SD Warren Bulletin Complaint Checklist

7/29/2019 SD Warren Bulletin Complaint Checklist

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ComplaintChecklist

HC*l


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IntroductionPolicy StatementSampling ProceduresBlanket Sm ashesBlisteringContaminationCalender CutsCracking or Tearing at th e FoldDelaminationInk Lay (Mottle)MisregisterMoisture ProblemsPickingSetting and DryingSlime HolesSplice BreaksComments onpH and Conductivity

1246781011121314151618202122


3/27

IntroductionThis booklet contains instructions and information necessary toproperly document difficult ink-press-paper problems.Securing appropriate materials during the complaint investigationwill be an aid to resolving these types of printing complaints.This checklist is not all inclusive but is intended to serve as aguide for on-site troubleshooting.S.D. Warren's technical bulletins address specific areas ofGraphic Arts and should be used as references:Technical Bulletin #1 GhostingTechnical Bulletin # 2 The Influence of Paper on Color PrintingTechnical Bulletin # 3 Black & White Halftone PrintsTechnical Bulletin # 4 Wet Ink TrappingTechnical Bulletin # 5 Coated Papers for Web Offset PrintingTechnical Bulletin # 6 Varnishing TechniquesTechnical Bulletin # 7 Specks in Printing


4/27

Quality Statem ent and Liability PoliciesIt is S. D. Warren's intent to sup ply printing pape r of op timumquality. In attem pting to achieve this goal , Warren utilizes sophisticated proces s controls and m onitoring de vices, qual ity controltests, and actua l on-press tes ting of finished paper. In spite ofthese extensive e fforts, it is virtually im poss ible to realize thisobjec tive 100 pe rcent of the time .NotificationIf a problem develops related to paper, the printer shou ld imm ed iately stop p rod uc tion and notify the m ercha nt supplier, who w illinvestigate the problem promptly and involve the local WarrenDistrict Sales Office, when necessary. If the printer decides tocontinue the press operation after a problem occurs, the printerassum es resp onsibi li ty for the acc ep tan ce by the custom er of theprinted results and any acc rue d co sts.EvidenceIt is the re sponsibility of the pa pe r merchant, w ith the help ofthe printer, to obtain order numbers and physical evidence (asoutl ined in the fol low ing pa ges ) to accu rately dem onstratethe nature of the p rob lem . This information w ill be forwa rded tothe proper mill location by the local Warren District Sales Officeto allow Warren's tec hn ica l expe rts to analyze the pro blem .S. D. Warren will not consider claims unless accompanied bysufficient supporting evidence.Grade SelectionThe refore, wh ile m aking every effort to supp ly pap er of thehighest quality, S. D. Warren makes no warranties of any kind,either express or implied, including no warranties as to m erchantability or fitness for a specific end use requirement. Se lection ofthe prop er g rad e of pape r for a spec ific en d use is the responsibility of the printer or the printer an d its customer. S. D. Warren w illnot be res pon sible for any prob lem or claim resulting from use ofthe pap er for proc ess es other than for wh ich it has been de sign ed .


5/27

ClaimsShould claims for losses prove to be the direc t result of defe ctsfor w hich S.D. W arren is solely re sponsible, after inves tigation byWarren, S. D. W arren's liability w ill b e lim ited , at its opt ion , to theoriginal pu rch ase price pa id to S.D. W arren or cos t of the re plac ement of the pa per tog ethe r with the rea son able c ost of lost presstime (up to a maxim um of three hours) to identify the na ture of theprob lem . W ithout prior ap prov al from S.D. W arren, no claim willbe cons idere d 60 days after the loss oc cu rs. The dedu ction ofclaim s from paym ents d ue is not al lowe d.In no event will S. D. W arren be liable for any other dam ag es or forspecial , inciden tal, or con seq uen tial da m ag es of any sort, includ ing, but not limited to, da m ag e to press, lost profits, start-up costs ,or expenses representing loss of production.Replacement PaperS. D. W arren will rep lace de fective pape r as qu ickly as pos sible. Ifreplacem ent pap er can not be del ivered in t im e to meet c ustom erneed s, W arren will not be l iable for add it iona l costs in c u r re d -gra de or size substi tut ion, mak eread ies, plate costs, p rem iumt ime. Warren's liability is limited as above.Defective Paper Disposit ionPaper w hic h W arren authorizes to be returned to the m ill or job -lotted must be ac co m pa nie d by a Bill of Lad ing in a cc ord an cewith W arren's instructions. Care sho uld be taken in pac ka gin g andshipping returned paper. Credit wil l not be issued for printedpaper or paper received in damaged condit ion; credits are alsosubject to the above terms .DebitsIt is W arren's intent to settle c laims prom ptly. On ce a claim hasbeen ap pro ve d, de bits m ust be rec eived w ithin six (6) months ofthe app roval da te to receive c redit.S. D. W arren will make every effort to settle claim s prom ptly andamicably.


