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Answers for Science Focus Homework Book 2
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Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Carls new experiments1.1A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Key
1A
1B
2C
2D
Carl's experiments
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1 Qualitative. They were qualitative because all observations were recorded using only words.
2 Carl thought that he should also do a quantitative analysis; that is, record the observations using numbers to measure how much the grass actually grows under different situations.
3 a Controls.b Every experiment needs a control against which results can be compared.
4 Types of grass, amount of grass.
5 The amount of water was kept the same.
6 The amount of sunlight.
7 The amount of water.
8 The soil would have had some water in it on Day 1 and would take a few days to dry out.
9 Measurements to be taken at the same time of day. Same ruler to be used and measured from the same place. Others as appropriate.
10 Repeating measurements is a good way to improve accuracy. Once a collection of different measurements is taken, an average can be obtained.
11 a
b 1A 16 or 17 mm 1B 6 or 7 mm 2C 16 or 17 mm 2D 12 or 13 mm
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 T H E M A R I A N A T R E N C H
1
2
3
Extreme units1.2A N S W E R S
Graphing skills1.3Answers to worksheets
A N S W E R S
Predicted energy consumption in Australia in 200910
electricity45.2%
other3.3%
solar1.0%
oil0.4%
wood15.3%
natural gas34.9%
Reading number
Blood glucose levels
Blood
glucose
level
8
1
7
6
5
4
3
2
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1
2, 3 The greater the height, the lower the graph.
4 a 16b 40
5
6, 7 The greater the mass, the higher the graph.
8 a 13b 28.5
9 a high BMIb medium BMIc low BMId medium BMI
10 Various answers, eg:a 1.4 m, 39.2 kgb 1.6 m, 64 kgc 1.8 m, 129.6 kg
Body mass index1.4A N S W E R S
Mass (kg) BMI (1.6 m tall people) BMI (1.8 m tall people)
50 19.5 15.460 23.4 18.570 27.3 21.680 31.3 24.790 35.2 27.8100 39.1 30.9110 43.0 34.0120 46.9 37.0
Height (m) BMI (50 kg people) BMI (60 kg people)
1.2 34.7 41.71.3 29.6 35.51.4 25.5 30.61.5 22.2 26.71.6 19.5 23.41.7 17.3 20.81.8 15.4 18.51.9 13.9 16.6
Mass (kg)
BM
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1.8 m
1.6 m
Answers to worksheetsA N S W E R S
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 1.1: What, why and how?
1 experiment2 micrometer
Unit 1.2: Scientific research
1 research2 observations3 quantitative4 qualitative5 inference6 variable7 hypothesis8 aim9 conclusion
Unit 1.3: Better measurements
1 estimate2 mistake3 error
4 parallax error 5 reading error 6 instrument errors 7 average 8 metric 9 period
Unit 1.4: Scientific conventions
1 conventions 2 apparatus 3 procedure 4 discussion 5 conclusion 6 bibliography 7 data 8 tabulated 9 independent variable10 dependent variable11 line of best fit
Sci-skills crossword1.5
Sci-words1.6A N S W E R S
A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheetsA N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 Tungsten WSodium NaZinc ZnEinsteinium EsTin SnBoron BCerium CeRadon Rn
2 Am AmericiumUub UnunbiumNe NeonAr ArgonCd CadmiumO OxygenH HydrogenSi SiliconS Sulfur
3 a Radium e Sulfurb Potassium f Heliumc Iodine g Silverd Mercury
4 a 12b Any atoms before carbon on the list, eg
oxygen, heliumc Any atoms after carbon on the list, eg zinc,
silverd Atomic weight generally increasese AW of Mg = 24
AW of C = 1224/12 = 2 times heavier
f AW of He = 4AW of C = 1212/4 = 3 times lighter
5 a Hydrogen, H b Caesium, Cs
The elements2.1A N S W E R S
1 a 99.99 per centb They are averages based on experimental data and are not 100 per cent accurate.
