P E A R S O N

8Investigating

SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY

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P E A R S O N

8Investigating

SCIENCE ANDTECHNOLOGY

Senior Author

Lionel SandnerScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Lead Coordinator, Pan-Canadian Science Project

Authors

Nora AlexanderRosebank Road Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Mike CarlinVice-PrincipalWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Glen FatkinNorth Surrey Secondary SchoolSurrey School District, BC

Doug HerridgeGreensborough Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Michael LattnerSpecial Assignment TeacherAlgonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board

Catherine LittleProgram CoordinatorScience, Environmental and Ecological StudiesToronto District School Board

Jim WalshInstructor, Science and TechnologyFaculty of Education, University of Ottawa

Sandy M. WohlInstructor, Curriculum StudiesFaculty of Education, University of British Columbia

Contributing Authors

Jay IngramScience JournalistDaily PlanetDiscovery Channel Canada

Sandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4–8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Senior Technology Consultant

Josef MarthaScience Education Consultant and Writerformerly Northern Gateway Public Schools, AB

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iv

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canadaa division of Pearson Canada Inc.

All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should beobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission, write to the PermissionsDepartment at Pearson Education Canada.

The information and activities presented in this book have been carefully edited andreviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages resulting, in whole orin part, from the reader’s use of this material.

Brand names that appear in photographs of products in this textbook are intended toprovide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and technology andare in no way intended to endorse specific products.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-208049-1ISBN-10: 0-13-208049-4

Printed and bound in Canada

3 4 5 TC 12 11 10 9 8

PROJECT MANAGER: Yvonne Van Ruskenveld (Edvantage Press)

DEVELOPMENTAL EDITORS: Nancy Andraos, Tricia Armstrong, Janis Barr, Susan Girvan,Georgina Montgomery, Rosemary Tanner

CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Erin Khelouiati, Ken Peck

COPY EDITORS: Moira Calder, Louise Oborne

PROOFREADERS: Jennifer Hedges, Christine McPhee, Kari Magnuson

INDEXER: Jennifer Hedges

PRODUCTION COORDINATORS: Sharlene Ross, Shonelle Ramserran

SENIOR MANUFACTURING COORDINATOR: Jane Schell

DESIGN: Alex Li

COMPOSITION: Carolyn E. Sebestyen

ILLUSTRATORS: Kevin Cheng, David Cheung, Crowle Art Group, Jeff Dixon, Jane Whitney

PHOTO RESEARCHER: Terri Rothman

PUBLISHER: Reid McAlpine

MANAGING EDITOR: Cecilia Chan

RESEARCH AND COMMUNICATION MANAGER: Deborah Nelson

This book was printed using paper containing recycled fibre content.

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ProgramMarietta (Mars) BlochDirector, Education ServicesLet’s Talk Science

Assessment Derek TottenCurriculum Consultant York Region District School Board

LiteracySandra MirabelliAcademic Consultant, Literacy, Grades 4 - 8Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Catherine CostelloEducation Consultantformerly Curriculum Coordinator, LiteracyYork Region District School Board

Environmental EducationJane ForbesInstructor, Science and TechnologyOntario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto

Aboriginal Education

Darin CorbiereConsultant, Aboriginal EducationToronto District School Board

Differentiated InstructionKaren HumeStudent Success LeaderDurham District School Board

NumeracySue ContinelliGrapeview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Character EducationDennis CaronSt. Maurice Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

Leda OstafichukJosyf Cardinal Slipyj Catholic Elementary SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

Mirella SanwalkaCurriculum ConsultantScience K-12, EnvironmentYork Region District School Board

Raymond WiersmaLord Elgin Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Combined GradesMaureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

ELL/ESLJane E. SimsEducation Consultantformerly Sir Sandford Fleming AcademyToronto District School Board

Maureen SimsSt. Timothy Catholic School Toronto Catholic District School Board

Safety Peter BlochNorthern Secondary SchoolToronto District School Board

Expert ReviewersIngrid BajewskyNipissing University

Randy DumontMcMaster University

Marina Milner-BolotinRyerson University

Dr. Nagina ParmarHospital for Sick Children (Toronto)

Unit ReviewersMarietta AlibrantiBayview Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Chris AtkinsonMath/Science/Technology ConsultantCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Angela CuleHighview Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