6/27

Sampling Procedures:It is the m erchant's respo nsibil ity, with the h elp of the printer,to obtain order nu m bers and phys ical evide nce to accuratelydem ons trate the nature of a printing pro ble m . Here arerecom m ende d p rocedu res an d the sym bol code s which will beuse d throu gho ut this book for you to use as a guide :In format ion:

Ink from the Canand Fou nta in:

Printed Sheetsw ith Original:

UnprintedW hite Paper:W eb and Sheet -Fed

All informa tion requ ired by the mill sho uldbe fi lled in on the com plaint form. Gatheran d rec ord al l mill orde r nu m bers . Identifypress type , press size, pr int ing seq uen ce,blankets us ed, dam pen ing system typeand pressroom c ondi t ions.Ink sam ples from the can an d fountain willhelp de term ine the co nd it ion of the ink as itwas received into the pres sroom , and alsoafter it has been on press.A sam ple of each of at least 4 ou nce sshould be placed in an airt ight, non-porouscon tainer a nd sea led with vinyl or plastictape.It is imperative to ob tain the pre ss sheet orwe b signature wh ich contains the originaldefect being d es cr ibe d. When obtain ingprinted shee ts, be sure to collect at least12 cons ecu tive sheets, including severalsheets imm ediately before an d after theoriginal. Clearly identify the defect bycirc l ing it an d stap le the shee ts together.Sam ples of the unprinted pape r w hichhave not been through the press should beobta ined so a com plete analysis can b edo ne at the mill. Sheet-fed unprinted andpr inted sheets should be w rap pe d andsh ipped flat whenever poss ible. Webpap er can be rolled and p lace d in am ai ling tube .


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Tape-Pulls:

oFountain So lut ion:KuuiiV

Blanket Sm ashe s:

PhotographicDocumentat ion:

When the press beco m es contaminatedwith ma terial that is ca us ing printinterferen ce, it is necessary to retrievethis m aterial for further ana lysis. Arecommended mater ia l is Cleer Adherelaminating sheets, w hich allow thesam ple to be pu l led from the press andrejoined with a backing sheet which canthen b e ide ntif ied as to where the tape -pul lwas taken.If it is nec essa ry to obta in a sam ple of thewater from the press 's water system , besure to use an air-tight plastic container.Lab el the bott le as to w hich unit it ca m efrom an d include all information regardingthe m ixture. (See pag e 22 for inform ationabout pH and Conductivity.)Send the da m ag ed blanket a long with thetape -pu ll of the m aterial(s) that ca used thesmash. Be certa in to roll the b lanket andpla ce it in a mail ing tub e.O cca siona lly it wo uld be helpful to take apicture of certain pap er and/or presscon dit ions in the press room , such asmoisture related problems or excessivepil ing. If the ph oto will su pp lem en t theother phys ical ev iden ce , include it withthe information g oin g to the mill.Sheet-fed unprinted and printed sheetsshou ld be w rapp ed and sh ipped flatwhenever p ossible. Web pap er can berolled and pla ce d in a mail ing tube . Besure the items are properly labeled inac co rda nc e with postal and otherap pl ica ble transportat ion regulat ions.Proper packag ing procedures app lyto al l m aterials bein g return ed forevaluat ion.


8/27

Blanket Smashes:Description:

Causes:

Possible Solution:Precautions(to avoidblanket smashes):

Documentation:

A compressed or smashed area(s) on ablanket due to excessive pressure againstthe blanket's surface in the printing nip.1) Scuffs - a roll-up of paper, usuallyoriginating at the edge of a sheet.2) Scraps -pa pe r trimmings, foldedsheets, labels, packaging materials etc.3) Splices in cartons or skids.4) Folded edges.Replace blanket.1) On Sheet-fed jobs:a. The top and bottom sheets in a cartonshould be removed or examinedcarefully before printing becausethese sheets are the most susceptibleto damage during handling, i.e.,scuffs, folded edges, tears, etc. This isan accepted trade practice.b. When loading the press, examine thesides of the lifts for any signs of aproblem.2) Web jobs:Roll labels indicate the number ofsplices in a roll. The location of a spliceis marked on one side of all rolls.

