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Scientific Laws and Theories
Scientific Laws AND TheoriesSupported by a large body of experimental
data
Help unify a particular field of scientific study
Widely accepted by the vast majority of scientists within a specific discipline or field.
Meant to be questioned and challengedCan be limited, changed or deemed invalid
Scientific LawDescribes what nature does under certain
conditions - and will predict what will happen as long as those conditions are met.
Often mathematically defined
Scientific TheoryExplains how nature works
Often non-mathematical
Can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.
“Proof”"... In science, we never have sufficient reason for the belief that we have attained the truth. ... This means that we have no proofs in science (excepting, of course, pure mathematics and logic)… if we mean by 'proof' an argument which establishes once and for ever the truth of a theory."Sir Karl Popper, The Problem of Induction, 1953
"If you thought that science was certain — well, that is just an error on your part."Richard Feynman (1918-1988).
"A religious creed differs from a scientific theory in claiming to embody eternal and absolutely certain truth, whereas science is always tentative, expecting that modification in its present theories will sooner or later be found necessary, and aware that its method is one which is logically incapable of arriving at a complete and final demonstration."Bertrand Russell, Grounds of Conflict, Religion and Science, 1953.
“Proof” - continuedIn truth, science can never establish 'truth' or
'fact' in the sense that a scientific statement can be made that is formally beyond question.
All scientific statements and concepts are open to re-evaluation as new data is acquired and novel technologies emerge.
That said, we often hear 'proof' mentioned in a scientific context, and there is a sense in which it denotes "strongly supported by scientific means". Even though one may hear 'proof' used like this, it is a careless and inaccurate handling of the term.
Common Sense is Not ScienceThough science formally cannot establish
absolute truth, it can provide overwhelming evidence in favor of certain ideas.
Usually these ideas are quite unobvious, and often they clash with common sense.
Common Sense is Not ScienceCommon sense tells us:
that the earth is flat that the Sun truly rises and setsthat the surface of the Earth is not spinning at over 1000
miles per hourthat bowling balls fall faster than marblesthat particles don't curve around corners like waves
around a floating dock that the continents don't movethat objects heavier-than-air can't have sustained flight
unless they can flap wings
However, science has been used to demonstrate that all these common sense ideas are wrong.
HypothesisA tentative statement about the natural
world, which leads to deductions that can be tested.
Can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations.
Can be considered the “state of knowledge before experimental work has been performed”
http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/sciproof.html