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Scientific thoughts and processes

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I can statement I can use my senses to make observations about things in nature. I can identify and clarify biological research questions and design experiments.

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Vocab Hypothesis- a possible explanation that can be tested by experimentation and observation. In simpler terms a hypothesis is an educated guess. Observation- The act of noting or perceiving objects or events by using the senses. What we did with the objects in the paper bag. Experiment- a procedure that is carried out under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.

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More vocab Theory- a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation. A highly tested generally accepted principle that explains a vast number of observations and experimental data. Law- are simple and obvious statements about a phenomenon that never require a second guess, or an experiment, to verify them. Example: What goes up must come down.

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Vocab Cont. Control Group- serves as a standard of comparison because the group receives no experimental treatment. Experimental Group- Experimental groups are identical to the control group except for one factor, or variable. Independent Variable- the single factor that scientists change in an experiment. Ex: your mom or dad. Dependent Variable- the variable that may change due to the changes in the independent variable.

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Practice If a scientist conducts an experiment to test the theory that a vitamin could extend a persons life-expectancy, then the independent variable is ____________________, and the dependent variable is ______________________.

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Independent Variable - the amount of vitamin that is given to the subjects within the experiment. Dependent Variable - or the variable being affected by the independent variable in this case, is life span

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More Practice. A scientist studies the impact of a drug on cancer. What is the dependent variable? Independent variable?

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Independent variable - is the administration of the drug. Dependent variable - is the impact the drug has on cancer.

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Practice Cont. A scientist studies the impact of withholding affection on rats. Independent variable? Dependent variable?

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Independent Variable - is the affection. Dependent Variable - is the reaction of the rats.

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More Practice. A scientist studies how many days people can eat soup until they get sick. Independent variable? Dependent variable?

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Independent Variable - is the number of days of consuming soup. Dependent Variable - is the onset of illness.

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Bell Ringer What is a hypothesis? What is the difference between a theory and a law? Explain the difference between an independent and dependent variable.

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Learning Target I can interpret results and draw conclusions.

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Graphing What goes on the X-axis and what goes on the Y-axis? X- Axis: Independent Variable Y- Axis: Dependent Variable Example: if you are looking at the growth of bacteria under various temperatures, the X-axis would identify the temperatures, while the Y-axis would provide you with the information on growth

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Y-Axis X-Axis

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What can we do with data? When scientist work with data, many times they make predictions based on this data There are two ways they do this Extrapolation Intrapolation

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Extrapolation Extending the graph. Along the same slope, above or below the measured data Mathematically predicting a trend or number outside the data set

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Intrapolation Predicting data between two measured points on the graph Mathematically predicting a trend or number inside the data set

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The bar graph at right represents the declared majors of freshman enrolling at a university. If the enrollment doubles, predict the number of freshman that will most likely take chemistry If the enrollments is reduced by 1/2, how will this affect the number of freshman taking poly sci?

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What is the CO2 concentration in 1975? What was the CO2 concentration in 1955?

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Bell Ringer Two students each design their own investigation to determine whether resting or exercising beforehand allows a person to squeeze a clothespin more times over a certain period of time. Student A squeezes the clothespin as many times as he can as he is sitting quietly for two minutes. In a second trial he runs in place for two minutes and then squeezes the clothespin as many times as possible. Student B uses the same procedure as student A. She also asks that the other 25 students in her class carry out the same procedure and she records their data. She then calculates the average number of times that the clothespin had been squeezed without exercise and with exercise before. a. State one reason why student Bs investigation will give more reliable results than student As. b. Student B states that exercising before the second trial will always have the same effect on this type of muscular activity. Explain why the statement made by student B could be questioned.

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Learning Target I can revise a hypothesis and/or formulate additional questions or explanations.