Consultants and Reviewers

Acknowledgements

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Acknowledgements

vi

Anne BradleySt. James the Greater Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Helen BrownGordon B. Attersley Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Patricia Cava Sacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board

Brenda CollinsSt. Jude Catholic SchoolLondon Catholic District School Board

Joan D’EliaRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Chris di TomassoSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Jessica EgelnickRoyal Orchard Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Jody FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Heidi FergusonOur Lady of Sorrows Catholic SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

Alison FernandesSt. Sebastian Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Andy ForgraveHarmony Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Donna Forward Sacred Heart Intermediate SchoolOttawa Catholic District School Board

David GillespieRoland Michener Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Jocelyn HarrisonDixon Grove Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Pat Hogan St. Francis de Sales Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Bill HrynkiwNottingham Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Jodie Hancox-Meyer Doon Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Jessica KotsopoulosYorkhill Elementary SchoolYork Region District School Board

Heather A. MaceFeatherston Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Audra MorganDonview Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Brian MurrantRegent Park Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Jette PowrieOrchard Park Public SchoolHalton District School Board

Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Allan SavageJoseph Howe Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Jeffrey SchaefferBlue Willow Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Robert StronachAnnette Street Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Casey WilsonW.G. Davis Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Susan WilsonSt. Rita Catholic Elementary SchoolDufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board

Field-Test TeachersChris AtkinsonSt. Francis Xavier Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Jody Bonner-VickersJ.W. Walker SchoolRainy River District School Board

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Acknowledgements

vii

Nizam HussainMilitary Trail Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Terry JayAssikinack Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Matt JohnstonBirch Cliff Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Kristi Johnston BatesSt. Michael Catholic High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Kristina KernohanApplecroft Public SchoolDurham District School Board

Irene KicakGlenview Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Heather LanningGeneral Crerar Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Jeff LauckeRosedale Public SchoolLambton Kent District School Board

Nicholas LemireHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board

Tait LusteGlenhaven Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Hugh MacLeanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Marjory MassonEarl Beatty Junior and Senior Public SchoolToronto District School Board

Irene McCuaigLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board

Mary Sue McIntyreMonsignor Michael O'Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Brian MurrantVictoria Harbour Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Tom RhindLakewood SchoolKeewatin-Patricia District School Board

Rebecca RidlerPrince of Wales Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Phil SandersNorthdale Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Rey SandreSt. Mark Catholic SchoolToronto Catholic District School Board

Ryan SealeSacred Heart Catholic SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

John StarrattMonsignor Michael O’Leary SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Corinna Taverna-RossiKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board

Stacy van BoxtelSt. Andrew’s SchoolRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Janice WhitonKateri Tekakwitha Catholic Elementary SchoolYork Catholic District School Board

Raymond WiersmaChippewa Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Craig WinslowSt. Martin SchoolNiagara Catholic District School Board

StudentsThe authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank allthe students who participated in focus groups and field tests duringthe development of this book.

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viii

Michele ChomniakAbbey Lane Public SchoolHalton District School Board

Brenda CollinsSt. Jude SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

Craig CorbettRolling Meadows Public SchoolHalton District School Board

Rosalie CrossBlossom Park Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Mary CuylleHillcrest Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Kara DalgleishBellmore Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

Brett DavisQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Ian DawsonRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Veronica DeignanSt. Elizabeth Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Sonia DiCola KopichanskiOur Lady of Lourdes SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

Nadine Dodds CormackW.H. Day Elementary SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Seana DonohueNotre Dame High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Kristy DuncanLockview Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Sam FalzoneR.J. Lang Elementary & Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Julia FarewellCamilla Road Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Jodi FerdinandA.J. Charbonneau Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Prepublication ReviewersLisa AckmanHighview Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Ann-Marie BabineauD.A. Moodie Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Savita BalagopalSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Vijaya BalchandaniNorth Kipling Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Swarnaly Banerjee-ModiTomken Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Janet BartoliniHumber Valley Village Junior SchoolToronto District School Board

Martin BeswickPrincess Margaret Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Shivani BhagriaHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Marlene BilkeyRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Tracy BridgenWestdale Park Public SchoolLimestone District School Board

Melissa BrownlowEarnscliffe Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Mahlon BryantonBeachburg Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Sukwinder BuallElia Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Shayne CampbellKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Patricia CavaSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Lenny ChiroAmesbury Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