2 Students to colour in diagram.
3 Iron is needed to carry oxygen in our blood from the lungs to all parts of our body.
4 Breathe in, eat them in food, drink them.
Body elements2.2A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Elements wordfind2.3A N S W E R S
G Y M P T N U M N H J G K N D
A R U L U E P U O E N O T O N
L U I U N O E I R L D L I B O
U C D T G N U N O I P D T R R
M R A O S E R I B U O L A A I
I E R N T G O E C M T M N C P
N M M I E O P T A U A U I V L
I A U U N R I S L I S I U E A
U G I M I D U N C N S C M N T
M N M T D Y M I I A I I C I I
L E O I O H D E U R U R O R N
E S R N I T Q D M U M E P O U
A I H C H L O R I N E M P U M
D U C I E M U I R A B A E L X
Q M S K R Y P T O N D P R F B
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Element Mass of oxide (g)
Increase in mass (g)
Percentage increase (%)
Atomic number
Reactivity order
Aluminium 190.1 90.1 90.1 13 5Calcium 139.7 39.7 39.7 20 3Copper 124.5 24.5 24.5 29 9Iron 142.9 42.9 42.9 26 7Lead 103.1 3.1 3.1 82 8Magnesium 166.7 66.7 66.7 12 4Potassium 141.8 41.8 41.8 19 1Sodium 175.3 75.3 75.3 11 2Zinc 124.5 24.5 24.5 30 6
1
2 The points are scattered all over the graph. This shows no relationship between reactivity and mass increase on reaction.
3
4 As atomic number increases there is a decrease in percentage increase in mass.5 The higher the atomic number of the metal, the lower the mass gain on reaction with oxygen6 a Approximately 17 per cent increase in mass.
b Approximately 10 per cent increase in mass.7 a Iron.
b The result was well above the line of best fit and may have been incorrectly weighed.8 a The purity of the reacting metals.
b The surface area of the metal sample.There may be others.
Combination reactions2.4A N S W E R S
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Reactivity order
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Atomic number
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Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1
2 The graph is very close to a straight line, sloping upwards as you move right. You can predict the atomic weight by multiplying the atomic number by 2.5, or you could read the atomic weight from the graph.
3
4 The graph is cyclical, with several peaks and troughs.
Atomic graphs (extension)2.5A N S W E R S
Atomic
radius(pm)
Atomic number
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Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 112
2 The number of protons in the nucleus of the elements.
3 Nobelium, Einsteinium, Mendelevium, Lawrencium, Seaborgium, Bohrium, Rutherfordium, Curium, Fermium. There may be others.
4 Lead 82 PbGold 79 AuOxygen 8 OPotassium 19 KSulfur 16 SCarbon 6 CSilver 47 AgIron 26 FeSodium 11 Na
5 9 Fluorine F4 Beryllium Be40 Zirconium Zr13 Aluminium Al94 Plutonium Pu80 Mercury Hg22 Titanium Ti27 Cobalt 2715 Phosphorus P14 Silicon Si
6 a Sodium, Sulfur, Silicon, Selenium, Seaborgium, Scandium, Strontium, Silver, Samarium.b In order as above: Na, S, Si, Se, Sg, Sc, Sr, Sm.c As many elements start with the same letter, a second letter is needed to tell them apart.
7 a Alkaline metals, Alkaline earth metals, Noble gasesb Helium He, Neon Ne, Argon Arc Helium Balloons, blimps
Neon Neon lightsArgon Fluorescent light tubes
The periodic table2.6A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 2.1: Elements, compounds and mixtures
1 element2 symbol3 atom4 molecule5 lattice6 compound7 formula8 mixture
Unit 2.2: Physical and chemical change
1 physical2 chemical3 combination4 reactant5 product6 decomposition 7 precipitate8 arrow9 solid
10 concentration11 area12 catalysis13 enzymes
Unit 2.3: Inside atoms
1 Dalton2 Thomson3 Rutherford4 Bohr5 alpha6 nucleus7 protons8 neutrons9 electrons
10 charge11 atomic12 mass
Atoms crossword2.7A N S W E R S
Sci-words2.8Answers to worksheets
A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 Microbe size Convert to micrometres (mm X 1000) Convert to nanometres (m X 1000)
3 millimetres 3000 3 000 000
5 millimetres 5000 5 000 000
7 millimetres 7000 7 000 000
5 micrometres 5 000
8 micrometres 8 000
10 micrometres 10 000
2 Microbe name Length or diameter as shown Length or diameter in nanometres
Yeast (fungi) 5 m 5 000
E. coli (bacteria) 3.5 m 3 500
Cholera bacteria 2.5 m 2 500
Filovirus 1 400 nm 1 400
Thiomargarita (fungi) 200 nm 200
Retrovirus 100 nm 100
Cold virus 1.1 nm 1.1
Water molecule 0.3 nm 0.3
3 Thiomargarita (fungi).
4 Thiomargarita (fungi), E. coli (bacteria), yeast (fungi), cholera bacteria.
5 Filovirus, retrovirus, cold virus, water molecule.
6
The size of microbes3.1A N S W E R S
cytoplasm
cell membranecell wall
flagellum
protein coat
chemical withinstructions formaking newviruses
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
0 5 10 150
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2 Identify the time periods that correspond to each of the four phases: lag phase = 0 to 2 hours log phase = 3 to 8 hours stationary phase = 9 to 12 hours death stage = 13 to 15 hours.
