Scott Nearing, Black America [NY, Vanguard Press, 1929]

7/28/2019 Scott Nearing, Black America [NY, Vanguard Press, 1929]

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N TH E A N D

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P u b l i c D o m a i n ,

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i g i t i z e d / h t t p : / / w w w . h a t h i t r u s t . o

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I CA

l e h il l i ng toma toes wi th a s hov e l

. C . N e a t an d w el l e p t.

sfaras theroad.

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N TH E A N D

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I CA

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I F E N TH E O U TH

we n t y- i r s t and a s t

h m on d , V a .

o s ect i ono fa lo r i da t own

sable,

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e st o n, . C . A 4 0 -

families.

outside

n , .C .

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I F E N TH E O U TH

dintown,A nniston,

r d , A labama.

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I CA

a .

H o bson ,A la ba ma .

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I F E N TH E O U TH

fromthegin,A la-

womanwithhermules,

in.A labama.

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I CA

s l oado fco t t on ,A n n i s -

N e g roesa r ee c l ud ed

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I F E N TH E O U TH

r d , A labama.

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I CA

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N CO M

o uthe rnNegroesw or

o u thernwh i t es .O t he r

ands:ploughing,hoe-

ingcotton,cuttingcane,

eCensusV olumeon

6 4 ,5 7ma leN eg ro e s a nd

arsofageor overoc-

e ns u s was t a en a nuar y

rwasata verylow

w a g ewor e r s t he re a r e

dren someofthe

en y e a r so f age .

g ri c u l tu r a lwor e r s l i ve

level,closeto the

c sandcabinsare

foodstandardsare

arylittle. A lllive

ale,uponsmallincomes,

o u the rnNegro l a nd

tofA gricultureinits

e t s , f orA pr i l , 1928 ,

aborbystates.The

olored laborbutthe

e r at e so f the o u t he rn

u t h Cen t r a l andpa r t i cu l a r l y

e c t t he lowwage ra t e s g i ve n

u n e 13 , 1 92 8 .)

uresgivewagerates

ndwithoutboard.

d i n t heNor thA t l an ti c

m

m

m

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I CA

h C e n t r al t a t e s a re f a i r l yun i -

n ti c t a t es t hey ran ge f ro m

va ni a to 55pe r mo nth in

o r t hCen t r al t a t e s, t h em in i-

i: 33.50permonth

: 48 .25pe rmon th . T he same

o u t hAt l an t i c a n d ou th

om e level s a r e f a r d i ff e r en t .

n t a t es a r ea lm os t t w i cea s

hr n t a t e s.

b o a rd , ave raged 45 . 05

a n ti c t a t es 4 1 . 3 8p e r

t a t e s. n the o u t h ,

o n th in the ou th At l an t i c

n th i n the ou thCen t r a l t a t e s.

i n t heWes t e rn t a t e s

os eo f theN or th andm or e

o u t h .

agesareconcerned,is

thelevelforther e-

wagestandardrepre-

ofthe N egromass

wagesfromone

s,inDelawareandMary-

ci v e ly 31and 3

i n t he se s t a te s i s ch i e fl y

N o r thernmar e t s . n

ntheother hand,farm

9 . 75 Pe rmon th re sp ec t i v ely.

ttongrowingstates.

the Gulf tates:

M i ss i ss i pp i , 2 2 .2 5 o u -

h e s e s ta t e s , fr om ou th C ar o l i na

t h e B l a c B e l t l i es . t

CarolinatoMississippi,that

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N CO M

ernrateandlessthan40

t i s i n the se s t at e s th a t

egromasslaboronthe gen-

ofA griculturefigures,

re i g h t ou the rn t a t e s

ge,withboard,was

e Georg i at he r a te f e l l b e -

ffarm laborrepresent

l o f t hemasse so f ou the r n

h e c roppe r smade i n c ome s

armhands,thelatter

p e r c la s s . f , on th e

muchbetter incomes

ouldbecomefarm

orfromonegroupto

m es u i c ly ad us t s

A griculturefigures

ncomeamong outhern

s e uenceso f the se l ow

ofbaddietandmeager

e g r owomenandch i l d r ena r e

en sB ureauhascon-

n variouspartsofthe

h r im pcanningco mmu n i ti e s

o w omenrepo r ted w e e ly

12 .50 .Twenty -n in e

menreportedwagesof

4 8 . 7percen t r epo r t edw ag e s

we ; 2 1 .8 p e rc e nt e a rn e d

T h esewageswere ,o f co ur se ,

erand hrimpCanning

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I CA

f o r h i r eon the l a n d .

wobulletins,Child abor

oG u l fTruc a r ms, Wa s h -

ronMarylandTruc

despecial studiesofthe

n g ch i l dr en . n t he

sfound,intheN egro

hodidfield wor .

1percent,wereunder

er c e n t,we re f rom8 to 10 ,

o 1 2year so f age 4 .9

d abo ronMary l and

ic u l a r ly tha tdoneb y

andhighlyseasonal,

ar,ontheweather,and

r e r s a r epa idon ly

p i e ce r a tebas i s .

isconsiderably

h e N or thand i s l a rge r

strialareas.

enotbeen madeinthe

o r t h .Whi l eno d i re c t com-

becontrasted.

nd threechildrenhas

ndustrialcommunitiesat

2 p er y ea r ( 1 8 0 to 2 18 p er

hesizeof thecom-

tosmall industrial

0 t o 218pe r mon t hw i l l

f o r a f ami lyo ff i v e.

gets,isfrom 6 5to

ca n a b or e a r B o o , 1 9 2. 7 ,

an d s by themon th , w ith -

e r a ged us tover 3 5 .

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N CO M

d 47inW estV irginia

n V i r g in i a 4 2 .5 0 i n O k l a ho m a

n th e h ea r t of t h e B l a c B e l t

handsofmorethan

o li n a wa s 3 7 e n tu c y ,

3 4. 75 l or id a, 3 4. 50 A r a ns as ,

M i ss i ss i pp i , 3 1 .5 0 . i n al l y

ortedmonthlyfarm

sthan 30permonth:

, 2 8 o u th C a ro l in a , 2 7 .7 5 .

eforetouchedin

ageforthe outhof

w or , a f i e l dhand wou ld e ar n

am a , Georg i aand ou thC aro - i

ywor ,wouldearnless

talfamilyincome.

hatwomenand

mentthembywor ing

urthermore,inthese

nities,rentsareverycheap,

e o u tpa r t o f t he i r e -

i c ens ,p igs . t i l l , wh e re

rwor byallavailable

plementaryincome

en,thewageratesofagri-

u t h a re so lowth a tb y no

ncouldthey bede-

c y wages .Th i r ty do l l ar s

,withpricesat

afamilysubsistence

heO ccupationsCensus

much largerpercentage

easonis obvious.

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I CA

elthewomentoearn a

mesyieldlessthan

precludethepos-

and decentclothing,

he culturalsideoflife.

