School of Electronics Engineering Introduction to …documentneed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Chapter-1-Trends-in... · Introduction to Trends in Electronic Industry. By, Freshman

Introduction to Trends in

Electronic Industry.

By,

Freshman Basic Electronics Team (2016-17)

School of Electronics Engineering

Contents

• Introduction

▫ Examples of electronic systems

• Domain of applications for Electronics

• Standards and policies

• Technologies

• Opportunities and scope

▫ Private sector

▫ Government sector



Introduction: Example

• An aircraft flight control and navigation system. • Automobile air bag safety system and antilock

brake systems. • Automated manufacturing equipment such as

robots. • Numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. • smart kitchen home appliances such as bread

machines and clothes washing machines, and even toys.

• Thermo meter.



Digital Thermometer



Domain of applications for Electronics



• Automobiles

• Defense

• Telecom

• Health

• Agriculture

• Consumer Applications………



Scope for Electronics in automobile industry

With the growth of on-board electronics in

the automobile sector, from two-wheelers to tractors and heavy commercial vehicles, semi-conductor industry experts believe that in the immediate future, electronics will be the differentiator.

Contd..

• The main thing that the study shows is that more and more electronics are being used on automobiles which increased the demand for ASIC and FPGAs. Today's vehicles are becoming more and more reliant on electronic components.



Electronics in automobiles

Automotive electronics or automotive embedded systems are distributed systems and according to different domains in the automotive field they can be classified into:

• Engine Electronics

• Transmission Electronics

• Active Safety

• Driver assistance

• Passenger Comfort



Engine Electronics • Fuel injection rate

• Emission control, Nox control

• Regeneration of oxidation catalytic converter

• Turbocharger control

• Cooling system control

• Throttle control

• In a Gasoline engine

• Lambda control

• OBD On Board diagnosis

• Cooling system control

• Ignition system control

• Lubrication system control (only few has electronic control)

• Fuel injection rate control

• Throttle control



Driver assistance

• Lane assistance system

• Speed assistance system

• Blind spot detection

• Park assistance System

• Adaptive Cruise Control System



Passenger Comfort

• Automatic Climate control

• Electronic seat adjustment with memory

• Automatic wipers

• Automatic Headlamps – adjusts beam automatically

Etc……



Four key tasks for auto

electronics suppliers

1. Focus on the end user The development of new features is still being driven more by

technical feasibility than by customers’ needs. Those who can correctly interpret the customers’ needs will be able to design products that set them apart from their competitors. They will also be able to better gauge the future order volumes for special features.

2. Achieve differentiation through mechatronics To date, a clear trend towards purely electronic components has

not been observed. That is because many electronic functions can be usefully combined with mechanical components. By integrating these two types of components to form a complete system, automotive suppliers can set themselves apart from their competitors.



Contd.. 3. Pay close attention to the development of standards

and automotive architectures No supplier can escape the trend towards standardization and

new architectures. At the moment, however, it is impossible to tell what standards will be established, at what time and in what way Quick decisions can be expected only in those areas in which new end user benefits can be created. For automotive suppliers, it will be very important to achieve an advantageous positioning within the changing world of automotive architectures, at an early stage of development.

4. Keep costs under control Automotive suppliers from emerging markets are quickly

catching up to established suppliers. In the coming years, electronics suppliers from Asia will intensify the cost pressure on the industry even more. Therefore, Western manufacturers will have to master the full range of cost reduction instruments.



Coming next… • The worldwide market for automobile

electrical systems and electronics is expected to grow at a rate of 5.9% per year, reaching 230 billion euros by the year 2015 and ultimately representing more than 30% of the automobile’s value

Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG Roadster: Cloth Roof, No Gullwing Doors



http://blogs.insideline.com/straightline/2011/05/2012-mercedes-benz-sls-amg-roadster-cloth-roof-no-gullwing-doors.html








Contd… • Due to excess production capacities around the

world and the rising competition from developing countries, cost pressures are bound to increase in

the automotive supplier industry.

BMW new Series



http://blogs.insideline.com/straightline/2011/05/spy-photos-2013-bmw-3-series.html

http://blogs.insideline.com/straightline/2011/05/spy-photos-2013-bmw-3-series.html

Different Applications are,

1. UAV: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): Lethal and non-

lethal force multipliers in warfare, cost-effective alternatives

to manned aircraft in specialised civilian roles. They

find application in weather research, communications, disaster

management, pollution monitoring, and law enforcement.

