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What is the scientific method?
The scientific method is the basic method, guide, and system, by which we originate, refine, extend, and apply knowledge in all fields.
An organized approach that characterizes science
Independent and Dependent Variables
Independent Variable (IV) Dependent Variable (DV)
The condition being studied The condition being affected by the IV
Controlled by the researcher Cannot be controlled by the researcher
Independent Variable Example Dependent Variable Example
Cause Effect
Before After
Input Output
What you do What happens
Activity Explain how you would test one of the
following questions using the scientific method: Are male manatees always larger than female
manatees?
Does caffeine make people hyper?
Does studying more help students to do better on tests?
Is penicillin a more effective antibiotic against E. coli than tetracycline?
Forming a HypothesisReminder:
Your hypothesis must be an IF….THEN…..BECAUSE statement.
It must contain an independent variable and a dependent variable.
Must be a testable statement.
Independent Variable (IV) Dependent Variable (DV)
The condition being studied The condition being affected by the IV
Controlled by the researcher Cannot be controlled by the researcher
Independent and Dependent Variables
The variable which depends on the other
variable is the: Dependent VariableThe variable being tested in a scientific
experiment
The other variable which doesn’t depend on
anything is the: Independent Variable
The variable that is changed to test the effects
Independent and Dependent Variables
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Cell phone minutes used Cell phone bill
Amount of gas you have How far you drive
Number of assignments you turn in
Your 9 week grade
Number of hours you work How much money you earn
Miles over the speed limit Cost of a speeding ticket
How fast you drive Time it takes to drives somwhere
Who scores the most points in football
Result of a football game
Hypothesis – “IF” Statement
Begins with “IF” statement
The “If’’ Statement Start your sentence with “if”
Write down one of your variables
Add a connecting statement
Is related to
Is affected by
Causes
Write down the other variable Ex. IF water is related to plant growth,…..
Hypothesis – “THEN” Statement
The “Then”Statement
Write the word THEN
Make a comment about the relationship between the two variables EX. THEN the more you water plants, the
bigger they will grow
Hypothesis - Because Last part of hypothesis is BECAUSE
WHY based on REASON.
Add to end of hypothesis. Ex. IF water is related to plant growth, THEN
the more you water plants, the bigger they will grow BECAUSE water is necessary for plants to undergo photosynthesis.
Hypothesis - Summary
If __IV___ (connecting statement)__DV___, then (comment about how the variables relate), because….(why based on reason).
Connecting statements: Is related to
Is affected by
Causes
Examples IF skin cancer is related to ultraviolet light,
THEN people with a high exposure to UV light will have a higher frequency of skin cancer because UV radiation causes DNA mutations.
IF the frequency of winning the lottery is related to the frequency of buying lottery
tickets, THEN the more lottery tickets that you buy the better your chance of winning because of probability.