Science Journalism in India

8/10/2019 Science Journalism in India

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Science Journalism in India

Manoj Patairiya

ABSTRACT

Man could well have originated science communication with the early discoveries, the most

important being the discovery of fire and dissemination of its knowledge. In India, sage Atharvan

is credited for the discovery of fire churning technology and its dissemination during ancient

period. A whole host of scientific literature was created in India during ancient, Vedic, post Vedic

and classical periods. Medieval period saw emergence of newer trends in science communication

when commentaries on earlier scientific texts were written and structures like Jantar Mantar

observatory! were built, but these were accessible to a few elites in the society. "he real shift in

science communication in favour of the common man became evident in modem times when it

was now possible to bring out publications in large numbers. #cience $ournalism started in India

in %&%& with the publication of monthly 'igdarshan published in (indi, )engali and *nglish,

carrying a few articles on science and technology. #cience communication proliferated in

independent India. "his paper discusses the trends now emerging in India given the efforts, the

slackness in +uality and moves to improve it, the plurality of mass media, and a sound science

and technology base of the country arrived at through an in-depth study intended at furthering

the cause of science communication and scientific attitude. "he study indicates that science

coverage attributed to mass media is abysmally poor, i.e. around percent, which is far below

the desired level of %/-%0 percent. "he present work is an attempt to find out the extent of

demand and supply of #1" coverage in various mass media and presenting an emerging scenario

of science and technology $ournalism in the country.


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INTRODUCTION

#cience $ournalism is the key to the real treasure of the scientific knowledge, by virtue of which

scientific knowledge and concepts could be carried to the common man. "hus the common man

is benefited with the new advancements in science and technology and is able to fight against

hunger, drought, diseases, and social evils, like superstitions, etc., with self-confidence, courage

and faith. )eing aware of this fact, science $ournalism in India has yet to come out of its present

stage of infancy.

2ndoubtedly, science and technology $ournalism has progressively developed in India, in terms

of +uality and +uantity, but still there are many miles to go to achieve the desired level. #cience

$ournalism, during its almost two century long $ourney thence has crossed several milestones."here has been a considerable progress in science $ournalism over the years and as a result

several science maga3ines, feature services, programmes on radio and television, etc, emerged,

despite the fact that they came into existence much later. "he plight of science $ournalism in

India may not be too deplorable at the moment, however, a good deal still remains to be done in

this field.

HISTORICA P!RSP!CTI"!

'uring early days, there was no science communication or $ournalism, as such. )ut as we

understand it today, the technology, science and communication existed from the very beginning.

"here had been a number of turning points during the cultural evolution of man in Indian

subcontinent, from where we can mark the beginning of science communication, but it is very

difficult to pin point a single incident being origin of science communication in the country. "he

earliest origin point of science communication can be marked, when early man had made

primitive stone tools and disseminated them, some time during %,0/,/// years ago or earlier in

the #hivalik region of the subcontinent. "hen came the use and control of fire and dissemination

of fire kindling technology. 4reparation of cave sketches5 drawings was the next step. 6ro-

Magnon man lived in the Indian sub-continent, who prepared cave sketches, did experiments and


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prepared records some 7/,/// years ago *xhibition on (istory of #cience and "echnology in

India, %88&, 96#"6!. "hese can be considered as the early modes of science dissemination.

#age Atharvan did the invention of fire churning technology in India and the technology was

disseminated throughout the known areas of human population $ust like a $ungle fire. "he fire

churners were in great demand at that time and everybody was keen to have the information on

fire churning technology. #age Atharvan:s pupils, including families, were the resource persons

for information on fire churning technology #atyaprakash, %8;

be worked out through the minute observation of the evolution of man and civili3ation. As the

civili3ation progressed, new modes of communication emerged, which were adopted fordisseminating scientific information from time to time.

"he early man might have communicated with each other through body language. #ubse+uently,

oral language, phonetic and written language evolved, which were followed by well-developed

4rakrat language and then various regional languages found their ways to flourish. Indus valley

civili3ation flourished in Indian subcontinent, besides its well-developed Indus script.

