ช่วง 1 ปีนี้ มีความคิดหมกมุ่นว่ามีมนุษย์ต่างดาวแอบเอา chip computer มาใส่ไว้ในสมอง และมนุษย์ต่างดาวสามารถควบคุมให้ทำพฤติกรรมต่างๆได้ผ่านทาง chip

• มารดาเล่าว่า 2 เดือนนี้ ลูกชายมักมีพฤติกรรมแปลกๆ เอาถังใส่น้ำแข็งมาราดตัวทั้งที่ใส่เสื้อผ้าอยู่ หมกมุ่นกับการเขียน 20 เรื่องเกี่ยวกับตัวเอง ส่งไปให้คนต่างๆ บอกว่ามนุษย์ต่างดาวบังคับให้ทำ หากไม่ทำมนุษย์ต่างดาวจะเลิก update antivirus ใน chip ทำให้สมองถูกทำลาย ไม่เคยมีหูแว่วหรือเห็นภาพหลอน ยังดูแล ADL ได้ตามปกติ ตรวจร่างกายไม่พบความผิดปกติ ก่อนหน้า 1 ปีนี้พฤติกรรมปกติดี

Case Scenario 4

Page 31: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

1. Schizophrenia!

2. Delusional disorder

What is the Diagnosis?

Page 32: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome

Page 33: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Model based on Falloon (1992) and McGlashan & Hoffman (2000).

“Over Pruning”

“Normal Pruning”

Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia

Page 34: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Early models of Psychosis (Hoffman&McGlashan 1993)

Early Detection !& Prevention

• excessive

suspiciousness • perceptual abnormalities • attention & concentration

problems • reduced motivation • abnormal psychomotor • neurologic soft signs

Page 35: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

Outcomes of Psychosis high-risk state

30% convert to Psychotic Disorders

Page 36: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

A. At least one of the following symptoms is present in attenuated form with sufficient severity and/or frequency to warrant clinical attention: 1. Delusions. 2. Hallucinations. 3. Disorganized speech. B. Symptom(s) must have been present at least once per week for the past month. C. Symptom(s) must have begun or worsened in the past year. D. Symptom(s) is sufficiently distressing and disabling to the individual to warrant clinical attention. E. Symptoms(s) is not better explained by another mental disorder. F. Criteria for any psychotic disorders have never been met.

Proposed Criteria

Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS)

Page 37: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

• Outcomes : minority of persons convert to psychotic disorders!

• Other psychiatric comorbidity : distress is related to APS or “comorbid” mental disorders!

• Stigma & Inappropriate antipsychotic utilization

APS controversial rationale

Page 38: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion
Page 39: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders · DSM-IV-TR : SchizophreniaDSM-5 : Schizophrenia A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a ! !significant portion

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