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Science Proficiency ReviewScience Proficiency Review
Matter and EnergyMatter and Energy
Kinetic Molecular TheoryKinetic Molecular Theory
Matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, Matter is composed of tiny particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) with definite and molecules, or ions) with definite and characteristic sizes that do not change. Particles characteristic sizes that do not change. Particles are in constant random motion and possess are in constant random motion and possess kinetic energykinetic energy
The amount of kinetic energy is directly related The amount of kinetic energy is directly related to Kelvin temperatureto Kelvin temperature
Kinetic energy is transferred through collisionsKinetic energy is transferred through collisions
States of MatterStates of MatterSummary of Solid, Liquid, and GasSummary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
SolidSolid Liquid Liquid GasGas
Arrangement Arrangement and Closeness and Closeness
of Particlesof Particles
Fixed, CloseFixed, Close Random, CloseRandom, Close Random, Far Random, Far ApartApart
Attraction Attraction between between Particles Particles
StrongStrong ModerateModerate Little to noneLittle to none
Motion of Motion of
ParticlesParticles Particles vibrate Particles vibrate about fixed sitesabout fixed sites
Particles slide Particles slide over each otherover each other
Particles move Particles move constantly and constantly and randomly randomly
States of MatterStates of MatterSummary of Solid, Liquid, and GasSummary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
SolidSolid Liquid Liquid GasGas
VolumeVolume Definite volumeDefinite volume Define volumeDefine volume Takes volume of Takes volume of containercontainer
ShapeShape Definite shapeDefinite shape Takes the Takes the shape of shape of containercontainer
Takes the Takes the shape of shape of containercontainer
DensityDensity High densityHigh density High density High density (usually lower (usually lower than that of than that of same solid)same solid)
Low densityLow density
States of MatterStates of MatterSummary of Solid, Liquid, and GasSummary of Solid, Liquid, and Gas
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Solid Solid Liquid Liquid GasGas
FlowFlow Does not flowDoes not flow Flows easilyFlows easily Flows easilyFlows easily
CompressibilityCompressibility Small Small compressibilitycompressibility
Small Small compressibility compressibility to to incompressibleincompressible
Large Large compressibilitycompressibility
Thermal Thermal ExpansionExpansion
Small thermal Small thermal expansionexpansion
Small thermal Small thermal expansionexpansion
Moderate Moderate thermal thermal expansionexpansion
Phase ChangesPhase Changes
An energy transfer is needed to change from An energy transfer is needed to change from one phase to anotherone phase to another
Heating or cooling of a substance changes the Heating or cooling of a substance changes the amount of kinetic energy and motion of particlesamount of kinetic energy and motion of particles
When enough heat is added or removed from a When enough heat is added or removed from a substance, intermolecular attractions amongst substance, intermolecular attractions amongst particles decrease or increase enough for phase particles decrease or increase enough for phase changes to occurchanges to occur
Heating and Cooling CurvesHeating and Cooling Curves
Phase transitions occur at specific Phase transitions occur at specific temperature when the energy of particles temperature when the energy of particles exceeds that allowed for a given stateexceeds that allowed for a given state
During a phase change, the temperature During a phase change, the temperature of the substance stays constant until the of the substance stays constant until the phase change is completephase change is complete
Sample Heating CurveSample Heating Curve
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
1. A sample of carbon dioxide that 1. A sample of carbon dioxide that undergoes a transformation from solid undergoes a transformation from solid to liquid to gas would undergo a to liquid to gas would undergo a change in change in
a. densitya. densityb. massb. massc. compositionc. compositiond. chemical propertiesd. chemical properties
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
2. Which statement is NOT true?2. Which statement is NOT true? a. a. To change from a solid to a liquid To change from a solid to a liquid requires energy.requires energy.
b. Water can exist in solid, liquid, or b. Water can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states.gas states.c. Solids and liquids have similar c. Solids and liquids have similar
densities. densities. d. Particles in a solid do not move.d. Particles in a solid do not move.