Agricultural communication started through public relations around %//// years ago, when man

started exchanging information about various agricultural practices, like sowing, irrigation and

harvesting, etc.

India has a rich tradition of communication, especially when it comes to masses. =olk arts, like

9autanki, >amlila, folk songs and folk dances are immensely effective as the means of mass

communication. India has a great tradition and a treasure of scientific heritage. 'uring Vedic,

post Vedic and classical periods, a whole host of ancient scientific literature was created,

although such information was not available to the public, and was limited to most privileged

class only. "he medieval period has been important for the preparation of a large number of

commentaries on earlier and contemporary scientific works. "his can be considered a great

milestone on the road to communication, as the information about most of the ancient and

classical works mainly reaches us only through these commentaries.


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"he scientific temper has always been in India, in the form of logic, reasoning and method of

ac+uiring knowledge, throughout the cultural evolution of man. "he science communication in

its real term had begun with publication of a scientific $ournal, Asiatick >esearches, +uarterly

from the Asiatick #ociety, 6alcutta in %


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technology in the country. It was the first 4rime Minister of India, 4t. Jawahar al 9ehru, who

gave an impetus to scientific pursuits and development of scientific outlook. "he independent

India witnessed a rapid growth in the efforts of science communication and populari3ation. ?ith

a view to integrate, coordinate, catalyse and support the efforts of science communication and

science populari3ation in the country, the Bovernment of India established the 9ational 6ouncil

for #cience and "echnology 6ommunication 96#"6! in %8&C as an apex body, which puts

more concerted efforts in this direction.

A number of programmes and activities have started in public and private sectors to spread

scientific knowledge and scientific outlook among masses, especially in vernaculars, but science

$ournalism in its real form could not evolve and remained an inner page affair for the media,

except a few occasions, such as Apollo *xpedition %8;8!, "otal #olar *clipse %880!, Banesh'rinking Milk %880!, and 9uclear "ests %88&!, etc. =ollowing are some of the dimensions of

the state of science $ournalism in IndiaD

#$ Science Journalism and Mass Media

?e have been using various means and modes for science $ournalism5 communication, as

followsD

%. 4rint MediaD #uch as newspapers, maga3ines, wallpapers, books, posters, folders,

booklets.

C. Audio5Visual MediaD Mainly radio and "V, besides, films, slide shows, bioscope.

. =olk MediaD It has been a common observation, that through folk media, it is possible to

achieve penetration to the segments where other media have limitations. 4uppet shows,

street plays skits, stage performances, folk songs and folk dances, nautanki and other

traditional means of communication belong to this category. "his media is cost effective,

entertaining and offers two-way communication.

7. Interactive MediaD #cience exhibitions, science fairs, seminars, workshops, lectures,

scientific tours, conferences, vigyan $athas, etc. "he advantage here being man-to-man

and two-way communication.


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0. 'igital MediaD information technology has given birth to comparatively a new media,

known as digital media. It includes Internet, 6'->@M, multimedia, simulations, etc. It

has also made science communication simpler to handicapped segments of the society.

"hat apart, we are populari3ing science through our %& regional languages, to penetrate into local

populace effectively. #election of target audience has greatest significance. @ur science

communication efforts are aimed at various target groups, such as, common man, children,

students, farmers, women, workers or specialists, etc. Various forms for presentation are being

used to making science communication more interesting and en$oyable, such as science news,

report, article, feature, story, play, poem, interview, discussion, lecture, documentary, docu-

drama, scientoon science Ecartoon!, satire, etc.

"oday there are popular science maga3ines in almost every Indian language, barring a few.

#cience programmes appear on radio and "V. @nline popular science maga3ines, science news

on "eletext, ready-to-print science page are some of the new developments in the area of science

$ournalism.

"he use of broadcast and digital media has opened new vistas of science $ournalism. "he

revolution in information technology has made possible to get scientific information from around

the globe within seconds, on our fingertips. More concerted, coordinated and integrated efforts

have started to cater to large and all cross-sections of the society.

