27 February 1959, Volume 129, Number 3348

AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONFOR THE Plun

ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

Board of Directors A pi

PAUL E. KLoPsTw, President who w

CHAUNcEY D. LEAKE, President Elect studyWALLACE R. BRODE, Retiring President SciencH. BENTLEY GLAssGEORGE R. HARRISONMARGARET MEA univerTHOMAS PARK AssociDON K. PNIC first yeMINA REES ties iWILLIAM W. RUBEY fell~ALAN T. WATEMANfellowPAUL A. SCHEMER, Treasurer FinalDAEL WOLFLE, Executive Officer 25 MC

In

DAEL WoLFL, Executive Officer maticrGaRAHM DUSHANx, Editor univei

Bows Tusom, Assistant Editor basis,ROBERT V. ORMES, Assistant Editor his p1

Editorial Board natiorDONALD J. HUGHES H. BURR STEINBACH instituKONRAD B. KaAusKopF WILLIAm L. STRAUS, JR. the NEDWIN M. LENER EDWARD L. TATUM

differ(Editorial Staff di a

SARAH S. DEES, LUCILLE GUINARD, NANCY S. padHAMILTON, WILLIAM HASKELL, OLIVER W. HEAT- travelwoLE, YUKIE KOZAI, JUDITH B. LEVIN, ELLEN ThE. MURPHY, BrrsAE PEDERSEN, MADELINESCIINEIDER, NANCY L. TEIMOURIAN, MARIA A. tutes,WOLSAK. their

EARL J. SCHERAGO, Advertising Representative be paifocus

SCIENCE, which is now combined with THE phy oSCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, is published each Fri- izes t.day by the American Association for the Advance-ment of Science at Business Press, Lancaster, Pa. progrThe joint journal is published in the SCIENCEformat. Entered at the Lancaster, Pa., Post Office instittas second class matter under the Act of 3 March Inil1879. SCIENCE is indexed in the Reader's Guide mayto Periodical Literature.

Editorial and personnel-placement correspond- merence should be addressed to SCIENCE, 1515 fromMassachusetts Ave., NW, Washington 5, D.C.Manuscripts should be typed with double spacing300,and submitted in duplicate. The AAAS assumes no Ifresponsibility for the safety of manuscripts or forthe opinions expressed by contributors. For de- princitailed suggestions on the preparation of manu-scripts, book reviews, and illustrations, see Scienceer125, 16 (4 Jan. 1957). choos

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Annual subscriptions: $8.50; foreign postage, back$1.50; Canadian postage, 750. Single copies, 35¢. TliCable address: Advancesci, Washington.h

SCIENCE

ns for the Teacherirogram of Summer Fellowships for secondary-school science teachersvant to increase their understanding of science through independentat colleges or universities is being started this year by the Nationalce Foundation. The new program supplements the now-familiar Sum-Institutes, which are also sponsored by NSF but in which colleges orrsities plan courses of study for groups of teachers. The Americaniation for the Advancement of Science is administering at cost theear of the Summer Fellowship program. Administrative responsibili-nclude selecting a panel of scientists to judge the applications for*ships and transmitting the recommendations of the panel to NSF.decisions will be made by NSF, and the awards will be announced onarch.the new program a fellow may carry out a plan of study in mathe-rs or in the physical or biological sciences at any accredited college orrsity in this country. Besides competing for fellowships on a nationala participant must gain admission to a college or university at which

[an can be carried out. In the Summer Institute program, there is nonal competition. The teacher applies to one of the institutes, and theates, in turn, are set up by colleges and universities on grants fromTational Science Foundation. Although the method of financing isent, in both programs the teacher-participant ends up with his tuitionand a stipend of up to $75 a week plus allowances for dependents and

Lepurpose of the Summer Fellowships, like that of the Summer Insti-is to enable teachers of science to become better teachers by increasingunderstanding of science. Although an applicant's plan of study mayrt of his efforts to get an advanced degree in education, the plan muston a branch of mathematics or science, not on the history or philoso-)f education or on methods of teaching. This emphasis also character-the other programs in education sponsored by NSF, which includeams for elementary-school teachers and college teachers and forutes that are held during the academic year.itial plans for the Summer Fellowships call for 750 awards, whichcover up to three successive summers of study. The number of Sum-Institutes open this year to secondary-school teachers will increasethe 121 open in 1958, averaging 50 teacher-participants each, to overwith awards being for one summer of study.the Summer Institute program proves effective, it could become the