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ix

Heidi FergusonOur Lady of SorrowsRenfrew County Catholic District School Board

Ian FischerSt. Joseph High SchoolOttawa Catholic School

Erika Fleming GillespieSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Kim FoleyPerth Road Public SchoolLimestone District School Board

Donna ForwardSacred Heart High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Michael Frankfort Public School

York Region District School Board

Jeff FraserRoberta Bondar Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Jennifer FreelandtImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Lorraine GaneshFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Sarah GarrettKing George Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Krista GauthierRockwood SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Fraser GillMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Mike GlazierLondon District Catholic School Board

Kevin GoodeMinesing Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Shaunna GoodeMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Rob GreenTreeline Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Akaran GuyadinThe Elms Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Deb HearnMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Tara HewittAgnes Hodge Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

Marc HodgkinsonLorn Avenue Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Bryan HonsingerCarleton Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Colleen HutchesonGlashan Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Wayne IsaacSt. Andrews Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Krista JarvieHuttonville Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Brent Johnston W.T. Townsend Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Kristi Johnston-BatesSt. Michael High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Darayus KangaHilltop Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Tom KarrowWellesley Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Adam KellyGreenbank Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Gita KhannaFisherville Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board

Deb KiekensEarling Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Amy Kilty SchwandtOxbow Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Dr. Jean Kisoon-SinghMount Royal Public SchoolPeel District School Board

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Thornhill Woods

Acknowledgements

x

Elizabeth MayockHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Monica McArthur-JosephErin Centre Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Rob McBeth Baden Public SchoolWaterloo Region District School Board

Cara McCraeCentennial Central Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Diana McFarland-MundyQueen Elizabeth Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Dave McGaghranRyerson Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

Mark McKinleyJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

Chris McKinnonSt. Timothy Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Hugh McleanCentennial Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Manish MehtaLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Paul MenicaninWinona Public SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

Cindi Mitchell Armadale Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Yvan MoiseSt. Paul High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Ginny MonaghanBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Luis MorgadinhoSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Frank MullerBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Brenda KusmenkoFairwind Senior Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Helen Laferriere Monsignor J.E. Ronan SchoolSimcoe Muskoka Catholic District School Board

Marilyn LajeunesseMonsignor William Gleason Catholic SchoolWaterloo District School Board

Jean-Benoit LancaImmaculata High SchoolOttawa Catholic School Board

Chris LanisJohn English Junior Middle SchoolToronto District School Board

Bill LegateBeavercrest Community SchoolBluewater District School Board

Natalie LeitchJ.D. Hogarth Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Andrew LeslieHillcrest Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Steve LogueCheyne Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Lara LosetoWalter Scott Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Andrew LovattSt. Thomas Aquinas High SchoolCatholic District School Board of Eastern Ontario

Heather MaceFeatherstone Drive Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Jenn MacKinnonSt. Agnes Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Tracey MacMillianHerman Street Public SchoolRenfrew County District School Board

Art MacNeilMcCrimmon Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Sean MathesonHighland Junior High SchoolToronto District School Board

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Katie MullerGateway Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Trevor OrmerodElementary Instructional Resource TeacherPeel District School Board

Johanna PastmaCaistor Central Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Steacy PetersenKortright Public SchoolUpper Grand District School Board

Jennifer PhillipsHumberwood Downs Junior Middle AcademyToronto District School Board

Elizabeth PiwowarSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Julie PodestaHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

Georgina PurchaseJack Donahue Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Rena RoSunny View Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Lisa RomeHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Michaeline RowberryBristol Road Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Ernie SalacJames Strath Public SchoolKawartha Pine Ridge District School Board

Shirley SaundersHawthorn Public SchoolPeel District School Board

Tamara Sayers-PringleHarry J. Clarke Public SchoolHastings and Prince Edward District School Board

Ericka SchroederSt. Clemens Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

Manny Sciberras John McCrae Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Clare ShannonEgremont Community SchoolBluewater District School Board

David Shulman German Mills Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Denise StansfieldSir John A. Macdonald Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Trevor StarkesRuth Thompson Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Corrina StrongLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Enzo TignanelliSt. Luke Catholic SchoolWaterloo Catholic District School Board

John ToveyNobleton Sr. Public SchoolYork Region District School Board

Brandon TseLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Cathy ViscountStanley Park Public SchoolWaterloo Regional District School Board

Dana WallaceSir Winston Churchill Public SchoolOttawa-Carleton District School Board