%$ Trends in Science &ritin'( Re)ortin'

#cience articles published in the newspapers5 maga3ines today are not too different from

what they used to be years ago, i.e. with prosaic style, technical $argon and excess of

avoidable statistics. @bviously, complicated and uninteresting articles lacking in

liveliness, lucidity and without a continuous flow cannot be expected to attract a large

readership. @ccasionally, the articles are immersing from the point of view of sub$ect

matter but lacking in presentation. 'ue to phenomenal technical advances and narrow

speciali3ation in various fields today both authors and editors alike, find themselves at

bay while dealing with a particular scientific5 technical topic. "he articles in Indian


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languages often are mere translations of the original *nglish ones. It is necessary to

encourage original science writing in Indian languages.

"hen, how should a science article be likeF G In the age of technological advancement

today, most people prefer article which are informative, analytical, critical and having a

continuous flow. "o write an article on a particular topic, one needs to read and

understand the available literature and discuss the topic with concerned experts and

incorporate their suggestions. 9ecessary statistics, diagrams, photographs, etc. also need

to be collected. It is necessary to bear in mind that an integrated and balanced view of the

topic5 issue needs to be presented along with a proper analysis in a language easily

intelligible to the common public. An article must necessarily reflect alertness and the

investigative bent of mind of the reporter. 2ndoubtedly, even the laymen appreciate sucharticles and reports. 9eedless to say, the titles and sub-titles need to be interesting and eye

catching - nobody likes dry and unattractive titles.

#harma H %88! has commented on popular (indi science maga3ines - most of the

popular science maga3ines are depending upon translations that creates a lot of distortion

in the presentation. (e also rightly commented on science writers- they tend to prepare

a story or a report only sitting inside the room, without going outside or interacting with

scientists, who are associated with the story, or covering on-the-spot events.

9ot only in print, but in broadcast media also, the misleading scientific information, a

continuous decay of creativity in presentation, distortion in translation, inconsistency in

organi3ing the contents, lapses in the use of language, and many more deviations can be

seen fre+uently.

#ingh %88! contends - that popular science writing in India is still shackled by

complacency and over dependence on foreign sources, they are unfortunately used for

plagiarism.

Very often, it has been seen that a writer uses the popular article of another writer as a

source for his writing and subse+uently a third writer is using his article and a chain of


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substandard articles is formed, without consulting the primary source. "hus a series of

such distorted communications appear in the media, as if it were original science writing.

In case of translations, other writers generally misinterpret the technical terms, especially

in their subse+uent versions.

2sage of technical terms could occasionally give rise to difficulties, and hence it is

advisable to select and explain explicitly various terms used. =or example, in an article

published in a (indi newspaper, #atellite '9A was referred to as 2pagraha '9A,

where it should have read Vahak '9A. 2sage of improper technical terms would hence

need to be given due attention by the science $ournalists. "erminologies on all technical

sub$ects in regional languages are available today, however, the usage of a particular term

would re+uire the proper $udgement and discretion on the part of the author or the editor.

#cience dissemination is not limited to newspapers and maga3ines alone. ?e have a host

of publications on scientific topics that include science books at popular levels, feature

services, encyclopaedias, reference books, monographs, technical reports, special reports,

souvenirs, annual reports and more. A common thread that needs to run through all these

different types is the authenticity and simplicity and at the same time, a presentation that

is acceptable and readable.

9av )harat "imes, a leading (indi daily, started a science column in the year %87&.

"oday, unfortunately, in most of the dailies, weeklies and monthlies, we do not see much

coverage of science and technology. It is desirable and imperative to introduce science

columns in newspapers5 maga3ines. A few newspapers, however, cover science5

technology news and also have introduced regular science columns. )ut, in a country like

ours, where not many people are exposed to the basic principles of science and

technology, this, by itself, is not sufficient. >arely, a science editor or a science reporter is

associated with a newspaper or a maga3ine. It is desirable to have science correspondents

with all newspapers. "his would, in due course, help evolve a policy on editing and

reporting of contemporary topics on science and technology in different modes of

presentation in the media.