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N D T O N S

t h ern N egroes ,pa r t icu l a rl y

y becharacterizedunder

ndsocialopportunity.

os i t i ono f the o u th er n

ha t o f t he ou ther nwh i t e.

h i s gene ra ll y inad e u a t e.

sin afewcasesandof

lyunpainted,old,out

m o de rnconven i enc es ,un -

ariessuchas running

s,heatingfacilitiesand

ou the rnmi l l v il l age

n Mi l ls , p p. 7 - 8 ) :

o f t he o u th e rn m i ll

tretchofroad

ttageswhichhave

undownat the

ithoutlights and

gatorsgiveasimilarreport

canningcommunities

en t e d ingene ra l ap a r-

nce.Theywereoften

sorin swampy,

,evenwhenthe

ecity,wereseldom

ptingoodcondition.

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I CA

hesaggingporches,

gray,weather-

eptgardenswhich

c e p t i on ,gave to

( P a rad i s eOys t e r

nitiesontheGulf

e a us tudy,TheWe l f a r eo f

e a s o fTe as ,g ive s t h i s

g i n twoTe asc o t t on ra i s -

s , th e th r eeor fou r ro om

cticallyallwere

obasementand

r woodenbloc s.

c on v eni ences . n

heatedby stoves,

rc e n to f t hewh i t ea nd

iesvisiteddepended

. A mongNegr o

y o n ly7pe rcen t , ando n l y

is i n H i l lCoun t y,

ntheporch.N one

r c o un tyhadas in .

vea fairpictureof

N e g romasse swh o l iv e on

c o mmun i t i es .N e g r o

u a t ed, i nade ua t e , un -

ryimportantphaseof

ittlemoneyisspentin

f N eg roes .

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D T O N S

alpurposesaregivenby

ialCooperation,A tlanta,

e l a t ions in1927.

e nd 1 tu r es

he mostfavorable

ample,inTennesseeand

penditureforeducationper

asgreatforN egro

en.Underlessfavor-

eprevailingin Georgia,

s ia n a ,Nor thCa rol i n a a nd Vi r-

school ageisfour,five

e c h il d r enas i t i s for

h C ar o l i nae pe ndi t u r e s fo r

almoste actlytentimes

fschoolage.

ntshavebeenmadeon

whichissystematically

ndinfavorof thewhite

segregatedschoolsand

, N eg roboysan dg ir l s a r e

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I CA

ndtheelementary

getrainingis beyondthe

sstudyof Te ascotton

N e groch i l d r en i nH i l l

c h il d r en inRus Cou nty

ofChildreninCotion

p p . 7 -77 .)O the r Ch ild r e n s

heretheN egrochildren

endanceinvariablysuffers.

outhisthussummed

N e groProb l em s i nC i t ie s , p .

u a t e tomee t t he needs

o u th .The o u t h ,

he N orthbut

ch fundsasare

population.The

y c onside r at i on . n

techildrenthey

he schoolpopula-

edoublesessions,

ewerandsmaller

teprovisionforthe

teachers.

2 (p.254),publishes

e pendi t u r e s i nB i bb

y e a rs o f age19 23

08 8 . 6

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D T O N S

, 1 2 7 .57

a n i-

-

1 4, 9 9 .93

ublishedstatisticsfor

y,Georgia,whichshows

a s t hat e i s t i ng in B i bb

rgiawastheresultof

ythe N ationalA ssocia-

ColoredPeople.O npages

m m aryo f the su rvey a ppea r s :

h at t heco lo redsc hoo l s

thosewhoare

ucation....

tiesscatteredover

ounties theschools

h i s t he l egal r e u i r e -

omswhichare

eflyold,dilapidated

oses. nsome

ngl ight often

s t o f t hechu rchesa nd

an bencheswhich

h em. nsomec oun t i e s

ingforcolored

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I CA

ostilitytowards

he burningof

nstancesarere-

lr y pa idNegro

1 5 pe rmon th in s om e

plementedby

whichispaidby

ucationofN egroes

for elementaryeduca-

u t h puni she schi l d r e nwh o

ocialpositionofthe

i e l dhand.H e i s a se r vant .

s i l l edmechan ic , ab us i nes s

treatedasthoughhe

T h eNegro , i n t he ou th ,

p l o i t ed r ace ,u ni ve r sa l l y

e s. N eg rochi l d r en gro w

tyconstantlythrown

undedbyanatmosphere

hreatenedconflict.

ldiscriminationagainst

t u r n. TheNegro i s t h e

a s s aul t ,murde r. f he a t -

s a r acewar.Wor in g

sadvantageoustothe

r e s uch tha t t heNeg ro in

socialopportunity,is

nferiority.

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CO N O M C

ozen outhernstates.

nc e sto r swere s l av es i n t he se

tersof outhern

sof thewhites.

laveswasproclaimed

oldingfamilieswasabout

wasatleastfourmillion.

sper slave-holding

f12. nslavedays

hernwhitesownedand

o u t he rnb l ac s . Tod ay th e

ngwhitesowntheland

endantsofthoseN egro

o l iv e .

sof outherneco-

obacco,sugarandrice

omicorderwhichhas

esystem,thecenters

l i e i n twod ir ec t i ons . O n

ads,theindustries,the

ilities,the insuranceand

ou thernbus ine s s e n t er-

ecultivationofcotton,

er outhernagricul-

ssissippi,Georgiaand

p p r o ima telyha l fo f t he t o t a l

o u t hern t a t e s t he p r opor t i on

s a ua r t ero r t wo - fi f t h s.

own,controlordirectthe

whichthey formso

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I CA

redstatistically,save

ade uatefigures

s,bonds,mortgages

ou the rnecono mic e nt e r-

i cs i no rde r to r ea l i z e the

es. tismerelyneces-

offices toreadthe

toattendconventionsof

nes todineinbusi-

he outharewhite,

tilitiesare owned

e clusivelyintheir

e ecutives,themana-

ctorganization.Tens

m p loyedon ou thern

aslaborersinmainte-

A f ewho lds i l l edp os i -

egroesdonotadvance

hp e t hedes t i nyo f o u t her n

h i s awh it eman s c ou n t ry

r wh i t e supe rv i si on .

striesarealsounder

eelindustrywith

ustry,thetobaccoin-

ntrolledbywhite

h er n i ndust r i a l p l an t s Neg roes

i n men ia l capac i t i es . a w s ,

a t e s, r e u i r e s e pa ra t ewor -

r a c t ic a l l ye c l ude t hem

itewor ersareem-

ha s p roceeded in t he ou th ,

onlythee ecutive

lypaidtrades.They have

obs .