Greg WatsonPort Weller Public SchoolDistrict School Board of Niagara

Corey WellsBaxter Central Public SchoolSimcoe County District School Board

Deborah WestonLisgar Middle SchoolPeel District School Board

Lisa Weston TourignySir Arthur Carty SchoolLondon District Catholic School Board

Annie WhiteBennetto Elementary SchoolHamilton-Wentworth District School Board

Michelle WillsonCourtland Public SchoolGrand Erie District School Board

Sandy WilsonHillcrest Public SchoolThames Valley District School Board

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1.0 Chapter Review 32A19 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Reverse Osmosis 33

Cellular processes sustain living things. 34

A20 Quick Lab Meeting Basic Needs for Survival 37

2.1 Unicellular Organisms 38A21 Starting Point What Is Going on in theComposter? 38

A22 During Reading Visualizing with Combination Notes 39

A23 Inquiry Activity Observing Unicellular Organisms 41

Check and Reflect 42

A24 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Cooking and Freezing 42

2.2 Multicellular Organisms and CellSpecialization 43A25 Starting Point Specialized Structures to Do Specialized Jobs 43

A26 Learning Checkpoint Explaining the Size 46

A27 Inquiry Activity Observing MulticellularOrganisms 47

A28 Design a Lab Cells and Solutions 48

Check and Reflect 49

A29 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Water for Cells 49

2.3 Plant and Animal Cellular Processes 50A30 Starting Point Yeast in Action 50

A31 During Reading Visualizing the Cell as a Factory or a City 51

A32 Quick Lab Modelling Diffusion 53

Check and Reflect 54

A33 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Helping Cells, Harming Cells 55

Science and Technology in Your WorldMicrobiologists at Work 55

2.0 Chapter Review 56A34 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Protecting Cells in the Environment 57

Science and Technology Safety Procedures xx

Exploring Your Textbook — Investigating Science and Technology 8 xxiii

UNITA 2

CellsA1 Quick Lab One Big Cell 6

A2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Using an Insecticide 6

Cells are the basic units of all living things. 8

A3 Quick Lab Defining Living Things 11

1.1 Living Things and Cell Theory 12A4 Starting Point Make Your Own Magnifier 12

A5 During Reading Reading Like a Writer 13

A6 Quick Lab Care and Use of a Microscope 15

Check and Reflect 16

A7 Thinking about Science, Technology, andSociety The Importance of Technology in Science 16

1.2 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells 17A8 Starting Point What’s the Magnification? 17

A9 During Reading Using Headings 19

A10 Quick Lab Building a Cell 21

A11 Quick Lab Preparing Dry Mount Slides 21

A12 Quick Lab Preparing Wet Mount Slides 22

Check and Reflect 23

A13 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society “Perfecting” Plants 23

1.3 The Flow of Materials into and ut of Cells 24

A14 Starting Point Finding Buried Treasure 24

A15 Learning Checkpoint Build a Mind Map 25

A16 Inquiry Activity Diffusion Detective 28

A17 Inquiry Activity Food for Thought 29

Check and Reflect 30

A18 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society The Artificial Kidney 30

Science and Technology in Your WorldSolving the Mystery of Viruses 31

Contents

1.0

2.0

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Healthy organisms depend on the interaction of healthy cells,tissues, and organs. 58

A35 Quick Lab Amoeba Race 61

3.1 From Cells to Tissues to Organs 62A36 Starting Point Your Body Can Heal Itself 62

A37 Learning Checkpoint Note Taking 64

A38 Problem-Solving Activity Special-EffectsTechnician 65

Check and Reflect 66

A39 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society X-Rays and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 66

3.2 Interdependent Organ Systems 67A40 Starting Point An Open and Shut Case 67

A41 During Writing The Structure of a Newspaper Article 69

A42 Inquiry Activity Flower Power 70

Check and Reflect 71

A43 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society How Loud Is “Too Loud”? 71

3.3 The Impact of Research in Cell Biology 72A44 Starting Point Simple Solutions 72

A45 During Writing What’s Your Opinion? 75

A46 Decision-Making Analysis Stopping the Spread of Infectious Disease 76

A47 Decision-Making Analysis Growing Bt Corn and Other Modified Plants 77

Check and Reflect 78

A48 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society What Kind of Testing Should Be Done? 78