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@ne of the reasons for the science reporting to have remained underdeveloped in our

country may be due to the fact that except for a few dry and drab articles, technical

information5 news, and hardly any other modes of science writing were employed. May

be this is why common man could not come to terms with science and technology. If

science were presented in the form of stories, poems, etc, common man not only would

be able to read, but, also would understand and appreciate science. 4oetry is a powerful

medium for communication, which could be used for communicating science to children

and neo-literates. *xplaining science in the form of poetry is not as difficult as it may

seem. #cience dramas and skits are also under utili3ed. @nly rarely one comes across

science drama and skit in print medium.

2pcoming science writers need to give a try to communicating science through theseunconventional modes. (umour and satire are other areas still untreated in science

reporting. In fact, these modes have not been exploited in science communication at allF

9ewspapers5 maga3ines do publish debates on political and social issues, but rarely a

science reporter or an editor has shown interest in publishing debates on any scientific

issue. "oday, there exist several possibilities of publishing debates on a current issues

based on interviews with scientists and articles based on the same. Apparently, the

readers show a keen interest in scientific topics if presented in such an exciting manner.

"he use of the various modes in science reporting would not only generate an interest in

science but would also inculcate scientific attitude into them.

*$ Re)ortin' on ocal Issues o+ Scienti+ic Im)ortance

@ften, local scientific5 technological issues do not find a place in mass media at state or

national levels. It is worth noting that there has been considerable success in addressing

local issues5 problems5 technologies through local5 regional level science $ournalism,

which could even help in adopting5 transferring traditional technologies5 processes

prevalent in one part of the country to other parts. A few examples are noteworthy. In a

workshop on science writing5 $ournalism at >ampur, 2.4., a group of participants

discovered during the course of preparation of their story as an exercise of on the spot

reporting that untreated effluents from Hashipur and nearby industries were being


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discharged in the Hosi river. Animals died as a result of drinking the polluted water of the

river. *ven trees and plants did not survive. Moreover, the ingress of polluted river water

in the wells of the nearby ;/ villages rendered the water undrinkable. "his group of

reporters made a thorough investigation of this problem during the course of the

workshop. #pecimens of polluted water were collected and analysed. ?hen the reports

appeared in media, the authorities were alarmed and forced to take a number of steps at

different levels to solve the problem. "his is how such local level science $ournalists can

help bring to the fore the local issues5 problems and help address5 solve the same.

(ere is yet another example. 'uring the course of a workshop in (imachal 4radesh, a

group of writers5 $ournalists came across a traditional techni+ue for storage of water Hhatriyan

in the local language!. @ften, tanks for storing rainwater are constructed under the houses,sometimes in an open area. >ainwater collected from the roofs of the houses is collected through

pipes in these tanks. In case it snows in the area, after the snowfall, the water gets collected when

the snow melts. "his stored water is used for doing a variety of $obs for the whole year. "his

techni+ue was being used in the past in some other parts of the country as well and it still could

be used. #urely, such traditional technologies existed5 are existing in different parts of the

country. As a matter of fact, indigenous techni+ues5 technologies were develop5 are developed

depending on need arising from time to time, or were modified5 improved upon for better

efficiency and utility. "he practitioners in science $ournalism could report on these aspects as

well.

,$ In-esti'ati-e Science Journalism

"he scientific writing in our country today is chiefly limited to describing various aspects

of a particular topic, either in a descriptive manner or in praise of it. A large number of our

science writers and scientific $ournals are from the pubic sector and hence it is difficult to expect

them to be analytical or self-critical. =urther most of the >1' in our country is being carried out

in government laboratories and there is hardly any means for the common people to know what

scientists are doing. "o bring public awareness in our country in the field of research, there is a

need for investigative $ournalism in this field. ?hatever is happening in this field, good or bad,


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proper or improper must be brought before the people, only then science $ournalism in our

country would flourish in its complete form.

