united nationseducational, scientific

and culturalorganization

international atomicenergy agency

theabdus salaminternational centre for theoretical physics

SMR/1328/15

School on the Physics of Equatorial Atmosphere

(24 September - 5 October 2001)

Imaging Science Instruments: Imagers and Spectrographs

M. Mendillo(Boston University)

strada costiera, I i - 34014 trieste italy - tel. +39 040 2240111 fax +39 040 224163 - sci_info@ictp.trieste.it - www.ictp.trieste.it

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INTENSIFIED CAMERA SYSTEM

60°LENS

24mm DIAMETER FIELD LENS

F/2.8 COLLIMATOR LENS

INTERFERENCE FILTER( 1 OF 4 )

F/2.8 OBJECTIVE LENS

25mm 2nd GENERATIONIMAGE INTENSIFIER

F/1.2 COLLIMATOR ANDOBJECTIVE LENSES

35mm SLR CAMERA WITH250 FXPOSURE BACK

CEDAR IMAGING

SYSTEM

Cedar ImagerRemote Monitor

atBoston University

1st Objective LensFOV180, 90, 45, 20°

Field Lens

Filter Wheel

Stepping Motor

PC/AT

Consumer GradeTelephone Link

TelephoneInterfaceController

Record

VCR

\Audk)

Slow ScanVideo

Telephom

Video

300 mm Collimator

6 Narrow Band Filters ?6300,5577, 7774, 4278 A ^ 1 —

90 mm f 0.95 Lens l U f f c

Intensifierand

CCD Camera Headin Cold Chamber

Remote PC Control

CACHOEIRA PAULISTA00:40 UT

23 MARCH 1988

S6300A

DATA NUMBER

1

IGetBac

(H.)>»ta I

cground |

( Same filter ? )

No ^ ^ ^ Yes

Boston University

Imaging System

( - Darkfield ? )

I Get Dark 1f - Background J

( -Darkfield )

I Get Fixed 'attern I

( Correct for ^V Fixed Pattern J

1 1

[Match Center^

f - Background J

Image Processing

Protocol

f Archive J

f UMwtwarp

Archive )

Add Map \V and Labels J

( Calibrate AColor Map )

in Rayleighs J

( END )

(s.)

6300 A AIRGLOW IMAGEFROM ASCENSION ISLAND

Airglov Imaging/Scanning Photometer Studies

GEOGRAPHIC GRID FOR 300 km

MERIDIANS AT 2° INTERVALS

MAGNETIC GRID FOR 300 kmMERIDIANS AT 2° INTERVALS

(A)ZENITH ANGLE GRID

15° INTERVALS

Determination of zonal velocity[e .g . , Mendillo and Baumgartner, 1983; Sobral et a l . , 1985]

Bubble morphology (e .g . , wedge-shape)[Rohrbaugh et a l . , 1989]

Maximum alt i tudes of bubbles[Nendillo et a l . , 1993]

(B)

ASCENSION ISLAND MAGNETIC MERIDIAN

AIRGLOW VIEWING GEOMETRY

HEIGHT(km)n2000-

(A) &tils for

(C)

a//-

Afex hlfflhtt

Field of View From

San Miquel de Tucuman A X

6300A Airglow Viewing Geometryfrom Arequipa, Peru & Tucuman, Argentina

90° Zenith Distance

CIRCLES INDICATE THEFIELD OF VIEW FOR 75° AND 90° ZENITH DISTANCES AT 300km

ASCENSION ISLAND 6300 A IMAGES FEBRUARY 1981

1 FEB 22:30 L.T

2 FEB 23:00 L.T.

/>/e of

Dr/fb ft** -ike

m

CofantiS0h.S of*fot

6300 A AIRGLOW IMAGE SCANS

I1:00 L.T.

1> 0 8 0 0 400 2) 400 800 1200

ASCENSION ISLAND

113:00 L.-

1

1 00 800 4 0 0 6 400 800E A S T KILOMETERS

F E B R U A R Y 1 9 8 1

1^00WEST

0=)//

sec)

a>0)

E

QLULUCL

Qcc<i—CO

LU

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

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6300A IMAGES

I ISIPLER &BONDI (1978)

SIPLER, et at. (1980) —AARONS &WHITNEY (1980)SOLAR MIN 1

SOLAR M A X J F E ^ g 8 ^ a '

I ~s

\\ —\

Q \ \ ^ 1 3 ) _

V "ASCENSION ISLAND —JAN - FEB 1981

- r

1 I19 20 21 22 23

LOCAL TIME

00 01

THAW* WAVES W 1HB mSOSPHEi£ *»*<• >**»

Figure 2. Emission images on March 30, 1998, showing extensive band structure for (a) raw 01and (b) raw OH. Time-difference image (see text) in OH emission taken on February 1, 1998,showing two ripple events together with a band event, (d) Time-difference image showing a bandevent in Na emission. This image has also been median-smoothed.