,ipal means by which the National Science Foundation supports sum-study by teachers. With funds going directly to them, teachers canse their courses from the fare offered by colleges and universities.e will be no need for special institutes, and the teachers will have more.ct with the general body of students studying science. The futurese of the new program will be determined in good part by whethericants for Summer Fellowships succeed in producing plans as good asoffered by the Summer Institutes. It may be that the fellowships will

c suitable only for teachers of superior ability or for teachers whose

ground or interests call for unusual programs.ie National Science Foundation, and ultimately Congress, deserve ourks for creating new opportunities for summer study, but then theers also deserve our thanks for seeking to increase their understandingience.-J.T.

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SCIENCE, VOL. 129

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MleetingsSocial Sciences

The newly formed Associazione Itali-ana di Scienze Sociali, in conjunctionwith the Centro Nazionale di Preven-zione e Difesa Sociale, held the FirstNational Congress of Social Sciences atthe Palazzo Serbelloni-Cabiati in Milan,31 May to 2 June 1958.The association was formed about a

year ago in response to a felt need foran organization that would facilitatecontact among all those who, in variousscientific disciplines, concern themselveswith the study of society, with specialregard to contemporary Italian societyand culture.The congress was divided into two

distinct parts. The first (theoretical), onthe integration of the social sciences,considered the premises of the varioussocial sciences and the problem of theirinterdependence; the second (applied),on city and farm areas, dealt with thespecific problem of the relation betweenurban and rural populations, and withresearch already completed.The actual proceedings consisted of a

presentation of short summaries of pa-pers that had been printed and gatheredin a large volume in time for distribu-tion at the congress. Following thesesummaries, the discussion was openedand took the greater part of the time.This made it possible both to study apaper carefully and to have sufficienttime to make a substantial contributionto the discussion.

Speakers and discussants in the firstpart of the program addressed themselvesto the problem of definition and interde-pendence of the various social sciencesand the connection between these andphilosophy. Much interest was shown inbreaking out of the traditional academicboundaries, and a genuine effort wasmade to search for a fruitful approach.The debate raged, as was to be ex-pected, around whether "complemen-tarity" or "integration" (fusion) of thedisciplines would yield best results. Alsodiscussed at length were the relations ofthe social sciences to ethics and to phi-losophy. One of the speakers pointed outthat "it seems no longer true that phi-losophy tells the social sciences whatshould be done."The proceedings of the congress, and

papers that were late, will shortly bepublished in a second volume.The congress was attended by a large

number of people, from Italy and other

countries, prominent in such fields associology, social anthropology, socialpsychology, economics, jurisprudence,social medicine, and philosophy.

The president of the association isRenato Treves of the University ofMilan. Tullio Tentori, professor at theUniversity of Rome and director of theMuseo delle Arti e Tradizioni Popolariof Rome, is national secretary.

RENATO TAGIURIGraduate School of BusinessAdministration, Harvard University,Boston, Massachusetts

Forthcoming EventsMarch

24. Admissions Policies to Serve theNeeds of the Community, symp., Cleve-land, Ohio. (B. G. Fricke, Univ. of Mich-igan, 120 Rackham Bldg., Ann Arbor.)

27-28. Michigan Acad. of Sciences,East Lansing. (D. A. Rings, Univ. ofMichigan, Dept. of Engineering, AnnArbor.)

27-28. Pennsylvania Acad. of Sciences,Gettysburg. (K. Dearolf, Public Museumand Art Gallery, Reading, Pa.)

28. South Carolina Acad. of Sciences,Columbia. (H. W. Freeman, Dept. ofBiology, Winthrop College, Rock Hill.S.C.)

29-3. Association for Childhood Edu-cation International, 1959 study conf., St.Louis, Mo. (ACEI, 1200 15 St., NW,Washington 5.)

29-3. Latin American Congress ofChemistry, 7th, Mexico D.F., Mexico. (R.I. Frisbie, Calle Cipres No. 176, Zone 4.Mexico, D.F.)