D2ape-Pulls Blanket

Smash


9/27

Blistering:Descr ipt ion:

Cause:

Precaut ions:

Documentat ion:

A blister is a bubble-like formation thatocc urs on a coa ted sheet dur ing d rying ina we b oven.The blister(s) is ca us ed by the "e xp losio n"w hich o cc urs w hen the moisture within thesheet vapor izes and cannot escape throughthe pap er's coa ting layer an d the ink f i lm.W hen bl ister ing is ex pe r ienc ed o n pressthe fol lowing suggestions may helpdeterm ine the cause or minimize theprob lem:1) De termine the P aper's SurfaceTem perature (PST) as the we b e xits theoven, an d lower it, if po ss ible , by:a. De creasing the w eb s pe ed a nd oventemperature proport ionately.b. Increasing the we b sp ee d.c. Ch an gin g to inks that have highe rt inctoral strength which would requirethinner ink f i lm s and requ ire less heat.2) If the b listers a re con fine d to one a rea ofthe form , turn the roll around to d eterm ine if the blisters follow the paper, orrema in with the press. Hot spo ts in the

oven can be detected by intent ionallysco rching the sheet.3) C hec k m ach ine reel an d roll posit ionsfor co m pa rison s, if possible. Isolat ingthe prob lem rolls may en ab le the printerto com plete the job .

Information Ink:Can


10/27

Contamination:Description: Print Interference which results in non-printareas or specks in printing.Causes: 1) Ink Hickeys are caused by materialwhich is carried by the ink and are not

particles which originate from the paper.Possible sources of Hickeys are piecesof ink skin, uncooked resin in the ink orroller fragments from a dry or deteriorating rubber ink roller.2) Pick-outs and Coating Lumps areagglomerates of fiber or coating

material that are poorly bound into thepaper coating or adhered to thepaper's surface.3) Coating Pick, also referred to as "peppepicking," is the result of the tack of theink exceeding the cohesive or bindingstrength of the coating materials.4) Wood Vessel Segments are fiberswhich, because of their composition,are difficult to remove during pulpingprocedures, and tend to be poorlybound into a coated paper.5) Occasionally the print can bedisrupted by Fibers which havecontaminated the system.In general, fibers are water receptiveand reject ink. These fibrous materialswill adhere to the blanket or plate andaccept water but will not take on anyink, and will therefore cause a speck inthe print in the form of its own shape.6) Pits may be described as indentations

or wells in the surface of the paperor plate.Pits cause specks in print becausethe ink form rollers cannot apply inkdown into the pits in the plate; and theblanket cannot apply ink down into thepits on the paper's surface.


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7) Loose Surface Dust on pa pe r is amajor cause of spe cks in pr int ing.W hen the loose du st sets on the pap er'ssu rface , it preve nts the ink from rea ch ingthe sheet an d sticks to the blanke t.8) In bo th shee t-fed an d we b p rinting theinteraction of ink, foun tain solution an dpaper must be kept in proper balanceor a print ing d efec t will oc cu r w hichis com m on ly referred to as WaterInterference.Water Interference m anifests itself aswh ite spe ck s in prints, an d ca noriginate from three dif ferent sou rces:Ink-Water Emulsification RatesPaper- Re cep tivity to WaterFountain Solution -Wet tab i l i t y

9) Sp ecks in pr int ing ca use d byAnti-Offset Spray occur in sheet-fedprinting an d are norm ally a result ofrunning too m uch spray. The e xcessspray will interfere with subsequentlyappl ied ink.

10) Piling is a bu ild-up of ink an d/o r pap erma terial on the blanket du ring print ing .There are 3 comm on types of pil ing:Image Area Paper PilingImage Area Ink PilingNon-Image Area Piling

Documentat ion:

Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

Tape-Pulls Photographs


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Calender Cuts:Descript ion:Causes :

Pos sible So lut ion:

Documentat ion:

Ca lende r cu ts are small cuts or sl ices inthe paper.W rinkles or creas es in a roll of pap er that ispassing through a calender stack underhigh pres sure may result in cuts a long thewrinkle or crease s.The calend er c uts may b e isolated to apart icular roll. If this roll was she ete d into apa llet or sk id at the mill, then, the problemmay only affect a small portion of a certainpallet or skid. Every sheet may not have theprob lem . Ca lender c uts usual ly have arecurr ing pattern ( i .e. .everythird, fourth,f if th sheet) dep en din g on the num ber ofrolls shee ted into the p allet or skid. Millorder numbers and put up numbers wi l lhelp us identify the extent of the pro ble m .Nothing can b e done about calender cuts,ex ce pt to sort them out or reject the paper.