Making Connections Wow! Bacteria 79

3.0 Chapter Review 80A49 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Public Choices Affect the Health of Cells 81

Unit A Summary 82

Unit A Task 83

Unit A Review 84A50 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment What’s the Limit? 87

3.0

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Science and Technology in Your WorldArtificial Limbs 123

4.0 Chapter Review 124B22 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Garden Rake versus Leaf Blower 125

Mechanical systems involvemachines that are designed to do work efficiently. 126

B23 Quick Lab Locating Simple Machines on a Mountain Bike 129

5.1 Simple Machines and Mechanisms 130B24 Starting Point Choose a Simple Machine 130

B25 During Reading To Predict or to Infer? 132

B26 Learning Checkpoint Three Classes of Levers 135

B27 Inquiry Activity Measuring the MechanicalAdvantage of Simple Machines 141

B28 Problem-Solving Activity Best Machine for the Job 142

Check and Reflect 143

B29 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Think Before You Buy 143

5.2 Efficiency 144B30 Starting Point Work Can Be a Drag 144

B31 Learning Checkpoint Calculating Efficiency 147

B32 Inquiry Activity Increasing Efficiency 149

Check and Reflect 150

B33 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment Ontario’s Bright Idea 150

Science and Technology in Your WorldMechanical Engineer 151

5.0 Chapter Review 152B34 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Building a Modern Pyramid 153

UNITB 88

Systems in ActionB1 Quick Lab Clothes Peg Surgery 92

B2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Components of a System 92

Mechanical systems use forces to transfer energy. 94

B3 Quick Lab Lift This 97

4.1 Force 98B4 Starting Point Identifying Forces 98

B5 During Reading Making Connections 100

B6 Learning Checkpoint Weight and Mass 102

B7 Quick Lab Measuring Force with a Spring Scale 103

B8 Inquiry Activity The Force of Gravity 104

Check and Reflect 105

B9 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment The Right Shoe 105

4.2 Work and Energy 106B10 Starting Point What Is Work? 106

B11 During Reading Making Connections 107

B12 Learning Checkpoint Calculating Work 111

B13 Quick Lab How Much Work Does It Take? 111

Check and Reflect 112

B14 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Giving Society a Lift 112

4.3 Mechanical Advantage 113B15 Starting Point Everyday Machines 113

B16 Learning Checkpoint Describing Machine Forces 116

B17 Learning Checkpoint Mechanical Advantage119

B18 Learning Checkpoint Human MechanicalAdvantage 119

B19 Quick Lab Calculating Mechanical Advantage 120

B20 Design a Lab My Bicycle’s Mechanical Advantage 121

Check and Reflect 122

B21 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Can Opener 122

4.0 5.0

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Systems have an impact on our society. 154

B35 Quick Lab Your School’s Waste Management 157

6.1 Non-mechanical Systems in Society 158B36 Starting Point Non-mechanical Systems inSociety 158

B37 During Writing A Problem, Its Causes, and Some Solutions 159

B38 Quick Lab Assembly Not Included 161

B39 Quick Lab Providing a Service to Society 162

Check and Reflect 163

B40 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society You: The Consumer 163

6.2 Assessing the Impact of Automation and Alternative Systems 164B41 Starting Point To Mall or Not to Mall: That Is the Question 164

B42 During Writing Organizing Writing Ideas 165

B43 Decision-Making Analysis My Opinion ofAutomation 171

Check and Reflect 172

B44 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Automating Your School’s Recycling Program 172

Making Connections The Trebuchet 173

6.0 Chapter Review 174B45 Thinking about Science, Technology, and Society Assessing the Change 175

Unit B Summary 176

Unit B Task 177

Unit B Review 178B46 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Rethinking the Engine 181

6.0

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8.1 Viscosity and the Effects of Temperature 210C15 Starting Point Thick or Thin? 210