30-31. Third Teratology Conf., Port-land, Ore. (D. L. Gunberg, Dept. of Anat-omy, Univ. of Oregon Medical School,Portland.)

30-1. American Orthopsychiatric Assoc., San Francisco, Calif. (M. F. Langer,1790 Broadway, New York 19.)30-12. Bahamas Medical Conf., 7th,

Nassau. (B. L. Frank, 1290 Pine Ave., W.Montreal, Canada.)

31-2. American Power Conf., 21st an-nual, Chicago, Ill. (N. S. Hibshman,AIEE, 33 W. 39 St., New York 18.)

31-2. Symposium on Millimeter Waves.9th, New York, N.Y. (H. J. Carlin, Micro-wave Research Inst., 55 Johnson St..Brooklyn 1, N.Y.)

31-4. National Science Teachers Assoc.,7th natl. conv., Atlantic City, N.J. (R. H.Carnton, NSTA, 1201 16 St., NW, Wash-ington 6.)

31-5. International Committee of Mili-tary Medicine and Pharmacy, 21st sessionParis, France. (Comit6 International dtM~decine et de Pharmacie Militaires.Hopital Militaire, 79, rue Saint Laurent.Liege, Belgium.)

April1-3. American Assoc. of Anatomists,

Seattle, Wash. (B. Flexner, Univ. of Penn-sylvania Medical School, Philadelphia 4.)

1-4. National Council of Teachers olMathematics, Dallas, Tex. (H. T. Karnes,Dept. of Mathematics, Louisiana StateUniv., Baton Rouge 3.)

1-4. National Speleological Soc., 16thannual conv., Springfield, Mo. (0.Hawksley, Route 5, Warrensburg, Mo.)

SCIENCE, VOL. 129

1-4. Neurosurgical Soc. of America,Hot Springs, Va. (F. P. Smith, 260 Crit-tenden Blvd., Rochester, 20, N.Y.)

1-29. World Meteorological Organiza-tion, 3rd session of congress, Geneva,Switzerland. (WMO, Campagne Rigot, 1,avenue de la Paix, Geneva.)

2-3. Electrically Exploded Wires, conf.,Boston, Mass. (W. G. Chace, ThermalRadiation Laboratory, CRZCM, Geophys-ics Research Directorate, Air Force Cam-bridge Research Center, Bedford, Mass.)

2-3. Southern Municipal and IndustrialWaste Conference, 8th, Chapel Hill, N.C.(University Extension Division, ShortCourses, P.O. Box 1050, Chapel Hill,N.C.)

2-4. Association of American Geogra-phers, 55th annual, Pittsburgh, Pa. (J. E.Guernsey, 9707 Parkwood Dr., Bethesda,Md.)

2-4. Association for Computing Ma-chinery, Cleveland, Ohio. (J. Moshman,Corporation for Economic and IndustrialResearch, 1200 Jefferson Davis Highway,Arlington 2, Va.)

2-4. Optical Soc. of America, NewYork, N.Y. (S. S. Ballard, Dept. of Phys-ics, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.)

3-4. Eastern Psychological Assoc., At-lantic City, N.J. (C. H. Rush, StandardOil Co. of New Jersey, Rockefeller Plaza,New York, N.Y.)

3-5. American Soc. for the Study ofSterility, Atlantic City, N.J. (H. H.Thomas, 920 S. 19 St., Birmingham 5,Ala.)

3-5. Cooper Ornithological Soc., Berke-ley, Calif. (J. Davis, Univ. of California,Hastings Reservation, Jamesburg Route,Carmel Valley.)

5-7. Vaccination against Tuberculosiswith Non-Living Vaccines, intern. symp.,Florence, Italy. (D. W. Weiss, Dept. ofBacteriology, Univ. of California, Berke-ley 4.)

5-9. American College of Obstetriciansand Gynecologists, Atlantic City, N.J. (J.C. Ullery, 15 S. Clark St., Chicago 3, Ill.)

5-9. International Acad. of Proctology,11th annual New York, N.Y. (A. J. Can-tor, IAP, 147-41 Sanford Ave., Flushing55, N.Y.)

5-10. American Chemical Soc., 135th,Boston, Mass. (M. A. H. Emery, 18thand K St., NW, Washington, D.C.)