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CO N O M C PO W E R

ementhasmadeattempts

g capitalamongN e-

bor.Theinstancesare

a pe r c ommen t .A lmo s t

verybrief e istence,

dsofthe whites.

undin allpartsofthe

llingvegetables,conducting

s.ThereareN egro

roinsurancemen,N egro

ers,Negro printers.

heroccupationsinthe

thisconnection:

nareusuallynotengaged

l um b e r, t e t i l e , t obacc o

econd,theyusuallyserve

e ir p a t ronage i s e c lu s ive l y

en e t r at ed thema o r i nd us -

h venwho le sal em e r-

es.Thebusinessesin

ringeofthe business

h e ou the rnwh i te s . Th at ,

w h y ma orN egroent e r-

sful.TheN egrohas

an e r s fo rh is l i neo f

e r sdono tmana ge t he i r

h i n gNegroes forwa r da lo ng

prise,andtherearefew

e g robus ine ssm e nca n t u rn .

e g r oeshadsca r c el yen t er e d

n i ngandbusine s sent e r-

wi t h Nor the rnban i ng

itis nolongertrue

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I CA

ef ly dependen tonN o r th ern

v e l opmen to f the o u t h

dinlargepart from

v en more than toda y,

l u s ive ly in thehand s o f th e

t h eN or thcould N e gr o

r ed i t .As ineve ry o t he r im-

w hi t eman swor ld to wh ich

andoccasionallyad-

u t h , longbe fo re theC iv i l Wa r,

all scalebusinessenter-

fthesame fields.

u t he rnbus ine s sa r e in ar ea s

avenottouchedbasic

sstrategic businessfields,

t gowithmembership

N e groesen o ym e age r op -

vicetoN egroes,in

herneconomicpower

ber,manufacturing,build-

ou the rnwh i tem e n .

heir hands.

e e n te r edthe f ie l do f

920reported159, 51

i r f a rms in fu l l . n a

lbetterland andma e

dothecompeting

owever.Mostofthe

lofthewhite race.The

eported3,131,418farms

s 8 31 ,455wereop e rat e d

b y w h i t es . venw he r e

p ro g re ss , t he o u t her n

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CO N O M C PO W E R

tuation.Theyarethe

r on l andowned a n dcon -

we r e 3 ,248 Ne gr o

w he n theAgr i cu l t u r al

acticallyalltheland

edbywhites.The

04N egroesoccupied

i n cen ine - t enth s o f th e

We s t l i ve inc i t i e s, t he se

e r smusthaveb e en e m-

o u thern t a t e s. (The

p ar a t i onby racea nd by

t h e seNegroesw or e d

v e ou thernN e gr o f ar m

o f t en ou ther nN e-

ngontheland,eight or

whitesfortheirliveli-

s w or on l and o wn e db y

e s t heywor a s t e nan t

w or e r s . ne i t her c a s e they

white e ploiters.

fieldoflandowner-

r ea t h rough t he

ontrolwhichthe outh-

h e ou thernNeg ro e s

veninlandownership,

elymadeabeginning.

r t h r e st s a sama t t ero f

s . N eg roesma eu p

ernpopulation.They

rectionofN orthern

u t h i s a lso inwh i t e ha nd s .

t h e Nor th . n the ou t h

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I CA

al y t heyma eup a

owhere,however,do

o r e venacons ide r a bl e mi nor i t y

restsuponitseco-

dal uroperuledbe-

land.Theymade

acomparativelyfew

heland-holdingclass

Themastersof

e(andwhere)they

e, t i t l edeeds .They ma e

e r s hi p in the i rown

ecapital-holdingclass

W hendealingwitha

e theNegroes , t h e me mber s

rticularlycarefulto

itedracefrombecoming

a s themonopo l yo f t he

oi l s t h e e p l oi t ed b l ac s f o r

esthereforespareno

conomicpowerundertheir

ed t a t e s r ema i ns a fu nc -

f i e l do fac ti v i t y f ro m

m p le t e lye c lu d ed ,o r i n t o

openetrate.Thewhite

t e s, ou tha swe l l a sNo r t h ,

Thecitadelofruling

rship andthesourceof

o n tr o lare inwh i te ha nd s.

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G O E S TO

wor erona outhern

ypicalA merican

rservantinoneof adozen

gar,tobacco,cornandc ot-

ntlytherehasbeena

wayfromthefarmsto

omthe outhtothe

tionofthetwentiethcen-

vementawayfromthe

tparticularlyin those

oughaprocess ofrapid

uselies intheverygreat

dvantageswhichthe

o y whenhesucce ed s in ge t -

e dwo r i nan ind ust r i a l c en t e r.

g ro f a rmer shave t a enp a r t

t a t e s.

al N egropopulation

ecreased3.4percent.

rbanN egropopulation

1 9 2 0 ther ewere224 ,8 7

ommunitiesthanin 1910.

m o r eNegroes l i v in g i n

Thesefiguresindi-

war,althoughitwas

N egrourbandwellers

2 mi l l i on in1900 3 .5

othe cityhasbeen

teadyincreasein

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


77/287

I CA

eteenandfour-tenthsper-

o e s l ived inc i t ie s i n 1 89 0 i n

erswas 22.7percent

20,34percent.

itywasnot con-

ected,thewholepopulation

ee n 1900and1910 th e w hi t e

terthanthe N egro

1920,however,the

easedmorerapidly than

s wasdueinpartto

d i npa rt t o theve r y r ap i d

uringthelatterperiod.

ocity havenotall

ationofmanysouthern

stheN egropopulation

dingindustrialoppor-

n o f New or , fo r e -

ween1900and1910and

1a n d1920.TheNeg ro pop u -

35percentbetween

etween1910and1920.

p ul a t i on inc r eased4 p e r cen t

ercent between1910

ed40 percentbetween

ntbetween1910and1920.

ma , i t i nc r ea sed2 15 pe r c entb e -

centbetween1910and

i n c r ea sed i t sNe g r opo pul a -

1910 and73percent

e g r oes in ac so nv il l e ,

etween1900and1910

1920. N egroesare

S ou thasw el l a s

onisamovementfrom

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


78/287

E S TO TO WN

hecountrytothe city.

t f r omthe ou th to the

C en t r a l t a t e swi th a to t al

, 52 ,000 repo rt ed an a c -

T he ou thAt l a n t i c

opulationof4,081,000in

the followingdecade

o u thCen t r a l t a t e s i n

sein theN egropopu-

ametenyearsthe

i n t heNew n g l a nd t a t e s

l e At l an t i c t a t es , 4 0pe r-

r t h Cen t r al t a t e s, 7 1p e rcen t .

r o e s r ema ined in the o u t h ,

refargreaterinthe

thcametothe cities.

whilefor theUnited

o f t heN egroes l i ve d i n

n g l and thepe r cen t a gew a s

c t a t e s, 8 p e r cen t a nd in th e

e s, 8 7pe rcent .Th i s t e rr i t o ry,

O ceantotheMississippi

f U n i ted t a t e sh ea v y i ndu s -

f N o r the rnN egr oes l i v e in

ed t a t e s, t heNor t he r n

beenalmostentirelya

en in1920, subs e uen t

inN ortherncitiesshow

ovement.TheUrban

heN egropopulationof

1 0 9 ,000 in1920and 1 5 , -

Ur ban eaguees t i mat e s

9 1 0 ,5,741 fo r 19 21 ,

0 0 0. TheNegropo pu l at i o n

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


79/287

I CA

matesmadebythe

a s 89 ,000 in1915 13 4 ,00 0 i n

N egropopulationof

eb y theUrban e a gu e at

0 7 ,599 in191 0 a nd 15,5 79

h e r Nor the rnc i ti e s sh ow

egropopulation.

e a r chDi rec to ro f t he U r b a n

en191 and1928,1,200,-

h e ou th to the N o r t h .

