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Millennium Development GoalsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search "MDG" redirects here. For other uses, see MDG (disambiguation).

The Millennium Development Goals are a UN initiative.

The MDGs in the United Nations Headquarters in New-YorkThe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 192 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. They include reducing extreme poverty, reducing child mortality rates, fighting disease epidemics such as AIDS, and developing a global partnership for development.[1]Contents[hide]1 Background2 Goals 2.1 Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger2.2 Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education2.3 Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women2.4 Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality Rate2.5 Goal 5: Improve maternal health

2.6 Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases2.7 Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability2.8 Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development3 Progress4 Review Summit 20105 Controversy Over Funding of 0.7% of GNI 5.1 Support for the 0.7% Target5.2 Challenges to the 0.7% Target6 Challenges of the Millennium Development Goals7 Related Organisations8 MDG Related projects9 References10 External links 10.1 United Nations10.2 Others

[edit] Background

Heads of State at the Millennium SummitIn 2001, recognizing the need to assist impoverished nations more aggressively, UN member states adopted the targets. The MDGs aim to spur development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries.They derive from earlier international development targets,[2] and were officially established at the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present adopted the United Nations Millennium Declaration, from which the eight goals were promoted.[edit] Goals

The percentage of the world's population living in extreme poverty has halved since 1981. The graph shows estimates and projections from the World Bank 1981–2009. Most of this improvement has occurred in East and South Asia.The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were developed out of the eight chapters of the United Nations Millennium Declaration, signed in September 2000. There are eight goals with 21 targets,[3] and a series of measurable indicators for each target.[4][5][edit] Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hungerTarget 1A: Halve the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day Proportion of population below $1 per day (PPP values)Poverty gap ratio [incidence x depth of poverty]Share of poorest quintile in national consumptionTarget 1B: Achieve Decent Employment for Women, Men, and Young People GDP Growth per Employed PersonEmployment RateProportion of employed population below $1 per day (PPP values)Proportion of family-based workers in employed populationTarget 1C: Halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Prevalence of underweight children under five years of ageProportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption[6][edit] Goal 2: Achieve universal primary educationTarget 2A: By 2015, all children can complete a full course of primary schooling, girls and boys Enrollment in primary educationCompletion of primary educationLiteracy of 15-24 year olds, female and male[7][edit] Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower womenTarget 3A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015 Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary educationShare of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sectorProportion of seats held by women in national parliament[8]

[edit] Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality RateTarget 4A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Under-five mortality rateInfant (under 1) mortality rateProportion of 1-year-old children immunised against measles[9][edit] Goal 5: Improve maternal healthTarget 5A: Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Maternal mortality ratioProportion of births attended by skilled health personnelTarget 5B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health Contraceptive prevalence rateAdolescent birth rateAntenatal care coverage (at least one visit and at least four visits)Unmet need for family planning[10][edit] Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseasesTarget 6A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS HIV prevalence among population aged 15–24 yearsCondom use at last high-risk sexProportion of population aged 15–24 years with comprehensive correct knowledge of HIV/AIDSRatio of school attendance of orphans to school attendance of non-orphans aged 10–14 yearsTarget 6B: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it Proportion of population with advanced HIV infection with access to antiretroviral drugsTarget 6C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases Prevalence and death rates associated with malariaProportion of children under 5 sleeping under insecticide-treated bednetsProportion of children under 5 with fever who are treated with appropriate anti-malarial drugsPrevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosisProportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)[11][edit] Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainabilityTarget 7A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resourcesTarget 7B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss Proportion of land area covered by forestCO2 emissions, total, per capita and per $1 GDP (PPP)Consumption of ozone-depleting substancesProportion of fish stocks within safe biological limitsProportion of total water resources usedProportion of terrestrial and marine areas protected

Proportion of species threatened with extinctionTarget 7C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation (for more information see the entry on water supply) Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and ruralProportion of urban population with access to improved sanitationTarget 7D: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers Proportion of urban population living in slums[12][edit] Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for developmentTarget 8A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system Includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction – both nationally and internationallyTarget 8B: Address the Special Needs of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) Includes: tariff and quota free access for LDC exports; enhanced programme of debt relief for HIPC and cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous ODA (Overseas Development Assistance) for countries committed to poverty reductionTarget 8C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States Through the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the outcome of the twenty-second special session of the General AssemblyTarget 8D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long termIndicatorsSome of the indicators listed below are monitored separately for the least developed countries (LDCs), Africa, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States.Official development assistance (ODA) Net ODA, total and to LDCs, as percentage of OECD/DAC donors’ GNIProportion of total sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water and sanitation)Proportion of bilateral ODA of OECD/DAC donors that is untiedODA received in landlocked countries as proportion of their GNIsODA received in small island developing States as proportion of their GNIsMarket access Proportion of total developed country imports (by value and excluding arms) from developing countries and from LDCs, admitted free of dutyAverage tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing from developing countriesAgricultural support estimate for OECD countries as percentage of their GDPProportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacityDebt sustainability

Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and number that have reached their HIPC completion points (cumulative)Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative, US$Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and servicesTarget 8E: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries Proportion of population with access to affordable essential drugs on a sustainable basisTarget 8F: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 populationPersonal computers in use per 100 populationInternet users per 100 Population[13][edit] ProgressProgress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the goals,[14] while others are not on track to realize any.[15] The major countries that have been achieving their goals include China (whose poverty population has reduced from 452 million to 278 million) and India due to clear internal and external factors of population and economic development.[16] However, areas needing the most reduction, such as the Sub-Saharan Africa regions have yet to make any drastic changes in improving their quality of life. In the same time as China, the Sub-Saharan Africa reduced their poverty about one percent, and are at a major risk of not meeting the MDGs by 2015.[16] Fundamental issues will determine whether or not the MDGs are achieved, namely gender, the divide between the humanitarian and development agendas and economic growth, according to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute.[17]To accelerate progress towards the MDGs, the G-8 Finance Ministers met in London in June 2005 (in preparation for the G-8 Gleneagles Summit in July) and reached an agreement to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the IMF, and the African Development Bank (ADB) to cancel an additional $40–55 billion debt owed by members of the HIPC. This would allow impoverished countries to re-channel the resources saved from the forgiven debt to social programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.[18]Backed by G-8 funding, the World Bank, the IMF, and the ADB each endorsed the Gleaneagles plan and implemented the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative ("MDRI") to effectuate the debt cancellations. The MDRI supplements HIPC by providing each country that reaches the HIPC completion point 100% forgiveness of its multilateral debt. Countries that previously reached the decision point became eligible for full debt forgiveness once their lending agency confirmed that the countries had continued to maintain the reforms implemented during HIPC status. Other countries that subsequently reach the completion point automatically receive full forgiveness of their multilateral debt under MDRI.[18]While the World Bank and ADB limit MDRI to countries that complete the HIPC program, the IMF's MDRI eligibility criteria are slightly less restrictive so as to comply with the IMF's unique "uniform treatment" requirement. Instead of limiting eligibility to HIPC countries, any country with annual per capita income of $380 or less qualifies for MDRI debt cancellation. The IMF adopted the $380 threshold because it closely approximates the countries eligible for HIPC.[18]

Yet, as we head towards 2015 increasing global uncertainties, such as the economic crisis and climate change, have led to an opportunity to rethink the MDG approach to development policy. According to the 'In Focus' Policy Brief from the Institute of Development Studies, the 'After 2015' debate is about questioning the value of an MDG-type, target-based approach to international development, about progress so far on poverty reduction, about looking to an uncertain future and exploring what kind of system is needed after the MDG deadline has passed.[19]Further developments in rethinking strategies and approaches to achieving the MDGs include research by the Overseas Development Institute into the role of equity.[20] Researchers at the ODI argue progress can be accelerated due to recent breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating a virtuous circle where rising equity ensures the poor participate in their country's develop and creates reductions in poverty and financial stability.[20] Yet equity should not be understood purely as economic, but also as political. Examples abound and include Brazil's cash transfers, Uganda's eliminations of user fees and the subsequent huge increase in in visits from the very poorest or else Mauritius's dual-track approach to liberalisation (inclusive growth and inclusive development) aiding it on its road into the World Trade Organization.[20] Researchers at the ODI thus propose equity be measured in league tables in order to provide a clearer insight into how MDGs can be achieved more quickly; the ODI is working with partners to put forward league tables at the 2010 MDG review meeting.[20]The effects of increasing drug use has been noted by the International Journal of Drug Policy as a deterrent to the goal of the MDGs.[21]Graphs from the Millennium Development Goals Report 2010

Proportion of people living on less than $1.25 a day (1990, 2005) 

Enrolment in primary education (1999, 2008) 