5-10. Nuclear Congress, Cleveland,Ohio. (S. Baron, Burns & Roe, Inc., 160West Broadway, New York 13.)

6. Paleontological Research Institution,Ithaca, N.Y. (R. Harris, 109 DearbornRd., Ithaca.)

6-7. Chemical and Petroleum Instru-mentation, 2nd natl. symp., St Louis, Mo.(H. S. Kindler, Director of Technical andEducational Services, ISA, 313 SixthAve., Pittsburgh 22, Pa.)

6-8. American Radium Soc., HotSprings, Va. (R. L. Brown, Robert Win-ship Clinic, Emory Univ., Atlanta 22,Ga.)

6-8. National Open Hearth Steel Fur-nace, Coke Oven and Raw MaterialsConf.,-St. Louis, Mo. (E. 0. Kirkendall,AIME, 29 W. 39 St., New York 18.)

6-9. American Acad. of General Prac-tice, San Francisco, Calif. (M. F. Cahal,Volker Blvd. at Brookside, Kansas City12, Mo.)27 FEBRUARY 1959

6-1l . Coordination Chemistry, intern.conf., London, England. (Chemical Soc.,Burlington House, London, W. 1.)

8. Evolution of Cell Populations, conf.(by invitation), Atlantic City, N.J. (D. C.Hetherington, Dept. of Anatomy, DukeUniv. School of Medicine, Durham, N.C.)

8-9. Tissue Culture Assoc., 10th annual,Atlantic City, N.J. (D. C. Hetherington,Dept. of Anatomy, Duke Univ. School ofMedicine, Durham, N.C.)

10-11. Society for the Scientific Studyof Religion, Chicago, Ill. (W. H. Clark,SSSR, Hartford Seminary Foundation,Hartford 5, Conn.)

10-16. Mental Health, 2nd Caribbeanconf., St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. (Mrs.

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12-13. Americani Soc. for Artificial In-ternal Organs, Atjntic City, N.J. (C. K.Kirby, ASAIO, 10 Maloney Bldg., Uni-versity Hospital, 3600 Spruce St., Phila-delphia 4, Pa.)

12-14. Atomic Mechanisms of Fracture,conf., Cambridge, Mass. (D. K. Felbeck,Natl. Acad. of Sciences-Natl. ResearchCouncil, 2101 Constitution Ave., NW,Washington 25.)

12-15. Neurosurgery, 8th Latin Ameri-can cong., Santiago, Chile. (A. Asenjo G.,Casilla 70-D, Santiago, Chile.)

(See issue of 20 February for comprehensive list)

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SCIENCE, VOL. 129

Simultaneously recordand visually monitor

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mm/sec ... display on the monitoring unit of upto four waveforms at once, or vector loops, as eithera substitute for or a supplement to the recorder. . . exposed film container can be removed at anytime under normal light .., event marker included... provision made for remote control. . . viewingwindow permits observing and positioning of gal-vanometer beams.The new 550M Poly-Beam is a completely self-contained recording - monitoring system built intoa single, mobile cabinet only 22" wide and 6' high.Sanborn also offers a new direct- writing recorder,the 350M Series -in a 6- or 8-channel system. Plug-in "350" style preamplifiers can be used inter-changeably with the 550M Series which is identicalin cabinet size and style.Write for the new 8-page 550M catalog, orthe complete catalog describing the majorSanborn instruments for measuring, re-cording or monitoring biophysical phe-nomena. The Sanborn Branch Office orService Agency nearest you can alsosupply complete information on any orall Sanborn equipment.

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608

LettersProtein Behavior

In a recent article [Science 128, 815(1958)], I. M. Klotz admirably pointsup the fact that electrostatic interactionsinvolving proteins and small ions havegenerally had to be treated in an over-simplified way, and he calls attention tothe many observations which would sug-gest that the properties of the water inthe immediate vicinity of the proteinmolecule may be rather different fromthose of the water in the bulk solvent.His proposal regarding the effect ofan ice structure would explain thegreater difficulty of protonation of an-N ( CH3) 2 group but, it appears,would still not solve the problem of re-duced reactivity of the -SH group withAg+, with which he initiated the discus-sion. In this case, of course, there wouldbe no change in the charge to modify thestructure of the ice lattice.The proposal seems even more trouble-