d outh,leavinganet

rsof aboutonemil-

rect,withina decadea

u l a ti ono f the o u t hh as

h e r nc i ti e s . i nce c o rr e -

egroeshavegoneinto

ng e ff ec tupon ou ther n

he r n r u r al l abo rmar e t can

ivingintheN orthin

wever,reported118,071

Missouriisessentiallya

m e y ea r,Pennsy lvan i a had a

4 O h i o , o f 2 , 21 3 N e w

e r se y ,3 0 , 5 8 l l in o is , 2 8, 7 2 , a nd

s n oo the rN or th er n s t a t e

000.

were1,472,000N egroes

portedaN egropopula-

o r , 1 9 4, 4 83 O h i o , 1 8 , 1 8 7

i a na , 80 ,810 . i gh tNo r the r n

totalN orthernN egro

t i on o fMich iganan dNew

b or de redon the o u t h .

centyearsN egropopu-

e B lac B e l t i n t o t he

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


80/287

E S TO TO WN

ocertainothercities,

D e tr o i t , t ha to f f erunu s ual i nd us -

tions.

outhernN egromasses

r e c en tyea r s i t ha sg row n

bollweevil,wipingout

a ny p a r t so f t he ou th

dsofcotton growers.

war,thedramaticcol-

rmproducts.

er discriminations

n c iden t a l t o thewar c a me

r t h ,w i th thee t e n s ive

n d 1917. ou the r np l ant e r s

borsupply slipping

cedbycompetitionwith

p a y h ighe rwages to o u t h-

roristicmethodsin

h e ou th .Th i s co mbi na -

timulateN egromigra-

egrofarmhandcouldgo

n i n dus t r i al t own a nd re-

thanthosebeingpaid

gcostswere increased,

o u th ,whe re l i vin gcos ts

callyhimselfinsome

moneywhichhecould

rdfamilysupportthan

ecured hadhere-

testhatmalefarm

g f ro m50 to75cent sp e r

d s we rewor ing f o r f r om

n t h e o u th e rn c i ti e s un s i l le d

ng f r om 1 to 1 .5 0p er day

2 t o 3 . 50 p e r da y . . I n t h e

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


81/287

I CA

ed,andin thecaseof

e y,Neg ro ab o r in th e

o u thernNegroac han c e

centersweregrowing

orthernindustrialareas.

ts,realestatemenand

onalchancetoestablish

ingN orthernN egro

edtothe migrationof

n d p ro fes s iona lmen to t a e

alopportunitiesinthe

ogreaterintheN orth.

werehighschools

hN egroboysandgirls

possiblenot only

withcertainelementsin

N egrowasmore

o u t h .

rialrewardsfarricher

ietycanafford.A mer-

ecentyearstofarmor

ndustrialfieldas

all partsofthe

e t h eycon t en twi th p o r ,

ntyon a outhernplan-

whatchancesthere

ll-beinginthegreat

arethecoreofA meri-

o s e toen oyso me o f th e

tooffer.

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


82/287

N G O R

dsandsugarplantations

d obs .On the l and o f

o f i e l dwor e r s c o mes i n t o

incidentally. nthe

tinyminoritythatmust

nchofadvanceineco-

p ec t ed todoa l l i n dso f

p e ti t i onwi thwh i te sw a s

t ly t r a inedasb l a c s mi t hs ,

layers,plasterers,wheel-

, ba e r s , t anne r s , sh ip -

y t r a ined the irN e g r o

buttheyfre uently

s.B eforetheabolition

replacingwhiteartisans

ncipatedtheywereforced

r s . o longas they w e re

ionsandtodothe

wasnotparticularlysharp.

ndustry withitshigher

portunities,competi-

age.

eabolitionofslaveryin

w h i te s , f o rmer s l aveo wner s

drawnintotheindustrial

h a t t heemanc ipa t ed N e-

opportunity,thewhites

ruggleforthecontrol

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


83/287

I CA

ey closedthedoor

egro.

o r e r s ,mechan ic s , a r -

dustryreplacedhand

payingamongthese

hewhites.

eindustrial field,the

i r el ye c luded . W hi t e

n i ed t oN egroes . e s s i e O .

micDeadlinesinthe outh

2 ,p .49 ) , s t at e s : The r e i s

k eepe r, s t enog r ap he r, ho ne st -

w h ol e ou th, emp loy e d o t he r

N e g rosupe rvi so r i n th e

t h e Negromayw or i n

ofhowefficienthe maybe,

ii o no fc l er ; no s t r e et

phoneandswitchboard

ilsinthe B order

W howou lde p e c t t o f i nd

ma n s s t or e o r a N e g ro b o o -

h i t eman so ff i c e i s sur e l y

d i ti o ns in theNor th to day,

i n g RaceR e l a t ions h ip s ,

n a d fo raposi t i o na sc le r

Wha tdoyous u ppose

w as t h e u e st i on w i th w h ic h

d e m.)

i t i es B us ines sC o l l eges

n ts . B us ines s cho o ls o f

acceptedN egrostudents.

sedN egrostudentsasthe

w il l n o t employNe gr o

r s o rc l er s .

employedinofficeshere,

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


84/287

N G O R N E GR O E S

. P a u lUrban eag ue.

efused.Thereareno

eywor thereonlyas

grogirlcannotgeta sales

e u nl e s s she i s fa i r e n ough top a s s

s o f NewH aven, C on -

N egrog ir l s f ro mt he

ualifiedtodoofficeand

te o rno th ing tod o .

n o ff ic e s .

c h a ncebeh ind the co unt e r.

asmaids.B utfor

g i s nece s sa ry.

i n t he i r e c lu s ion o f

o f a ou the rnCo l leg e ,

ao d epar tment s to r e . he

statethatshe wasa

tmentneversuspectedit.

nhadthebestsales

ment.A ttheendof four

mostefficientsales-

i n to t hemanage r so ff i c e

ominutesafternine

missed.Themanagement

wa s o fNegroe t r ac t ion .

re uentlyfollowa

o es f r omordina ry f ac to ry e m-

ue s u rveyof o r t Wa y ne ,

edthatamongthe11

ty,4employedno

f 7 N egroes , an d t he

groes.Thetotalnumber

nplantswas17,334.

