Scientific Article

David L. Anderson1,4, David A. Wiedenfeld2, Marc J. Bechard1, & Stephen J. Novak3

1Raptor Research Center, Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.

2Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador.3Department of Biology, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.

Resumen. Avifauna de la regin de la Moskitia en Honduras. La Moskitia al noreste de Hondurases considerada una regin de alta diversidad en especies de aves, supuestamente por su inmensidad dehbitat natural y la poca intervencin humana. Reportamos 358 especies de aves en la Moskitia de acuerdoa estudios hechos recientemente y datos histricos, el doble de la cantidad de especies ya reportadas.Sesenta y cinco especies habitan exclusivamente en bosques latifoliados lluviosos donde sus poblacionesson afectadas por la deforestacin en Centro Amrica. Cinco especies estn en peligro de extincin a nivelmundial y otra est restringida (endmica) a la regin. Incluimos una lista de todas las especies reportadaspor categora de residencia, estado de peligro, frecuencia de observacin, y forma de documentacin. Ade-ms, incluimos una segunda lista de 145 especies que no han sido reportadas en la Moskitia pero que tie-nen altas posibilidades de encontrarse en la regin. En conclusin, la Moskitia hondurea es notablementeimportante para la conservacin de la biodiversidad a nivel nacional y regional. Mientras tanto, es necesariorealizar trabajos del campo adicionales para mejor entender el estado, la distribucin, y la abundancia deaves en el noreste del pas.

Abstract. The Moskitia region of northeastern Honduras has long been suspected of supporting highavian diversity, due to the diversity and large expanse of habitats, some with little or no known history oflarge-scale human disturbance. We have drawn on recent field studies combined with historic data toreport on 358 species for this region, more than twice the number of species previously reported. Thisnumber represents half the total number of bird species found in Honduras. A total of 65 species arerestricted to mature lowland broadleaf forest and susceptible to habitat loss throughout Central America.Five species are recognized as deserving conservation concern and one is regionally range-restricted(endemic). We include a complete list of reported species giving the residency status, threatened status, fre-quency of observation, and method of substantiation. A second list includes 145 species that likely occurin the Honduran Moskitia but have not yet been reported. We conclude that the Honduran Moskitia isespecially important for conserving regional biodiversity. Meanwhile, much additional fieldwork is neededto understand the status and abundance of birds in northeastern Honduras. Accepted 31 July 2004.

Key words: Birds, avifauna, diversity, Moskitia, Honduras.

INTRODUCTION

With an area of 112,090 km2, Honduras is the___________4Current address: Museum of Natural Science, 119Foster Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton

second largest country in Central America.Within its boundaries is a diverse mosaic ofhabitats that range in elevation from 0 to2880 m and include mountainous highlandsinterspersed with arid valleys, 120 km ofPacific and 650 km of Caribbean coastlinesORNITOLOGIA NEOTROPICAL 15: 447482, 2004 The Neotropical Ornithological Society

AVIAN DIVERSITY IN THE MOSKITIA REGION OF HONDURAS447

Rouge, LA 70803, USA. E-mail: [email protected]

with associated coastal plains, mangroveswamps and estuaries, freshwater lagoons,

448

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.

FIG. 1. Gracias a Dios department in Honduras, with protected areas and forest coverage.

AVIFAUNA OF THE HONDURAN MOSKITIA

humid and dry tropical forests, cloud forests,pine and oak forests, and offshore islands andcays. Owing partly to its habitat diversity,Honduras supports a high diversity of some701 recorded bird species (Bonta & Anderson2002). Of this total, 16 species are regionalendemics confined to northern Central Amer-ica, one species is found only in Honduras,and various species are in danger of extinctionat the national, regional, and global levels,such as the Honduran Emerald (Amazilialuciae), Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja), andGolden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chryso-paria), among others (BirdLife International2000, Bonta & Anderson 2002).

The lowland rain forests of northeasternHonduras have long been believed to supporthigh bird species diversity, owing to their largesize and pristine condition. Although museumcollectors visited Honduras in the 19th and20th centuries, and the countrys avifauna wasaddressed in an early ornithological mono-graph (Monroe 1968), there have beenextremely few ornithological studies under-taken in eastern Honduras (Marcus 1983,Marcus 1984, Frederick et al. 1997, Anderson1998, Anderson et al. 1998, Anderson 2000).To date, an accurate assessment of the Moski-tia avifauna has remained elusive.

Our objectives in this paper are todescribe the avian diversity of the HonduranMoskitia, point out species of conservationconcern, and estimate the number of bird spe-cies present but as yet undetected in the studyarea.

STUDY AREA AND METHODS

Study area. The region known as the Moskitiaincludes land in both eastern Honduras andnorthern Nicaragua. Because the Moskitia

and cultural characteristics. The lowland broa-dleaf forests of northeastern Honduras andnorthern Nicaragua measure more than33,900 km2, with approximately half of theforest found in each country. (D. Parentunpubl.). Pine savanna totals another 17,500km2. These combined forests constitute oneof the largest remaining forest blocks in Cen-tral America. The ecosystems of the Moskitiamore closely approximate their pre-industrialstate than any similar-sized areas in the Cen-tral American isthmus. For this reason, 34,655km2 of land have been set aside in fournational and international protected areas (O.Mungua pers. com). In Honduras, the low-land broadleaf forests in the northeastern partof the country lie in four departments: Coln,El Paraso, Olancho, and Gracias a Dios. Thelatter possesses the greatest extent of forestand the lowest human population densities inHonduras, and comprises the large majorityof the area called the Moskitia in Honduras.We will therefore use the departmental limitsof Gracias a Dios (hereafter the HonduranMoskitia) to delimit the geographic areafrom which our data are derived.

Gracias a Dios measures 16,630 km2,ranges in elevation from 0 to 1356 m, and hasa human population density of approximately2.2 persons/km2 (Turner 2004). Lowlandbroadleaf rain forests in this department alonetotal 6500 km2, with pine savanna encompass-ing approximately the same area (Fig. 1). Thephysiography of the Moskitia is characterizedby north-south transverse mountain rangesdescending onto the broad littoral plain of theRo Patuca and Ro Segovia. Pronounced dry(JanuaryMay) and wet (JuneDecember) sea-sons occur, with an annual precipitation of2700 mm recorded on the Caribbean coast atBeln (Dodds 1994). Primary lowland rain449

straddles the boundary of Honduras and Nic-aragua, it is difficult to accurately determinethe size and geographic boundary of theregion, which is loosely defined by biological

forests are comprised of broadleaf evergreentrees (e.g., Swietenia macrophylla, Pterocarpus offici-nalis) with occasional deciduous species (Tabe-buia chrysantha, Ceiba pendantra; Hardy &

ANDERSON ET AL.

Sutherland 1986). The dense canopy is typi-cally 2535 m high, and epiphytes are abun-dant.

Field observations. Our observations of birds inthe Moskitia are derived from three principaltime periods. DLA lived in the Ro PltanoBiosphere Reserve in the village of Las Marasfrom January to June 1996 and 1997, and inthe Tawahka Asagni Biosphere Reserve in thevillage of Krausirpe from January to May1999. DAW worked in gallery forest and pinesavanna in the area of the Ro Pltano east-ward to the Nicaraguan border from Februaryto March and from August to October of1992.

Frequency status. We assigned a frequency ofobservation status to species based on ourobservations. The frequency classificationswe used were: common, at least one individ-ual detected every day in the field; fairly com-mon, at least one individual detected everyweek in the field; uncommon, at least oneindividual detected during a season (threemonths); rare, for species we observed onfewer than six occasions. For species we didnot directly observe, we ascertained a fre-quency status based on primary sources(Monroe 1968, Marcus 1983, Frederick et al.1997).

Habitat use classification. We assigned species toa maximum of three out of eight habitat cate-gories. We based designations on our obser-vations of species encountered on more thanfive occasions. For species we observed fewerthan six times, the assignment of habitat usewas based on the literature (Monroe 1968,Marcus 1983, Frederick et al. 1997). The eighthabitat categories we used were: mature forest

marshy or swampy areas); coastal habitats andmangroves; open habitats, usually highlyaltered by human activity, including agricul-ture; aerial, for swifts only; all, for speciesfound in all habitats. As with all studies oftropical birds, assigning species to a habitatcategory can be problematic and the result ofgeneralizations. Our intent was to provide aframework for understanding the distribu-tion of birds within habitats in the HonduranMoskitia and point future researchers towardmeaningful studies of bird species distribu-tion in the Moskitia.

Residency status classification. We classified birdspecies into five categories of residency sta-tus: permanent resident, Nearctic migrant,partial migrant, intratropical migrant, andtransient. All resident, nonmigratory specieswere classified as permanent residents andincluded species for which breeding waseither known or presumed. Nearcticmigrants were species that spent anextended period (generally many months) ofthe year in the Honduran Moskitia beforereturning to breeding areas. Partial migrantswere species with both permanent residentand migrant (non-breeding) populations.Intratropical migrants were species thatmigrated between regions in Central andSouth America. Migrant species suspected ofoccurring only during spring and fall migra-tion were classified as transients. For all ofthe above, residency status was generallytaken from published sources for CentralAmerica, and is therefore not specific to theHonduran Moskitia.

Substantiation. We classified each speciesaccording to the manner in which its occur-rence in the Honduran Moskitia had been450

(forest showing no signs of human distur-bance); young forest (secondary forest, brush,and edge); pine savanna; freshwater (includingislands in rivers, riparian vegetation, and other

documented. Species reported in publishedliterature are thus identified by the year ofpublication of the respective source(s). Spe-cies not identified by year of publication are


new records for the Moskitia from our obser-vations. We further indicate those speciesdocumented through specimens or photo-graphs. Any species not listed under these cri-teria was substantiated solely on the basis ofobservation or auditory records.