▫

Electronics in Defense



2. LAKSHYA – DRDO:

i. Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTA) (named as “Lakshya”) is a

reusable aerial target system

ii. Operated from ground to provide aerial target for training

of gun and Missile crew and Air Defence pilots



3. RADAR: It is an object-detection system which uses

electromagnetic waves—specifically radio waves—to

determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both

moving and fixed objects.



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radar_antenna.jpg

RADAR can:

► Detect the presence of an object at a distance

► Detect the speed of an object



• SONAR: SOund Navigation And Ranging

> Sonar is a modern technology which helps us to track

submarines, fish, ship wrecks, map the seabed and for other

navigational purposes.

> The four main factors that affect the performance of a sonar

system are a high power transmitter, an efficient transducer, a

sensitive receiver and an acoustic communication system.



• Industries relating to this field:

I. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)

II. DRDO

III. Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)

IV. Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)

V. Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL)

VI. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited (GRSE)

VII.Goa Sihipyard Limited (GSL)

VIII.Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)

IX. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI)



Electronics in Telecom

• Transmission of information over significant distances to communicate…

• Visual signals such as smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs, or audio messages via coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, or sent by loud whistles…



Contd…

• Telegraphs, telephones, and tele printers, the use of radio and microwave communications, as well as fiber optics and their associated electronics, plus the use of the orbiting satellites and the internet…



• The analog-to-digital conversion has introduced many new standards in audio and video, which greatly improves the quality and affordability of the multimedia digital experience.

• With the proliferation of broadband, accessing the media has become easy and rewarding for consumers. With easy access and the rich quality enabled by the digital revolution, the telecom field has emerged as the one of the fastest growing field in electronics.



• For ex.

▫ Staying connected

▫ Media and Data Convergence



Electronics in Medical science

• The core health care science and research in medical sciences will have ever-increasing interface with technology areas. The future will not only be dominated by advances in life sciences but will witness the merging of entire technologies and medicine



Contd…

• To meet these challenges, a new breed of medical professionals is required which will be conversant with the medical profession as well as the engineering profession, and who will be able to fuse together the medical sciences with the high-end technologies.



Sub disciplines within biomedical

engineering

• Biomedical Electronics • Biomechatronics • Bioinstrumentation • Biomaterials • Biomechanics • Bionics • Cellular, Tissue, and Genetic Engineering • Clinical Engineering • Medical Imaging • Orthopaedic Bioengineering • Rehabilitation engineering • Systems Physiology • Bionanotechnology • Neural Engineering



Example An MRI scan of a human head, an example of a

biomedical engineering application of electrical engineering to diagnostic imaging.

Imaging technologies are often essential to medical

diagnosis, and are typically the most complex equipment found in a hospital including:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Nuclear medicine • Projection radiography such as X-rays and CT scans • Ultrasound • Optical microscopy



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_imaging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscopy

X-Ray



MRI scan of human head



Consumer Electronics

• Intended for everyday use, most often in entertainment, communications and office productivity.

• Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the

first major consumer product, the broadcast receiver… • Later products include PC’s, telephones, MP3 palyers,

audio equipment, TV’s, calculators,, GPS automative electronics, digi cameras and players and recorders using video media such as DVD’s, VCR’s or camcorders



Policies


REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

Implementation of ITA-I under WTO

• India has been successfully promoting reforms in all the constituents of the Internet, Communication and Entertainment sector.

• Being a signatory to the Information Technology Agreement (ITA-I) of the World Trade Organization and with effect from March 1, 2005 the customs duty on all the specified 217 items has been eliminated.

• Industrial Licensing has been virtually abolished in the Electronics and Information Technology sector except for manufacturing electronic aerospace and defence equipment.

• There is no reservation for public sector enterprises in the Electronics and Information Technology industry and private sector investment is welcome in every area.

• Electronics and Information Technology industry can be set up anywhere in the country, subject to clearance from the authorities responsible for control of environmental pollution and local zoning and land use regulations.



Foreign Investment Policy

• A foreign company can start operations in India by registration of its

company under the Indian Companies Act 1956. • Foreign equity in such Indian companies can be up to 100 per cent.

At the time of registration it is necessary to have project details, local partner (if any), structure of the company, its management structure and shareholding pattern.

• Registration is a kind of formality and it takes about two weeks. It can forge strategic tie up with an Indian partner.

• A joint venture entails the advantages of established contracts, financial support and distribution- marketing network of the Indian partner.