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


85/287

I CA

manufacturingconcern,

e g r oes a n i t t i ngm i l l w i th

o e s anag r i cu l t u ra l im -

e r s and54Neg ro es, a

e r s and70Neg r o e s, a

n d 3 1Negroes, an da r o l l i ng

5N egroes .

eysmadebytheUrban

ofpolicy betweenem-

m pl o y ingN egro l a bo r.

e g rowor e r s a r ee c lu ded

h i r eNegrohe lp .

iredtheydothe dirty

so n r epor t s i nh i sU rb an ea gue

s A n g e le s , N e g r o es a r e as -

mesticservice,and,

r. A c tua l l y theb u l o f

es. nPhiladelphia,

nreportstheemploymentof

dingdepartmentstores

erators,maids,orstoc

ricalorsalespositions.

leinthe principal

t i l e f acto r i es .On t h e

egroesoccupypositionsas

e commonlabor

dasconductorsor

a il r o ado ff i c e s r e s pon s ib le

n one ra i l roado ffi c e w here

yedasmessengers,they

whitemen.

m o re r epo r ts t ha tN e g r oe s

o m high ly s i l l e do pe r a -

steredplumbersor

egrolinotypersareadmitted

dozenN egromovie

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


86/287


d us t r yNegroes a r eem-

of N egrowor e r s i n

oremen.ThisN egro

h as f o r t yyea r so fh i s to r yb e hi nd

e d o n the s t r ee t car so f

f o r t he s t ree t r a ilway

cleaners,andinother

s u r veyo fB uff a log iv e s

ssificationofN egro

1 8 3

3 5

8 4 3

a mi n at i on s .. . .4 , 04 7 8

7

n t s . .. . 8 , 01711

y 1 3 ,0 5N eg ro es o f

orersandone-seventh

w o r e r s a r ewide l yd i s-

upations.H alfof

r s a r eemp loyed in e ig h t

, N eg ro ab o r in theU n i t ed

r s u mmedup thep os i t i on

N egroesge t on ly the l e f t -

al w o r .Theya r e em p l oye d

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


87/287

I CA

a b le obs in the s to c

a s s in the f ac t or i e s .The y

b s o r the impor t an t o bs

wo C h ineseandaH in du .

o e mp loyaco lo re dm a n

ationof theN egro

o r s e s ince theWar o f 191 4

n.Therapidincreasein

ityl edtosharpcompe-

hitesandthetenserrace

enerated.

c t i c al l ye c luded f ro m

Thewargavethemtheir

W idespreadstri es

opportunitybyma ing

rindustriesfromwhich

ye cludedandto

u p t o tha t t imeha db e en

or ers.

A tthesametime

considerablesource

s t h eNegropo pul a t i on .

umstancesthat enabled

22 t o b rea i n toe s sen t i al l y

schools,with

n f e wNegros tu d en t s .The i r

ilityofplacingtrained

a l e duca t i on fo rNeg roes

eerwor ofcertain

swassupplyingaconsider-

sandN egroprofessionals.

s or b ed th is supp ly and l e d t o

onalfacilities. nthe

iblefor N egroparents

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


88/287


nitiesthat theycould

ndustrial urveyofTrenton

hatcity in1902in

witha totalof128,412

tsemployedNegroes in

he industrialposition

n i t ed t a t e s.

r s p ro foundchanges too

usof1920reported

dustrialactivity:9,04

m a e r s 1 0 ,7 3 b r ic m a so n s

em a e r s 19 , 849 c iga r

9 c l ay,g la s sand s ton e

w or e r s 2 , 2 52 co op er s

4 11 e l ec t r i c ian s , 35 3s ta t i o na ry

n . T he l is t e t end s to mo s t

ndmechanicaloccupa-

N e g roeswereengag ed in

ursuits.Tenyears

8 0 .

N egroesasshownbythe

e t a i l by .B .R eu t er.

p p . 228 ff . )T. .Wo of t e r,

h e Negromove men t i n t o

ostradicalchangecaused

hasbeentheentryofsome

y.Theseare,toa

levenlargeindustrial

e w or ,Ph i l ad e lp hi a ,

ti,Detroit, ndianapolis,

s a s Ci ty, i ncludea bou t40 pe r-

ti d e o f the ou th. n

115,000ofthe140,000

ccordingtoindustry,

weredistributedaboutas

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


89/287

I CA

automobile,25,000

l l ma nshopsandya r ds , 15 ,00 0

ofter,N egroMigration,

onfromtradeunion

ctiveobstacletothe

r o wor e r s .C ha r l e s H .

o r i n theUn i t ed t a t e s p ri n t s

, Organ i zed a b o r a nd th e

d et a i lw i th the r e l a ti on be -

egro.Theoretically,

o f abo rhasalwa ys s t oo d

i n t he r an so f o rgani z e d

umberofunions have

mbershipbyconstitutional

ma orityhavesimply

appliedfor member-

ndustriallyuns illed

ho s e obswh ichp ay th e

e av i e s twor .Wi t h i n

egrolabor,theline

andblac manis

ighlypaid,c lean,

pa i d , d ir t y, heavywo r .

e g r o f r eemanremain e d

e r.Wi th in th e l a st f ew

amassmovementwhich

o w or e r an ind us t r i a l o p-

h i t ewor e r.Th us f a r

e r i men t s t heNeg ro has f ound th e

p b l ac men in th ei r

wersof water.

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


90/287

N TH E O B

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


91/287

I CA

t i on wor i nWash in g t on

e s tn u t t r e e t,Ph i l a de l ph ia .

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


92/287

N TH E O B

a l i nWash ing ton .

me n t wo r e r s, W a s h in g to n .

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


93/287

I CA

h i n g ton ,D .C , r el ay ing t he

hington,D.C.

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


94/287

N TH E O B

s h i ng ton ,D .C .

e m en twor ,Was h i ng t on .

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


95/287

I CA

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


96/287

N TH E O B

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


97/287

I CA

P h i la de lph i a subwa y, po u r ing

ln g ro c f r o m N e w o r s u b -

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


98/287

N TH E O B

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


99/287

I CA

i c hmond ,Va .

dumpsof theB ethlehem

M d .

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


100/287

N TH E O B

o r e r s, N o r f o l , V a .

debris,buildingcon-

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


101/287

I CA

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


102/287

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


103/287

I CA

o u s e-wrec ing ope ra t i on,

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


104/287

N TH E O B

erglazingmachine,Chicago.

computingfootmeasurement

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


105/287

I CA

colorsin beaverboard

n i f e sp li t t i ngmach ine ,

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


106/287

A T O N

o u thern f a rms hav e b e e n

ustrialfields. rom

y thewh it e s .Wh ere t h ey

edagainstafterthey

nationisinthe rate

ywheretheyareorgan-

a l pa y f or e u a l wo r " i s

n o t sowhereN e gr oes

hecontrary,thereis per-

ughitisdifficult tosay

wo r t oge the r a th our r a t e s

wages,butin thedis-

e uen tl yg ivep ref e r ence

i n t he shopusual l y va r ie s

ytrueofpiecewor .

e sa r e fr e uen tl yg iv e n t he p i ece

escanbe made,whilethe

o b s .When the re i s a

tionsnewwor goes

e s r e t ain theo ld o bswi th

h i ch theycanma e

thenewoperations.

esaregiventhefiner

e w or sh i r t s, o v e ral l s , bu tt on

rse .wor .Thefine

t ha n t he roughwor .

s a r e soad us t e dbet w e en

o i n gand thewor t ha t t h e

m

m

m

M

m


G o o g l e - d


r g / a c c e s s

_ u s e # p d - g

o o g l e


107/287

I CA

hit e s a r eabl e tom a e

f o rd ( N eg ro f rom A f r i c a

taininstancesin which

gainstinfavorofwhites,

ersthebetterpaying

ndbyassigningthemmore

nceofthe ine uality

r o wor e r s co me s f r om

oschoolteachersinthe

o f wor , a r ea l mos tun i for ml y

herswhodo similar

yschools,holding

5yearse perience,

wh i te , a nd 3 0 p e r ye a r if

certificates,with9 or

e , a sma imumsal a ry : if

6 80 .D i ff e r e nce s i n t he

e e uallygreat.