Specimen data were obtained from theU.S. National Museum of Natural History(USNM), the Louisiana State UniversityMuseum of Natural Science (LSUMNS), andthe Western Foundation for Vertebrate Zool-ogy (WFVZ). The only persons we know tohave collected birds in the Honduran Moski-tia (C. H. Townsend 1887, W. D. Strong 1933,B. Monroe 1963, M. Marcus 1980, D. Ander-son 1996, 1997) deposited their specimens inthese three collections.

maps (Howell & Webb 1995). All specieslisted are described in at least one source asoccurring on the eastern Atlantic coast ofHonduras and occupying habitats found inthe Honduran Moskitia, or as being found inthe neighboring Nicaraguan Moskitia in habi-tats contiguous with Honduras.

RESULTS

We list 358 species that have been reliablyreported for the Honduran Moskitia, increas-ing by 192 species the number previouslyreported in the literature (Appendix 1). Sixtyfamilies and 258 genera are represented.

Habitat use. Forest specialists dominated theavifauna of the Honduran Moskitia, withnearly twice as many species being restrictedto forested habitats (192) than were restrictedto non-forest habitats (104; Table 1). Morespecies were restricted to mature forest thanany other singular habitat, followed by fresh-water and open habitats, respectively. Fewerspecies were restricted to young forests andcoastal habitats than to any other habitats.

Residency status. A total of 238 (66%) nonmi-gratory species were classified as permanentresidents. Nearctic migrants accounted for anadditional 49 (14%) species (Table 2). Fivespecies (Elanoides forficatus, Ictinia plumbea, Chor-deiles minor, Myiodynastes luteiventris, Procniastricarunculata) were classified as intratropicalmigrants. All of these with the exception of P.tricaranculata are known to breed in Honduras.The latter is known to breed in neighboringNicaragua, and suspected to breed in Olanchodepartment in Honduras (Bonta 2003).Eleven species (3%) that visit Honduras inspring or fall but which spend the northern

TABLE 1. Distribution of habitat specialist birdspecies in the Honduran Moskitia.

Habitats Number of species

Percent of total avifauna

ForestsMature forestMature and young forestYoung forestForest subtotal

Transitional habitatsPine savanna

Non-forest habitatsFreshwaterCoastal habitatsOpen habitatsAerialNon-forest subtotal

Habitat specialist total

6511116192

27

5314343

104

323

1831454

8

1549129451

Expected species. We derived the list of specieslikely to be present in the Moskitia based onpublished species accounts (Monroe 1968,Howell 1971, Marcus 1983) and distribution

winter elsewhere were classified as transients.Nine species were considered partial migrants,with both permanent resident and migratorypopulations. Forty-five breeding residents are

ANDERSON ET AL.

at the northern limits of their ranges in theHonduran Moskitia.

Substantiation. Of the 358 species we listed,166 had been previously reported in the pub-lished literature, and 192 are here beingreported for the first time (Table 2). Threespecies collected in 1980 in the Ro Pltanoby M. Marcus (S. Cardiff pers. com.) werenever reported in the ornithological literature:Sclerurus guatemalensis, Platyrinchus coronatus, andTerenotriccus erythrurus.

Specimens exist for 135 (38%) of the 358species reported, for a total of 323 specimens.Only 18 species were represented by 5specimens, and no tissue specimens areknown to have been collected in the Moskitia.We found photo documentation for four spe-cies for which no specimens existed (Morph-nus guia-nensis, Harpia harpyja, Ortalis cinereiceps,and Nyctiphrynus ocellatus).

Expected species. We estimate that as many as145 additional species are likely to occur inthe Honduran Moskitia (Appendix 2). Ofthese, 123 have been observed elsewhere in

SPECIES ACCOUNTS

Five bird species of conservation concern(BirdLife International 2000) are discussedbelow. We also provide new or significantinformation for an additional seven speciesthat are poorly known from the HonduranMoskitia and whose inclusion below high-lights the importance of the Moskitia for pre-serving regional biodiversity.

Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis). Onejuvenile bird perched in the top of a snag nextto Crique Kahkatingi 12 km from the RoPatuca was photographed on 26 June 1999 byRussell Thorstrom (R. Thorstrom pers. com.).The snag was located in a flooded riverineforest surrounded by primary rain forest. Lit-tle is known of the species in Honduras, withthe only other two records being specimenscollected in 1890 and 1902, both outside theMoskitia (Monroe 1968). This species is listedas near-threatened by BirdLife International(2000).

Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja). There are four

TABLE 2. Status and documentation of birds reported in the Honduran Moskitia.

Number of species Percent of totalPermanent residentsNearctic migrantsIntratropical migrantsPartial migrantsTransientsStatus uncertainTotal number of species reported

Species previously reported in published literatureSpecies newly reported in this paperSpecies represented by specimens

2384959111

358

166192135

6614133


and Ro Pltano are familiar with the speciesand are able to give perfect descriptions ofthis bird. Residents of Las Maras and Krau-sirpe tell stories of shooting this species andother large raptors, some accounts of whichwe were able to verify (D. Anderson unpubl.).This species is listed as near-threatened byBirdLife International (2000), partly becauseof such human persecution. The vast unin-habited forests of the Honduran Moskitiaprovide a refuge from conflict with humans.

Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle (Spizastur melano-leucus). DLA observed the species on twooccasions in the Ro Pltano area and twicealong the Ro Patuca. One bird was seen soar-ing over a mosaic of agricultural plots andmature forest, and three birds were seen inmature rain forest. On 25 January 1999, twoadults flew into a nest located in a 40-m tallMetoxylon balsamum tree on a 140-m high ridge,1.5 km northwest of Krausirpe. The nest wasconstructed of fine twigs somewhat smaller indiameter than those in Spizaetus ornatus nestsin the region (D. Anderson pers. obs.). Thenest appeared to be 11.5 m wide and 1m tall. The nest was built in the very top ofthe tree, and the tree canopy was an opencrown of spreading branches of equal diame-ter. Only one bird was seen to enter the cupof the nest. An overflight of the nest by Pere-grine Fund biologists on 25 June revealed thenest to be vacant of eggs and nestlings (R.Thorstrom pers. com.). This appears to beonly the second nest reported for this species(Thiollay 1994).

Great Green Macaw (Ara ambigua). The GreatGreen Macaw is a common inhabitant of low-land rain forests in the Moskitia (Marcus1984). DLA observed the species daily in the

upstream from Wampusirpe, in August 1992.The species is heavily trafficked for the pettrade in Honduras, and this might explain thelower frequency of observation near the moreheavily traveled and populated Ro Patuca.This species is listed as vulnerable by BirdLifeInternational (2000).

Wedge-tailed Sabrewing (Campylopterus curvi-pennis). DLA observed the Wedge-tailedSabrewing frequently in the Sierra de Waruntasouth of the Ro Patuca in 1999. Between 23and 27 April, from one to three individualswere encountered on each of four trips to thelimestone cliffs that characterize the face ofthis low (800 m) mountain range. Individualswere typically seen feeding at brightly coloredbromeliads and other flowers growing inmature forest at the tops of the cliffs. Previ-ously, this species was known from Hondurasonly on the basis of four specimens collectedin central Olancho department, 140 km to theeast, and had not been reliably reported forHonduras since 1962 (Monroe 1968). TheHonduran population is believed to be sepa-rated by 500 km from the next nearest knownlocality in Belize, a supposition that warrantsfurther investigation.

Keel-billed Motmot (Electron carinatum). DLAobserved the species frequently in humid for-ests in both the Pltano and Patuca regions.The species could be observed on most daysby searching and listening for its distinct call, anasal kowhng-kowhng, slightly deeper thanthat of the similar Broad-billed Motmot (Elec-tron platyrhynchum). The species has been con-sidered as very rare by some authors (Collaret al. 1988) and threatened by forest destruc-tion over its rather limited range, hence its sta-tus as vulnerable. We agree with Howell &453

Ro Pltano area in flocks of more than 10individuals, and almost daily in the Ro Patucaarea, usually in pairs. DAW recorded this spe-cies as well on the Ro Patuca at Pimienta

Webb (1995) that the species is more com-mon than previously thought, at least in thehumid forests of Honduras Atlantic slope.We propose that the broadleaf forests of the

ANDERSON ET AL.

Honduran Moskitia be recognized as astronghold for this species (sensu BirdLifeInternational 2001, Snow 2001)

Gray-headed Piprites (Piprites griseiceps). DLAobserved one or two individuals in an areaknown locally as Batiltuk, 2 km southwest ofLas Maras on the Ro Pltano, on 5 February1996. The species was observed twice inhumid secondary forest while feeding at theperiphery of mixed species flocks consistingmostly of Golden-hooded Tanagers (Tangaralarvata) and migrant parulid warblers. Theindividual(s) was (were) observed sally-glean-ing at 57 m in the forest canopy on oneoccasion, and 12 m high in forest under-growth on the second occasion.

Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculata).DLA observed a minimum of 3 males singingfrom 18 February to 7 March 1999 on a ridge165 m a.s.l., 3.5 km northwest of Krausirpeon the Ro Patuca. The birds frequented thetop of the ridge where the forest had beenthinned by a fire. The surrounding forest wasmature rain forest. No birds were found after7 March, raising the question if the individualsobserved nested in the region or weremigrants from a breeding population innorthern Nicaragua, as suggested by Howell& Webb (1995). Skutch (1969) observed thespecies in Costa Rica below 1515 m a.s.l. fromJanuary to March during the non-breedingseason, during which time they also vocalized.The dates of our observations combined withthe subsequent disappearance of the birdslead us to believe that they were migrating tohigher elevations outside the Moskitia tobreed. Further investigation is needed todetermine the migration routes and breedingareas of this species here at the northern limit

Purple Martin (Progne subis). At Kuri, fromapproximately 17:15 to 18:20 h on 21 August1992, DAW observed an enormous but looseflock of Purple Martins and Barn Swallows(Hirundo rustica; see account below) migratingeastward parallel to the shore, over both landand sea. The flock moved steadily eastward,and a count of the number passing per minuteproduced an estimate of 53,000 martins pass-ing in that hour. The largest flock previouslyreported for this species in Honduras was 100individuals (Monroe 1968). Our observationsare the first report of mass migration of thespecies through Honduras.

Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica). See speciesaccount for Purple Martin. Based on the tech-nique described above, the number of BarnSwallows estimated in the flock on 21 August1992 at Kuri was 21,000 individuals. Ourobservation constitutes the first report ofmass migration through Honduras.

American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus). TheAmerican Dipper is a fairly common residentof the region, occurring in rocky rapids ofmajor rivers and smaller streams. DLAobserved nests and adults carrying food intheir bills on the Ro Pltano in 1993, 1996,and 1997, at elevations of approximately 50 ma.s.l. elevation. Monroe (1968) included thespecies for Honduras on the basis of a singlespecimen collected in Francisco Morazndepartment in 1951, and described its habitatin Honduras as swift-flowing mountainstreams in heavily forested regions. Althoughthe species is now known from the Sierra deAgalta in Central Olancho department (Bonta& Anderson 2002), this constitutes the firstreport for the species from Honduras Atlan-tic slope and from the Honduran Moskitia.454

of its range. This species is listed as vulnerableby BirdLife International (2000). This is thefirst reported sighting for the Honduran Mos-kitia.

Olive Tanager (Chlorothraupis carmioli). T.Jenner observed a group of eight individualsin a single-species flock in the foothills out-


side Las Maras on 25 December 2002 (Jones2003). Jenner observed another two individu-als in a mixed-species flock 2 km distant atCerro Baltimore the following day. The obser-vations were substantiated with detailed fieldnotes, including identifying marks, similar spe-cies, and by comparing the birds vocaliza-tions with recordings from Costa Rica. This isthe first report for the species in Honduras.

DISCUSSION

Although assessment of the avifauna of theHonduran Moskitia is still preliminary, theregion seems to support a rich avifauna aspreviously suspected. Its 358 known speciesand 65 specialists of lowland broadleaf forestsapproach or exceed the species richness ofsimilar regions in Central America and couldincrease substantially with the discovery ofsome of the 145 anticipated species. Compari-sons with the avifaunas of other regions inCentral America are tentative, but still infor-mative. Two areas of similar size are El Salva-dor and Belize. Both countries possess agreater number of species than the Moskitia,while the number of forest specialist birds(species occurring only in broadleaf forests)for the Moskitia is greater than El Salvador

diversity in El Salvador and Belize, greaterextent of forest cover in Belize, and the factthat the avifaunas of Belize and El Salvadorhave been studied in greater depth than thatof the Moskitia. The total number of speciesas well as the number of forest species isexpected to increase for the Moskitia with fur-ther study. Finally, the known 358 species rep-resents half of the total number of speciesknown for Honduras (Bonta & Anderson2002).

Species warranting conservation concernare perhaps a more important characteristic ofthe Moskitia avifauna than numbers of speciesalone. At a time when bird species are beingextirpated or at risk of national extinctionthroughout Central America, no species areknown or suspected to have been lost fromthe Moskitia. The vast and mostly undis-turbed lowland forests of the Moskitia consti-tute a refugium for these and other forestinterior and canopy species in decline region-ally. It is likely that the Moskitia serves as asource habitat of forest bird species essentialfor recolonization into more marginal habitatsin the region. If so, the presence of boththreatened habitats and threatened wildlifespecies underscores the conservation value ofthe Moskitia rain forests, which form an inte-

TABLE 3. Avifauna and geographical context of three Central American regions.

El Salvador Belize Honduran MoskitiaTotal area (km2)Broadleaf forest coverage (km2)Total speciesBroadleaf forest specialists1

20,7463,20452247

22,96519,620

56668

16,6306,50035865

1Forest specialists for El Salvador are species restricted to lowland broadleaf forests; for Belize and theHonduran Moskitia, data include species of lowland forests that may or may not occur in montane for-ests.455

and nearly equal to Belize (Table 3; Komar &Dominguez 2001). Differences in both totalnumber of species and number of forest spe-cialists between these countries and the Mos-kitia are attributable to greater habitat

gral part of the Mesoamerican Biological Cor-ridor linking habitats throughout CentralAmerica (Kaiser 2001).

Two factors influencing avian diversity inthe Honduran Moskitia warrant discussion:

ANDERSON ET AL.

habitat diversity and the Moskitias biogeo-graphic keystone position between North andSouth America. Habitat diversity across theMoskitia certainly contributes to the regionsavifaunal diversity. Coastal lagoons, pinesavanna, lowland rain forests, and abundantriverine habitats contribute to the relativeavian richness of this region. Comparison ofavian diversity between regions containingdissimilar habitats would not be especiallymeaningful. Instead, useful comparisonsrequire that future studies not just report totalnumber of species, but also include a descrip-tion of the bird communities within specifichabitats. More important is the preponder-ance of species found in, or restricted to,mature forest. The Moskitia remains a placewhere undisturbed forests dominate the land-scape, an unusual situation in Central Amer-ica.

The Moskitias biogeographic keystoneposition between North and South America isa second factor that influences the regionsavifauna. The avifauna of Hondurass lowlandCaribbean slope is largely derived from spe-cies whose center of distribution or whoseevolutionary origins are in South America(Monroe 1968). Forty-six species are at theirextreme northern range limits in the Hondu-ran Moskitia, and not found in similar forestsfarther west and north in Honduras, Guate-mala, or Mexico (Anderson 2000, this paper).Likewise, at least 13 species that nest in theMoskitia pine savannas are more characteris-tic of conifer forests and open spaces ofNorth America. These species distinguish theMoskitia avifauna from forest sites farthersouth. An additional 49 species are migrantsfrom North America. Finally, the Moskitiaavifauna is characterized by species with ori-gins in, or which are endemic to, Central

Access to most areas is extremely difficult,human habitation is widely scattered, and fewornithologists have ever entered the interior.Even with our limited field work in the inte-rior, this paper more than doubles the num-ber of bird species known from the Moskitia.Still, our list of 145 expected, but as yet unre-ported, species shows that much remains tobe learned. The importance of predictingexpected species should not be underesti-mated. In recent decades, several species havebeen discovered in Honduras that previouslywere unknown north of Costa Rica (Marcus1983, Anderson et al. 1998, R. Gallardo pers.com.). Some of these are now known to bequite common in Honduras. Furthermore,new species for Honduras are discovered inthe Moskitia almost annually (Bonta &Anderson 2002, Jones 2003, R. Gallardopers. com.). The continued discovery ofnew species bolsters our view of the impor-tance of the Moskitia to avian species conser-vation and indicates that the preservation ofthis region and its inhabitants should be a pri-ority.

Our limited knowledge of the Moskitiaavifauna is further highlighted by an under-representation in the scientific literature andin natural history museums. We know of onlysix papers on the birds of the Honduran Mos-kitia published since 1968. Specimens existfor fewer than half of the species known, only18 species are represented by 5 specimens,and no tissue specimens exist. In short, thespecimen record from the Moskitia is com-pletely insufficient for modern taxonomicinvestigations involving phylogeny, moleculargenetics, and a host of other sub-disciplinesof ornithology.

The Honduran Moskitia offers a hereto-fore underutilized opportunity for studies in456

America, namely Momotidae with four spe-cies represented.

The Moskitia may be the most biologicallyunderstudied region in Central America.

Neotropical biology. The region possesseslarge tracts of primary forest and provides thechance to investigate an intact ecosystem withall the historically occurring organisms pre-


sumably still present. Such an opportunity isnot easily found elsewhere in Central Amer-ica. Detailed biological investigations areurgently needed to contribute to our knowl-edge of the Moskitia, and to conserve its bio-logical resources before the chance to do so islost.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

C. Ludwig (USNM), S. Cardiff (LSUMNS), R.Corado (WFVZ), and R. Thorstrom and R.Watson (The Peregrine Fund) shared valuabledata. D. Parent (Central America Ecology andEnvironment) generously and quickly pro-vided geographical data for forest coverage inCentral America. O. Komar, L. Kiff, A. Dufty,J. Smith, S. Wong, and an anonymous reviewermade valuable comments on earlier drafts ofthe manuscript. Funding and material supportwere provided by The American Bird Conser-vancy, Lincoln Park Zoological Society ScottNeotropic Fund, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary-Zeiss Award, The Peregrine Fund, ConejoValley Chapter of The Audubon Society, andthe Bill Supri Foundation. Corporacin Hon-durea de Desarrollo Forestal (COHDE-FOR) granted permission to DLA and toDAW throughout the Moskitia. Z. Guevara,B. Martinez, G. Suanzin, S. Harris, and D.Medina provided valuable field assistance inLas Maras. S. Romero, A. Rivens, A. Herrera,and B. Lpez provided support and fieldassistance to DAW, and P. Thorn providedlogistical support and discussion of Honduranbird biology and distribution.

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Collar, N. J., M. J. Crosby, & A. J. Stattersfield.1994. Birds to watch 2: The world list of threat-ened birds. Conservation Series No. 4, BirdLifeInternational, Cambridge, UK.

Collar, N. J., & P. Andrew. 1988. Birds to watch:The ICBP world checklist of threatened birds.ICBP Technical Publication No. 8, SmithsonianInstitution Press, Washington, DC.

Dodds, D. J. 1994. The ecological and social sus-tainability of Miskito subsistence in the RoPltano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras: The cul-tural ecology of swidden horticulturists in aprotected area. Ph.D. diss., Univ. of California,Los Angeles, California.