Unprinted:Web Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

10


13/27

Cracking or Tearing at the Fold:Descript ion:

Causes:

Precaut ions:

Documentat ion:

1) Cracking at the Fold (CAF) occurs whenthe coa ting frac tures as the sheet isfolded a nd can be a problem in bothsheet-fed offset and web offset printing.2) Tearing at the Fold (TAF) occurs when aprinted an d folde d job fal ls apart alonga folded ed ge or around the staplesafter bin din g. TAF oc cu rs most often inwe b offset print ing.1) CAF can be cau sed by:a. Attem pting to fold heavy w eight

pap ers without scor ing.b. Improper s cor ing .c. Low moisture condit ions.d. Improper folder nip sett ings.

2) TAF can be cause d by:a. Excess ive hea t in the we b oven .b. Weak paper.c. Imp rope r folder sett ing.d. Inadequate chi l l rol ler temperature.

1) Crack at the FoldIt is reco m m en de d that pa pers 100 lb.an d up in basis we ight be sco red priorto folding .

2) Tear at the Folda. Web exit tem perature s shou ld berun at the m inimum necessa ry to drythe ink.b. Folding units shou ld be set pro pe rlyto place minimum sque eze, and thetucker blade adjustment should beaccu rate so as not to shear the fold.

Information Unprinted:Web Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

11


14/27

Delamination:Description:

Causes:

Possible Solution:

Documentation:

Paper peeling apart or separating fromwithin. Note: do not confuse delaminationwith blistering (see pg. 5) in web printing.Blisters occur in the oven. Delaminationoccurs in the printing units.If the internal bond of the paper cannotwithstand the tack, or printing forces,during printing, the sheet will separate ordelaminate.In general, the only viable solution is toreduce the tack of the ink being used. Analternative would be to run another lotof paper.

Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

12


15/27

Ink Lay (Mottle):Descript ion:

Causes:

Possible So lut ion:

Documentat ion:

Mottle is a phrase us ed to d es crib enon -uniform ink lay or wh en the printedrepro duc tion has a pattern wh ich is notpresen t in the original artwork.Mottle can be due to several ink-paper-press or "system s" problems. Am ongthese are:1) Back trap mottle2) Wet ink trap mottle3) Paper mottle4) Water interference mottleIf the printe r is ex pe rienc ing an ink layprob lem, the following items should bechecked :1) Inks should be tack graded to print withthe highe st tack first.2) Quick release blankets may helpminimize the p roblem .3) The foun tain solution m ixture shou ld berun with m inimu m con cen trate to runclean and should be monitored bym easu ring cond uctivity. (See pag e 22.)4) Progressive prints should be pulled to

determ ine which print ing unit(s) createsthe problem.5) All troublesh ooting prints should bedone at produc t ion sp ee d.6) At least 50 sheets sh ould be turnedover and p rinted on the opp osite sideto dete rm ine if the ink lay chan ge s.7) Another lot of paper c ou ld be run as acompar ison.

Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

13


16/27

Misregister:Description:Causes:

Possible Solutions:

Documenta t ion :

Failure of the printed images to align inm ulticolor p rint ing.Misregister may be caused by a numberof factors :1) A m oisture im balan ce in the stock.2) Inaccurate tr im m ing.3) Paper sl ippag e in the gripp ers .4) Loose blanket or plate.5) Imprope r w inding of a w eb roll.6) Improper stripping.1) Care sh ould be taken to allow skidsan d rolls to accl ima te to pressroomcondit ions whi le wr ap pe d. (Sheets andWeb)2) Retrim the paper if poss ible so thegripp ers a nd side guide have a stableedge . (Sheets)3) Try a roll from a differen t reel pos ition .(Web)

Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

Photographs

14


17/27

Moisture Problems:Description: Moisture problems occur due todifferentials in the relative humiditybetween the paper and its environment.Causes: Paper fibers are hydrophill ic, or water

loving, and react rapidly to changes inm oisture con dit ions of their e nvironm ent.W rinkling of the stock on press may o ccurdue to a moisture pro blem :Wavy stock, or paper which has absorbedm oisture, may d evelop a wrinkl ing prob lem2/3 of the way bac k from the gr ipp er ed geand c ontinue to the ba ck e d ge of the sheet.Tight edged paper, or paper which hasgiven off m oisture, may create a wrinklingpro ble m in the center of the shee t.