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
3. As ice cools from 273 K to 263 K, the 3. As ice cools from 273 K to 263 K, the average kinetic energy of its molecules average kinetic energy of its molecules willwilla. decreasea. decreaseb. increaseb. increasec. remain the samec. remain the samed. quickly increase, then slowly decrease d. quickly increase, then slowly decrease to zeroto zero
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
4. Under the same conditions of 4. Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, a liquid temperature and pressure, a liquid differs from a gas because the particles differs from a gas because the particles of the liquidof the liquida. are in constant straight-line motiona. are in constant straight-line motionb. take the shape of the container they b. take the shape of the container they occupyoccupyc. have no regular arrangementc. have no regular arrangementd. have stronger forces of attraction d. have stronger forces of attraction between thembetween them
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
5. Which of the following is true as a 5. Which of the following is true as a gas is changing to a liquid during gas is changing to a liquid during condensation?condensation?a. There is a decrease in particle order.a. There is a decrease in particle order.b. The particles gain freedom.b. The particles gain freedom.c. The temperature rises.c. The temperature rises.d. Energy is released.d. Energy is released.
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
6. The relative randomness of 6. The relative randomness of molecules in the states of matter is molecules in the states of matter is best indicated by:best indicated by:a. solid > liquid > gasa. solid > liquid > gasb. liquid > gas > solidb. liquid > gas > solidc. liquid > solid > gasc. liquid > solid > gasd. gas > liquid > solidd. gas > liquid > solid
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
7. The physical state of matter is related to 7. The physical state of matter is related to the potential energy and kinetic energy the potential energy and kinetic energy between molecules of the substance. The between molecules of the substance. The gaseous state is characterized bygaseous state is characterized bya. high potential energy and high kinetic energya. high potential energy and high kinetic energyb. high potential energy and low kinetic energyb. high potential energy and low kinetic energyc. low potential energy and high kinetic energyc. low potential energy and high kinetic energyd. low potential energy and low kinetic energyd. low potential energy and low kinetic energy
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
8. Low density and high compressibility 8. Low density and high compressibility are characteristic ofare characteristic ofa. the liquid statea. the liquid stateb. the solid stateb. the solid statec. the gaseous statec. the gaseous stated. both the liquid and solid statesd. both the liquid and solid states
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
9. Gases have a low density because 9. Gases have a low density because a. gas molecules have strong a. gas molecules have strong intermolecular attractions.intermolecular attractions.b. gas molecules are very far apart.b. gas molecules are very far apart.c. gas molecules take the shape of their c. gas molecules take the shape of their container.container.d. gas molecules have an indefinite d. gas molecules have an indefinite volume.volume.
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
10. A pot of water is placed on a hot 10. A pot of water is placed on a hot stove. Small bubbles begin to appear at stove. Small bubbles begin to appear at the bottom of the pot. The bubbles rise the bottom of the pot. The bubbles rise to the surface of the water and seem to to the surface of the water and seem to pop or disappear. What is inside the pop or disappear. What is inside the bubbles?bubbles?a. oxygen or hydrogena. oxygen or hydrogenb. airb. airc. oxygen and hydrogenc. oxygen and hydrogend. steamd. steam
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuesitonsQuesitons
11. In a pure sample of oxygen gas, 11. In a pure sample of oxygen gas, what exists between the oxygen what exists between the oxygen molecules?molecules?a. mattera. matterb. airb. airc. nothingc. nothingd. atmosphered. atmosphere
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
12. Which of the following statements 12. Which of the following statements is correct?is correct?a. Heat causes molecules to expand.a. Heat causes molecules to expand.b. Molecular size depends on temperatureb. Molecular size depends on temperaturec. Gases have mass and volume.c. Gases have mass and volume.d. Bonds within molecules are broken d. Bonds within molecules are broken during melting.during melting.
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review QuestionsQuestions
113. Consider three samples of water in three 3. Consider three samples of water in three phases. The first is solid water (ice) at 0 °C, phases. The first is solid water (ice) at 0 °C, the second is liquid water at 24 °C, and the the second is liquid water at 24 °C, and the third is gaseous water at 100 °C. The water third is gaseous water at 100 °C. The water molecules in the liquid phase _______ the molecules in the liquid phase _______ the water molecules in the solid phase.water molecules in the solid phase.a. move faster thana. move faster thanb. move slower thanb. move slower thanc. move less randomly thanc. move less randomly thand. travel in the same direction as.d. travel in the same direction as.
Matter and Energy Review Matter and Energy Review Question AnswersQuestion Answers
Answers to Sample Test QuestionsAnswers to Sample Test Questions1. (a)1. (a)2. (d)2. (d)3. (a)3. (a)4. (d)4. (d)5. (d)5. (d)6. (d)6. (d)7. (c)7. (c)8. (c)8. (c)9. (b)9. (b)10. (d)10. (d)11. (c)11. (c)12. (c)12. (c)13. (a)13. (a)