Frederick, P., J. C. Sandoval, C. Luthin, & M. Spald-ing. 1997. The importance of the Caribbeancoastal wetlands of Nicaragua and Honduras toCentral American populations of waterbirdsand Jabiru Storks (Jabiru mycteria). J. Field Orni-thol. 68: 287295.

Hardy, C., & N. Sutherland. 1986. Plantas comunesde Honduras. Editorial Universitaria, Tegu-cigalpa, Honduras.

Howell, T. R. 1971. An ecological study of the birdsof the lowland pine savanna and adjacent rainforest in northeastern Nicaragua. Living Bird10: 185242.457

of North American birds. 7 th ed. AmericanOrnithologists Union, Washington, DC.

Anderson, D. L. 1998. Avian diversity in the RoPltano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras: Theinfluence of indigenous agricultural practices.

Howell, S. N. G., & S. Webb. 1995. A guide to thebirds of Mexico and northern Central America.Oxford Univ. Press, London, UK.

Jones, H. L. 2003. Central America report. N. Am.Birds 57: 270271.

ANDERSON ET AL.

Jones, H. L., & A. C. Vallely. 2001. Annotatedchecklist of the birds of Belize. Lynx Edicions,Barcelona, Spain.

Kaiser, J. 2001. Bold corridor project confrontspolitical reality. Science 293: 21962199.

Komar, O. 1998. Avian diversity in El Salvador.Wilson Bull. 110: 511533.

Komar, O., & J. P. Domnguez. 2001. Lista de avesde El Salvador. Fundacin Ecolgica de El Sal-vador, San Salvador, El Salvador.

Marcus, M. J. 1983. Additions to the avifauna ofHonduras. Auk 100: 621629.

Marcus, M. J. 1984. Notes on the Great GreenMacaw (Ara ambigua) in Honduras. Ceiba 25:151155.

Monroe, B. L., Jr. 1968. A distributional survey ofthe birds of Honduras. Ornithol. Monogr. 7: 1458.

Skutch, A. F. 1969. Life histories of Central Ameri-can birds. Volume 3. Pacific Coast Avifauna 35,Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, Cali-fornia.

Snow, D. W. 2001. Family Momotidae (Motmots).Pp. 264284 in del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sar-gatal (eds). Handbook of the birds of theworld. Volume 6: Mousebirds to hornbills.Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.

Thiollay, J. M. 1994. Family Accipitridae (Hawksand eagles). Pp. 52205 in del Hoyo, J., A.Elliott, & J. Sargatal (eds). Handbook of thebirds of the world. Volume 2: New World vul-tures to guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona,Spain.

Turner, B. 2004. The statesmans yearbook: Thepolitics, cultures and economies of the world.Palgrave Macmillan, New York, New York.

458

459

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP onomy follows the classification of theAme

Com Photo Comments and sources of sight recordse

TinaGLiSl

AnaB

FuMB

CracGCG

OdoBBTa

PodPi

PeleB

YYY

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998, 1999

1992, 1998; Ro Pltano and Laguna Ibans

1992, 19981992, 1998, 1999

1998, 19991998, 19991998, 1999

1998, 19998 March 1996, 1 pair in mature forest, 3 km N Las Maras

20 at Pto. Lempira, 21 Feb. 1992; 4 on Laguna Tansin, 24 Feb. 1992, and 2 on Laguna Guarunta on 7 March 1992. Probably occur regularly in season

1992, 1998ENDIX 1. Status and distribition of all documented bird species observed in the Honduran Moskitia. Avian taxrican Ornithologists Union (1998) check-list of North American birds and supplements.

mon names & Families Scientific names Sourcea Frequencyb Habitatc Statusd Specimen

midaereat Tinamouttle Tinamouaty-breasted Tinamoutidaelack-bellied Whistling-Duck

lvous Whistling-Duckuscovy Ducklue-winged Tealidaeray-headed Chachalacarested Guanreat Curassowntophoridae

lack-throated Bobwhitelack-eared Wood-Quailwny-faced Quail

icipedidaeed-billed Grebe

canidaerown Pelican

Tinamus majorCrypturellus souiCrypturellus boucardi

Dendrocygna autumnalis

Dendrocygna bicolorCairina moschataAnas discors

Ortalis cinereicepsPenelope purpurascensCrax rubra

Colinus nigrogularisOdontophorus melanotisRhynchortyx cinctus

Podilymbus podiceps

Pelecanus occidentalis

1997

199719971997

1983

1968

CC

FC

FC

UCUCFC

FCC

FC

FCCR

UC

C

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

FW

FWFWFW

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

PSMF, YF

MF

FW, C

C

PRPRPR

PR

PRPRNM

PRPRPR

PRPRnPRn

PR

NM

6

460

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


PhaN

AnhA

FregM

ArdRBGGSnLiTrC

GYeB

ThrWGR

CicoJaW

Y

1992, 1998, 1999

1992, 1998

1992, 1998

1992, 19981992, 1998, 19991992, 19981992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 19981992, 1998, 1999; common where livestock are found1992, 1998, 19991992, 19981992, 1998, 1999

19981992, 1998, 19991992, 1998

nests in coastal wetlands1992, 1998, 1999; common in coastal wetlands and flying over humid forestENDIX 1. Continued.


lacrocoracidaeeotropic Cormorantingidaenhingaatidaeagnificent Frigatebirdeidaeufescent Tiger-Heronare-throated Tiger-Heronreat Blue Heronreat Egretowy Egretttle Blue Heronicolored Heron

attle Egret

reen Heronllow-crowned Night-Heron

oat-billed Heroneskiornithidaehite Ibisreen Ibisoseate Spoonbillniidaebiruood Stork

Phalacrocorax brasilianus

Anhinga anhinga

Fregata magnificens

Tigrisoma lineatumTigrisoma mexicanumArdea herodiasArdea albaEgretta thulaEgretta caeruleaEgretta tricolorBubulcus ibis

Butorides virescensNyctanassa violaceusCochlearius cochlearius

Eudocimus albusMesembrinibis cayennensisPlatalea ajaja

Jabiru mycteriaMycteria americana

1997

1968, 1983

19971997

19971983

1968, 1997

1968, 19971968, 1997

C

C

C

RFCCCCC

FCC

FCFCFC

UCFCFC

UCC

FW

FW

C

FWFWFWFWFWFW

C, FWOP

FWFWFW

FWFWFW

FWC, MF, YF

PR

PR

NM

PRnPRNMPMPMPRPMPM

PRPRPR

NMPRnPR

PRPR

1

1

1

461

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


CathBTuLe

K

AccOGHSwW

PlB

B

CSe

W

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998; common in pine savanna1992, 1998, 1999; common in mature forest

1992, 1998, 19991998, 199919981992, 1998, 1999Gualpacaiquira on 27 Feb. 1992; near Mocorn on 28 Feb. 1992; Bil Almuk on 31 Aug. 1992; 2 at Waxma on 2 Sep. 1992.1998, 199922 Jan. 1997, 1 circling over small stream and mature for-est, 1 km SW Las Maras20 Jan. 1996, 1 immature in secondary forest, Las Maras; 2 March 1999, 1 female, Valle Sutawala, 12 km SW Krausirpe1992, 19981998

1992, 1998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


artidaelack Vulturerkey Vulturesser Yellow-headed Vulture

ing Vulture

ipitridaespreyray-headed Kiteook-billed Kiteallow-tailed Kitehite-tailed Kite

umbeous Kitelack-collared Hawk

icolored Hawk

rane Hawkmiplumbeous Hawk

hite Hawk

Coragyps atratusCathartes auraCathartes burrovianus

Sarcoramphus papa

Pandion haliaetusLeptodon cayanensisChondrohierax uncinatusElanoides forficatusElanus leucurus

Ictinia plumbeaBusarellus nigricollis

Accipiter bicolor

Geranospiza caerulescensLeucopternis semiplumbea

Leucopternis albicollis

1968

1968

1968, 1983, 19981968

CCC

C

CUCUCFCUC

CR

R

UCUC

FC

ALLALLPS

MF, YF, OP

FW, CMFMF

MF, YFOP

MF, YFMF

MF, YF

MFMF

MF

PRPMPR

PR

NMPRPRIMPR

IMPR

PR

PRPRn

PR

2

1

1

462

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


CGRSh

WRC

H

BBO

FalcBCR

CLaA

Y

Y

1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19992 March 1996, 1 individual, 9 km SW Las Maras, mature forest; 20 Feb. 1997, pair soar-ing over farm plots at Las Maras1992, 19981 at Rus-Rus on 1 March 199226 Jun. 1999, 1 fledgeling in flooded forest, Quebrada Kahkatingni, Ro Patuca1991, pair in Valle Sutawala, SW Krausirpe; 12 April 1996, Ro Pltano, 12 km SW Las Maras1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998, 1999

19981992, 199818 Feb. 2003, Krautara, 2 indi-viduals, A. Narish and T. Jen-ner, in review1992, 19981992, 1998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


ommon Black-Hawkreat Black-Hawkoadside Hawkort-tailed Hawk

hite-tailed Hawked-tailed Hawkrested Eagle

arpy Eagle

lack-and-white Hawk-Eaglelack Hawk-Eaglernate Hawk-Eagleonidaearred Forest-Falconollared Forest-Falconed-throated Caracara

rested Caracaraughing Falcon

merican Kestrel

Buteogallus anthracinusButeogallus urubitingaButeo magnirostrisButeo brachyurus

Buteo albicaudatusButeo jamaicencisMorphnus guianensis

Harpia harpyja

Spizastur melanoleucusSpizaetus tyrannusSpizaetus ornatus

Micrastur ruficollisMicrastur semitorquatusIbycter americanus

Caracara cheriwayHerpetotheres cachinnansFalco sparverius

1968196819681968

1968

1998

1998

1968

FCUCC

UC

UCRR

R

UCC

FC

UCCR

CC

FC

MF, YF, FWMF

MF, YFPS

MF, YFPSMF

MF

MFMFMF

MFMF

PSMF, YF

PS

PRPRPRPR

PRPRPR

PR

PRPRPR

PRPRPR?

