Scramble for AfricaScramble for Africa

Chapter 27Chapter 27

Before European DominationBefore European Domination

• 1,000 different languages

• Hundreds of ethnic groups

• Large empires to small independent villages.

Problems Discourage Problems Discourage ExplorationExploration

• Armies

• Rivers

• Disease

• Specialized trade networks controlled by the Africans.

Nations Compete for Overseas Nations Compete for Overseas EmpiresEmpires

• Europeans that did enter into the interior of Africa.– Missionaries– Explorers– Humanitarians

The CongoThe Congo

• Henry Stanley helps Leopold II of Belgium acquire land in Congo– Primary motive = end slavery– Reality:

• Brutal forced labor in rubber sap industry.

• Belgian government takes over colony

• European nations begin to claim parts of Africa

Forces Driving ImperialismForces Driving Imperialism

• Belief in European Superiority– National pride– Each colony was viewed as a measure of

greatness.

• Racism:– Many Europeans believed that they were

better than other peoples.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

• Social Theory: “survival of the fittest”– Non-Europeans were on the lower scale of

cultural and physical development because they had not made scientific and technological progress.

– Europeans had the right and duty to bring progress to other countries.

Factors Promoting ImperialismFactors Promoting Imperialism

• Technological superiority:– Steam engine and Maxim gun

• Perfection of the drug Quinine protects from malaria.

• Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and culture.

The Division of AfricaThe Division of Africa

• Began in 1880

• Diamonds & gold increased interest.– De Beers Consolidated Mines is the biggest

diamond company in the world today.

Berlin ConferenceBerlin Conference

• Divides Africa:– 14 nations agree on rules and division.– Any European country could claim land and

prove the ability to control it.– Divisions made with little or nor regard to how

it would effect the linguistic groups or ethnic groups of Africa

– 1914: Liberia * Ethiopia are free from European control

Europeans Claim Muslim Europeans Claim Muslim LandsLands

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

• Hungary in the north

• Around the Black Sea

• Across Egypt all the way to the borders of Morocco

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

GeopoliticsGeopolitics

• An interest in or taking of land for – Strategic location– Products

• Ottomans controlled access to the Mediterranean and Atlantic Sea trade.

RussiaRussia

• Grain traders wanted access to the Black Sea.

• How were they going to get the land?

Waging WarWaging War

• Russian Czars launched a war on the Ottomans.

• Purpose:– Gain land on the Black Sea– Warm water Port!!

Crimean WarCrimean War

• Peninsula in the Black Sea

• France & Britain join forces with Ottomans

• Russia is defeated

• Ottomans continue to lose land after victory due to military weaknesses.

The Great GameThe Great Game

• Russia & Britain fight over India

• War in Afghanistan – Great Britain withdrew– Russia signed non aggression pact with

Afghanistan, broke in 1979.

Suez CanalSuez Canal

• Isma’il– Supported modernization of Egypt

• Constructed the Suez Canal– Cuts through the Isthmus of Suez– Connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean.

FINANCIAL AIDFINANCIAL AID

• Project supported by money mainly from France.

• Egyptian Labor used in construction

Suez CanalSuez Canal

British Take OverBritish Take Over

• Egypt unable to pay back debt to foreign banks.

• Britain takes over financial control of canal.

British Imperialism in IndiaBritish Imperialism in India

Sec. 4 Sec. 4

Chapter 27Chapter 27

INDIAINDIA

Economic ControlEconomic Control

• 1600s

• British East India Company– 1858, leading power in India

““Jewel in the Crown”Jewel in the Crown”

• Major supplier of raw materials

• 300 million people – Large potential market

• MOST VALUABLE OF ALL COLONIES!!

Expanding ControlExpanding Control

• Beginning of 19th century little control

• East India Company only used– Sepoys:

• Indian Soldiers• Standing Army

– Lead by British Officers

Build up to MUTINYBuild up to MUTINY

• 1850—most of India under British control– Pockets of discontent

• Tacking land• Converting to Christianity

• Economic Problems on the increase

SEPOY MUTINYSEPOY MUTINY

• 1857-– Gossip– Cartridges were for their guns greased with

• PORK & BEEF FAT

– To use --- soldiers bite off the ends

REACTION REACTION

• Hindus & Muslims Sepoys refuse cartridges.

– WHY DID THEY REFUSE????

• All soldiers were jailed.

• REBELLION BREAKS OUT!!

OUTCOMEOUTCOME

• East India company took 1 year to control.– Britain sent troops to help.

• Indians were defeated due to:– Lack of unification– Weak leadership– Splits between Hindus & Muslims

• NO MUGAHAL EMPIRE!!

• RAJ: British policy of direct control over India from 1757-1947

Impact of ColonialismImpact of Colonialism

• Positive:– World largest railroad network built– Telephone lines– Irrigation, sanitation, schools

• Negative:– Restricted India industries– Lack of self-efficiency– Reduction in food production– Racist attitudes (CASTE SYSTEM)

NationalismNationalism

• Groups form:

• Indian National Congress

• Muslim League– Self government