• Approval of foreign investments is through either automatic route or Government approval. Foreign technology induction is encouraged both through FDI and through foreign technology collaboration agreement.

• Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign technology collaboration agreements can be approved either through the automatic route under powers delegated to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) or otherwise by the Government.



Foreign Trade Policy

• In general, all Electronics and IT products are freely

importable, with the exception of some defence related items. • All Electronics and IT products, in general, are freely

exportable, with the exception of a small negative list which includes items such as high power microwave tubes, high end super computer and data processing security equipment.

• Export Promotion Capital Goods scheme (EPCG) allows import of capital goods on payment of 5 per cent customs duty. The export obligation under EPCG Scheme can also be fulfilled by the supply of Information Technology Agreement (ITA-1) items to the DTA provided the realization is in free foreign exchange.

• The import of second hand computers including personal computers and laptops are restricted for imports.



SEZ Scheme

• Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a specifically delineated duty

free enclave and shall be deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations and duties and tariffs.

• SEZ unit may import/procure from the DTA without payment of duty all types of goods and services, including capital goods, whether new or second hand, required by it for its activities or in connection therewith, provided they are not prohibited items of imports.

• The units shall also be permitted to import goods required for the approved activity, including capital goods, free of cost or on loan from clients. SEZ unit may, on the basis of a firm contract between the parties, source the capital goods from a domestic/foreign leasing company.


SEZ Scheme

• SEZ unit shall be a positive Net Foreign Exchange

earner. • Net Foreign Exchange Earning (NFE) shall be

calculated cumulatively for a period of five years from the commencement of production.

• As per the ³Special Economic Zones Rules, 2006´, notified by the Department of Commerce, in case a SEZ is proposed to be set up exclusively for electronics hardware and software, including information technology enabled services, the area shall be ten hectares or more with a minimum built up processing area of 1,00,000 square meters.

•



Export Oriented Units

• Special schemes are available for setting up

Export Oriented Units for the Electronics/IT Sector.

• Various incentives and concessions are available under these schemes.

• The schemes are:

• ‡ Export Oriented Unit (EOU) Scheme

• ‡ Electronics Hardware Technology Park (EHTP) Scheme

• ‡ Software Technology Park (STP) Scheme



CHALLENGES Challenges • Major challenges facing the Indian electronic manufacturing

market are an infrastructure that needs to be improved at the earliest possibility, easing of foreign investment procedures, which is underway, and a restructured government tariff that now makes domestically manufactured goods more expensive than imported goods with zero tariff.

• There are also other problems, which are hampering the growth of the Indian electronics industry. Some of them are:

• Lack of World-class infrastructure. • Lack of clear-cut government policy for the industry. • Very little expenditure in Research and Development area. • Power of Marketing not harnessed to the maximum



• While the Electronics sector in India is currently small, there are several advantages that India

offers that can be effectively leveraged to achieve higher growth. These can be categorised under three heads:

• Manpower

• Market Demand

• Policy and Regulatory Support


Standards


• A technical standard is an established norm or

requirement about technical systems.

• It is usually a formal document that establishes

uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods,

processes and practices.


Technical Standard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System

• Standardization is the process of developing and implementing technical standards.

• The goals of standardization are

compatibility,

interoperability,

safety,

repeatability, or

quality.


Standardization

• IEEE is one of the leading standards-making organizations in the world.

• IEEE performs its standards making and maintaining functions through the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA).

• IEEE standards affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy, biomedical and healthcare, Information Technology (IT), telecommunications, transportation, nanotechnology, information assurance, and many more.

• In 2005, IEEE had close to 900 active standards, with 500 standards under development.

• One of the more notable IEEE standards is the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group of standards which includes the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking standard.


IEEE Standards

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11

• In telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is the traditional name for a series of standards for serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment).

• It is commonly used in computer serial ports.

• The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pin out of connectors.

• The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.


RS-232 Standard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_communication

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-ended_signaling



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_(telecommunications)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Terminal_Equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_circuit-terminating_equipment



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_port

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth is a new standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that will allow any sort of electronic equipment -- from computers and cell phones to keyboards and headphones -- to make its own connections, without wires, cables or any direct action from a user.

• Exchanging data over short distances (using short wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400-2480 MHz) from fixed and mobile devices

• A key difference with other existing wireless technologies is that bluetooth enables combined usability models based on functions provided by different devices.


