Upload
saiko3
View
216
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
1/19
Truo1
Science Exam Review
Definitions:
Abiotic Factors: The non living physical and chemical components of an ecosystem. Ex.
Temperature, weather, Water quality,
Alkali Metals: Group 1 of the periodic table
Alkali earth metals: Group 2 of the periodic table
Alloy: A solid solution of two or more metals
Alternating Current (AC): A flow of electrons that alternates in direction in an electric circuit
(p. 515)
Astronomical Unit (AU): Distance of Earth to the Sun, approx. 150 million kilometre
Atmosphere: The layer of gases surrounding the Earth
Atomic Mass: the mass of an atom (p. 235)
Atomic Number: The number of protons in an atoms nucleus
Bioaccumulation: the concentration of a substance, such as pesticides, in the body of an
organism (One organism)
Bioamplification: The increase in a substance that moves up the food web
Biodiversity: The variety of life in a certain ecosystem
Biomass: The mass of a living organisms in a given areaBiome: a large geographical region defined by climate with specific abiotic and biotic features
Biosphere: The area where all living things can exist
Biotic Factors: living things and their features and associated activity
Carbon cycle: The movement of carbon through the spheres (p. 49)
Celestial Object: Any object in space
Celestial sphere: An imaginary sphere that rotates around earth, onto which all celestial objects
are projected (pg. 331)
Cellular respiration: The process of converting sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide andwater, to provide energy to the organism
Chemical Change (Reaction): the change between substances that produces a new substance
Chemical Family: The column of elements in the periodic table
Chemical formula: notation that indicates the type and number of atoms in a pure substance (pg.
257)
Chemical property: Chemical characteristics
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
2/19
Truo2
Circuit diagram: Diagram that describes the layout of an electric circuit with standard symbols
Comet: A chunk of ice and rock travelling a long orbit around the sun
Compound: A pure substance of two or more different elements that are chemically joined.Conductor: Material that easily allow electrons to pass through
Constellations: a group of stars
Consumer: An organism that obtains its energy from other organisms (p. 41)
Controlled experiment: An experiment where an independent variable is purposely changed to
find the new outcome
Covalent: A bound formed from two non metal atoms that share an electron
Current electricity: the flow of electrons through conductors
Density: a measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance (p.192)
Dependent variable: A variable that changes in response to the change in the independent
variable
Direct Current (DC): A flow of electrons in one direction through an electric circuit
Dwarf planet: A celestial object that orbits the sun and sustains a spherical shape but does not
dominate its own orbit
Eclipse: A darkening of a celestial object due to another position of a different celestial object
Ecliptic: The apparent path that celestial objects travel Earths night sky
Ecological Niche: the function of a species it serves in a ecosystem
Ecological Pyramid: A representation of energy, numbers, or biomass relationships in an
ecosystem
Ecosystem: all the living organisms and their physical and chemical environment
Efficiency: Comparison of the energy output of a device with the energy supplied (p. 530)
Electric cell: a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy
Electric Current (I): a measure of the rate of electrical flow past a given point in a circuit
Electric Discharge: the rapid transfer of electrical charge from object to another
Electric force: The force exerted by an object with an electric charge (p. 468)
Electrical Resistance (R): The ability of a material to oppose the flow electric current
Electromagnetic Radiation: Energy emitted from matter that travels the speed of light
Electromagnetic spectrum: The range of electromagnetic radiation, radio waves, gamma rays,
visible light
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
3/19
Truo3
Electron: a negatively charge particle in an atom
Electrostatic series: a list of materials arranged in order of their tendency to gain electrons
Element: a pure substance that cant be broken down any further by any meansElement symbol: an abbreviation for an element
Endangered: A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction
Equilibrium: describes the state of an ecosystem with relatively constant conditions over a
period of time
Equinox: The time of year when the hours of daylight and hours of darkness or the same (12
hours)
Extinct: refers to species that has died out and no longer exists anywhere on earth
Extirpated: a species no longer exist in a specific area
Grounding: connecting an object to a large body, like earth (p. 475)
Hydrosphere: All of earths water, liquid and gas, and solid (clouds, ice, lakes)
Independent variable: A variable changes by an investigator
Insulator: material that does not easily allow electrons to pass through
invasive species: non native species whose international or incidental introduction negatively
affects the environment/ecosystem
Ion: a particle that has either a positive or negative charge
Ionic compound: a compound consistent of negative or positive charge
Kilowatt hour: the SI unit for measuring electrical energy unit
Lithosphere: Earths outer solid layer
Lunar cycle: the phases of the moon (p. 324)
Mixture: a substance that is made of at least two different types of particles
Molecular element: a molecule that is made of atoms of the same element
Molecule: Two or more atoms of the same or different atoms joined together in a unit
Natural fertilizer: plant nutrients that have been obtained from natural sources and have not
been chemically modified
Neutron: a neutral particle in the atoms nucleus
Nitrogen Cycle: the series of process of which nitrogen cycle are moved through the sphere
(p. 50)
Noble Gases: An element of the periodic table (last column) and does not react with any other
element
Non-renewable energy: a resource for electricity that cant be replaced as quickly as it is
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
4/19
Truo4
consumed.