3 a The antibiotic was taken at about the 13th hour of infection. b The number of microbes fell very quickly between hours 13 and 14.
4 If you extended the graph to the 16th hour the number of bacteria would be about 4000.
5 The bodys immune system starts killing the bacteria.
Bacterial growth3.2A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 Kills most microbes Stops or slows growth of microbes
Pickling Refrigeration
Pasteurisation Freezing
Heating in cans Drying foods
Salting
2 To keep microbes out; to stop microbes infecting the food, making it go off.
3 The frozen peas contain frozen microbes that will reproduce once the peas are defrosted.
4 a The milk goes off because microbes start to reproduce.b This implies that the pasteurisation process does not kill all of the microbes present in milk.
5 Microbes like warm conditions in which to reproduce and grow. At lower temperatures they grow more slowly, as chemical reactions are slower at colder temperatures.
6 Salted meat would last longer as the salt actually kills the microbes. Dried meat would be more easily spoilt, as the bacteria are already there waiting to grow, but the salted meat would need to be reinfected.
7
Preserving foods3.3A N S W E R S
Food Preservation method
Cream refrigeration, pasteurisation
Apricots dried, refrigeration, heating and sealing in a can or jar
Fish refrigeration or freezing, pickling, salting
Pasta sauce refrigeration or freezing, heating and sealing in a jar
Potato chips salting, airtight
Pizza base refrigeration
Grapes dried (sultanas), refrigeration
Orange juice refrigeration
Peanuts salting, airtight
Salad refrigeration
Onions refrigeration, pickling
Jam heating and sealing in a jar
Answers to worksheetsA N S W E R S
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Disease Symptoms How do you catch it? What causes it?
Malaria Fever, shivering, headaches Insectmosquito Protozoa
Common cold
Runny nose, sore and dry throat, headache
Air, coughing and sneezing Virus
Mumps Painful swelling of the neck. High fever, headache
Air, coughing and sneezing Virus
Chickenpox Itchy, small red blister all over the body
Contact with infected person Virus
Cholera Diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration Contaminated drinking water Bacteria
Ring worm Ring-shaped itchy patches Contact with infected person Fungi
Scarlet fever Fine red rash, sore throat, high temperature, vomiting, tongue looks white with red spots
Air Bacteria
Whooping cough
Extended period of coughs ending with a whoop sound
Air, coughing and sneezing Bacteria
Tinea Itchy red patches between toes Contact with infected person Fungi
Disease3.4A N S W E R S
Microbes crossword3.5A N S W E R S
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Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 3.1: What is a microbe?
1 microorganisms2 formite3 microscope4 electron5 bacteria6 cocci7 flagella8 fungi9 yeast
10 mould11 protists12 cilia13 amoeba14 virus
Unit 3.2: Reproduction in microbes
1 binary2 daughter3 antibiotics4 hyphae5 spore6 sporangium7 budding8 fission9 host
10 antibodies
Unit 3.3: Friend or foe?
1 decomposition2 toxins3 yoghurt4 cheese5 rennin6 truffles7 penicillin8 aerobic9 fermentation
10 carbon dioxide11 yeast 12 athletes foot13 flu
Sci-words3.6A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 100 grams contains
Cereal Energy (kJ)
Protein (g)
Fat(g)
Carbohydrate (g)
Sugar (g)
Fibre (g)
Sodium (mg)
Potassium (mg)
Vita Brits 1510 10.9 2.2 67.6 1.1 11.9 400 n.a.
Weetbix 1390 12 1.3 67 2.8 11 280 340
Weeties 1520 10.9 2.2 68.0 1.1 12.0 405 n.a.
Nutri-Grain 1596 21.9 0.6 69.4 32 2.7 600 147
Corn Flakes 1582 7.8 0.2 83.6 7.9 2.6 800 93
Coco Pops 1603 5.4 0.3 87.7 36.5 1.2 564 243
2
Analyse this!page 14.1A N S W E R S
1650
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Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
3 a All contained similar amounts of energy, though Nutri-Grain, Corn Flakes and Coco Pops contained the most (about 1600 kJ).
b Nutri-Grain stands out as containing the most protein (21.9 g per 100 gabout double all the others).
c All contained low amounts of fat, but Vita Brits and Weeties contained most (2.2 g per 100 gabout triple that of the others).
d Corn Flakes and Coco Pops contained the most carbohydrate (about 85 g per 100 g).e Vita Brits and Weeties contained almost no sugar compared with the others, while Nutri-Grain
and Coco Pops were made up of about one-third sugar.f Vita Brits, Weetbix and Weeties contained most fibre (about 12 g per 100 g).g Corn Flakes stand out as containing most sodium (800 mg per 100 g).h Weetbix contained most potassium (340 mg per 100 g).