#cience $ournalism in India is nearly devoid of any investigative $ournalism. "his form of

$ournalism is attractive in its own way and retains readers: interest in the article to read further.

9ormally, a $ournalist publishes an article after a thorough investigation on political, social, or an

economic issue. "his aspect, however, is largely absent in the case of scientific topics. 4erhaps,

scientific issues are considered as being free of any human weaknesses, or not important enough

to deserve investigative reportingF

"he various forms of science $ournalism become clear only when aspects like proper or

improper uses of science and technology and good or bad impact of the same on society are

brought to the fore. #cience reporting then will develop into a form of an alert guard and adviser,

say, the case of introduction of new technology, genetically modified food, 69B fuel, and so on.

"his could become possible only when an enthusiastic science $ournalist5 reporter takes science

$ournalism as a profession. #uch reporters could visit a scientific laboratory and interact with

scientists in order to know the current scientific research and developmental work going on and

bring it to the people. It is necessary to reali3e that investigative $ournalism does not imply

investigation of any irregularity alone in a laboratory5 organi3ation, but brining to the people

those useful technologies also still not known far and wide.

.$ Science Journalism and Scienti+ic iteracy

#cientific literacy is necessary for the economic and healthy well being of the social

fabric and every person, and for the exercise of participatory democracy. It also implies the

ability to respond to the technical issues that pervade and influence our daily lives. It does not

mean detailed knowledge of scientific principles, phenomena or technologies, however, it rather

points out to the comprehension of what might be called the scientific approach, or the scientific

way of conduct or the method of science. #cience $ournalism keeps people aware about the latest

in the field of research and development and helps them lead a life with better knowledge and

understanding of newer advancements. "he last two decades have been characteri3ed by the


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rapid development of new scientific and technological advancements across a wide range of

fields. Access to these advancements is distributed unevenly within the country. *ven people in

far-flung areas often lack access to not only traditional but also modern scientific knowledge.

*ffective locali3ed science $ournalism can help enhance public awareness about science and

technology confronting their day-to-day lives.

.$ Creatin' t/e Creators

In order to develop trained manpower in the area of science $ournalism5 writing5

communication, training5 educational programmes are being offered at various levels in

our countryD i! #hort term courses, which are of to < day:s duration the participants are

science activists and enthusiasts, whether students of science at higher level or not ii!

Medium term courses, which are of two to four month:s duration usually for those who

wants to improve their science communication skills and iii! ong term courses, which

are of % to C year:s duration run at different universities5institutions and offer post

graduate degrees or diplomas in science communication. )esides, a correspondence

course in science $ournalism of one-year duration is also available.

As part of short-term courses, -0 days: training-cum-orientation workshops of local5

regional writers, $ournalists, illustrators are organi3ed and they are exposed to various

techni+ues of science writing, reporting, and illustrations. "he idea behind this

programme is to develop grass root science writers5 $ournalists who can eventually write

on local issues of scientific importance with the help of locally available resources5

experts for the local5 regional level mass media. "his is our way to enhancing science

coverage in local5 regional press. #ome C// such workshops have been organi3ed so far

and our target is to have similar programmes at all the 0// districts. "hrough the

implementation of this idea, a number of skilled science writers and $ournalists are

coming to the fore from different regional languages. At some places, these grass root

science writers have formed >egional #cience ?riters: Associations as chapters of the

Indian #cience ?riters: Association I#?A!.

!M!R0IN0 P!RSP!CTI"!