C16 During Reading Monitoring Comprehension ith “Fix-up” Strategies 212

C17 Design a Lab Flow Rate of Fluids 214

Check and Reflect 215

C18 Thinking about Science and TechnologyMeasuring the Flow Rate of Gas 215

8.2 Density and Buoyancy 216C19 Starting Point Dense and Denser 216

C20 Learning Checkpoint Calculate and Compare 219

C21 Inquiry Activity Calculating Mass-to-Volume Ratio 222

C22 Problem-Solving Activity HomemadeHydrometer 224

Check and Reflect 226

C23 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWorldwide Shipping 226

8.3 Pressure in Fluids 227C24 Starting Point Pressure Can — TeacherDemonstration 227

C25 Inquiry Activity Compressing Fluids 230

Check and Reflect 232

C26 Thinking about Science and TechnologyPipes and Plumbing 232

Science and Technology in Your WorldMeteorologist 233

8.0 Chapter Review 234C27 Thinking about Science and TechnologyPropane Tanks 235

Many technologies are based on the properties of fluids. 236

C28 Quick Lab Soap Foam 239

9.1 Fluid Systems 240C29 Starting Point Pressure Push 240

C30 During Writing Using a Venn Diagram toCompare and Contrast 243

UNITC 182

FluidsC1 Quick Lab Pump Up the Volume 186

C2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Fluids on the Move 186

Fluids are used in technologicaldevices and everyday materials. 188

C3 Quick Lab Cartesian Diver 191

7.1 The Many Uses of Fluids 192C4 Starting Point Finding Flowing Fluids 192

C5 During ReadingPOE (Predict, Observe, Explain) 194

C6 Quick Lab Functions of Fluids 195

Check and Reflect 196

C7 Thinking about Science and TechnologyUseful Properties of Fluids 196

7.2 Fluids and the Particle Theory of Matter 197C8 Starting Point Colourful Crystal 197

C9 Learning Checkpoint Understanding the Text 199

C10 Quick Lab Balloon Tricks 200

C11 Inquiry Activity Mixtures of Matter 201

Check and Reflect 202

C12 Thinking about Science and TechnologyWhen Water Freezes 202

Science and Technology in Your WorldGlowing Glass 203

7.0 Chapter Review 204C13 Thinking about Science and TechnologyTechnology Tools 205

Viscosity, density, andcompressibility are all properties of fluids. 206

C14 Quick Lab Full of Hot Air — TeacherDemonstration 209

7.0

8.09.0

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C31 During Writing Talk Time — A Rehearsal forWriting 246

C32 Decision-Making Analysis The “Cost” ofExtracting Oil 248

C33 Problem-Solving Activity Golf Ball Loader 249

Check and Reflect 250

C34 Thinking about Science and TechnologyTransporting Fluid 250

9.2 The Impact of Fluid Spills 251C35 Starting Point Not Every Oil Spill Is the Same 251

C36 Learning Checkpoint Classifying Clean-upMethods 255

C37 Decision-Making Analysis Disposing ofHousehold Fluids 257

C38 Inquiry Activity Oil Spill Clean-up 258

Check and Reflect 260

C39 Thinking about Science and TechnologySearching for the Source of Spills 260

Making Connections Quicksand 261

9.0 Chapter Review 262C40 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Taking Care of Fluids 263

Unit C Summary 264

Unit C Task 265

Unit C Review 266C41 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the EnvironmentPipeline Problems 269

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Check and Reflect 302

D18 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment The Unfreezing of the Northwest Passage 302

Science and Technology in Your WorldPoint Pelee: A Great Lakes Microclimate 303

10.0 Chapter Review 304D19 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Predicting Major Storms 305

Monitoring water systems is critical for maintaining water supply and quality. 306

D20 Quick Lab Dissecting a Water Filtration Device — Teacher Demonstration 309

11.1 Natural and Human Factors Affecting Our Water Supply 310D21 Starting Point Nature and the Water Table 310

D22 Learning Checkpoint Your Water Table K-W-L Chart 313

D23 Problem-Solving Activity Clearing MuddyWaters 315

Check and Reflect 316

D24 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Competing for Water Use 316

11.2 Obtaining Water Quality 317D25 Starting Point How Much Do You Know About Your Drinking Water? 317

D26 Learning Checkpoint The Water You Drink 321

D27 Inquiry Activity Be a Water Quality Inspector 322

Check and Reflect 323

D28 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Down the Drain 323

11.3 Managing Our Water Systems 324D29 Starting Point How Much Do You Know About Waste Water? 324

D30 Learning Checkpoint Treating Waste Water 326

D31 During Reading The Question-AnswerRelationship 330

UNITD 270

Water SystemsD1 Quick Lab Taking a Closer Look at Earth’sPopulation 274

D2 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Caring for Our Global Water Supply 274