4 a Vita Brits and Weeties are low in sugar and high in fibre.b Coco Pops and Nutri-Grain are high in sugar and low in fibre.
5 Various answers depending on student response.6 Various answers depending on student response.
Analyse this!page 24.1A N S W E R S
Sodium (mg)
0100200300400500600700800900
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Potassium (mg)
050
100150200250300350400
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Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 See Figure 4.2.5 in Science Focus 2.
2 a Produces enzymes that aid in digestion.b Digests food through chemical and mechanical processes.c Cut and grind food.d Absorbs minerals and water from food.e Stores glucose, detoxifies blood.f Helps manipulate and push food back for swallowing.g Produces saliva.h Stores bile, which helps digestion of fats.i Absorbs protein, carbohydrates and lipids from food. Most digestion occurs here.j Pushes food from mouth to stomach.
3 a Large intestine.b Pancreas.c Small intestine.d Rectum.e Mouth.
The human circulatory system
Answers to worksheets
4.4A N S W E R S
The human digestive system4.2A N S W E R S
1 See Figure 4.3.7 in Science Focus 2.
2 See Figure 4.3.7 in Science Focus 2.
3 The left side pumps blood to the entire body and must work harder than the right, which just pumps to the lungs.
The heart
Answers to worksheets
4.3A N S W E R S
1 See Figure 4.3.14 in Science Focus 2.
2 See Figure 4.3.14 in Science Focus 2.
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1
2 The brain.
3 The muscles.
4 a 5800 mL/min b 17 500 mL/min
Blood flow rates4.5A N S W E R S
Blood flow
Part of the body
Blood
flow
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(mL/minute)
Abdomen Brain Heart Kidney Muscles Skin Other
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At rest
During strenuous exercise
1 See Figure 4.4.3 in Science Focus 2.2 a The blood.
b Body wastes, including excess water and salts, and urea.
3 Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
4 The urinary system acts like a filter. Blood flows through the kidneys and is cleaned, so that useful substances are kept in the blood and the wastes are removed into the urine. It also ensures that the amount and composition of body fluids are kept at levels that are safe.
The urinary system4.6A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 See Figure 4.5.1 in Science Focus 2.
2 Triggers include dust, smoke, irritants, chemicals and exercise.
3 The airways become narrower. This is caused by the contraction of the airway muscles with swelling and inflammation of the airway lining. This then leads to the production of excess mucus, which further restricts airflow. The result is a reduced amount of air going in and out of the lungs.
4 Wheezing, chest tightness, breathlessness and sometimes coughing.
5 Reliever and preventer medication.
6 A reliever relaxes the muscles of the airway, allowing them to open and produce normal breathing. A preventer reduces swelling and inflammation of the airways, which helps reduce excess mucus production.
7 The normal airways are open, not inflamed or irritated, and produce a little bit of mucus.The asthma sufferer would have a swollen, inflamed lining that may be producing excess mucus, even between attacks.
Asthma4.7A N S W E R S
1 These organisms are too large to allow gases to move directly from the atmosphere to all body cells.
2 The movement of gases across the lining requires a moist surface.
3 a Large surface area and moist surface.b Insectoxygen moves directly from the air to the tissues; fishoxygen moves from water into the
bloodstream.c Large surface area and moist surface.
Other respiratory systems4.8A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 4.1: Food1 dehydration2 water3 lipids4 proteins5 vitamins6 minerals7 carbohydrate8 deficiency9 thiamine
10 potassium11 energy12 nervosa13 bulimia14 obese
Unit 4.2: Digestion1 molars2 incisors3 enamel4 decay5 fluoride
6 alimentary7 bolus8 oesophagus9 peristalsis
10 villi11 caecum12 anus13 rectum14 liver15 sphincter16 chyme17 poisons18 stool19 flatus20 glycogen21 diarrhoea22 vomit
Unit 4.3: Blood and circulation1 plasma2 fibrin
3 transfusion4 artery5 aorta6 capillary7 oxygenated8 atrium9 ventricle
10 valves11 systolic12 pacemaker13 vein
Unit 4.4: Excretion: getting rid of wastes1 excretion2 urea3 water4 kidney5 nephron6 urine7 ureter
8 urethra9 bladder
10 dialysis
Unit 4.5: Respiratory systems1 respiration2 glucose3 carbon dioxide4 enzymes5 metabolism6 anaerobic7 lactic acid8 ethanol9 fermentation
10 windpipe11 alveoli12 epiglottis13 haemoglobin14 diaphragm15 exhaled air16 capillaries
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U R E A T R A N S F U S I O N
A L I M E N T A R Y
E X C R E T O ND E H Y D R A T I O N
D E F I C I E N C Y
D I A R R H O E A
P E R I S T A L S I S
F I B R I NA N U S
D I A L Y S I S
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Body systems crossword4.9A N S W E R S
Sci-words4.10A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1
2 Hot, dry windy weather.
3 The contact between your clothes and the seats surface causes the build-up of static electricity through frictional or contact charging.