Table 3. A List of Several Previous Airglow Gravity Wave Imaging Studies of Band Events

Location

CulgooraAlcantara

Maui

Sacramento PeakNederland

Millstone Hill

Pic du MidiCime de lat Bonette

GornergratSondakyla

Mean values

GeographicLatitude

30.3°S2.3°S

20.8°N

32.8°N40.0°N

42.6°N

42.9°N44.3°N46.0°N67.4°N

GeomagneticLatitude

29.2°S0.4°S

21.5°N

41.5°N49.0°N

53.0°N

37.8°N39.0°N40.9°N63.7°N

Cob,

m s"1

7248

(15)47

(17)53

(11)52

(loj2824(9)47

(20)5,17153816

33(17)

A/ukm

24424(8)22

(10)18(7)22(9)2335

(14)21(7)

30,70452645

32(15)

min

5710(6)10(7)6

(4)-

1432

(27)9

(5)

-11-

12(8)

Az,km

_

17(9)--17

(13)7-80

_--17(4)

-15-

18(6)

Reference

Armstrong [1982]Taylor et al. [1997]

Taylor et al. [1995a]

Taylor et al [1995b]

Isler et al. [1997]

Taylor et al. [1991]Taylor et al. [1995d]

this study

Moreels and Herse [1977]

Taylor et al. [1987]Clairemidi et al. [1985]

The computed (or published) mean values of several deduced parameters are listed together with the associatedstandard deviations in parentheses. In the case of only one or two parameter values, the computed range of valuesis given. The Culgoora results were not used in deriving the final mean values (see text).

MERIDIONAL SPECTROGRAPH SCHEMATIC

Order Sorting Filter(s) - I

Stepping Motor -

1st ObjectiveFOV: 180,90,45,20°

Field Lenses

300 mm F/2.8Collimator

Shutter

Dual Grating Table

SteppingMotor

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Slit &:Field Lens-

Fish Eye-Lens

Filter Plane-

Field Lens-

Folding-Mirror

HITIES: Schematic

FL 340mmFirst Imaging Lens

(.11

Camera Lens

tLi

Wavelength

4861A I A\

6300A t 4 >

44.171'

HIRISE: Schematic C'

1. Lens

2. Slit assembly

3. Filter holder

4. Collinator, f/11.3

5. Echelle grating

6. Imaging lens, f /6

7. CCD lkxlk

*

6300.2 6300.4 6300.6 6300.8W«v«l*ngth (in Angstroms)

6301.0 6301.2

1.5»104

6300.2 6300.4 6300.6 6300.8W«v«l«ngth (In Angstroms)

6301.0 63012

Image on the CCD

4861 A

6563 A

(13.)

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OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY OF AERONOMIC SYSTEMS

• Use state-of-art CEDAR Class-I Imager and Imaging Spectrographs

• Obtain meridional or zonal height profiles of volume emission rates (E^,)within context of an all-sky image

• Eyoi gives direct access to coupling processes between magnetosphere,ionosphere, and neutal atmosphere.

FOV: Imager2- 72* Imager 1 4 3 . 58"Imager Spacing. 280 tonFOV Zenith Angles ol Imager 1 a 3 - 29*

Access If

FOV: Imager2- 95° Imager 1 4 3 - 6 8 °

Imager Spacing - 100 km

FOV Zenith Angles of Imager 1 & 3 - 32*

1 2 . 3

MESOSPHERE EMISSIONS

CEDAR Class-IImager

Imaging Spectrograph FOV Imaging Spectrograph

47 41GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE

OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEM

BOSTON UNIVERSITYALL-SKY IMAGIMG SYSTEMMILLSTONE HILL

5 MARCH 1995

04:09:10 UT

DIFFUSE AURORA, SAR ARC, and AIRGLOW

Optical Remote Sensing of Ionospheric Structure

t

6300 A

RAYLEIGHS85

75

21

TOMOGRRAPHY SCHEMATIC FOR 05 MARCH 1995

600

44 42 40GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE

38

5006300A VOLUME EMISSION FOR 05 MARCH 1995, 02:00-02:15 UT

400 r

300 r

200 r

100 r

44 42GEOGRAPHIC LATITUDE

40 38

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