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In spite of a number of efforts for developing science $ournalism in India, there are

certain challenges before us, to be met. #ome of them are listed belowD

a! As an average, the science coverage in India is around K, which we intend to enhance

up to %0K, as per a resolution of Indian #cience ?riters: Association.

b! "he number of capable science $ournalists5 writers and popular science maga3ines is

alarmingly low and hardly sufficient to cater to the large target audience.

c! "he science has still not succeeded in attracting the media to the extent that it could

appear on the front page or become a lead story, like the politics, films or sports. Mass

media has its commercial compulsions, which superimpose all the science

communication efforts and leave a negative impact in the minds of the audiences. Instead

of including scientific information, they prefer to generate more revenue by including

non-scientific, meta-scientific or occult information, etc.

d! It is rather disappointing to note that leading science maga3ines have ceased their

publication, like #cience "oday, #cience Age, )ulletin of #ciences, >esearch and

Industry, etc. and Indian editions of foreign science maga3ines, like Vigyan #cientific

American!, ?orld #cientist a >echerche!, etc. could not survive, however, recently

Indian edition of 4opular #cience has been started from 9ew 'elhi.

e! India has %& recogni3ed regional languages. #cience writing in many languages is yet

another great challenge, as scientific information is generally available in *nglish. "he

+uality of scientific translation could not achieve the level of excellence.

f! "he science writing is still dry and boring, and interesting styles of writing, like fiction,

poetry, satires, skits, discussions, etc. have not found ade+uate space and time in the

media. *ven most of the science writers could not contribute sufficiently such an

interesting science material. Merely occasional appearance of something in the name of

science fiction cannot serve the purpose.

g! Misleading scientific information, a continuous decay of creativity in presentation,

distortion in translation, inconsistency in organi3ing the contents, lapses in the use of

language, and many more deviations can be seen on media fre+uently.

h! "here has been emerging conflict between scientists and $ournalists, which is a great


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impediment towards the progress of science $ournalism in India. "his can be resolved by

way of organi3ing scientists-$ournalists meets on regular basis.

i! As far as science writing and science $ournalism are concerned, there is ample scope for

furthering such efforts in developing countries, especially in #outh Asian >egion. A

common science and technology news and features pool can be formed to facilitate

writers5 $ournalists to get5 exchange information on scientific research.

$! "here is a great shortage of properly trained science writers, $ournalists,

communicators, illustrators in various parts of the world, though, a number of training

programmes are conducted at various places. "herefore, more training programmes are

needed, which may preferably be conducted to give more opportunity to developing

countries.

k! 4opular science writing in India is still shackled by complacency and over dependence

on foreign sources. It is very difficult to get information from a scientific laboratory. "he

scientists in some organi3ations are not allowed to talk to the media about the research

being carried out by them or in their laboratory. "his re+uires a science media centre,

including a centrali3ed website to facilitate media persons to get research reports well in

time.

l! All India >adio has started science news based on the research papers appearing in

Indian research $ournals. 4rint media can follow similar practice as well.

m! =ollowing the industrial revolution in the western countries, the level of science

coverage in mass media was exponentially increased. As such, India is passing through

the same stage, in the present time. As the technology advances, the need of scientific

information would also increase. Accordingly, the industrial India would soon witness the

high time of science $ournalism, but the scientific community, media persons and public

have to be vigilant enough to harness this opportunity.

n! Benerally, science $ournalism is misunderstood merely as communication of data it

must go beyond data. "he logical and rational interpretation must come up to the fore,

enabling the target audiences to shape their lives, ideas and thinking, as well.

o! "here is a need of debates in mass media on emerging issues of science and

technology which are relevant to the people and are of their immediate concern to enable

them to take informed decisions to lead their life in a democratic society.


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"hough, challenges are many, we could see some rays of hope, as India has been able to

take initiatives in a number of newer programmes in the area of science communication,

such as, Vigyan Jatha, 6hildren:s #cience 6ongress, and #cientific *xplanation of #o-

called miracles, etc., which were not tried out elsewhere and can take lead in these

innovative areas of science communication to better serve the mankind.

CONCUSION

In order to identify and evaluate the present status of science $ournalism in India, various

parameters were used. @n the basis of a survey conducted, some interesting inferences

were drawn. 9ear about %C.;;K respondents were interested in science and technology

coverage. "his inference seems to be exactly in conformity with the desired level %/-

%0K! of science coverage in the country. ?hile looking at the demand and supply

analysis, the demand seems to be very less in some cases. "his however, is a false

situation limited by the necessary expansion, which may leap many times in near future.