4 One surface ends up with more negative charges (your body) and the other surface has more positives (the car).
5 Normally 10 000 V but up to 20 000 V.
6 Any one of the following: changing the surface materials of the car seat changing the type of material in your clothing; some materials, however, such as woollen jumpers
and pants, certain human-made fabrics and plastic raincoats, make the effect worse always going barefooted, so the charge will leak away when you step outside the carnot good in
winter! covering your car seats with a conductor such as aluminium foilthis stops the contact-charging
effect before you get out of the car, touching something metal or glass, which may be enough to take the
charges away without the zap.
7 Your shoes insulate you. Removing them allows the charge to leak out.
8 Trampoline.Carpet in a house.Taking a hat on and off.Taking clothing on and off. Others as suggested by students.
9 Various answers as suggested by students.
Zapping car doors5.1A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 An energy source, such as a battery, a conductor (wires) for the electricity to flow through, something to use up the electrical energy such as a globe or motor, a switch to turn the current on and off.
2 See Figure 5.2.1 in Science Focus 2.
3 See Figure 5.2.2 in Science Focus 2.
4 Circuit with symbols, as it is faster and requires fewer details in diagrams; also it is 2D not 3D.
5 See Figure 5.2.4 in Science Focus 2.
6
7
Electrical symbols and circuits5.2A N S W E R S
Electrical current at the footy5.3A N S W E R S
1 Circuit A.
2 More people could enter the ground.
3 Total number = 2 5 = 10 people every minute.
4 Circuit B.
5 There are two ways for the current to go, so more current flows.
6 The gate is twice as wide so will admit 10 people every minute.
7 Resistance is lower (half).
8 All the people (current) would enter at the truck entrance gate.
9
B
Answers to worksheetsA N S W E R S
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Appliance Power rating (W)
Power rating (kW)
Time used for
Time used for (hours)
Energy used (kWh)
Cost ($)
Standard globe 75 0.075 36 hours 36 2.7 0.324
Fluorescent light 40 0.04 24 hours 24 0.96 0.1152
Hair dryer 1500 1.5 10 minutes 0.167 0.25 0.03
Fan heater 2000 2 2 hours 2 4 0.48
Iron 750 0.75 30 minutes 0.5 0.375 0.045
Computer 350 0.35 5 hours 5 1.75 0.21
Microwave oven 1200 1.2 15 minutes 0.25 0.3 0.036
Stove 8000 8 30 minutes 0.5 4 0.48
Frypan 1500 1.5 15 minutes 0.25 0.375 0.045
Refrigerator 600 0.6 1 week 168 100.8 12.096
Washing machine 1000 1 1.5 hours 1.5 1.5 0.18
Television 250 0.25 2 hours 2 0.5 0.06
Kettle 1800 1.8 5 minutes 0.0833 0.15 0.018
Cassette player 10 0.01 20 minutes 0.333 0.003 33 0.0004
$14.1196
Electricity costs5.4
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A T T R A C T
T U N G S T E N
C U R R E N T
N E U T R A L
K E T T L EN E G A T I V E
P O S I T I V E
F U S E
A R G O N
P A R A L L E L
A L T E R N A T I N G
V O L T A G E
R E S I S T A N C E
I N S U L A T O R
S E R I E S
M E T A L S
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Electricity crossword5.6A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 5.1: Static electricity
1 positive2 negative3 neutral4 attract5 repel6 static7 induced8 photocopier9 field
Unit 5.2: Moving electricity
1 voltage2 currrent3 ammeter4 voltmeter5 nichrome6 insulator7 metals8 cell9 battery
10 lithium
11 photovoltaic12 resistance13 argon14 tungsten15 component
Unit 5.3: Using electricity
1 parallel2 series3 transformer4 direct5 alternating
Sci-words5.7A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 A measure of the ferocity, size and impact of the fire.
2 Fuel consumed, rate of spread and heat energy available in the fuel.
3 I = H W R
4 I = kilowatt per metre, H = kilojoule per kilogram, W = kilogram per square metre, R = metres per hour
5 a I = H W R = 4 10 50 = 2000 kW/mEcological impactmedium impact, trees killed, slow recovery of ecosystem.
b I = 4 50 200 = 40 000 kW/mEcological impactextremely high, ecosystem completely destroyed.
