Scientific Writing

Deny A. Kwary, Ph.D.

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Self-introductionDeny A. Kwary, Ph.D.• Ph.D. in Lexicography, Aarhus University, Denmark, with exchange

research to the University of Birmingham, U.K.• Presenter at conferences in Korea, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand,

China, South Africa, Netherlands, New Zealand, Japan, Cambodia, and Australia.

• Writer of papers published in Singapore, China, South Africa, Netherlands, France, U.K (Oxford), Spain, Brazil, and Canada.

• Reviewer of the International Journal of Lexicography, the ESP Journal, the International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, and Hermes Journal of Language and Communication in Business.

• Review Editor, Lexicography, Springer.• Board Member of the Asian Association for Lexicography and the Asia

Pacific Corpus Linguists.• Personal website: www.kwary.net

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Journal Articles in the Last Five Years1. Kwary, D. A. and Jalaluddin, N. H. (Forthcoming). The Lexicography in Indonesian/Malay. International

Handbook of Modern Lexis and Lexicography, edited by Patrick Hanks and Gilles-Maurice de Schryver, Springer Reference.

2. Quasthoff, Uwe., Fiedler, Sabine., Hallsteinsdóttir, Erla., & Kwary, D. A. (Forthcoming). Frequency Dictionary: Indonesia. Leipziger Universitätsverlag.

3. Kwary, D. A. (2014). The Evolution of Dictionaries of Economics: from a Glossary to a Lexicographical Information System. Hermes Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 51.

4. Kwary, D. A. & Miller, J. (2013). The Conception of a Database for an Online Australian English Cultural Dictionary. Terminology International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication, 19(2), 258-276.

5. Kwary, D. A. (2013). Principles for the Design of Business Dictionaries on Mobile Applications. Hermes Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 50, 69-82.

6. Kwary, D. A. (2012). Adaptive hypermedia and user-oriented data for online dictionaries. International Journal of Lexicography, 25(1), 30-49.

7. Kwary, D. A. (2011). Towards a Typology of Definitions for LSP Dictionaries. Journal of English Studies.8. Kwary, D. A. & Arum, K. W. A. (2011). Lincoln’s vs. Obama’s Presidencies: A diachronic corpus based

analysis of the adjectival collocated of [man] and [woman] in the American English. ReVEL 9 (17).9. Kwary, D. A. (2011). A Hybrid Method for Determining Technical Vocabulary. System: An International

Journal of Educational Technology and Applied Linguistics 39 (2).10. Kwary, D. A. (2011). Online APEC Multilingual Dictionary: An essential tool for mutual understanding. In

Christopher, W. (Ed.), Language Education: An Essential for a Global Economy, RELC Anthology, vol 51, Singapore.

11. Kwary, D. A. (2010). Access Routes of Internet Finance Dictionaries: Present Solutions and Future Opportunities. Lexikos, 20, 272-289.

12. Kwary, D. A. (2010). The Mixed Methods Design in User-Centred Lexicography. In Zhang, Y. (Ed.), Learner's Lexicography and Second Language Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.

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Presentation Topics1. What is Research?2. What is Scientific Writing?3. Avoiding Plagiarism4. Before writing the paper5. Elements of a Scientific Paper

1. What is research?

• Research is “a careful study of a subject, especially in order to discover new facts or information about it” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 8th edition).

• Writing a research paper requires you to seek out information about a subject, take a stand on it, and back it up with the opinions, ideas, and views of others (Winkler and Metherell 2012: 3-4).

2. What is Scientific Writing? When you write about scientific topics to specialists in

that field of science, we call that scientific writing.

Three main characteristics of good scientific writing: precise, clear, and brief.

Remember, your primary aim when writing a scientific article should be to have as many people as possible read it, understand it and be influenced by it.

Generating Dissertation Ideas: Sources to Use [Adapted from White (2004:13)]

• Course materials: Pursue something that has aroused interest on your course

• Work experience: Use your experience to help you to choose an area for research. Have you encountered a ‘problem’ that could be investigated for the purpose of your dissertation?

• Exploit the media: Refer to current events on the TV, radio, press, etc.

