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SCIENCE
Chapter 1: Structure and Properties of Matter
&
Chapter 2: Physical and Chemical Changes
Dr. Perez – Grade 5
The States of Matter… Gases, Liquids, and Solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the
behaviors of these particles differ in the three phases. The following
illustrates the microscopic differences:
Particles in gas are well
separated with no
regular arrangement.
Particles in liquid are
close together with no
regular arrangement.
Particles in solid are
tightly packed, usually
in a regular pattern.
Particles in gas vibrate
and move freely at high
speeds.
Particles in liquid
vibrate, move about,
and slide past each
other.
Particles in solid
vibrate but generally do
not move from place
to place.
Some characteristics of …
GAS LIQUID SOLID
Assumes the shape and
volume of its container
particles can move past
one another
Assumes the shape of
the part of the
container which it
occupies particles can
move or slide past one
another
Retains a fixed volume
and shape rigid –
particles locked into
place
Compressible lots of
free space between
particles
Not easily compressible
little free space between
particles
Not easily compressible
little free space between
particles
Flows easily particles
can move past one
another
Flows easily particles
can move past one
another
Does not flows easily
rigid - particles cannot
move or slide past one
another
What are physical properties?
The characteristics used to identify matter and distinguish them from
one another are called properties. Some examples of physical
properties are:
• physical state (solid, liquid or gas)
• color
• odor
• solubility in water (the ability of substance to dissolve in water)
• density
• melting point
• boiling point
• freezing point
• conductivity
• mass
• volume
Mass is… • Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Mass is not the same as weight.
• Is measured with a balance
• Always constant! Will not change, no matter where the object is in
the universe.
• Weight is a result of the pull of gravity on an object and is measured with
a scale.
Density is…
• the concentration
(amount) of matter in an
object, or the amount of
matter in an objects
volume.
• tells us about the
compactness of a
material and is
determined by how close
together the particles are.
Clue Example Descriptions
Color
change
Bread dough
baking
Changes from
white to brown
Smell Eggs rotting Smells bad
New matter
created
Wood burning Wood changes
to ash
Gas created Baking soda
added to
vinegar
Creates carbon
dioxide gas
Heat or
Light
created
Fireworks Burning chemicals
creates light and heat
Solubility in Water… Ability of a substance to dissolve when added to water
• A liquid (lemon juice)
• A solid (powdered drink mix)
• A gas (carbon dioxide) can be dissolved in water
Relative Density Sinking & Floating… Weight does not determine if an object will sink or float.
Conduction… Some materials allow thermal (heat) energy or electrical energy to flow
through them easily.
Insulation… Some materials do not allow thermal (heat) energy or electrical energy to
flow through them easily.
Review…
Matter has measurable physical properties. Those properties determine
how matter is classified, changed or used.
Physical Science Vocabulary
SCIENTIFIC METHOD PURPOSE – The question you have in the experiment
HYPOTHESIS – Your educated guess
VARIABLE – The ONE thing in an experiment that is different; it is what
you are testing
CONTROLS – The things in an experiment that are the SAME
TRIALS – When you do an experiment three times to make sure the results
are valid.
Review…
MATTER
MASS – the amount of matter an object has; measured in grams
MATTER – anything that has mass and takes up space
PHYSICAL PROPERTY – A characteristic of matter
PHYSICAL CHANGE – A change in the appearance of matter without
changing the matter itself
TEXTURE – How something feels
ODOR – How something smells
VOLUME – The amount of space taken up by matter
DISPLACEMENT – when an object takes up the space that water used
to be in; it is how you find volume
GRAVITY – the force that brings objects down on Earth and other planets
DENSITY – the amount of mass an object has in a certain volume.
BUOYANCY – the ability of an object to float
WEIGHT – the measure of the amount of gravity acting on an object’s mass
Review…
THREE STATES OF MATTER: 1) SOLID – A state of matter that has a fixed shape and volume.
2) LIQUID – A state of matter that has a fixed volume, but its shape
changes to match the shape of its container
3) GAS – A state of matter that does NOT have a fixed shape or volume
FREEZING/MELTING POINT OF WATER -- 0 Degrees Celsius
BOILING POINT OF WATER – 100 Degrees Celsius
Review…
Mixtures & Solutions
MIXTURE – A combination of two or more substances that do not join
together to form a new substance; each substance maintains its own physical
properties can sometimes be easily separated; usually a solid
SOLUTION – A mixture in which the substances are spread out evenly
between one another and the physical properties change of the matter that
dissolves; usually difficult to separate
DISSOLVE – To form a solution with another substance – it looks like it
disappears. Salt, sugar and baking soda are examples in water
SOLUBILITY/SOLUBLE – The ability of a substance to dissolve
CRYSTALS – What is left behind/what forms in water.. sugar and salt
have crystals
Review…
Energy SOURCE – Where the energy originally comes from
CONDUCTOR – A material that heat, sound and electricity travels
through very quickly… Metals are the best conductors.
INSULATOR – A material that heat, sound and electricity DO NOT travel
through very quickly. Rubber, plastic, foam and wood are good insulators.
Forms of Energy MECHANICAL ENERGY - energy of motion
LIGHT ENERGY - radiant energy that our eyes can see from the visible
part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
THERMAL ENERGY - energy which involves heat and temperature
ELECTICAL ENERGY - energy produced by the movement of electrons
SOUND ENERGY - produced by vibrating objects
SOLAR ENERGY - light/thermal energy from the Sun
Review…
Electricity ELECTRIC CIRCUIT - A flow of electricity in a circular path
CURRENT/PATHWAY - the movement of electricity
ELECTROMAGNET - a temporary magnet made from a battery, metal
wire, and an iron nail
Force and Motion FORCE – a push or a pull
MOTION – movement
FRICTION – a force that works against motion
GRAVITY – the force that pulls objects towards one another
DISPLACEMENT - happens when one object pushes away or takes the
place of another object
WORK – happens when a force moves an object over a distance
Review…
Light LIGHT – A form of energy that travels in waves and can move through
empty spaces – travels in a straight line
REFLECTION – The BOUNCING back of light waves off of a surface.
Examples: Mirrors, Tinted Windows
REFRACTION – The BENDING of light waves as they travel from one
surface to another. Light goes through the substance. Examples: Glass,
Lenses in Eyeglasses, Cameras, Telescopes, Hand Lens.
LENS – A curved piece of clear plastic or glass that bends (refracts) light
rays
ABSORB - The ability of a material to retain heat Darker materials absorb
more light than lighter materials.
RETAIN – holds in; keeps
TRANSPARENT – A material you CAN see through
OPAQUE – A material that you CANNOT see through