6 Lower limit I = H W R 20 = 4 W 5 20 = 20 WW = 1 kilogram per square metreUpper limit
I = H W R 500 = 4 W 5 500 = 20 W W = 25 kilograms per square metre
A sample of the area would need to have between 1 and 25 kilograms per square metre.
7 a More moisture, lower intensity; less moisture, higher intensity.
b Higher wind, higher intensity, as the wind supplies more oxygen and keeps fire moving faster.
c Fires burn faster and hotter when travelling uphill than down. Sheltered areas may burn at lower intensity than open, exposed areas.
Bushfire intensity6.1A N S W E R S
1 Huntsman spider and mermithid worm.
2 An organism that lives in or on another.
3 Either directly or via food.
4 Body fluids, digestive glands, gonads, muscles.
5 By bursting out of its body.
6 Weakened.
7 a To water.b Possibly thirst.c The worm is aquatic, so its chances of survival are increased.
Whodunnit?6.2A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1
2 a 71.76 kgb 66.04 kgc 53.56 kg
3 a Steady decrease.b Initial increase, then steady.
4 Possibly plastic being used to replace glass containers.
5
6 a 133.64 kgb 127.92 kgc 190.84 kg
7 Various answers, eg paper used in non-packaging steadily increases.
8 1994: 205.40 kg, 1999: 193.96 kg, 2004: 244.40 kg
9 Packaging and non-packaging totals show different trends. The vertical scale for non-packaging involves values around three times larger than those for packaging.
A load of garbage6.3A N S W E R S
kg p
er p
erso
n
250
Other
Garden
Food
Paper
200
150
100
50
0 1999 2004
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
0 1
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x2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1880
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1980
Rabbit advance6.4A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1
2 Various answers, eg cattle grazing, land clearing, food for rabbits and other introduced species.
3 Various answers depending on student research.
Total numbers of rare or threatened Australian plants in all conservation categories
29
78
4017
28
7141
4627
48
9
45
34
16
73 133
154
73
19
128 152
51
35150 237
3530
14
1831
44
16245
774
28
24 128 209
8257
86 85
3715
132316
42
2756
6348
74
66
27
5 3
47
32
76
15
63
27
34
78
250
30
150
713
62
99
125
197
435
452480
308
419
464
51100
101200
201400
401 +
4274
150
Threatened plants6.5A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 6.1: Ecosystems
1 ecosystem2 community3 terrestrial4 aquatic5 biosphere6 biomes7 habitat8 microhabitat
Unit 6.2: Physical attributes of an ecosystem
1 environment2 adaptations3 abiotic4 photic zone5 pH6 biotic7 competition
8 dispersal9 predation
Unit 6.3: Food chains and food webs: interactions of life
1 glucose2 photosynthesis3 producer4 autotroph5 consumer6 heterotroph7 carnivore8 omnivore9 herbivore
10 food chain11 food web12 biodiversity13 organic matter
14 decomposers15 mutualism16 commensalism17 parasitism
Unit 6.4: Effects of human civilisation on the ecosystem
1 pollutant2 global warming3 acid rain4 transpiration5 overgrazing6 deforestation7 exotic species8 conservation
Ecology crossword6.6A N S W E R S
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M A G N I F I C A T I O N
P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S
M U T U A L I S MP R O D U C E R
A B I O T I C
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Sci-words6.7A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 A push and a pull force.2 a Evaporation: Change of
state of water from liquid to gas.
b Transpiration: Evaporation of water from a plant.
c Stomata: Hole in the leaf that allows a water and gases in and out.
3 See Figures 7.1.2 and 7.1.4 in Science Focus 2.
4 See Figure 7.1.5 in Science Focus 2.
5 Strong attractions between water molecules that make them stick together.
6 The Sun.
7 The water in the straw should be higher than the water in the glass.
8 Fill a glass above the rim and observe the curved surface. This is due to the cohesion forces between water molecules.
9 There is a push and pull force involved. Pressure in the roots pushes water upwards. The force of this push can take water about two to three metres. Evaporation of water from the leavescalled transpirationpulls the water molecules up the tree. As
molecules evaporate they attract the molecules around them, as there are strong attractions between water molecules that make them stick together. This creates a small suction force and pulls water upwards. The attraction chain continues to the ground and causes the water to move from the roots to the tree top. Capillary action also helps. As the xylem is a tube, water molecules are attracted to and rise up the walls of the tube a little.
Water movement in trees7.1A N S W E R S
The effect of temperature on photosynthesis
7.2A N S W E R S
1 a Carbon dioxide, water.b Glucose (sugar), oxygen.c Light, chlorophyll.
2 a 6CO2 + 6H
2O
light
C
6H
12O
6 + 6O
2
b A lighted splint will flare when placed in the oxygen gas.