PRPRPM

11

1

1

1

463

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


AB

RallRWGGU

Pu

C

A

HeliSu

EurSu

AramLi

ChaBCSe

1992, 1998, 1999

19921992, 1998

1992, 1998, 19991998, 1999; common in humid forest and riparian areas with high water table and moist soil1992, 1998; common in mar-gins of coastal lagoons and waterways10 on lagoon at Pto. Lempira on 21 Feb. 1992; 10 on Laguna de Guarunta, 7 March 199212 on Laguna de Guarunta on 7 March 1992; 10 at Samil on 8 March 1992

1992, 1998, 1999

1998, 1999

1992

1992, 19981998, 19991998ENDIX 1. Continued.


plomado Falconat Falconidaeuddy Crakehite-throated Crakeray-breasted Crakeray-necked Wood-Railniform Crake

rple Gallinule

ommon Moorhen

merican Coot

ornithidaengrebe

ypygidaenbittern idae

mpkinradriidaelack-bellied Ploverollared Plovermipalmated Plover

Falco femoralisFalco rufigularis

Laterallus ruberLaterallus albigularisLaterallus exilisAramides cajaneaAmaurolimnas concolor

Porphyrio martinica

Gallinula chloropus

Fulica americana

Heliornis fulica

Eurypygia helias

Aramus guarauna

Pluvialis squatarolaCharadrius collarisCharadrius semipalmatus

19831968

19681968, 1998

19681968

1968

RC

FCCRCC

C

R

R

FC

FC

UC

CC

FC

PSMF, YF

FWFWFW

MF, YFMF, YF

FW

FW

FW

FW

FW

FW

CFWC

PRPR

PRPRnPRPRPR

PR

PR

PM

PR

PR

PR

NMPRNM

111

1

464

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


K Jaca

NScol

G

LeW

SpWSeWLe

LariLaRB

ColuR

PaScRShCBGG

1992, 1999

1992, 1998

1 on Laguna de Guarunta on 7 March 1992 1992, 19981998

1992, 1998, 19991998

19981992, 1998

1992, 1999; small flocks in Puerto Lempira and Krausirpe1992, 19981992, 1998, 199919921998, 199919921992, 1998, 199919991998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


illdeernidaeorthern Jacanaopacidaereater Yellowlegs

sser Yellowlegsillet

otted Sandpiperhimbrelmipalmated Sandpiperestern Sandpiperast Sandpiper

daeughing Gull

oyal Ternlack Ternmbidae

ock Pigeon

le-vented Pigeonaled Pigeon

ed-billed Pigeonort-billed Pigeon

ommon Ground-Dovelue Ground-Doveray-fronted Doveray-chested Dove

Charadrius vociferus

Jacana spinosa

Tringa melanoleuca

Tringa flavipesCatoptrophorus semipal-matusActitis maculariusNumenius phaeopusCalidris pusillaCalidris mauriCalidris minutilla

Larus atricillaSterna maximaChlidonias niger

Columba livia

Patagioenas cayennensisPatagioenas speciosaPatagioenas flavirostrisPatagioenas nigrirostrisColumbina passerinaClaravis pretiosaLeptotila rufaxillaLeptotila cassini

196819681968

1968

19681968

FC

C

R

FCC

CFCUCUCFC

CFCUC

C

UCFCUCC

FCC

FCC

FW

FW

FWC

FWCCCC

CCC

OP

MFMF

MF, YFMF, YF

OPOP

MF, YFMF, YF

NM

PR

NM

NMNM

NMNMNMNMNM

NMNMT

PR

PRPRPRPRPRPRPRPR

211

3

465

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


RPsitt

OG

ScBWRMYe

CucSqStG

TytoB

StrigVSpFeM

CapCCO

ApoWV

1998

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 1999

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998

1992, 1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998, 1999

1999; Krausirpe only

1998, 19991998, 19991998, 19991998, 1999

1992, 19991992, 1998, 19991998, 1999

1992, 1998, 19991998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


uddy Quail-Doveacidaelive-throated Parakeetreat Green Macaw

arlet Macawrown-hooded Parrothite-crowned Parrot

ed-lored Parrotealy Parrotllow-naped Parrot

ulidaeuirrel Cuckooriped Cuckooroove-billed Aninidae

arn Owlidae

ermiculated Screech-Owlectacled Owlrruginous Pygmy-Owlottled Owlrimulgidaeommon Nighthawkommon Pauraquecellated Poorwilldidaehite-collared Swift

aux's Swift

Geotrygon montana

Aratinga nanaAra ambiguus

Ara macaoPionopsitta haematotisPionus senilisAmazona autumnalisAmazona farinosaAmazona auropalliata

Piaya cayanaTapera naeviaCrotophaga sulcirostris

Tyto alba

Megascops guatemalaePulsatrix perspicillataGlaucidium brasilianumCiccaba virgata

Chordeiles minorNyctidromus albicollisNyctiphrynus ocellatus

Streptoprocne zonarisChaetura vauxi

19681968, 1983,

19841968196819681968

1968

1968

1968

1968

19681998, 2000

FC

FCFC

CFCFCCCC

CFCC

FC

CFCC

FC

FCCC

FCC

MF

MF, YFMF

MF, YF, PSMF, YFMF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

YF, PS, C

MF, YFYFOP

OP

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

FW, PSMF, YF, OP

MF

AA

PR

PRPRn

PRPRPRPRPRPR

PRPRPR

PR

PRPRPRPR

IMPRPR

PRPR

21

232

1

2

3

466

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP

Com hoto Comments and sources of sight recordse

LeTroc

B

LoStSc

W

V

W

G

CVBARCBPuLo

1998, 1999

1992, 1998, 1999; specimen consists of tail feathers only1998, 19991992, 1998, 199926 April 1999, 1 individual at flowering Inga tree in Krausirpe1999; common in mature forest, Sierra de Warunta, 3 km S Krau-sirpe1998, 1999

1992, 1998, 1999; common at flowering Inga trees1992, 1999; uncommon at flow-ering Inga trees and open habi-tats of Ro Patuca

1998, 1999199819921992, 1998, 1999

1998, 19991998, 19991 in mist net 3 km SW of Las Maras on 18 Aug. 1992; 1 at Las Maras 19 Aug. 1992 ENDIX 1. Continued.

mon names & Families Scientific names Sourcea Frequencyb Habitatc Statusd Specimen P

sser Swallow-tailed Swifthilidae

ronzy Hermit

ng-billed Hermitripe-throated Hermitaly-breasted Hummingbird

edge-tailed Sabrewing

iolet Sabrewing

hite-necked Jacobin

reen-breasted Mango

anivet's [Fork-tailed] Emeraldiolet-crowned Woodnymphlue-throated Goldentailzure-crowned Hummingbirdufous-tailed Hummingbirdinnamon Hummingbirdronze-tailed Plumeleteerrple-crowned Fairyng-billed Starthroat

Panyptila cayennensis

Glaucis aeneus

Phaethornis longirostrisPhaethornis striigularisPhaeochroa cuvieri

Campylopterus curvipen-nis

Campylopterus hemileu-curusFlorisuga mellivora

Anthracothorax pre-vostii

Chlorostilbon canivetiiThalurania colombicaHylocharis eliciaeAmazilia cyanocephalaAmazilia tzacatlAmazilia rutilaChalybura urochrysiaHeliothryx barrotiHeliomaster longirostris

1998

1968

1968196819681968

19681983

UC

C

CCR

C

UC

C

UC

FCC

UCUCCC

FCCR

A

MF, YF

MF, YFMF, YF

OP

MF

MF, YF

MF, YF, OP

MF, YF, OP

OPMF, YFMF, YF

PSYFPS

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

PR

PRn

PRPRPR

PR

PR

PR

PR

PRPRPRPRPRPR

PRnPRPR

1

14

3622

62

467

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


TrogBVBSl

MomBRKB

AlceRAGGA

BucWW

WGalb

RRam

CKC

PicidO

1992, 19981992, 1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998, 1999

1998, 19991998, 199919981998, 1999

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998; Ro Platano only

1992, 1998, 199915 Feb. 1996, 1 individual in secondary forest, Las Maras1998, 1999

1992, 1998, 1999

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 1999

1992, 1998ENDIX 1. Continued.


onidaelack-headed Trogoniolaceous Trogonlack-throated Trogonaty-tailed Trogon

otidaelue-crowned Motmotufous Motmoteel-billed Motmotroad-billed Motmotdinidaeinged Kingfishermazon Kingfisherreen Kingfisherreen-and-rufous Kingfishermerican Pygmy Kingfisherconidaehite-necked Puffbirdhite-whiskered Puffbird

hite-fronted Nunbirdulidae

ufous-tailed Jacamarphastidae

ollared Aracarieel-billed Toucanhestnut-mandibled Toucanae

livaceous Piculet

Trogon melanocephalusTrogon violaceusTrogon rufusTrogon massena

Momotus momotaBaryphthengus martiiElectron carinatumElectron platyrhynchum

Ceryle torquatusChloroceryle amazonaChloroceryle americanaChloroceryle indaChloroceryle aenea

Notharchus macrorhynchosMalacoptila panamensis

Monasa morphoeus

Galbula ruficauda

Pteroglossus torquatusRamphastos sulfuratusRamphastos swainsonii

Picumnus olivaceus

1968

19681968

196819831968

1968

19681998

1968

1968

1968, 1983

CCC

FC

CFCUCFC

CCC

UCFC

UCR

FC

C

CCC

FC

OPOPOPMF

OPMFMFMF

FW, CFWFWFWFW

MFYF

MF

MF, YF

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

MF, YF

PRPR

PRnPR

PRPRnPR

PRn

PRPRPR

PRnPR

PRPR

PRn

PR

PRPR

PRn

PR

1

1

22

1

1

2

2

4

468

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


ABLa

Sm

GCLiPa

FurnSlScBPlSc

DenPlTaRWNCSt

19921992, 1998, 19993 near Pranza on 3 March 1992; 2 at Pranza on 4 March 1992; probably not uncom-mon in its habitat16 March 1999, 1 individual in mature forest at Cerro El Salto, 4 km NW Krausirpe