some when one considers the -COOHgroups in the protein. In this case acharge appears on the group when thehydrogen ion is lost. Consequently, theloss of the proton would be hindered,and the apparent pK should be increasedas compared with the expected intrinsicpK. There seems to be little evidencefor any considerable number of -COOHgroups with unexpectedly high pK's inproteins.The lack of any evidence for electro-

static effects on the titration curve of theazomercurial would still be disturbing,however-unless one assumes that thereaction with hydrogen ion is leading todisplacement of the azomercurial. If thiswere true, there would be no change inthe charge, and one would not antici-pate an electrostatic effect. Such a dis-placement of methylmercury would havebeen anticipated on the basis of the re-sults of Hughes [Cold Spring HarborSymposia Quant. Biol. 14, 79 (1949)].

JOHN W. MEHLUniversity of Southern California,Los Angeles

Each of the three paragraphs of Mehl'sletter raises essentially one question. Theresponses may be grouped, therefore, intothe same arrangement.

1) "Maskedness" in the behavior of-SH groups, as Mehl would undoubt-edly agree, is a problem of rates ratherthan equilibria. For example, Ag+ isusually taken up even by masked -SHgroups of proteins if we wait longenough. In terms of my model, the ex-planation (clearly implied if not explic-itly stated in the article) is that Ag+would diffuse through "ice" much moreslowly than through liquid water. Whileno actual data are available for diffusion

of Ag+ in ice, measurements with a simi-lar monovalent ion, Li+ [M. Eigen andL. DeMaeyer, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)247A, 505 (1958)], certainly bear thispoint out.

2) The most careful theoretical anal-yses of the titration curves of a proteinwith, for example, 100 carboxyl groupshave limited themselves to a single in-trinsic dissociation constant. The spreadof the titration curves has been accountedfor by the assumption that there is avariable electrostatic factor, plus neces-sary additional assumptions in specificcases. Clearly, if deviations from ideal-ity are attributed to these additional fac-tors, and if we permit the possibilityof only a single intrinsic constant, wecannot possibly find more than oneintrinsic constant. As I have emphasized,however, the titration curves can also beaccounted for by the assumption thatthere is a broad spectrum of pK's forthe carboxyl groups.

3) The explanation suggested by Mehlis not really tenable. We have not studiedthe titration curve by some generalmethod which follows gross H+ ion up-take but rather by a special spectropho-tometric method which reveals specifi-cally the uptake of H+ by the (CH3 ) 2N-group of the dye, not by the mercaptidegroup of the protein. It is the unusualpK and the unexpected shape of thecurve for the optical titration of this par-ticular (CH3) 2N- group which mustbe interpreted; a displacement mecha-nism postulates changes in state of a dif-ferent group at the opposite end of themolecule. Furthermore, one should alsorecall that if the dye had been displacedfrom the mercaptide linkage, no opticaltitration could have been obtained in thefirst place, for as we have mentioned pre-viously [Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 63, 77(1956)], the dye is essentially insolublein water alone.

I. M. KLOTZNorthwestern University,Evanston, Illinois

On Eschewing Teleology

A. J. Bernatowicz' stern admonitions[Science 128, 1402 (1958)] to his bio-logical colleagues and to all other scien-tists to eschew anthropomorphism andavoid even the appearance of teleolog-ical thinking (lest their students be notsaved from corruption) confuses me. Hewants mechanism, and thus also surelydeterminism, recognized as the languageof science, and he wants the teacher ofscience not to depart from it. Does hemean never? Not with the student at theluncheon table? Not with his wife at thebreakfast table? How rigorously mustrighteousness be applied? And must allscientists observe the canon? I think

SCIENCE. VOL. 129

THEYPROBETHE FUTURE OF DEEP-SEA TELEPHONY

Deep in the ocean, a submarine telephone cablesystem is extremely hard to get at for adjustment orrepair. This makes it vitally important to find out whatcan happen to such a system before it is installed.

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Bernatowicz does believe just this, andI suspect that he also thinks that thescientific view of the world is the trueview and that he who departs fromproper deterministic language is dealinglightly with truth.