3 a The rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases.
b At these higher temperatures the enzymes involved in photosynthesis are altered (denatured). Without effective enzymes, the rate of reaction slows.
4 Carbon dioxide level and light intensity. 20 30 40
50
40
30
20
Bub
blesper
minute
Temperature (C)
Answers to worksheets
chlorophyll
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
All organisms require energy to carry out their life functions. The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for all life on Earth.
During photosynthesis plants use the energy from the Sun to make food. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which water and carbon dioxide react to form oxygen and glucose. Glucose is the chemical in which the energy is stored. Chlorophyll is a pigment in plants that absorbs the sunlight. The chlorophyll is contained in structures called chloroplasts inside the leaf cells.
This stored energy is available to be used later. The energy in glucose is released in a process called respiration. Both plants and animals release energy in this way.
In respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen to form the products carbon dioxide and water.
Respiration and photosynthesis would occur very slowly without enzymes to act as catalysts and speed up the reactions.
2 a Photosynthesis:Light
water + carbon dioxide oxygen + glucoseb Respiration:
oxygen + glucose water + carbon dioxide (+ energy)
3 a B b A4 a Oxygen.
b The rate of gas production would increase, as more light increases the rate of photosynthesis.
c Insert a glowing splint and it should burst into flames.
5 a Carbon dioxide.b Insert alighted splint and it should go out (or
limewater test).c Yes.d Oxygen from photosynthesis, as the set-up
is now in the light. And carbon dioxide, as respiration goes on all the time.
Photosynthesis and respiration7.3A N S W E R S
1 See Figure 7.3.1 in Science Focus 2.
2 mesophyll cells loosely packed cells that give this part of the leaf a spongy appearance;
loose packing allows large spaces for gases to move between the cells
phloem cells carries food and glucose away from the leaf
air space spaces in the leaf where gases move around cells
lower epidermal cells transparent layer of cells on the bottom of the leaf that act like a skin
upper epidermal cells transparent layer of cells on the top of the leaf that act like a skin
cuticle waxy waterproof layer that reduces loss of water from the leaf
stomata small openings on the leaf surface
xylem cells supplies water to the leaf
palisade cells this layer is tightly packed and contains large numbers of chloroplasts; a large amount of photosynthesis occurs here
chloroplast structure in plant cells that contains the green chlorophyll
guard cells cells that change the size of the stomatal openings, allowing stomata to open and close
Leaves7.4A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
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Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 7.1: Plant transport systems
1 glucose2 starch3 photosynthesis4 xylem5 phloem6 vascular7 minerals8 flaccid9 turgid
10 cambiam
Unit 7.2: Photosynthesis and respiration
1 oxygen2 carbon dioxide3 chlorophyll4 chloroplasts5 iodine6 cellulose7 light reaction
8 respiration 9 enzymes
Unit 7.3: Leaves
1 cuticle2 stomata3 xylem cells4 phloem cells5 palisade cells6 mesophyll cells7 epidermis8 guard cells9 green
Plants crossword7.5A N S W E R S
Sci-words7.6A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 Planet Astronomical distance (AU) Bodes Law
Mercury 0.39 0.4
Venus 0.72 0.7
Earth 1.0 1.0
Mars 1.52 1.6
Unknown planet? 2.8
Jupiter 5.2 5.2
Saturn 9.6 10.0
2 The discovery of Uranus provided proof that Bodes Law was correct and other scientists would more strongly believe it.
3 Astronomers thought that the asteroids were fragments of a larger planet that had exploded.
4 Planet Astronomical distance (AU) Working Bodes Law
Uranus 19.2 Align equals signs in following lines 192 + 4 = 196 196/10 = 19.6 AU
19.6
Neptune 30.1 384 + 4 = 388 388/10 = 38.8
38.8
Pluto 39.6 768 + 4 = 772 772/10 = 77.2
77.2
5 There is a large inaccuracy in the last two results. Bodes Law does not seem to work in these cases.
6 Bodes Law holds for the first seven planets only. A law must hold for all cases; therefore Bodes Law is not a true law. The large error in the results for the last two planets showed that the law was a mathematical coincidence only.