19921992, 19981998, 1999

1998; Ro Pltano only19981998, 19991 collected by M. Marcus, 25 km SW Las Maras, 9 Nov. 1980

1999; Rio Patuca only1998, 19991998, 1999

19981992, 1998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


corn Woodpeckerlack-cheeked Woodpeckerdder-backed Woodpecker

oky-brown Woodpecker

olden-olive Woodpeckerhestnut-colored Woodpeckerneated Woodpeckerle-billed Woodpeckerariidae

aty Spinetailaly-throated Foliage-gleaner

uff-throated Foliage-gleanerain Xenopsaly-throated Leaftosser

drocolaptidaeain-brown Woodcreeperwny-winged Woodcreeper

uddy Woodcreeperedge-billed Woodcreeperorthern Barred-Woodcreeperocoa Woodcreeperreak-headed Woodcreeper

Melanerpes formicivorusMelanerpes pucheraniPicoides scalaris

Veniliornis fumigatus

Piculus rubiginosusCeleus castaneusDryocopus lineatusCampephilus guatemalensis

Synallaxis brachyuraAnabacerthia variegaticepsAutomolus ochrolaemusXenops minutusSclerurus guatemalensis

Dendrocincla fuliginosaDendrocincla anabatinaDendrocincla homochroaGlyphorynchus spirurusDendrocolaptes sanctithomaeXiphorhynchus susurransLepidocolaptes souleyetii

19681968

19681968

1968

1968

1968

19681968

1968196819681968

UCFCR

R

FCFCFCFC

UCFCUCUCR

RUCC

UCFCCC

PSMF, YF

PS

MF

PSMF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

YFMFMFMF

MF, YF

MFMF


PRPRPR

PR

PRPRPRPR

PRnPRPRPRPR

PRnPRPRPRPRPRPR

54

51

2

2

11

12

5111

469

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


ThaFa

GB

WSt

CWDDBSpBO

FormBSt

T

27 Feb. 1997, 1 pair in forest edge, male carrying nesting material1 at Rus-Rus on 2 March 19922 at Daraguatla, 23 Feb. 1992; 1 at Samil, 8 March 1992; 3 at Wapniyari and Liwaraya, 20 Aug. 1992 1998, 19999 April 1999, 1 individual in mature forest, Cordillera Winpi, 1 km S Krausirpe1998, 199919981998, 1999199819981998, 19991998, 199915 March 1999, 1 individual at Cerro Winpi, 1 km S Krau-sirpe

1998, 19999 April 1999, 1 individual at Cerro Winpi, 1 km S Krau-sirpe1992, 1998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


mnophilidaesciated Antshrike

reat Antshrikearred Antshrike

estern Slaty-Antshrikereak-crowned Antvireo

hecker-throated Antwrenhite-flanked Antwrenot-winged Antwrenusky Antbirdare-crowned Antbirdotted Antbird

icolored Antbirdcellated Antbird

icariidaelack-faced Antthrushreak-chested Antpitta

hicket Antpitta

Cymbilaimus lineatus

Taraba majorThamnophilus doliatus

Thamnophilus atrinuchaDysithamnus striaticeps

Myrmotherula fulviventrisMyrmotherula axillarisMicrorhopias quixensisCercomacra tyranninaGymnocichla nudicepsHylophylax naevioidesGymnopithys leucaspisPhaenostictus mcleannani

Formicarius analisHylopezus perspicillatus

Hylopezus dives

1968

1968, 19831968, 1983

1983

1983

1983

R

RR

CR

UC

UCC

FCFCFCFC

R

CR

C

MF, YF

YFYF, OP

MF, YFMFMF

MFMF, YF

YFMFMFMF

MF

MF, YFYF, MF

MF, YF

PRn

PRPR

PRPRnPRn

PRnPRPRPR

PRnPRn

PRn

PRnPRn

PRn

1

12

1435

1

6

470

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


TyraYe

NYe

ONCE

YeSt

G

R

Su

27 March 1999, Crique Unaws, 5 km NW Krausirpe

1 near Mistruck, 10 March 1992; 1 at Vuelta de Culebras on 11 March 1992; at Campa-mento Pure Oil on 12 March 1992; 30 March 1999, village of Krausirpe1998, 19991998, 19991992, 199824 April 1999, 1 individual in mature forest, Cerro Winpi, 1 km S Krausirpe199822 April 1999, 2 birds in mature forest at Cerro Sipul, 3 km E Krausirpe1 collected by M. Marcus, 25 km SW Las Maras, 9 Nov. 1980; 1 collected by M. Mar-cus, 9 km SW Las Maras, 26 Jan. 19811 collected by M. Marcus, 4 km N Las Maras, 28 Oct. 19801998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


nnidaellow-bellied Tyrannulet

orthern Beardless-Tyrannuletllow-bellied Elaenia

chre-bellied Flycatcherorthern Bentbillommon Tody-Flycatcherye-ringed Flatbill

llow-olive Flycatcherub-tailed Spadebill

olden-crowned Spadebill

uddy-tailed Flycatcher

lphur-rumped Flycatcher

Ornithion semiflavum

Camptostoma imberbeElaenia flavogaster

Mionectes oleagineusOncostoma cinereigulareTodirostrum cinereumRhynchocyclus brevirostris

Tolmomyias sulphurescensPlatyrinchus cancrominus

Platyrinchus coronatus

Terenotriccus erythrurus

Myiobius sulphureipygius

1968

1968

R

FCR

CC

FCR

CR

R

R

FC

MF

OPOP

MF, YFMF, YF

OPMF

OPMF

MF

MF, YF

FW

PR

PRPR

PRPRPRPR

PRPR

PR

PR

PR

23

2

3

2

1

2

471

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


ETrBVLoBRDGB

GBSoGWSuTrCE

FoTG

Y

1998, 19991998, 199919921992, 1998, 19991998, 19991998, 19991992, 19981998, 19992 at Rus-Rus on 2 March 1992; 2 at Mistruck on 10 March 1992; 2 at Vuelta de Culebras on 11 March 1992 1992, 1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998, 199919981998

1992, 1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998; uncommon in humid forest; migratory flocks along coast number in tens of thousands1992, 19981998, 19995 Feb. 1996, 1 or 2 birds in secondary forest, Las MarasENDIX 1. Continued.


astern Wood-Peweeopical Pewee

lack Phoebeermilion Flycatcherng-tailed Tyrant

right-rumped Attilaufous Mournerusky-capped Flycatcherreat-crested Flycatcherrown-crested Flycatcher

reat Kiskadeeoat-billed Flycatchercial Flycatcherray-capped Flycatcherhite-ringed Flycatcherlphur-bellied Flycatcheropical Kingbird

assin's Kingbirdastern Kingbird

rk-tailed Flycatcherhrushlike Schiffornisray-headed Piprites

Contopus virensContopus cinereusSayornis nigricansPyrocephalus rubinusColonia colonusAttila spadiceusRhytipterna holerythraMyiarchus tuberculiferMyiarchus crinitusMyiarchus tyrannulus

Pitangus sulphuratusMegarynchus pitanguaMyiozetetes similisMyiozetetes granadensisConopias albovittatusMyiodynastes luteiventrisTyrannus melancholicusTyrannus vociferansTyrannus tyrannus

Tyrannus savanaSchiffornis turdinaPiprites griseiceps

19681968

19681968, 1983

1968

196819681983198319681968

1968

CCC

FCCCCCCR

CCCCCCC

UCUC

FCCR

OPMF, YF

FWPSMFMFMF

MF, YFMF, YFYF, OP

MF, YFMF, YF

FW, MF, YFYFFW


PSMFYF

TPRPRPR

PRnPRPRPRNMPR

PRPRPR

PRnPRnIMPRNMT

PRPRPR

13

62

3

112

14

12

472

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


RSp

C

MB

CotiSnT

PiprWW

RVire

MWRTa

LeCor

B

1998, 199917 Feb. 1999, 3 birds (2 sing-ing), Cerro Krautara, 4 km SW Krausirpe1998, 1999

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998

1998, 199918 Feb. - 7 March 1999, 3-5 males singing, Cerro El Salto, 3.5 km NW Krausirpe

1992, 1998, 19999 April 1999, multiple birds at lek in mature forest, Cordillera Winpi, 1 km S Krausirpe1998, 1999

1992, 199819981998, 19999 April 1999, 1 individual in mature forest, Cordillera Winpi, 1 km S Krausirpe1998, 1999

1992, 1998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


ufous Pihaeckled Mourner

innamon Becard

asked Tityralack-crowned Tityrangidaeowy Cotinga

hree-wattled Bellbird

idaehite-collared Manakinhite-ruffed Manakin

ed-capped Manakinonidaeangrove Vireoarbling Vireoed-eyed Vireowny-crowned Greenlet

sser Greenletvidaerown Jay

Lipaugus unirufusLaniocera rufescens

Pachyramphus cinna-momeusTityra semifasciataTityra inquisitor

Carpodectes nitidusProcnias tricarunculatus

Manacus candeiCorapipo altera

Pipra mentalis

Vireo pallensVireo gilvusVireo olivaceusHylophilus ochraceiceps

Hylophilus decurtatus

Cyanocorax morio

1968

1968

19681968

1968

1968

1968

1968

CR

FC

CFC

UCR

FCR

C

CFCFCR

FC

C

MFMF

MF, YF

MF, YFMF, YF

MFYF

MF, YFMF

MF, YF

CYF

MF, YFMF

MF

ALL

1221

2

2

5

1

473

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


HiruPuG

V

MTrSo

B

TrogSpPlH

SeWSo

CincA

SylvLoTr

19921998, 1999; common in Las Maras1 on the Ro Mocorn just above Mocorn, 29 Feb. 1992; 4 at Rus-rus, 2 March 19921992, 1998, 1999