n t e r -Rac i a lCom mis s i on,

discriminationare

. ( N eg roProb l em s i nC i t ie s ,

a l a r ie s i n e i ng ton , e n -

u m of 1 ,000 fo rwh i t e

i m umof 900 fo rco lo r e d

umforwhitehigh

t on i s 1 ,400,w h i l e t hem a i -

a c he r s i s 1 ,20 0. W hi t e

alpayforsummerschool

20 .Theannu a l i nc r e a se

o N e g r o te a ch e rs , 2 5 . n

umsalaryforwhiteele-

t h e ma i m um i s 1 , 0 0 .

ntaryteachersholding

m

m

m

M

m


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S C R I M N A T O N

m a imumis 1 ,0 20 .

rsinthehigh schoolsalaries.

mentaryteachersin

f o r co lor ede l emen ta ry t e ache r s ,

iminationsinthe N ew

imumsalaryforany

o l s i nNor fo l , V i rg ini a ,

a imumsal a ry for a ny N e gr o

ty.(O pportunity,

i m i l ard i s c r imina t io nsb e -

p p ea r th roughou t t he o u t h .

fi edbylaw. nmany

discriminatearbitrarily

v e r maybe theNe gr o s t r a i n -

ility,nomatterhowlong

onomicstatusendswhere

g i n s. ( .O .T ho mas ,

h e ou th , Op por t uni t y,

asmuchor morepre-

certificatesand diplomas

mustpasscertain

vearecordas goodas

heretheyhaveabetter

rtheir teaching.

esor theprofessionsin

uentlyreceivelesspay

r o mus thaveh igh er r e c om -

hanawhiteman re-

s ame ob .As on eN e g r o

h a v e ua l i fi c a t ions p l u s, a nd i t

r mi n ewhat t ha t p l u s

o r e r sbeg ina t t he sam e

s,theysoonfindthem-

whitewor ersadvances,

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I CA

tandsstill.Thewhite

N e g rowor e r s s t ay a t t he

sg et wagecu tsbe fo re th e

reunorganized.Many

avelittlepowerofmass

filledbywor ers,

i ous to t a e t he o b s .

yers,facedwiththe

ndcuttingdowne -

Duringthelatewinter

ts werebeinggener-

United tates,the

werealmostinvariablythe

e -c u t sw i thus , o ne

h s ai d . O urwag eshav e bee n

months.TheN egro

e b os s i sbound t o r e s pe c t .

e p ai d the samewag e s as wh i t e

o b s. O t h e r N e g r o wo r e r s

r .Thewagesofwhite

pidlythanthoseof

e g r oe sa recu tbe fo re t h e

sto promotion,however,

heopportunitybefore

romotedtothepositionof

R arelydotheyactas

na lmost a l l c a se s

w or unde rwh i t e f or em e n.

opportunityoftheN egro

s,directorsande ecu-

ywhitestoc holders

emaybeunnoted

ar e a s tobe fo ra l l p rac t i c al

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S C R I M N A T O N

d mi n i s tr a t i onande ecu -

dustrialactivityisin white

po y Negroe e cu t iv e s .

vr l e s s t han1pe rcen tof t h e

nterprise.Managementin

ma n s func t i on i nwh ich

oparticipate.

u n s i l l edandsem i -

n t he l a s t t enyea r s th ey ha ve

fs illedoccupationsto

a l l y theysucceed i ng e t t ing

i n s tances theyoc c upy pos ts

nagerialpositionsin

ingsa r ec lo sed t om em be r s

ngsoftheindustrial

u e s t ionas f a r a sN eg ro e s

thoutany reference

dividualN egro.

hitelaboratthemoment

roemploymentmanager

e a r e the l as t t obeh i r e dand

u p p or to fh i s con te n t i onh e

N egrowor e r s had been

a n d d i smi s sedas soo nas

h o hadwor ed fo ry e ar swi th

missedbeforewhite

edacomparativelyshort

o p r ove tha t t heN e gr oh as

N egro.Theemployer

e n o longerneedsh i sman .

c o l o rede l eva to ro pera t o rs

f fi c e bu i l ding .On e r i day

w e r ehanded the ir payan d t o ld

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I CA

O neof the seme nh a d

b f o r2 yea rs a s e c on d

t h i rdhadwor ed fo r2 2

efinestrecommendations,

i l di n gopened ,whi t e

ebuildingtrades.

t o wor , emp loye r s usua l l y

e r s f i r s t. Ma n yp eo p l e f eel

a obwh i leaw h i t em an

oy e d , s a idoneNeg ro w ho

i s oband th e impo s -

sametradeduringa

.A tthisdifficulttime

e ceededfivemillions,

edatthe sametimeas

missedandimmediately

ntlyemphasizedinthe

a n N egrowor e r. Usua l l y

s t h ewh it eman . W h e nh e

e shedoesno t r e ce i v e th e

t t h e samera t ehe has

dagreaterchancefor

womanonthesame

l ea r ned the se f ac ts t h rou gh

thenormalburdenof

n a dd i t ion they mus t

onomicdiscrimination

o f t heUni t ed t a t e s hav e

g ro wor e r s i n in dus t ry.

m

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T R S N

L C T E S

ities,struggleagainst

sandfindthemselvesdis-

.Theyfaceanotherprob-

r o b lemofa l i v ingp l ace .

i ndu s t r ia l c i t i es

esandfarmershadtheir

somecaseseventheir

f-sufficienteconomi-

ty theN egroesfind

nvironment.Many

es,before1910,hadprac-

W h ere ther ewasaNeg ro

Chicago,itwas con-

uarters.

tion. ndustrial

werecalledupontoac-

housandsofN egroes

, P i t tsbu rgh ,New o r ,

adtwochiefob ectives:

y g o t t he ob i nco mpe t i -

yfoundthelivingplace

mes.

tolivein thesame

Manywhites,whenN e-

ghborhood,eitherstart

ce,or moveaway.

industrialcentersfound

cialhostilitywhichmet

i e l dbutw i the u a l i n -

uallyrapid. tcame

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I CA

ererisingandwhen

down.A narmyof

accommodationsatthe

swasmovingfrom

industrialcenters

eep thei rhomes .

neighborhoodwith

sedbythegrowingdemand

edtheirwayfarther

oods.

egroesdifferindifferent

p hi a , f o r e amp le ,wh ich

population,N egroeshave

tions.A sthecity

erebuilt onthemain

sandalleyswerethehouses

er e f o re ,Neg ro u a r t er s

well-to-dowhites

egroescorresponded,how-

tcouldaccommodate

TheN egrolaborerand

findsomeother solution

hemigrationof1915-

f N eg rohous in g i n i n-

lymoreacute.

n N e w H a v e n " a s e d

softhe raceinthat

r e n t , an swere dm yi n-

l a ce tha t t heywil l t a eu s .