Discovering the asteroid belt8.1A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Common name
Constellation Scrambled Clue Unscrambled
AQUARIUS RATEW RIRECAR A bucket is also one WATER CARRIER
AQUILA LEGEA Powerful bird EAGLE
ARA RATLA Found in a church ALTAR
BOOTES SAMNERDH Looks after herds HERDSMAN
CANCER ABCR Sea creature with exoskeleton
CRAB
CANIS GOD Common pet DOG
CAPRICORNUS TOAG Horned animal GOAT
CENTAURUS TENRACU Half-human, half-horse CENTAUR
CETUS AHELW Large aquatic mammal WHALE
COLUMBA VEDO Bird of peace DOVE
CORVUS RWOC Black bird CROW
CRATER UPC Drinking vessel CUP
CRUX SROCS On the Australian flag CROSS
CYGNUS SNAW The ugly duckling was one
SWAN
DELPHINIUS PINHOLD Intelligent sea mammal DOLPHIN
DORADO WORDSHISF Type of fish SWORDFISH
DRACO ARDNOG Medieval beast DRAGON
FORNAX ACENURF Oven FURNACE
GEMINI NITSW Born together TWINS
GRUS RANEC Lifting device or bird CRANE
HYDRA TARWE SONTREM Type of monster WATER MONSTER
HYDRUS ESA PENTERS Ocean-going snake SEA SERPENT
LEO LINO King of beasts (Africa) LION
LEPUS RAHE Like a rabbit HARE
LIBRA SASECL For measuring mass SCALES
MONOCEROS NINROCU Mythical horned horse UNICORN
MUSCA LYF Annoying insect FLY
ORION RENTUH Seeks animals HUNTER
PAVO PECKACO Bird that displays blue and green colours
PEACOCK
PEGASUS DINGWE ROSEH Flying thoroughbred WINGED HORSE
PICTOR TINREAP Artist PAINTER
PISCIS AUSTRINUS NERTHOUS HISF Fish from the south SOUTHERN FISH
SAGITTARIUS HERARC Uses bow and arrows ARCHER
SCORPIUS POONIRCS Stinging arthropod SCORPION
TAURUS ULLB Male cow BULL
TRIANGULUM AUSTRALE
HTOSNREU GIANRELT Three-sided shape in the south
SOUTHERN TRIANGLE
TUCANA CANOUT Tropical bird with large beak
TOUCAN
URSA AERB The grisly is one BEAR
VOLANS NYILGF IFHS Fish that flies FLYING FISH
Constellations8.2A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
1 See Figure 8.3.1 in Science Focus 2.
2 See Figure 8.3.2 in Science Focus 2.
3 The three main areas are the bulge, the disk and spiral arms, and the halo.
4 Elliptical galaxies have a bulge and a halo, but do not have a disk or spiral arms.
5 The bulge is about 10 000 light years in diameter and contains mostly old stars, gas and dust.
6 The halo contains either individual or clusters of old stars, called globular clusters.
7 Bulge = 1 cm, disk = 10 cm, halo = 13 cm
Parts of a galaxy8.3A N S W E R S
Global positioning8.4A N S W E R S
1 Celestial navigation is the finding of a position on Earth by observation of the Sun, moon, stars and planets.
The celestial sphere is an imaginary hollow sphere with an imaginary centre at the centre of the Earth.
2 G = Global, P = Positioning, S = System.
3 A constellation is group of stars. Celestial bodies are objects in the night sky. The human-made celestial bodies are the satellites. This phrase therefore describes the group of satellites orbiting the Earth.
4 NAVSTAR could mean navigation by the stars (these stars being satellites). The actual meaning of NAVSTAR is NAVigation System by Timing And Ranging.
5 Positional accurately to within metres.
6 The satellites orbit at 20 000 kilometres. The 24 NAVSTAR satellites are in different orbital planes. This provides global coverage for the GPS.
7 Three satellites will give a latitude/longitude position. This is called a 2D position fix. With four or more satellites, you get a 3D position which includes latitude, longitude and altitude.
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Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 8.1: Space rocks
1 astronomy2 asteroid3 comet4 meteor5 meteorite6 meteoroid7 Halley8 tails9 Ceres
Unit 8.2: The night sky
1 light year2 sphere3 ascension4 declination
5 constellation6 Crux7 Centauri8 Hadar
Unit 8.3: The Milky Way and other galaxies
1 galaxy2 spiral3 Milky Way4 quasar5 radio6 AAT7 Hubble8 universe
Unit 8.4: Satellites and remote sensing
1 satellite2 asynchronous3 polar4 Positioning5 meteorology6 false7 Spirit
Sci-words
Answers to worksheets
8.6A N S W E R S
Astronomy crossword8.5A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Solids, liquids and gases crossword1.1A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005. This page may be photocopied for classroom use.
Unit 9.1: Teamwork and topics
1 scientific research2 explorer3 scientist4 team player5 researcher6 open-ended
Unit 9.2: Planning your investigation
1 research2 variables3 independent4 dependent5 controlled6 aim7 hypothesis8 procedure9 replicating
Unit 9.3: Testing and evaluation
1 quantitative2 qualitative3 discussion4 graph5 conclusion6 bibliography
Team research project crossword9.3A N S W E R S
Sci-words9.4A N S W E R S
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