• Subject specific literature: Browse through new books and recent editions of journals

www.scholar.google.com Click theMetrics

Metrics

Use the Advanced Search

Search byKeywords atau Abstract

Specify theSubject

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed

3. Avoiding Plagiarism(Winkler and Metherell, 2011: 69-70)

Plagiarism is the act of passing off another’s words and ideas as your own.

The following must be accompanied by a citation specifying author and source: Any idea derived from a known source Any fact or data borrowed from the work of another Any especially clever or apt expression, whether or not it

says something new, that is taken from someone else Any material lifted verbatim from the work of another Any information that is paraphrased or summarized and

then used in a research paper

4. Before writing the paperCompile Related References Functions:

• It provides background information needed to understand your research topic.

• It assures readers that you are familiar with the important research that has been carried out in your area.

• It establishes your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing and enlarging knowledge in your field.

The references selected have to be relevant and reliable.

Evaluating Sources for Relevance

If your source is a book, do this:• Skim its index for your key words, then skim the pages

on which those words occur.• Skim the first and last paragraphs in chapters that use a

lot of your key words.• Skim the last chapter, especially the first and last two

pages.• If the source is a collection of articles, skim the editor’s

introduction.• Check the bibliography for titles relevant to your topic.

Evaluating Sources for Relevance (cont’d)

If your source is an article, do this:• Read the abstract, if it has one.• Skim the introduction and conclusion, or if they are not

marked off by headings, skim the first and last three or four paragraphs.

• Skim for section headings, and read the first and last paragraphs of those sections.

• Check the bibliography for titles relevant to your topic.

Evaluating Sources for Reliability

1. Is the source published or posted online by a reputable press?

2. Is the source sponsored by a reputable and unbiased organization?

What are the problems with the following statements?

1. Living costs are also increasing in the area of housing affordability. In a recent survey, 68% of people said that they found it more difficult to pay their rent or housing loan than last year.

2. Despite popular myths, chocolate contains little that is bad for the skin. The Confederation of Chocolate Product Manufacturers report of 2002 states that “our research demonstrates there is no direct link between chocolate consumption and teenage acne.

Evaluating Sources for Reliability

1. Is the source published or posted online by a reputable press?

2. Is the source sponsored by a reputable and unbiased organization?

3. Was the book or article peer-reviewed?4. If the source is a book, has it been well reviewed?5. Has the source been frequently cited by others?6. Is the source current? 7. Is the author a reputable scholar?

Creating an Outline of the Paper

Pre-writing (Murray 2009: 211)• My research question is . . . (50 words)• Researchers who have looked at this subject are . . . (50 words)• They argue that . . . (25 words)• Smith argues that . . . (25 words)• Brown argues that . . . (25 words)• Debate centres on the issue of . . . (25 words)• There is still work to be done on . . . (25 words)• My research is closest to that of X in that . . . (50 words)• My contribution will be . . . (50 words)

5. Elements of a Scientific Paper• Title• Author Bylines• Abstract• Introduction• Method• Results• Discussion• References

Source: The Publication Manual of the APA, 6th Edition

Title• A title should summarize the main idea of the

paper. • A title should identify the vari ables or theoretical

issues under investigation and the relationship between them.

• Example: "Effects of Transformed Letters on Reading Speed“

• The recommended length for a title is no more than 12 words.

Author Bylines

AbstractThe typical structure of an Abstract:• overview of the study• aim of the study• methodology used in the study• findings of the study

Hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia are risk factors for life-threatening complications such as end-stage renal disease, coronary artery disease and stroke. Why some patients develop complications is unclear, but only susceptibility genes may be involved. To test this notion, we studied crosses involving the fawn-hooded rat, an animal model of hypertension that develops chronic renal failure. Here, we report the localization of two genes,Rf-1 and Rf-2, responsible for about half of the genetic variation in key indices of renal impairment. In addition, we localize a gene, Bpfh-1, responsible for about 26% of the genetic variation in blood pressure. Rf-1 strongly affects the risk of renal impairment, but has no significant effect on blood pressure. Our results show that susceptibility to a complication of hypertension is under at least partially independent genetic control from susceptibility to hypertension itself.

Brown, Donna M, A.P. Provoost, M.J. Daly, E.S. Lander, & H.J. Jacob. 1996. "Renal disease susceptibility and hypertension are under independent genetic control in the faun-hooded rat." Nature Genetics, 12(1):44-51.