Ohms law: The straight line relationship voltage, current and resistance
Orbit: The closed path for a celestial object
Orbital radius: The average distance between a celestial object in the solar system and the sun.
Organic farming: The system of agriculture that relies on non synthetic pesticides and
fertilizers.
Parallel circuit: A circuit in which the loads are connected by branches so that there are two or
more paths for electrons to flow through
Pesticide: Chemicals used to kill pests
Photosynthesis: The process of converting the suns rays into chemical energy (p. 38)
Photovoltaic cell: a device that converts light energy directly into electric energy
Physical changes: a change in which the composition of the substances remains unaltered and
no new substances are produced.
Pollution: harmful contaminants released into the environment.
Potential Difference (Voltage [V]):The difference in electrical potential energy per unit charge
measured at two different points
Precession: The changing direction of the earths axis
Primary cell: a electrical cell that may only be used once.
Primary succession: succession on newly exposed ground, such as following a volcanic
eruption.
Producer: Organisms that produce their own energy-rich food from the suns energy.
Proton: Positively charged particle in the atoms nucleus.
Pure substance: a substance that is made up of only one type of element.
Qualitative property: a property of a substance that is not measured and does not have a
numerical value.
Quantitative property: a property of a substance that is measured and has a numerical value.
Renewable resource: a natural resource that is unlimited or can be replenished naturally over
relatively short period at a time.
Satellite: a celestial object that travels around a planet or dwarf planet.
Scientific method: the general types of mental and physical activities use to create, refine,
extend and apply knowledge. (P. 647)Secondary cell: an electric cell that can be recharged.
Secondary Succession: succession in a partially disturbed ecosystem, such as following a forest
fire.
Series circuit: A circuit where its load are connected end to end so that only one path for
electrons can flow.
Solar Flare: gases and charged particles expelled above an active sunspot.
Solar prominence: Low energy gas eruptions from the suns surface that extend thousands
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
5/19
Truo5
kilometres into space.
Solstice: an astronomical event that occurs two times in the year. When the tilt of the earths axis
is most inclined toward or away from the sun. (The longest and shortest days of the year)
Solution: a uniform mixture of two or more substances.Special concern: a species that may become threatened or endangered because of combinations
of factors. (p. 85)
Species richness: the number of a specific species in an area
Static electricity: an imbalance of electric charge on the surface of an object.
Succession: the gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and
the abiotic conditions following a disturbance.
Sunspots: darken spots on the surface of the sun that is cooler than the area surrounding it.
Threatened: a species that is likely to become endangered of factors reducing its decline remains
unchanged.
Tolerance range: The abiotic conditions within which a species can survive.
Trophic level: the level of an organism in an ecosystem depending on feeding positions alongthe food chain.
Viscosity: the degree to which a fluid resists flow.
Water cycle: the series of process that cycles water through the spheres.
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
6/19
Truo6
Diagrams:Carbon Cycle
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
7/19
Truo7
Nitrogen Cycle
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
8/19
Truo8
Phosphate Cycle
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
9/19
Truo9
Water Cycle
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
10/19
Truo10
Bohr Rutherford Diagram
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
11/19
Truo11
WHMIS
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
12/19
Truo12
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
13/19
Truo13
Soil Layer
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
14/19
Truo14
Lightning
As water molecules make their way up to the clouds, the rub off one another, this causes friction
and the bottom of a cloud develops a charge. So the bottom of a cloud would be negatively
charged while the top is positively charged. The cloud would like to release the excess charge,and one way to do so, is through electrical discharge. Electrical discharge is the sudden
movement of large amounts of electrons from one object to another. For clouds, they can either
transfer electron between each other, or ground it. Grounding is getting rid of excess charge onto
a large body, such as the Earth. The excess electrons travel from water molecules to water
molecules, which creates friction and heat (where the sound [thunder] comes from, the heat) and
onto the ground.
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
15/19
Truo15
Calculations
Ohms Law
To calculate Current.
I = R/V
To calculate Resistance.
R = I/V
To calculate Voltage.