Possible So lutions: 1) W hen a m oisture prob lem is enc oun tered,try turning the lift to use the op po siteed ge to the gripp ers . This may elim inatethe wrinkling pro ble m ; however, this isusually m ore succ essful w henenco unter ing wavy ed ge-ty pe w rinkl ingprob lems.2) W hile k eeping the stock w ra pp ed , allowapp roxim ately one day for every 10%incremental dif ference between the RH

of the p ape r a nd the p ressro om . This willstabilize the paper.3) Abn orm al co nd it ions in the storing ofpa pe r may result in a moisture relatedpape r problem . O nce a skid or a cartonis op en ed and the stock is expo se d tothe atm osp here , it is stan da rd pra ctice

to cove r that p ap er to pro tect it fromcl im at ic cha nge s. The presence ofmoisture in the offset printing process,together with the stock's expo sure to adifferent atmo sph ere, may cause f lat,ac ce pta ble stock to react.Documentat ion:

Unprinted:Web Unprinted:Sheet-Fed Photographs15


18/27

PickingDescript ion: Picking (coating pick, pepper picking) isthe result of the tack of the ink ex ce ed ingthe coh esive or bind ing stren gth of thesheet. Pick ing is the l ift ing of c oa tingand /or pap er f ibers from the sheet, andcan produce non-print areas of variousshapes and sizes.

An original pickout has de pth and acrater-l ike ap pe ara nc e. The result of thispickout on subs equ ently p r inted sheetsis op en vo ids, w hich show the su rfaceof the sheet without d ep th , or merely anunprinted spe ck in the same size andsh ape of the original.Exam ination und er a printer's loupe, alongw ith a low ang le l ight, wil l enab le you todetermine which sheet contains theoriginal pickout.1) Insuff icient paper surface strength.2) Exce ssive ink tac k or tac k-b ui ld du ringprinting.

Possible Solut ions: 1) Picking ca n b e more severe during amakeready w hen the ink an d pressremain stationary for ex ten de d t imeintervals. This can be p articularly truewh en a l ight co vera ge form is be ing run.Be certain enough paper has been runthrou gh the pre ss for the system to bestable before attempting to address theproblem.

2) Decreas e impression squee ze to amin imum.3) Before red uc ing the tac k of the ink, havethe pressperson pul l progressive prints,be gin nin g w ith the first unit, to de term inewhere the picking is oc curr in g. Onc e

Causes:

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you have determined which ink(s) iscausing the picking, then adjustments tothe ink can be made.For example, if the first down black iscausing the pick, and a print of the blackalone shows the picking, then reducingthe tack of the black should improve theproblem. However, if the black ink alonedoes hot cause p icking, but begins topick as the additional inks are app lied,then a more appropriate adjustmentwould be to reduce the setting rate, orstabilize the ink so that the build-up oftack through the press is slowed.4) There are various blankets available inthe market. A quick release blanketcould be recommended for a printerwith chronic picking problems.Documentation:

Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

Tape-Pulls

17


20/27

Setting and Drying (Sheet-Fed):Descr ipt ion:

Causes:

1) Setting: Ink sett ing t ime is the am oun t oft ime req uire d for an ink to ge l or set-upto the po int wh ere the sheet can bere-worked throu gh the press.2) Drying: The pro ces s of ink dryin ginvolves a che m ical react ion that mayrequire 24 to 48 hours to com e tocomplet ion.It is im portant to dete rm ine if the pro ble mis one of setting or drying.If the p rob lem is setting, it co uld be d ue to:1) The se tt ing sp ee d or formulat ion of the ink.2) A p ap er w hic h has slow ink sett ingcharacteristics may require small l i f ts,ad dit iona l spray, or longer turn aroun dt ime.3) An improper mixture of fountain solution

conc entrate or addit ives can ch an gethe emulsification cha racterist ics of theink and/or interfere chem ically w ith thesetting and drying function of the ink(s).4) Inad eq ua te am oun t of offset spray.If the p rob lem is drying, it co uld be d ue to:1) The form ulation of the ink.2) The im pro pe r m ixture of the fountainsolution (see # 3 above ).

Possible Solut ions : Normal ly ink set ting and drying problem sare recogn ized after a job has b eenprinted on at least one side, w hich makesan analysis of the p rint ing con dit ions at thetime diff icult. If the job is a work-and-tumform, probably minimum t ime has passedsince the f irst side was p rinted .