Water on Earth exists in different states and is alwaysmoving and changing. 276

D3 Quick Lab Would You Drink It? 279

10.1 Earth’s Supply of Water 280D4 Starting Point Water Systems Alphabet 280

D5 Learning Checkpoint Liquid Water 283

D6 Learning Checkpoint The Watershed Connection 287

D7 Quick Lab How Much Fresh Water Is Available for Use? 287

D8 Inquiry Activity Make a Model Aquifer 288

Check and Reflect 289

D9 Thinking about Science and the Environment Canada’s Groundwater MappingProgram 289

10.2 Water’s Influence on Weather and Climate 290D10 Starting Point The Water Cycle and Weather 290

D11 During Reading Main Idea or Supporting Detail? 291

D12 Learning Checkpoint Water’s Heat 293

D13 Quick Lab Investigating Climate Data 295

D14 Inquiry Activity Can It Take the Heat? 296

Check and Reflect 297

D15 Thinking about Science and theEnvironment Weather in the Media 297

10.3 The Effects of Ice on Water Systems 298D16 Starting Point Predicting the Effects of Water System Changes 298

D17 Inquiry Activity Researching a Changing Glacier 301

10.0

11.0

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D32 Quick Lab How Phosphates Affect Our Water Supply 330

D33 Decision-Making Analysis Managing Small Sound’s Water Supply 331

Check and Reflect 332

D34 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Educating the Community 332

Science and Technology in Your WorldCareer: Public Health Inspector 333

11.0 Chapter Review 334D35 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Lessons Learned 335

Stewardship of our water systems is needed to ensure their sustainability. 336

D36 Quick Lab What Does Stewardship of WaterSystems Look Like? 339

12.1 Stewardship through WaterConservation 340D37 Starting Point Daily Water Use in an Average Canadian Home 340

D38 During Writing Gathering Information in a Web 341

D39 Inquiry Activity Be a Water Watchdog 344

Check and Reflect 345

D40 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment You and Your Water Bill 345

12.2 Issues Relating to Water’s Sustainability 346D41 Starting Point Finding Messages ehind Words 347

D42 During Writing Writers Make Decisionswith RAFTS 349

D43 Decision-Making Analysis Exploring a Great Lakes Issue 350

Check and Reflect 351

D44 Thinking about Science, Society, and the Environment Mini Media Analysis 351

12.3 Water Sustainability through Science and Technology 352D45 Starting Point Looking More Closely at Solutions 352

D46 Inquiry Activity Changing Salt Water into Fresh Water 355

Check and Reflect 356

D47 Thinking about Technology, Society, and the Environment Fog Water 356

Making Connections A Tea Cup of Storm Clouds 357

12.0 Chapter Review 358D48 Thinking about Society and the Environment Group Actions 359

Unit D Summary 360

Unit D Task 361

Unit D Review 362D49 Thinking about Science, Technology, Society, and the Environment Water for All 365

Toolkits 366Glossary 405Index 411Photo Credits and Acknowledgements 417

12.0

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b

xx

You will be doing many activities in thisbook.

When doing an activity, it is veryimportant that you follow the safety rulesbelow. Your teacher may have safetyinstructions to add to this list. As you readthe rules, discuss with a partner or note why each one is an example of common-sense safety.

Before You Begin

1. Read and make sure you understand theinstructions in the text or in anyhandouts your teacher may provide.Follow your teacher’s direction always.Never change or start an activitywithout approval.

2. Watch for “Caution” notes. These noteswill tell you how to take extra care asyou work through the activity. Makesure you understand what the cautionsmean.

3. Learn to recognize the warning symbolsfor hazardous materials shown inToolkit 1, pages 367–368.

4. Keep your work area uncluttered andorganized.

5. Know the location of fire extinguishersand other safety equipment.

6. Always wear safety goggles and anyother safety clothing as requested byyour teacher or this book.

7. If you have long or loose hair, tie it back.Roll up long shirt sleeves.

8. Inform your teacher if you have anyallergies or medical conditions, oranything else that might affect yourwork in the science classroom.