4 near Ilsilpi, 22 Feb. 1992; 15 April 1999, small flocks of 3-15 birds, Krausirpe1992, 1998, 1999; common during migration in open situ-ations

1999

1992, 1998, 1999; found in human settlements only

1998, 19991999

1998; Ro Pltano above Las Maras

19981998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


ndinidaerple Martin

ray-breasted Martin

iolet-green Swallow

angrove Swallowee Swallowuthern Rough-winged Swallow

arn Swallow

lodytidaeot-breasted Wrenain wrenouse Wren

dge Wrenhite-breasted Wood-Wrenng Wrenlidaemerican Dipper

iidaeng-billed Gnatwrenopical Gnatcatcher

Progne subisProgne chalybea

Tachycineta bicolor

Tachycineta albilineaTachycineta thalassinaStelgidopteryx ruficollis

Hirundo rustica

Thryothorus maculipectusThryothorus modestusTroglodytes aedon

Cistothorus platensisHenicorhina leucostictaCyphorhinus phaeocephalus

Cinclus mexicanus

Ramphocaenus melanurusPolioptila plumbea

1968

19681968

196819681968

19681968

1968, 1983

1968

FCC

R

CUCC

C

FCFCC

CC

FC

FC

FCFC

ALLOP

FW, A

FWC

FW

FW, C

MF, YFYFOP

PSMF, YF

MF

FW

MF, YFMF, YF

TPR

NM

PRNMPRn

T

PRPRPR

PRPR

PRn

PR

PRPR

1

1

11

2

511

1

474

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


TurdESwC

MimG

ParuBGTeNYeCMYeBYeGPaBBAPr

W

ON

19921992, 1998; Ro Pltano only1992, 1998

1992, 1998, 1999

1992, 19981998; Ro Pltano only1998, 1999; Ro Pltano only1998; Ro Pltano only1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998, 1999199819981992; common in its habitat199219981998, 19991992, 19981992, 1998, 1999; common along watercourses and lagoon margins1 at Daraguatla on 23 Feb. 19921998; Ro Pltano only1998; Ro Pltano onlyENDIX 1. Continued.


idaeastern Bluebirdainson's Thrush

lay-colored Robinidaeray Catbirdlidae

lue-winged Warblerolden-winged Warblernnessee Warblerorthern Parulallow Warbler

hestnut-sided Warbleragnolia Warblerllow-rumped Warbler

lack-throated Green Warblerllow-throated Warblerrace's Warblerlm Warbler

ay-breasted Warblerlack-and-white Warblermerican Redstartothonotary Warbler

orm-eating Warbler

venbirdorthern Waterthrush

Sialia sialisCatharus ustulatusTurdus grayi

Dumetella carolinensis

Vermivora pinusVermivora chrysopteraVermivora peregrinaParula americanaDendroica petechiaDendroica pensylvanicaDendroica magnoliaDendroica coronataDendroica virensDendroica dominicaDendroica graciaeDendroica palmarumDendroica castaneaMniotilta variaSetophaga ruticillaProtonotaria citrea

Helmitheros vermivorum

Seiurus aurocapillaSeiurus noveboracensis

1968

1968

1968

1968

19681968

FCFCC

FC

FCFCUCFCFCCC

FCFCCC

FCC

FCFCC

R

FCFC

PSFWOP

OP, YF


C, MF, YFMF, YFMF, YFMF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

PSPS

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YFFW, C

FW

FWFW

PRT

PR

NM

NMNMNMNMPMNMNMNMNMNMPRNMT

NMNMM

NM

NMNM

1

1

2

123

1

475

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


LoCOGHW

GBYe

CoeB

ThrOGW

WTa

RRHSuSc

1992, 19981998; Ro Pltano only1992, 1999

1992, 19981998; fairly common in open habitats along the coast199919921992, 1998

1 at Cocotal, Ro Ibantara, 21 Feb. 1992

19982 March 1999, pair in Valle Sutawala, 12 km SW Krau-sirpe; 9 April 1999, 1 individ-ual, 1 km S Krausirpe1998, 199918 March 1999, 1 individual, Crique Winpi, 3 km S Krau-sirpe1998, 19991998, 199919921992, 1998, 19991998ENDIX 1. Continued.


uisiana Waterthrushommon Yellowthroatlive-crowned Yellowthroatray-crowned Yellowthroatooded Warblerilson's Warbler

olden-crowned Warbleruff-rumped Warblerllow-breasted Chat

rebidaeananaquit

aupidaelive Tanagerray-headed Tanagerhite-throated Shrike-Tanager

hite-shouldered Tanagerwny-crested Tanager

ed-crowned Ant-Tanagered-throated Ant-Tanagerepatic Tanagermmer Tanagerarlet Tanager

Seiurus motacillaGeothlypis trichasGeothlypis semiflavaGeothlypis poliocephalaWilsonia citrinaWilsonia pusilla

Basileuterus culicivorusPhaeothlypis fulvicaudaIcteria virens

Coereba flaveola

Chlorothraupis carmioliEucometis penicillataLanio leucothorax

Tachyphonus luctuosusTachyphonus delatrii

Habia rubicaHabia fuscicaudaPiranga flavaPiranga rubraPiranga olivacea

19681968

1968

2003

19681983

19681968

UCCR

FCUCFC

FCUCFC

R

UCFCR

UCR

CC

FCCC

FWFW

OP, PSOP, PSMF, YFC, OP

MFFWOP

MF, YF

MFMFMF

MFMF

MF, YFMF, YF

PSMF, YFMF, YF

NMPR

PRnPRNMNM

PRPRnNM

PR

PRPR

PRn

PRnPRn

PRPRNMT

PR

13

2

33

1

61

476

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


CPaYeBR

GBGShR

EmbBVWTGOBBRCG

CardGBBSl

1992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 199924 April 1999, 1 individual in mature forest, Cerro Winpi, 1 km S Krausirpe1992, 1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998, 19991998, 1999

19991992, 19981992199219921998, 19991992, 1998, 1999199219921992

19921992, 1998, 19991998, 1999ENDIX 1. Continued.


rimson-collared Tanagersserini's Tanagerllow-winged Tanager

lue-gray Tanagerufous-winged Tanager

olden-hooded Tanagerlue Dacnisreen Honeycreeperining Honeycreeper

ed-legged Honeycreepererizidae

lue-black Grassquitariable Seedeaterhite-collared Seedeater

hick-billed Seed-Finchrassland Yellow-Finchrange-billed Sparrowlack-striped Sparrowotteri's Sparrowusty Sparrowhipping Sparrowrasshopper Sparrowinalidaerayish Saltatoruff-throated Saltatorlack-headed Saltatorate-colored Grosbeak

Ramphocelus sanguinolentusRamphocelus passeriniiThraupis abbasThraupis episcopusTangara lavinia

Tangara larvataDacnis cayanaChlorophanes spizaCyanerpes lucidusCyanerpes cyaneus

Volatinia jacarinaSporophila americanaSporophila torqueolaOryzoborus funereusSicalis luteolaArremon aurantiirostrisArremonops conirostrisAimophila botteriiAimophila rufescensSpizella passerinaAmmodramus savannarum

Saltator coerulescensSaltator maximusSaltator atricepsSaltator grossus

1968196819681968

19681983

1968196819681968196819681968196819681968

1968196819681983

FCC

FCFCR

CFCFCFCFC

FCFCFCUCC

UCC

UCFCFCC

FCCCR

FW, YFFW, YF

YFYFMF

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

MFMF, YF

OPOPOPOPPS

MF, YFOPPSPSPSPS

YFFW, YF

FWMF

PRPRPRPR

PRn

PRPRnPRPRPR

PRPRPRPRPRPR

PRnPRPRPRPM

PRPRPR

PRn

1

2263838

15

121

477

AVIFAU

NA

OF TH

E H

ON

DU

RAN

MO

SKITIA

APP


BR

BB

In

D

IcteREMGGBOYeBYeScCM

FrinSc

199216 March 1999, 1 male in mature forest at Cerro El Salto, 4 km NW Krausirpe1998, 19991 near Ahuasbila, 1 March 1992 1 near Ilsilpi, 22 Feb. 1992, and 1 at Mocorn on 29 Feb. 199211 April 96, 1 individual, Las Maras

1992, 1998, 199919921992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998, 199919921992, 1998, 19991992, 1998, 19991998, 19991998, 19991992, 1998, 1999

3 April 1997, 1 pair in farm plot, 10 km SW Las MarasENDIX 1. Continued.


lack-faced Grosbeakose-breasted Grosbeak

lue-black Grosbeaklue Grosbeak

digo Bunting

ickcissel

ridaeed-winged Blackbirdastern Meadowlarkelodious Blackbirdreat-tailed Grackleiant Cowbirdlack-cowled Oriolerchard Oriolellow-backed Oriole

altimore Oriolellow-billed Caciquearlet-rumped Cacique

hestnut-headed Oropendolaontezuma Oropendolagillidaerub Euphonia

Caryothraustes poliogasterPheucticus ludovicianus

Cyanocompsa cyanoidesPasserina caerulea

Passerina cyanea

Spiza americana

Agelaius phoeniceusSturnella magnaDives divesQuiscalus mexicanusMolothrus oryzivorusIcterus prosthemelasIcterus spuriusIcterus chrysaterIcterus galbulaAmblycercus holosericeusCacicus uropygialisPsarocolius wagleriPsarocolius montezuma

