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Scientist Contribution(s) Impact

Alessandro Volta Italian physicist, firstdemonstrated the electric

pile

laid foundations for thebattery

Anders Celsius Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius.

Most widely usedmeasurement of temperature in the world

Andreas Vesalius 1543 On the Fabric of theHuman Body

Challenged Galen theoryabout where blood flows.

Antoine Lavoisier Law of Conservation of Matter - matter cannot becreated nor destroyed.

Father of modern Chemistry

Anton Leeuwenhoek Published drawing afterusing a very prematuremicroscope to see bloodcorpuscles, sperm, andbacteria

No one back then tookbacteria as as serious causeof disease, but he laid thefundamentals for bacterialdisease research.

Blaise Pascal Pascal was Frenchmathematician andinventor. He proved Euclids32nd proposition. Andinvented the first calculator.

Laid the foundation formuch more complicatedcomputing and calculatorsand technology.

Carolus Linnaeus System Nature- developedmethods to classify andname plants and animals.

modern taxonomic system

Christiaan Huygens Calculated the forceneccessary to keep a planetin orbit. ChristiaanHuygens's explanation of the propagation of light bysuggesting that it "flowed"like a fluid

Cartesian approach tophysical science

Evangelista Torricelli Invented the barometer, tomeasure air pressure, in 1643.A unit of pressure, called a Torr,is named after him.

This was a large step in theunderstanding of the propertiesof air, and the basic structure of the barometer remains thesame today.

Francis Bacon Bacon contributed toscientific developments in

Bacon argued that thisprocess of controlled

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the seventeenth century byadvocating an inductivemethod for scientificexperimentation. Theinductive method begins

with direct observation of phenomena. This producesdata that is systematicallyrecorded and organized. Thedata leads to a tentativehypothesis that is re-testedin additional experiments.

experimentation (which inthe science world isfundamental today) wouldlead to the formulation of universal principles and

scientific laws.

Gabriel Fahrenheit Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at32 degrees.

Fahrenheit temperaturemeasurement

Galileo an Italian scientist whoused controlled experimentsto formulate laws of motionand inertia that wereexpressed in mathematicalformulas. With thetelescope, he found proof of the Copernican theory of heliocentric motion.

Galileo was one of the firstpeople to use the telescopefor astronomicalobservation. His discoveriesprovided irrefutable supportfor the heliocentric view thatthe earth was a planetcircling around the sun.

Gottfried Leibniz A northern germanphilosopher and

mathematician who arguedthat the universe was set inmotion and god didn't needto intervene.

With Newton, helped inventcalculus.

Isaac Newton Newton publishing thePrincipia in 1687. Thismomentous work combinedKeplers law of planetarymotion, Galileos laws of inertia and falling bodies,and Newtons ownconception of gravitationinto a single mathematicallaw of universal gravitation.

Newtons concisemathematical formuladescribed all forms of celestial and terrestrialmotion. Newtondemonstrated that theuniverse is governed byuniversal laws that can beexpressed in mathematicalformulas. Newtonsmechanistic concept of theuniverse dominated Westernthought until the discoveriesof Albert Einstein in the early

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twentieth century.

Johannes Kepler When Tycho Brahe died in1601, his assistant JohannesKepler continued his work.After carefully studyingBrahes data, Keplerformulated three theories:

The planets revolve aroundthe sun in elliptical orbits,Planets move more rapidlyas their orbits approach thesun, and finally the time aplanet takes to orbit the sunvaries proportionately withits distance from the sun.

Keplers three theoriesended up becoming thethree very important laws of planetary motion we knowtoday.

Nicolaus Copernicus a Polish clergyman andastronomer. In his landmarkbook, On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies ,Copernicus presented hisreaders with a heliocentricview in which the earthrevolved around the sun,which was the center of theuniverse.

Copernicus directlychallenged the geocentricview of the universeproviding the world with amuch more accuratedepiction.

Rene Descartes Descartes contributed to

the scientific developmentsin the seventeenth centuryby advocating a deductivemethod for the search fortruth. Descartes began bydoubting all notions basedon authority or custom.Instead, he started with aself-evident axiom known tobe true. He then used logicalreasoning to deduce various

influences.

Advocated a deductive

method for the search fortruth. Contributed along withBacon in the development of the scientific method.

Robert Boyle Boyle developed a law onthe pressure of gases.

Boyle proved that only a partof the air is used in respirationand combustion, and is thuscredited with the discovery of oxygen. Boyle's further worktouched on the beginnings of the study of matter on the

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atomic scale.

Tycho Brahe In the late 1500s, a Danishastronomer, Tycho, carefullyrecorded the movements of each known planet.

Provided Kepler with thetools he needed to formulatethree very important laws of planetary motion.

William Harvey Harvey demonstrated thatthe heart was a pump andthat blood circulatedthroughout the body.

The first to demonstrate thatthe circulation of blood throughthe human body is continuous,rather than consisting of different types circulatingthrough the veins and arteries,as had been previouslyassumed by the ancient Greekphysician, Galen.

Sources

Brautigam, Jeffrey. AP European History, 2012-2013. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011. Print.

Link, Jere, and Miles E. Campbell. AP European History. Piscataway, NJ: Research &Education Association, 2009. Print.

Palmer, R. R., Joel Colton, and Lloyd S. Kramer. A History of the Modern World. Boston [etc.:McGraw-Hill, 2007. Print.