generallyrenttous. O thers

g r oe s he reown the i rh ous e s "

e o n lyway tha tw eh ave t o

m

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R S N N DU T R I A L C T E S

n wegotobuyand

tweareN egroesthe

3 , 000h ighe r so th a twem ust

e i n toab loc , t h ew h i te s

e a l e s ta t eman inWas h ing to n ,

r y n i ce r es idence s t r e et .

ee t w oor th r eeco l o r ed fam i li e s

eonthe otherside.

i l y i n theb loc .A s s oon

a neighborhoodthe

dbythewhitesandre-

miliesbuythem or

ortheA dvancementof

egreatestissuefacedby

was thatofresidential

ypracticearoseinthree

regationthroughprop-

ffortstowardthatendthrough

ignedtoforceN egroesto

si s , March ,192 , p . 2 29 .)

werecontractsentered

bloc ordistrict,under

e n t t oNegroe s fo r a

wereused,butwith

dothercities.

ted,ordinarily,bycity

fromlivinginwhiteneigh-

romlivinginN egro

ationordinancewas

T h e n awaveo f r es id e nt i a l

ry.Cityaftercityin

passedordinances,the

to eepcoloredpeople

dhithertobeen re-

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I CA

orethanadozen

eM a ry land Da l l as ,Te a s

R ichmond ,V i rg in ia t .

o u is v il l e, e n tu c y w i th i n a

( Ar thu rB . p ing ar n ,

t i s su ed in192 b y t he

he A dvanceme nto fC o l o re d

o u i svi l l e eg rega t i on

ionlaws: (1)The

reapplyonlytoall-white

i ng i t again s t t h e l aw fo ra

l o c andv i ceve r sa . (2 )

nablesthecitiesto divide

esitunlawfulfora

strict.(3)Thetype

he tatewidesegregation

declaringthatabloc

o r i t yo f the r e s i den t s a r e

n a ma or i t yof th e r e s i den t s

o thi s l awaNegro can mo ve

m a or i t yo f tho s e r e si d i ng i n

N or fo l goes a s t ep

f thebloc notonly

y,butalsoaccording

y w i th in theb loc . n

p t io n i smade in r eg a rd

htheiremployers.

elationships,p.27.)

heconstitutionalityof

vl l e o rd inancewas t a e n t o

i t ed t a t e sandwasd e -

pingandunanimous

inanceread: A nor-

-feelingbetweenthe

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i t y o f ou i svi l l e a n d

promotethegeneral

e p r ovi s i ons r e u i r i ng , a s

aratebloc sforresi-

esof assemblybywhite

oseoutof theactions

n g t op reven t aN e gr o

hadpurchasedina

n W. wee t, ay o un g

meonGarlandA venue,

eofthreatsofviolence,

h e houseun t i l ep t e mbe r

ut madenodem-

however,alargermob

ho t swere f i r ed o ne

dandonewaswounded.

cupantsofthe

stdegreemurder.The

h e u ryd i s ag r eed.

1 2 5 ff.R epo r t o f t he t r i a l

a r e gene ra l lymo re t o le r a n t

whitepersons,andwhile

n t ly c a r ryon ret a i l bu sin e s se s

ne r a l ru l e,whenNegroesh ave

swhitepeoplestopliving

tm a nsa id: E x c ep t for

evermoveintoN egro

ntswhocomestayonly

assesofN egroes:

floaterwhowanders

o b t o obo re l s e t he

outhwhohaslefthis

m

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I CA

i n g fo rwor a nd p e rh a ps

N egroesmay l iveag -

N egrolodgersor

milies.Theymust

owncolor.Theycan-

hites.Theymustfind

modationofN egroes.

o f N eg rohomes i s ve r y

andlodging accomoda-

u s i n g inPhi l adelph i a (Ph i l a -

on,1927,p.17),callsatten-

muchgreateramong

N egrohomeowners.

t he p opu l at i on i smo re t han

mcrowdingisdueto

dmuch isduetohigh

e necessityofthe

dw el l i ng that canb e

tsare bothresponsible

ongtheN egrocity

t t o f i nd roomsands ince

e g r o famil i e sm a ewh a t

rdinarilytheyinclude

efromlodgersin order

n g o r inma ing pa y -

elphiaH ousingR e-

ywell-to-dofamiliesare

groesareemployedat

lesspermanentoccupa-

themostcasualfashion.

Corporationat parrow s

e n s iv e s toc ade s wir ed

m

m

m

M

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hichsingle N egromen

s t o c adea re rowso f

bystoves,containingfour

e r swhocome t he re f ro m

s e st oc ades.They s l eep

mn d in ing - rooman dhave

nlaundry.Thecom-

g r o an i t or swh o sed u t y

e a ti n g room, thewas h r o oms

oc adesisunbe-

oopportunitiesfor

pythe bedssleep,eat

d s. uch l i v ing u a r t er s

ngsfor themigratory

stacles. irst,heis

o wh i chhecango. n

swhicharerented.

for sale.Thisispar-

N e g ro . ven re al

willnotrentto

h i t es , s i nceoneN egro

allymeanstheelimina-

tory.N egrorenters

eswiththeoldestand

nthoserun-down

llybeingtransformed

N egro l i ving ua r t er s t he

animmediateincrease

,but itisa phenom-

dfromallof thecities

egromigration.

ml e s sand l es sdes i rab l e ,

dlessrent,landlords

dpropertydeterioriates.

m

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I CA

od.Whites leave.B uild-

tasthe N egrotenant

numberofdwellers

sesrentstocorrespond

newtenants.

ts,thereforetheymust

ersandlodgersper

opay.Thereport

a de lp h ia showsawee ly r e n t

g h b orhoodso f 7 . 95.

c an t ye u ipmen tan d t he

g r o dwel l i ng, 7 .9 5 i s

inW estPhila-

o n ver t ed in toaN eg ro

n eague inB u ff alo ,

g r o es p a y 33 1 / 3 to 5 o p er c en t

esameaccommoda-

g a t io no fNegro es in B uff a l o

dustrialcity.

n c om e an d t a nd a rd s o f i v in g

C h i ca go ,p .112 )no t e s tha t

coloredfamiliesspend20

ofthechiefwageearner

iesonly30 percent

Thetableonpage113 of

hat5percentof the

theN egrofamilies

heearningsofthechief

isat allpossible.The

r atthemercyofreal

which hecanpayfor

aidofhiswife searn-

sand lodgers.

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formedthepositionof

l e t heN egroc on t i nued

wheretherealestate

e h e hasbecomea b uye r he

ster.N egroneighbor-

orthPhiladelphiaand

ythatwasformerlyunder

w h i te s .

owingfactsabout

5

e2 , 9 84

3 > 778

wnershipinPhiladel-

ythe developmentof

c i at i ons. n19 10 P enn -

nd loanassociations,

00 0 . n1924 the re w e re

withatotal capitalof

o f t he se i s25yea r so ld

homesforN egroesto

, 0 00 ,000 . (Neg roH ou s ing

rdinarilypayhigher

accommodations. re-

tages,borrowingmoney

n d u s tr i a l c ent e r s i n th e

e t oe t end the i rh om e

tisthe home-owning

e c t iv e ly inb rea i ng

suallylive inN egro

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I CA

ntilthewarwhenmigra-

egropalesweredefinite

r o wt ho f theNeg ro po pu la -

ohomeownership,these

e a a ndmul t i pl i ed i nn umber.

roProblemsinCities,p.40 ff)

theN egrosettlementsin

U n it ed t a t e s. n a l -

igh percentageof

aceR elationsmadea

ncipalChicagoin-

T h e whi t ewor e r s i n t he

outChicagoandits

swerelargelyconcentrated

s s ou th s idethech i e f

N e g ro nCh i c ago ,p .

opalesorsettlementsin

withthesize ofthe

i t y. nN ew o r

concentrationofN egroes

mallportionof the

o r 9 p e rc e nt o f t he w h it e

areasand 28percent

centratedcoloredareas.