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M&Ms Lab Purpose: To closely predict the number of M&Ms in a regular size bag based on data collected from a fun size bag of M&MS Hypothesis: IF.. Then Procedure: How you made your prediction what was your thinking Prediction: ______ Results Actual Number in bag Conclusion: Can you use a set of known data to make reasonable predictions? Explain your answer

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Red Red: If your fingers tend to gravitate toward the bright red candies in the bowl, this implies that you're confident, bold, and passionate. Red is probably the most popular M&M color choice, but you don't care. If you want red, you'll take red. Let the next person who comes by seeking candy settle for their second favorite. You were there first, and you deserve the best.

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Blue Blue: People who prefer blue M&Ms are trendsetters. You like being on the cutting edge of things. Many of the traditionalists did not feel the need to add blue to the preexisting M&M color choices, but you were all for it, because you live for excitement and the unknown possibilities life has to offer.

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Orange Orange: You don't play by any rules, do you? Orange enthusiasts are wild, carefree, and march to the beat of their own drum. You won't often meet someone who prefers orange, but when you do, you better prepare yourself, because it's going to be interesting!

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Yellow Yellow: What is wrong with you? Yellow M&Ms are not only unnatural, but unattractive. Yellow is the least popular M&M color. People who prefer yellow M&Ms tend to go against the grain.

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Brown Brown: The traditionalist. Chocolate is naturally brown, and therefore you reason that the brown M&Ms provide the most naturally occurring color choice. You like things to be as they should. A place for everything and everything in its place, is your motto. You might have a tendency to towards a little obsessive-compulsiveness, but that's okay. Not everyone has to be cool.

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Green Green: People who like green M&Ms also love the Earth. They love nature and being outside and are conscious about making the Earth a better place. You guys are the worlds nature lovers.

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Bell Ringer **FREE WRITE FRIDAY** Who or what inspires you? You have 10 minutes to complete this assignment, your answer should be detailed and developed.

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Learning Target I can safely use laboratory equipment and techniques when conducting scientific investigations.

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2 types of microscopes Many organisms are to small to see with the naked eye so we use a microscope to enlarge them. The light microscope- light passes through one or more lenses to produce an enlarged image of an object. The electron microscope- uses a beam of electrons to magnify extremely small objects. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fToTFjwUc5M

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Light Microscope Electron Microscope

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Parts of a Microscope

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Magnification Objective lenses increase the resolution of an object in powers of 10. 4x lense will magnify an object 40 times the size of its original. 10x objective lense will magnify an object 100 times its original size. 40x objective lense will magnify an object 400 times its original size.

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Bell Ringer What are the 2 types of microscopes and how are they different? Magnification 4x= 10x= 40x=

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The Sterile Technique This is a way that scientists keep unwanted bacteria out of the lab to eliminate contamination. Tools used in this technique are. An autoclave- to sterilize equipment Sterilized dishes and pipets Latex gloves

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Lab Safety 1. Listen Carefully to your teacher and follow all instructions. 2. Read/listen to your lab procedure carefully before beginning the lab. 3. DO NOT take any shortcuts in your lab procedure. 4. Always wear your safety goggles, and any other safety equipment when working in the lab. 5. Measure chemicals precisely. 6. Never taste or smell any materials or chemicals that you use in a lab unless your teacher instructs you to do so.

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Lab Safety Cont 7. Do not use any damaged or defective equipment. 8. Keep your lab area clean and free from clutter. 9. 9. Pay attention to where you are walking. 10. Do not wear loose clothing. 11. If you have long hair make sure that it is pulled back. 12. NO flip flops, only tennis shoes or rubber soled shoes.

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Si Units SI Units- is the international system of units which is used by all scientists because scientists need to share a common measurement system.

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English Metric (or SI) Length Meter Mass Gram Volume liter Fahrenheit Celsius

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Bell Ringer What is the mean of this group of data 10, 12, 25, 15 List 5 safety rules that should be practiced in laboratory. Why is the sterile technique so important?

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Review In your book you will complete the end of the chapter reviews in your notebook. They begin on page 9. Section 1 complete 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Section 2 complete 1, 2,3, 5 Section 3 complete 1, 2, 3, 5. THIS WILL BE TURNED IN AT THE END OF CLASS!