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21/27

A Note About WebInk Rub Problems:

Documentation:

Therefore, the precautions to take would be:1) Check the mixture of the fountain solution (see page 22), and get a sample of

the solution out of the circulating tank forfurther analysis.2) Obtain samples of the ink from both thecan and the fountain so an evaluationcan be done.Note: Samples must be taken from the pressat the time when the problem occurs.During web printing the setting functionis physical. The solvent in the heat-set ink isremoved by the increase in temperaturein the web's oven. The drying function inweb occurs in the chill roll section of thepress, where the melted (fluid) ink is cooledinto a solidified state.When dry rub problems occur after webprinting, the solutions above apply, alongwith the following:1) Check the paper surface temperature atthe oven's exit to assure that the solventsare being removed.2) Check the chill roll temperatures toassure that the paper's surfacetemperature is being lowered to 50-70degrees Fahrenheit.

Unprinted:Sheet-Fed

FountainSolution

19


22/27

Slime Holes:Description:

Cause:Possible Solution:

Documentation:

A slime hole appears as a hard and brittlecontaminate around a hole in the basestock of the paper.Contamination in the fiber furnish duringthe papermaking process.This problem is not an extensive one andnormally w ill be confined to a limitedamount of paper (i.e., a few sheets or a.small portion of a roll).

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23/27

Splice Breaks:Description:

Cause:

Possible Solution:

Documentation:

In web printing, a mill-made splice causesthe web to break as it progresses throughthe press.An improperly mill-made splice. Check for:1) Does the splice have a tail?2) Was adhesive stuck to the preceding wrap?3) Where did the break occur?4) Was the splice marked?Web rolls-our roll labels indicate thenumber of splices in the roll. The locationof the splice(s) is marked on one side of allrolls. This enables the printer to takeimpression off and let a splice through theprinting nips with minimum waste.

Information Original

21


24/27

Comments on pH and ConductivityA num ber of the foun tain solut ionconcentrates being used today are"com binat ion" type products w h ichcontain all the ingredients n ee de d foroffset p rint ing. Al l that must b e a d d e d inthe print sh op is water an d if us ed ,isopropyl alcohol.These con cen trates, often referred to as"1-step" etches, can be a bufferedsolution.A simplif ied definit ion of "buffered" watermixture w ou ld be that you ca n ad d eitherac idic m aterial or alkaline material to thism ixture, an d the pH value of the m ixturewill not change .The refore, after a foun tain so lution hasbeen m ixed and pla ce d in the press, theadd ition of mo re con cen trate (acid) wi ll notch an ge the pH of the m ixture. However, theacidity of the m ixture has been increased.Using pH as the only m eas urem ent o fthe amou nt o f con cen tra te in thefountain is no longer a n accu rate tool .An alternative measurement isconductivity. The amount of fountainsolution conc en trate in a fountain solut ionwill determ ine the cond uc tivi ty of thesolution.Co nduct iv ity is general ly mea sured an dreported in micro mho/centimetre. Theterm jxmho (1/1,000,000 of mh o) is used asthe measurement unit of conductivi ty justlike poun ds are a unit of weig ht.Con ductivity, or co nd uc tan ce , is theca pa bi l i ty of a solut ion to carry (co nd uc t)elec tricity th rou gh it. This is the op po siteof resistanc e, w hich is the prop erty of aso lution to resist the flow of electricity.

22


25/27

Here is a graph showing the resulting pHand Conductivity values as etch is addedto plain tap water:pH7.06.05.04.03.02.01.0

Conductivity(micro mhos)

/y x""V

^****Tap .5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Ounces etch addedConductivitypH

//

3.5

2100180015001200

900600300

Note: When using conductivity you mustfirst know the conductivity of the tap water,and all conductivity measurements offountain solution mixtures should be donebefore any alcohol is added.Be sure to consult your fountain solutionsupplier for the best fountain concentratefor your water supply The conductivity ofyour mixed solution, less the conductivityvalue of your water supply should beapproximately 1000 micro mhos.*Mixed Solution - Tap Water =pproximately1000 micro mhos

*This is a figure which is generally recom men ded bymany ink man ufacturers and is intended to be anestimated value.23


26/27

Printed in U.S.A. on Lu stro Dull-book 80 lb and L ustro Dull Cover 100 lb 1987, S.D. Warren Com pany, a Subsidiary of Scott Paper Com pany


27/27

S.D. Warren Company,A Subsidiary of Scott Paper Company225 Franklin StreetBoston, Massachusetts 02110

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SD Warren Bulletin Complaint Checklist