#cience certainly does not fare well when we talk of readers: interest but it is also true

that we need to work in the direction of making science interesting. A lot more creativity

is re+uired in the field of science writing and $ournalism perhaps this is what we lack at

the moment. #cience fiction has achieved the status of best sellers in the west, whereas

we hardly have anything significant of this type of science writing. ow interest in

sciences can be traced to another reason that we are not prioritising two important

segments of our readers, the students and the farmers, in the manner that is of interest to

them. "here is reasonable interest in the folk media, especially in the rural areas and this

media does not find enough attention vis-L-vis science $ournalism.

It is time to recogni3e the shift in target population:s interest, i.e. towards television, and

science programmes should be created in enough number through formats, which are

most attractive to them. It may not be incorrect to say that docu-drama would be the most

sought after format of science communication through television. ?hen, India is passing


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through a crucial turning point of its development, we must take emerging trends into our

stride and redraw our policies and plans, to be a nation of scientifically thinking and

scientifically informed people. (ence, the efforts directed towards enhancing science

coverage in mass media through effective and creative science $ournalism need to be

given more priority. "his is an issue, which scientists, media persons and the public have

to take seriously and other side of the coin needs to be focussed now.

R!1!R!NC!S

%. #atyaprakash, )haratiya Vigyan He Harnadhar, %8;esearch Institute of Ancient

#cientific #tudies. 9ew 'elhi.

C. #harma Huldeep, Huchh >oti Huchh #isakati Vigyan 4atrikyein, %88. (industan,

9ew 'elhi.

. #ingh >anbir, Are Most #cience ?riters 9early 4lagiarists, %88, 4ioneer, 9ew 'elhi.

7. "oynbee A, Mankind and Mother *arth - A 9arrative (istory of ?orld, %8;', )otanical #cience in Ancient India, %88, )hagirath )ook "rust,

B$a3iabad.

;. #harma @4, "rends in #cientific "erminology, %8;C, 9ational )ureau of *ducational

4ublications, 9ew 'elhi.


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8. 4atairiya Mano$, (indi Vigyan 4atrakarita, %88/,"axsila 4rakashan, 9ew 'elhi.

%/. 4atairiya Mano$, Vigyan #anchar, C//%, "axsila 4rakashan, 9ew 'elhi.

%%. 4atairiya Mano$, 96#"6 6ommunications, %88C-C//C.

%C. 4atairiya Mano$, Indian Journal of #cience communication, January-June, C//C.

%. 4atairiya Mano$, #ci'ev.9et, March C/, C//C, ondon, 2.H.

%7. 4atairiya Mano$, *2#JA 9ews, #pring C//C, #trasbourg, =rance.

%0. 4atairiya Mano$, @rigin and *volution of #cience 6ommunication in India, 4h.'.

"hesis, %88& 2nder publication!.

"his article is based on a presentation given at the first Jour9et international conference on

4rofessional *ducation for the Media, 9ewcastle, Australia, %;-C/ =ebruary C//7.

Contact

9ational 6ouncil for #cience 1 "echnology 6ommunication 96#"6!D

"echnology )havan, 9ew Mehrauli >oad, 9ew 'elhi %%//%; India!

Indian #cience ?ritersN Association I#?A!D C05, #ector - I, 4ushp Vihar, #aket, 9ew 'elhi -

%%//%< India!

*-mailD mano$patairiyaOyahoo.com, mkpOnic.in

"op of 4age

Issue C0D January C//


18/18

"he 4antaneto =orum (ome 4age

#cience Journalism has been dealt in this paper as a sub-set of the broad set of #cience

6ommunication hence most of the other activities concerning #cience 6ommunication have

been deliberately left aside.

"hough science and technology are different terms, in the text of this paper, the term #cience is

inclusive of "echnology to avoid repetition.
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Science Journalism in India