V = R*I
Series
Calculating the current in series circuit. (P. 571)
I=V/R
Calculating the Voltage in a series circuit (p. 572)
Vload= Vsource/# of loads.
Parallel
Calculating the current in a parallel circuit. (P. 573)
Iload= Isource/# of loads
Calculating the voltage in a parallel circuit. (P. 574)
Vsource = I/V
Density.
D = M/V
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
16/19
Truo16
Physical (Qualitative) Properties
Colour
Odour
Taste Clarity
Lustre
Crystal Form
Texture
Hardness
Brittleness
Malleability
Ductility
State of Matter
Quantitative Properties
Viscosity Solubility
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Density
Heat Conductivity
Electrical Conductivity
Scientific Method
IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM
GATHER INFORMATION
STATE A HYPOTHESIS TEST THE HYPOTHESIS
MAKE CAREFUL OBSERVATIONS
ORGANIZE AND ANALYZE THE DATA
STATE A CONCLUSION
Charge by Conduction
Two objects of different amounts of electrons come into contact with one another and
electrons transfer, both are likely to become negative.
Charge by Induction
When a charged object charges a neutral object. Either temporary or permanent (through
grounding)Charge by Friction
Two different neutral material are rubbed together or come into contact, one becomes
negative, and the other, positive
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
17/19
Truo17
Hydroelectricity21%
fast moving waterfalls or rivers pushing turbines, powering a generator, producing DC power.
Pros
No pollution during usage. Renewable
Cons
Effects water-based ecosystems, changes the river backs and water flow, fish migration
may be disturbed.
Expensive
Pollution upon construction
Not always available suitable locations.
Solar (alternative)
No generator or turbine is used. A photovoltaic cell is used to convert light directly into electrical
energy. Sunlight on the solar cells sets of a flow electrons. When light strikes the semi-
conductor, silicon, it knocks some of the electrons loose, and with metal conductors attached tothe silicon, the flow of electrons can get captured and moved to be used.
Pros
No pollution
Acts independent from power grid or connected to
Can be set up in any sunny locations
Maintenance free, lasts to more than 40 years
Cons
Pollution during manufactured, or disposal
Only 30% efficient in capturing sunlight
Expensive
Geothermal (alternative)Using earths heat to turn water into high power steam for steam turbines.
Pros
No pollution
No climate change
Cons
Hard to obtain
limited areas to set up geothermal generation stations
# Biomass (alternative)
Burning crops or any biological material to power steam turbine.
Pros
Renewable
Methane gas is released when plant or animal matter decays, this can be used and burned
for energy
Cons
Not enough to meet energy demands
Nuclear 52%
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
18/19
Truo18
Using uranium and nuclear fission to make high power steam for steam turbines.
Pros
A lot of power is generated
No water or air pollutionCons
Massive nuclear waste
nonrenewable
Health and environmental consequences
Water is then placed back into a lack, though temperature is higher and thus affects
aquatic ecosystems
exposure may cause cancer or organ failure
Expensive
Risks (human error, machine malfunction, earthquakes)
Wind 1% (alternative)
Wind pushing blades of the wind turbine which then powers a generator, and creates DC power.Pros
Installations and maintenance cost is generally lower than fossil fuels or uranium.
Wind is free
Wind turbines can be added and removed fairly easily for maintenance, without
disrupting the energy supply.
Wind turbines can be placed near homes and business than fossil fuel and nuclear power
plants, meaning less electricity is loss with the shorter transmission lines to deliver it.
No pollution
Can be located anywhere
Cons
Difficult to obtain a steady supply electrical power at all times, meaning many turbinesare needed to be placed across a large area
Noisy (Newer models are made to be silent)
Dangerous to birds
Tidal (alternative)
Using tides to turn turbines, powering a generator.
Pros
Tides are cyclical, thus a renewable resource
Cons
Can only be built near coastlines
After station installations, significant change in tides occur
Natural Gas (oil) 8%
Pros
Less air pollution than coal
Cons
Nonrenewable
Pollution
Accidents may be difficult to clean up after
7/29/2019 Science Exam Grade 9, 2013 ~Henry Truong
19/19
Truo19
Becoming expensive and scarce
Coal 18%
Burning coal to power generators.Pros
Easy and inexpensive to mine
Cons
Creates ash, smoke, sulfur dioxide, and carbon dioxide
Also releases Mercury
Nonrenewable
10 Signs of Chemical Change
1) Bubbles of gas appear
2) A precipitate forms3) A colour change occurs
4) The temperature changes
5) Light is emitted
6) A change in volume occurs
7) A change in electrical conductivity occurs
8) A change in melting point or boiling point occurs
9) A change in smell or taste occurs
10) A change in any distinctive chemical or physical property occurs