Well, the language of science is de-scriptive and not purposive. I am whollyin accord with Bernatowicz on that point.But, if we are talking science, I go far-ther where he stops short, for I note-remaining descriptive because I am be-ing scientific-that we have here a caseof one organism attacking others becausethese others behave differently from theone. Scientifically, all we have is a casedescription of an idiosyncratic organism,Bernatowicz, which does not, on theshowing of his paper, represent the spe-cies but a departure from it. Is this or-ganism quieted by this description of hisbehavior, or do his wotds suddenly seemto carry an anthropomorphic meaning?Do they say that his purpose was to con-vince others of his own rightness, thusruling him out of the class of scientificorganisms because he speaks in terms ofpurpose? If Bernatowicz wants rigor andthe scientific attitude all the time, lethim, a biologist, include his own con-duct under the scientific rules. Was heor was he not being purposive? I thinkhe was.

For myself, I take the use of the sci-entific language more lightly, less rigor-ously, and I am glad 'that most of mycolleagues do too. J. J. Thomson saidthat a scientific activity is a policy, andhe might have made his commentbroader to say that all scientific activityis a policy to be accepted when it worksand changed when it does not. I do notpretend to be a scientist in all my speech,nor do I want students to be. I wantthem to have valueg and purposes, toknow when to escape the scientific straitjacket and also when to get a new straitjacket. There should be 'nothing so in-flexible about science or scientific con-duct or scientific language. What wewant for scientists is wisdom, good judg-ment, the ability to speak and write Eng-lish delicately and significantly, enoughwisdom to break any rule when a goodpurpose will be supported thereby.

Urbanity never hurt a scientist yet.Using English with skill, relying on theconnotations to work as they should, isless secure than the rigor of mathematicsbut an art capable of much greater re-finement. I find in none of Bernatowicz'examples the sort of thing that shouldbe changed if it is given in a proper sci-entific context. A strict adherence to hisrule would eliminate entirely from sci-entific speech the phrase in order that,and that seems to me to be a preposter-ous suggestion. The Darwinian theorywas a way of changing purposive eventsinto descriptive, and for me (and Ishould hope for most students) the con-

text of most of these disapproved sen-tences would be the nonpurposive, de-scriptive concept of natural selection.

In any event-say I, anthropomorph-ically purposive, and purposively anthro-pomorphic-let us not warp our youngscientists by rigid rules. Always remem-bering that we do not wish for all to bealike, let us cultivate urbanity, wisdom,and flexibility. Let us help them to learnto speak and write well, clearly, freely,attractively, and differently from one an-other. Let us hope they can learn tothink of science as a happy way of life,not as a harsh taskmaster with a codeof morals dangling at his belt.

EDWIN G. BORINGHarvard University,Cambridge, Massachusetts

In the interests of clear thinking oneshould certainly be wary of any state-ments that are unjustifiably teleological,as A. J. Bernatowicz has pointed out.Judging from his conclusions, however,I suspect that he would prefer to leaveout the word unjustifiably in my firstsentence, as would many other scientists,although not all. [See L. K. Frank, G. E.Hutchinson, W. K. Livingston, W. S.McCulloch, N. Weiner, Ann. N.Y. Acad.Sci. 50, 187 (1948)].

Let me make plain at the beginningthat I would agree that in many circum-stances teleological language is inappro-priate, implying the existence of agenciesbeyond our ability to observe directly.The examples quoted by Bernatowicz, Iwould judge, all demonstrate misappli-cation of teleological concepts. However.not all of them are inherently unsuitedto such treatment.What do we mean when we say that a

statement is "teleological"? Do we notmean that it implies some directing orgoverning factor which by its nature"causes" events to follow certain observedcourses? Certainly in this sense the ideaof "force" or "gravitation" or "field" is,or can easily be seen as, teleological, in-voking the presence of an agency whichwe can observe only by inference. But ifwe are careful to note that, for example,a "field" is a map of what we might ex-pect to observe, then we can still use theconcept of "field" at one level of expla-nation, without implying the existenceof any incompletely defined agency.There is a more important area of

teleological thinking, however, in whichthe above "way out" is of no use. Thisis the area of biology, physiology, psy-chology, and other sciences of life. Letme emphasize that when one approachesthese disciplines in an attempt to imitatethe (in principle) rigorous methods ofphysics, then any use of teleologicalthinking is bound to go astray. But if oneapproaches living entities from the sys-

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