Euphonia affinis

1968

1968

1968

1968

1968

19681983

CR

FCR

R

R

CCCC

FCFCFCC

FCFCFCCC

R

MF, YFMF

OPOP

OP

OP

FWPSOPOPFWYF

MF, YFPS

MF, YFMF, YFMF, YFMF, YFMF, YF

OP

PRNM

PRNM

NM

T

PRPRPRPRPRPRT

PRPRPR

PRnPRPR

PR

3

1

9

2

3

478

AN

DE

RSON

ET A

L.APP


YeOB

1992, 19981992, 1998, 19996 at Dursuna on 26 Feb. 1992; 2 near Ahuasbila on 1 March 1992; 2 near Pranza, 3 March 1992; 2 more on 4 March 1992; 2 at Vuelta de Culebras on 11 March 1992

aSou 998 = Anderson et al. (1998), 2000 =And

bKey , at least one individual detectable dur-ing a erved < 6 times by authors.

cKey lands in rivers, and associated riparianvege ludes agriculture; A = Aerial; All = Allhabi

dKey = partial migrant; IM = Intratropicalmigr

eCom tes.ENDIX 1. Continued.


llow-throated Euphonialive-backed Euphonialack-headed Siskin

Euphonia hirundinaceaEuphonia gouldiCarduelis notata

19681968

UCFCR

YFMF, YF

PS

PRPR

rces: 1968 = Monroe (1968), 1983 = Marcus (1983), 1984 = Marcus (1984), 1997 = Frederick et al. (1997), 1erson (2000), 2003 = Jones (2003). to frequency codes: C = Common, at least one individual detectable every day in the field; FC = Fairly common week in the field; UC = Uncommon, at least one individual detected during a season (3 months); R = Rare, obs to habitat codes: MF = Mature forest; YF = Young forest (secondary forests and edge); FW = Freshwater, istation; C = Coastal habitats and mangroves; PS = Pine savanna; OP = Open habitats, usually anthropogenic, inctats. to status codes: PR = permanent resident; PRn = species at northern range limit; NM = Nearctic migrant; PMant; T = Transient. ments and sources for sight records: 1992 = DAW field notes; 1998 = DLA M.Sc. thesis; 1999 = DLA field no


APPENDIX 2. Bird species likely to occur in the Honduran Moskitia but not yet reliably reported. Anasterisk (*) indicates species that have been reported, but with insufficient data to be considered reliable.

Common names Scientific names Sourcea

Lesser ScaupLeast Grebe*Least BitternReddish Egret*Agami Heron*Black-crowned Night-HeronNorthern PintailDouble-toothed KiteMississippi KiteNorthern HarrierTiny HawkGray HawkBroad-winged HawkMerlinOrange-breasted FalconPeregrine Falcon*American Golden-PloverSnowy PloverWilsons PloverAmerican OystercatcherBlack-necked StiltSolitary SandpiperUpland SandpiperRuddy TurnstoneRed KnotSanderlingWhite-rumped SandpiperBaird's SandpiperPectoral SandpiperStilt SandpiperBuff-breasted SandpiperShort-billed DowitcherWilson's SnipeWilson's PhalaropeHerring GullGull-billed TernCaspian TernSandwich TernSooty TernBlack Skimmer

Aythya affinisTachybaptus dominicusIxobrychus exilisEgretta rufescensAgamia agamiNycticorax nycticoraxAnas acutaHarpagus bidentatusIctinia mississippiensisCircus cyaneusAccipiter superciliosusAsturina nitidaButeo platypterusFalco columbariusFalco deiroleucusFalco peregrinusPluvialis dominicaCharadrius alexandrinusCharadrius wilsoniaHaematopus palliatusHimantopus mexicanusTringa solitariaBartramia longicaudaArenaria interpresCalidris canutusCalidris albaCalidris fuscicollisCalidris bairdiiCalidris melanotosCalidris himantopusTryngites subruficollisLimnodromus griseusGallinago delicataPhalaropus tricolorLarus argentatusSterna niloticaSterna caspiaSterna sandvicensisSterna fuscataRynchops niger

1968196819951995196819681995199519951995198319951968199519681968199519951968196819681995199519681995196819681995196819951968196819681995199519681968199519681995479

Mourning DovePlain-breasted Ground-DoveRuddy Ground-DoveViolaceous Quail-Dove

Zenaida macrouraColumbina minutaColumbina talpacotiGeotrygon violacea

1995197119951983

ANDERSON ET AL.

APPENDIX 2. Continued.


Crimson-fronted ParakeetYellow-billed Cuckoo*Mangrove Cuckoo*Rufous-vented Ground-CuckooCrested OwlGreat Horned OwlCentral American Pygmy-OwlBlack-and-white Owl*Stygian Owl*Short-tailed NighthawkLesser NighthawkChuck-will's-widowWhip-poor-willSpot-tailed NightjarGreat Potoo*Common Potoo*White-chinned SwiftChimney SwiftBand-tailed BarbthroatBrown Violet-earBlack-crested CoquetteGray-rumped SwiftViolet-headed HummingbirdWhite-bellied EmeraldBlue-chested Hummingbird*Snowcap*Ruby-throated HummingbirdCollared TrogonTody MotmotBelted KingfisherYellow-eared ToucanetYellow-bellied SapsuckerRufous-winged WoodpeckerScaly-throated LeaftosserOlivaceous WoodcreeperLong-tailed WoodcreeperBlack-striped WoodcreeperRusset AntshrikeSlaty AntwrenCinnamon WoodpeckerStriped Woodhaunter

Aratinga finschiCoccyzus americanusCoccyzus minorNeomorphus geoffroyiLophostrix cristataBubo virginianusGlaucidium griseicepsCiccaba nigrolineataAsio stygiusLurocalis semitorquatusChordeiles acutipennisCaprimulgus carolinensisCaprimulgus vociferusCaprimulgus maculicaudusNyctibius grandisNyctibius griseusCypseloides cryptusChaetura pelagicaThrenetes ruckeriColibri delphinaeLophornis helenaeChaetura cinereiventrisKlais guimetiAmazilia candidaAmazilia amabilisMicrochera albocoronataArchilochus colubrisTrogon collarisHylomanes momotulaCeryle alcyonSelenidera spectabilisSphyrapicus variusPiculus simplexSclerurus guatemalensisSittasomus griseicapillusDeconychura longicaudaXiphorhynchus lachrymosusThamnistes anabatinusMyrmotherula schisticolorCeleus loricatusHyloctistes subulatus

19831968196819831995197119681995196819951995199519951971196819711995199519681968196819831968196819831968199519681968196819681971196819681968196819831968196819831983480

Chestnut-backed AntbirdWing-banded AntbirdYellow TyrannuletGreenish Elaenia

Myrmeciza exsulMyrmornis torquataCapsiempis flaveolaMyiopagis viridicata

1983198319831995




Sepia-capped FlycatcherPaltry TyrannuletScale-breasted Pygmy-TyrantSlate-headed Tody-FlycatcherGolden-crowned SpadebillRoyal FlycatcherRuddy-tailed FlycatcherTawny-chested FlycatcherOlive-sided FlycatcherWestern Wood-PeweeYellow-bellied FlycatcherAcadian FlycatcherAlder FlycatcherWillow FlycatcherWhite-throated FlycatcherLeast FlycatcherStreaked FlycatcherPiratic Flycatcher*White-winged BecardRose-throated Becard*Lovely CotingaWhite-eyed VireoYellow-throated VireoPhiladelphia VireoYellow-green VireoGreen Shrike-VireoNorthern Rough-winged SwallowBank SwallowCliff SwallowBand-backed WrenNightingale WrenBlack-throated wrenBay WrenStripe-breasted WrenTawny-faced GnatwrenVeeryGray-cheeked ThrushWood ThrushCedar WaxwingCape May WarblerBlack-throated Blue Warbler

Leptopogon amaurocephalusZimmerius vilissimusLophotriccus pileatusPoecilotriccus sylviaPlatyrinchus coronatusOnychorhynchus coronatusTerenotriccus erythrurusAphanotriccus capitalisContopus cooperiContopus sordidulusEmpidonax flaviventrisEmpidonax virescensEmpidonax alnorumEmpidonax trailliiEmpidonax albigularisEmpidonax minimusMyiodynastes maculatusLegatus leucophaiusPachyramphus polychopterusPachyramphus aglaiaeCotinga amabilisVireo griseusVireo flavifronsVireo philadelphicusVireo flavoviridisVireolanius pulchellusStelgidopteryx serripennisRiparia ripariaPetrochelidon pyrrhonotaCampylorhynchus zonatusMicrocerculus philomelaThryothorus atrogularisThryothorus nigricapillusThryothorus thoracicusMicrobates cinereiventrisCatharus fuscescensCatharus minimusHylocichla mustelinaBombycilla cedrorumDendroica tigrinaDendroica caerulescens

19681995198319681968196819681983199519951968199519951968199519681995196819681968196819681995196819681968199519951995196819681983198319831983199519951968196819951995481

Blackburnian WarblerPrairie WarblerCerulean WarblerKentucky Warbler

Dendroica fuscaDendroica discolorDendroica ceruleaOporornis formosus

1995199519951968



Mourning WarblerCanada Warbler*Slate-colored SeedeaterBlue SeedeaterPainted BuntingBronzed CowbirdYellow-tailed OrioleSpot-breasted OrioleYellow-crowned Euphonia*White-vented EuphoniaRed Crossbill*

Oporornis philadelphiaWilsonia canadensisSporophila schistaceaAmaurospiza concolorPasserina cirisMolothrus aeneusIcterus mesomelasIcterus pectoralisEuphonia luteicapillaEuphonia minutaLoxia curvirostra

19951995199519681968196819681968196819951968

aSources: 1968 = Monroe (1968), 1971 = Howell (1971), 1983 = Marcus (1983), 1995 = Howell & Webb(1995).482

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