During the Activity

9. Report any safety concerns you have orhazards you see (such as spills) to yourteacher.

10. Don’t eat, drink, or chew gum in yourscience classroom.

11. Never taste anything in science class.

12. Never smell any substance directly.Instead, gently wave your hand over itto bring its vapours toward your nose, asshown in the photo below.

Science and Technology Safety Procedures

Safety

Smell an odour by wafting it toward you.

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Safety

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13. Handle all glassware carefully. If you seecracked or broken glass, ask your teacherhow to dispose of it properly.

14. Handle knives and other sharp objectswith care. Always cut away fromyourself, and never point a sharp objectat another person.

15. Heat solids and liquids only in openheat-resistant glass containers and testtubes. Use tongs or protective gloves topick up hot objects.

16. When you heat test tubes, make sure thatthe open end is pointing away from youand anyone else in the room. The photobelow shows the correct way to do this.

17. When heating a substance, make sure thecontainer does not boil dry.

18. If any part of your body comes in contactwith a chemical, wash the areaimmediately and thoroughly with water.If you get anything in your eyes, do nottouch them. Wash them immediately and continuously with water for 15 minutes. Inform your teacher.

19. Keep water or wet hands away fromelectrical outlets or sockets.

20. Use tools safely when cutting, joining, ordrilling. Make sure you know how to useany tools properly.

21. Use special care when you are nearobjects in motion, gears and pulleys, andelevated objects.

22. Make sure equipment is placed safely sothat people will not knock it over or tripover it. Report any damaged equipmentto your teacher immediately.

23. Treat all living things with respect.Follow your teacher’s instructions whenworking with living things in theclassroom or on a field trip.

When You Finish the Activity

24. Make sure you close the containers ofchemicals immediately after you use them.

25. Follow your teacher’s instructions tosafely dispose of all waste materials.

Make sure the open end of the test tube is pointing awayfrom you when you heat it.

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Safety

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26. Always wash your hands well with soap,preferably liquid soap, after handlingchemicals or other materials. Alwayswash your hands after touching plants,soil, or any animals and their cages orcontainers.

27. When you have finished an experiment,clean all the equipment before putting itaway. Be careful with hot plates andequipment that have been heated as theymay take a long time to cool down.

Wear the proper safety equipment when doing science activities.

Learning Checkpoint

The picture shows a

science class performing

a science activity.

Unfortunately, some of

the students are not

following proper safety

procedures. Work with a

partner to identify and

list the problem actions.

Then suggest a better,

safer way to perform

each action. After you

have finished, share

your observations with

the class.

Safety Skills

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Investigating Science and Technology 8

Exploring Your Textbook

Discover how to use your Investigating Science and Technology 8 book.Explore the different parts of your textbook by finding the answers to thefollowing questions.

EExxpplloorree1. Find the Unit Overview for Unit B. What BigIdeas will you learn as you explore this unit?2. At the beginning of each chapter you canfind a list of key terms. How many key

terms are there in Chapter 5? Where canyou go to find the meanings of these terms?

3. Find a Take it Further margin feature inChapter 7 that describes plasma. Where canyou go to explore this topic in more detail?

4. For some of the Inquiry Activities, there aresymbols at the top of the Materials &Equipment list. Find and sketch three ofthese symbols and describe what theymean. Can you find a place in your textbookwhere all of the symbols are explained?

AAnnaallyyzzee

1. Look at the Getting Ready to Read feature at

the beginning of Unit A. What does it

suggest you do to help you read the unit?

Find an example of another Getting Ready

to Read feature in your textbook.

2. When would you use the Toolkits located at

the back of the book? Find an activity that

refers you to Toolkit 2.

3. Find an example of a Before Reading Activity

at the beginning of a chapter. How could

this activity help you to understand the

chapter better?

4. Look at the headings for a Chapter Review

and a Unit Review. Which headings occur in

both reviews? Which headings occur in only

one review?

DDiissccoovveerr

1. What are the four units you will study in

Investigating Science and Technology 8?

2. How many chapters are there in Unit A?

Each chapter is divided into parts. What are

these parts called? How many are there in

Chapter 3?

3. Find examples of two different types of

reading activities. Where will you find

each one?

LLeeaarrnn1. Where can you find a summary of what youwill learn in each section?2. Find a Words Matter margin feature from

Chapter 9 that describes what SCUBAmeans. What can you learn about in aWords Matter margin feature?

3. When would you use a LearningCheckpoint?

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