Wireless LAN

Provides network connectivity over wireless media

An Access Point (AP) is installed to act as Bridge between Wireless and Wired Network

The AP is connected to wired network and is equipped with antennae to provide wireless connectivity

Network

connectivity

to the

legacy

wired LAN

Desktop

with PCI 802.11 LAN card

Laptop

with PCMCIA 802.11 LAN card Access Point



Private Sector

• The private sector is that part of the economy,

sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is

run by private individuals or groups, usually as a

means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by

the state.

Opportunities and Scope



Various Fields

• Telecommunication

• Software Engineering/IT

• Power sector

• Hardware Manufacturing

• Home Appliance and VLSI design, etc


Benefits of working in a private sector

• Excellent remuneration packages

• Salary increases based on performance

• Excellent medical schemes

• Better promotion opportunities

• More networking opportunities

• Challenging offers



Electronics engineers in Government

sector • Opportunities…………. • These engineers get job in central government, state

governments. • They are also absorbed into the entertainment,

consumer electronics, consumer durables, transmission industry, research establishments, and specialized defense products like signaling equipments, radar control equipments.

• Also biggest employment opportunities for EC Engineer are in the new computer related fields related to hardware & components and Networking and in the Telecom Sector. There are high end opportunities as well as middle segment opportunities


Contd..

• In fact India has emerged as a world class VLSI / Embedded System/digital signal processing design Center

• EC engineers of high caliber can find jobs with entry level packages of Rs. 4.5 l.p.a. to Rs. 6.5 l.p.a. (with added specialization) with several MNCs operating in India.

• Similarly mobile computing, hardware & mobile networking, etc. are other lucrative and high growth areas.



Different sectors…….

B.Tech graduates can look for jobs in government sector Civil services Defense services Indian Railways Indian Air Force Indian Navy BSNL Doordarshan (Prasarbharthi), etc ISRO BEL DRDO Apart from these jobs, it is also possible for the candidates to

take up teaching or research in any engineering colleges in the country. DRDO also take in Electronics engineers to various research positions


Indian Engineering Service (IES), Indian Telephone Industries, BSNL/ MTNL, Semiconductor, Chip Design-Industries (Motorola ,

IBM, HP, STM, Philips, IT etc), Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (HPCL / BPCL / IPCL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC), Civil Aviation Department; Steel Authority of Indian Limited (SAIL), Power Sector (NTPC / NHPC Ltd.), Bharat Electronics Limited, Indian Railways, Indus tan Aeronautics Limited (ISRO),

• Software Industries (ALL MNC’S)



Exams…

• 1.IES 2.IAS 3.UES 4.CDS 5.EKT 6.NAVY 7.ARMY 8.UPSC 9.CIVIL SERVICE


Contd…

• The IES i.e. Indian Engineering Services is one of the most royal jobs in India.

• There are two papers in the examination 1. General Science or General Ability Test (Common Paper) 2. Elective Engineering paper (Any one of CIVIL, MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS). For details visit http://www.ies.edu/ http://www.iesacademy.com/



• Digital India is a Programme to prepare India for a knowledge future.

• A programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy.

• Digital India is an ambitious programme of Government of India projected at Rs 1,13,000 crores



Digital India Programme

1. Broadband Highways

2. Universal Access to Mobile connectivity

3. Public Internet access

4. e-Governance

5. e-Kranti

6. Global Information

7. Electronics Manufacturing

8. IT Training for Jobs

9. Early Harvest Programmes



Pillars of Digital India



Science and Technology in India

• More than one-third of the top 1,000 global R&D

spenders have centers in India. Around 50 per cent of the global 500 companies present have more than 10 per cent of the global headcount in India

• About 28 per cent companies with headquarters in Japan, the EU and APAC have a R&D centers in India

• There is a potential to create 200,000 R&D jobs by Global 500 companies in the next five years.



Science and Technology in India





CNC Engraver -Router

Roland-monofab

CNC Machines

EDM (Electrical discharge machining)

Maker’s Space

KLE Tech Enabling “ Make in India…

3D –Object Printers

PCB Etching



Electronic system

Analog System

Basic Elements:

Diode, Transistors, OPAMP, etc.

Applications

Rectifiers, Regulators. Amplifiers, Oscillator,

etc

Digital System

Basic Elements: Number systems,

Logic gates, Realization.

Applications

Half Adders, Full Adders, Substractor,

etc

Electronic System Components

Documents

School of Electronics Engineering Introduction to …documentneed.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Chapter-1-Trends-in... · Introduction to Trends in Electronic Industry. By, Freshman