Identify the structure of the following abstract

Hospitals’ strategy choices represent highly relevant factors that affect organizational performance and survival. This study assesses the differences among hospitals’ strategic choices. This strategy definition and assessment reflects the typology proposed by Miles and Snow, who distinguish four strategy types: defender, analyzer, prospector, and reactor. Synthesis of empirical evidence from previous studies that have applied Miles and Snow's typology in the hospital sector using various methodological approaches and measures provides hints for industry-specific patterns and avenues for further research. Taking an extended view of strategic choice, the authors conduct an empirical survey of a sample of 178 German hospitals. The authors apply a multi-item measure of the Miles and Snow strategy types in the hospital sector and identify hybrid strategy types that deviate from the four strategy types defined by Miles and Snow. Overall, seven distinct strategy types emerge from this analysis. There exist three distinct hybrid types in particular. Strategy choice is systematically related to hospital size and teaching status but not to ownership and location. The significant variance in performance for the seven different strategy types justifies the distinction between them. The results support the idea of industry-specific strategy choices. Policy makers should analyze the structural context in which hospitals operate and intervene through political and regulatory means.Source: Bernd Helmig, Vera Hinz, Stefan Ingerfurth, Extending Miles & Snow's strategy choice typology to the German hospital sector, Health Policy, In Press, 2014

Introduction• Why is this problem important? • How does the study relate to previous papers in the

area ? How does this paper differ from, and build on, the earlier papers?

• What are the hypotheses and objectives of the study? • What are the theoretical and practical implications of

the study ?

Basic rule when citing/reporting When you cite (identify) sources of information in the

text of your paper, regardless of whether you quote, copy, paraphrase or summarise, you should include: the author’s surname (family name) the year of publication (latest edition) page numbers when using direct quotes or closely

paraphrasing an author’s words Two ways of citing references: Author prominent and

Information prominent.

Two ways of citing references (1)(1) Author prominent: The author’s surname is a part of your sentence with the date and the page number in parentheses.

Direct quote example: • Cowie (1996, p. 91) argues that ‘socialism rejected the

liberal ideals of individualism and competition’. Paraphrase example:

• Cowie (1996) suggests that unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the whole before the good of the individual.

Two ways of citing references (2)

(2) Information prominent: All the referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation.

Direct quote example: • It has been argued that ‘socialism rejected the liberal

ideals of individualism and competition’ (Cowie 1996, p. 91).

Paraphrase example • Unlike capitalism, socialism promotes the good of the

whole before the good of the individual (Cowie 1996).

Method• The Method section describes in detail how the

study was conducted, including con ceptual and operational definitions of the variables used in the study.

Results and Discussion• In the Results section, explain the collected data

and the analysis performed on those data. Report the data in sufficient detail.

• In the Discussion section, evaluate and interpret the impli cations of the Results, especially with respect to your original hypotheses.

Results and DiscussionsPresenting results

state what the data are highlight data for reader’s attentionprovide evidence e.g. statistics, graphs,

tables, figures.

Commenting on results

interpret results and make claimslook for meaning and significance; may

point to contribution to fieldmake comparison with previous studiesmay comment on strength, limitations or

generalizability of results

References• References acknowledge the work of previous

scholars and provide a reliable way to locate it.

Pembuatan Database References Buat database References sambil mengutip. Gunakan Refworks atau End Note (namun berbayar). Gunakan fungsi References di Microsoft Word (gratis). Manfaat:

Konsistensi perujukan/referencing Kemudahan dalam pembuatan Daftar Pustaka Kemudahan dalam mengubah referencing style Setelah kita memasukkan suatu reference, datanya

akan selalu tersimpan di komputer kita.

Adding a new citation and source to a document

Choosing the Style• On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography

group, click the arrow next to Style. • Click the style that you want to use for the citation and

source.

Adding a Reference• On the References tab, in the Citations & Bibliography

group, click Insert Citation and then click Add New Source.

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Using Google Scholar

The Main Points in Scientific Writing• Introduction: why the study was undertaken

• Methods: how the study was undertaken

• Results: what was found

• Discussion: why these results could be significant

Thank You