8.)

hincludes mostof

egroesconcentratedin

c i ty and l i ght l y sca t-

rgeproportionofthe

9 0 pe rcen tN eg ro . n

hitepeopleare incon-

entof theN egroesin

( dem.)

wanothersituation.

m

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hetotalpopulationis

llythroughoutthecity.

oenumerationdistrictsthat

0percentcoloredand

s than10percent

hraces indistrictsfrom

e m .)

pofcities withsmall

eN egroesarewidely

ver,arerelativelyun-

a t i on o f theNegr o

s , Woof t erwr i t e s, W hi l e

omplete,allcitieshave

orityofthepopulation

ea s t ha t t hemasseso f t he

3 9 . ) t i s a l so worthy o f no te

hichN egroeshavere-

andin whichthere-

u t e , e c lu s ive N e gr o

onis verycomplete.

reasofindustrialcenters

iondensityof white

meinstancesthedensity

g r o sec t i onsa s in t he

o r ,whe re the N e g r o dens i t y

e( b id . , p. 78 . )

citieslive inconcen-

elygreatdensity,pay-

sat highpricesand

ndtheareain whichthey

etheinflu ofmigrating

t t h es eN egrocol on i es in

s incommon: They

ighborhoodusuallybeing

ide,inChicago,probably

m

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I CA

ntheworld,numbers

n N e w o r , t h ou g h no t a

s 1 2 4, 000 t he o u t h

CentralMemphis,22,000

hesearesuchgreat

achhasa community

largechurches,

mercialrecreationand

i e s, eno A ven ue in

Ch i ca g o, o u th t r ee t i n Ph i la -

Mm p hi s , e cond t r e e t i nR i c h -

i n At l an t aa r e busi ne s s

arethemain

eople.Thecentral

ectsthemallto in-

uringestablishments

ationofpropertyforresi-

t e r,Neg roProb l e ms inCi t i e s,

trialcitiesarenot legally

u rt d e c i s ion in the o u i s -

ylivebythemselves.

nt e r ha s i t sNeg ro ua r t er,

whiteliving uarters.

r o l i v ing ua r t er su n l e ss

here.N egroeswhoat-

findthemselvesfaceto

ocialobstacles.

s s e e ing fo r indu s t r ia l

f h e i s aboa rdero r lo dg e r

mo n gh i sownpeop l e. f

ldrestrictionshold

eresultis thatinthein-

roeshaverecentlymi-

liveinrestrictedareas

inundationbyfresh bands

m

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ne haustiblesupplies

u t h .

i n d us tr i a l c ent e r s

gaccommodationswhich

compelledtoacceptareof

ichheoccupiesare

oretheyareusually

yandotherconven-

r c ro wd ingo fNeg ro ne i gh -

uationdoublydim-

u n s i l l edo r s emi -

u n ab l e topayh igh re n t so r t o

otpic andchoose

t h e pr i ce s that a r ewi th in

resultisthatthe N egro

derpartsoftownbut are

e n toane t r e mede -

whoareabletobuy

eoftheworstofthese evils

.TheN egromasses,

cttothem.

t y a nd in u i r e fo r t he

e s i t i s a long the r a i lr o a d , as

u. no the rp l ac e s i t i s a l ong

am , a s inA k ron ,Oh io .

dsectionwhichisbeing

nceintobusinessprop-

aO ccas iona l ly, t o besu re,

u t h Chicagoo rHar l em ,

u c hcasesa r ee ce p t iona l ,

P i t t sbu rghand the a s t

instancesofconditionsto

t w hen theymove f ro mt he i r

hinsearchof higherwages

trialoasisoftheN orth.

m

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I CA

u r ues t ion , Y e s , t he

e v ia duc t.

oftown,passdowna

andfindyourselfbeside

a l p oc e t s , l umb e ry a rds ,

ndrefusearedumped

i n p i l e s i n theop en lo ts .

tiesandhousesscatteredalong

hn e asy reacho ff l ood

hthe lowerpaidN e-

ceis unsightly,unhealthy.

residentialsectionof

o co mmend i t t o t he mig ran t

h e pr e senceo fo th er N eg ro es

e t a long in th i sN e g r o

da placeinmore

n i on t a t i on in P i t t s -

,dirty.Thehouses

areevenabandoned.

.Throngsofunem-

nd g o s s ipinga t t h ep rin c ip al

espea spoverty,

ionsinindustrialareas

s o u th i d e. c o re s o f

ers,businesspeople,profes-

utineoflifeunder cir-

obeimpossiblein a

alleysandsmall

hlitter,garbage,offal.

o f Chicago s o u t h id e .

eprutsin theoozing

sl i ps . o u a re a n l e d ee p i n

r fo o tholdandpush f o r-

ayingdog greets

m

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m

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i l e d inove r- fl owi ngb o es

ag on s lo shesa long th ro ug h

woodenfencesandthe

syouglimpsetherubbish.

sipingatonebac gate.

stility.W hyawhite

e r h aps B eh i nd a nei ghb or-

b a r s . omewooden

rs,frontonthisnoisome

htherefuse.

arlyin thespring

bletoapproachthese

nchesofmud.R ub-

piledin thestreet.

avelong sincebeenunfit

orhoodreflectsthe

lshumanbeingsinthe

d tatestoacceptliving

blestretch oftheimagina-

aceR elationsreported

nvestigationofN egro

w he r e mo s t of t h e N e g ro

ityofhousingiswide-

ousesofa better

and.

consideredneces-

,are oftenlac -

ng.Gaslighting

ararity.H eating

l stoves,and

a l when furna ces a r e

fcommission.

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I CA

o us ingCond it i o n s s u c h

:

u mb i ngverybad

e n l ea i n i tc he n si n ;

a i nba thma esce i l ing

eringoffinfront

adinsideand

of thedwellerin

N e g ro inCh ica go , pp .

n s uchs ua lo r.Th eh ous in g

r o i s e ua l t o th a t of

hemassesofN egro

n v i c tua l so fAme r i ca nh ous i n g

,B altimore,Washing-

rlinebetweenN orth

most acuteproblems

ace. nW ashington,

arehundredsofwooden

N e groesa r ec ro wd e d

mlivingthat would

nicipality.H ousing

fthe B altimoreN egro

oe w h iche i s t i nWash -

odationswhichare

imilarN egrocom-

houghcongestionis

t h an inanyo th e rNeg ro

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G o o g l e - d

Documents

Scott Nearing, Black America [NY, Vanguard Press, 1929]