Under-five mortality rate (1990, 2008) 

Numbers of people living with, newly infected with and killed by HIV (1990-2008) 

Proportion of population using an 'improved water source' (1990, 2008) 

External debt service payments as a proportion of export revenues (2000, 2008) 

Internet users per hundred people (2003, 2008) 

[edit] Review Summit 2010A major conference will be held at UN headquarters in New York in September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline.[edit] Controversy Over Funding of 0.7% of GNIOver the past 35 years, the members of the UN have repeatedly made a "commit[ment] 0.7% of rich-countries' gross national product (GNI) to Official Development Assistance."[22] The commitment was first made in 1970 by the UN General Assembly.The text of the commitment was:

Each economically advanced country will progressively increase its official development assistance to the developing countries and will exert its best efforts to reach a minimum net amount of 0.7 percent of its gross national product at market prices by the middle of the decade.[23]However, there has been disagreement from the US, and other nations, over the Monterrey Consensus that urged "developed countries that have not done so to make concrete efforts towards the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national product (GNI) as ODA to developing countries."[24][25][edit] Support for the 0.7% TargetThe UN "believe[s] that donors should commit to reaching the long-standing target of 0.7 percent of GNI by 2015".[23]The European Union has recently reaffirmed its commitment to the 0.7% aid targets. The EU External Relations council says that, as of May 2005, "four out of the five countries, which exceed the UN target for ODA of 0.7%, of GNI are member states of the European Union."[26]Many organizations are working to bring U.S. political attention to the Millennium Development Goals. In 2007, The Borgen Project worked with Sen. Barack Obama on the Global Poverty Act, a bill requiring the White House to develop a strategy for achieving the goals. As of 2009, the bill has not passed, but Barack Obama has since been elected President.[27][28][edit] Challenges to the 0.7% TargetHowever, many OECD nations, including key members such as the United States, are not progressing towards their promise of giving 0.7% of their GNP towards poverty reduction by the target year of 2015. Some nations' contributions have been criticized as falling far short of 0.7%.[29]John Bolton argues that the U.S. never agreed in Monterrey to spending 0.7% of GDP on development assistance. Indeed, Washington has consistently opposed setting specific foreign-aid targets since the U.N. General Assembly first endorsed the 0.7% goal in 1970.[30]The Australian Government has committed to providing 0.5% of GNI in International Development Assistance by 2015-2016, without noting the long-standing 0.7% goal.[31][edit] Challenges of the Millennium Development GoalsAlthough developed countries' aid for the achievement of the MDGs have been rising over the recent year, it has shown that more than half is towards debt relief owed by poor countries. As well, remaining aid money goes towards natural disaster relief and military aid which does not further the country into development. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2006), the 50 least developed countries only receive about one third of all aid that flows from developed countries, raising the issue of aid not moving from rich to poor depending on their development needs but rather from rich to their closest allies.[32]Many development experts question the MDGs model of transferring billions of dollars directly from the wealthy nation governments to the often bureaucratic or corrupt governments in developing countries. This form of aid has led to extensive cynicism by the general public in the wealthy nations, and hurts support for expanding badly needed aid.[edit] Related Organisations

This section requires expansion.The United Nations Millennium Campaign is a UNDP campaign unit to increase support to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and seek a coalition of partners for action. The Millennium Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at both global and regional levels.The Micah Challenge is an international campaign that encourages Christians to support the Millennium Development Goals. Their aim is to "encourage our leaders to halve global poverty by 2015."[33]8 Visions of Hope is a global art project that explores and shows how art, culture, artists & musicians as positive change agents can help in the realization of the eight UN Millennium Development Goals.[34]The Development Education Unit of Future Worlds Center envisions, designs and implements development education awareness campaigns, trainings, conferences and resources since 2005. Leads a number of European-wide projects such as the Accessing Development Education and TeachMDGs.[edit] MDG Related projectsAccessing Development Education:[35] Portal developed within the EU funded project 'Accessing Development Education (ONG-ED/2007/136-419). Provides relevant information about Development Education/ Global Education and helps educators find resources and materials that are most suitable for their work.TeachMDGs:[36] European project that aims to increase awareness and public support for the Millennium Development Goals by actively engaging teacher training institutes, teachers and pupils in developing local oriented teaching resources promoting the MDGs with a particular focus on sub-Saharan Africa and integrate these into the educational systems.[edit] References^ Background page, United Nations Millennium Development Goals website, retrieved 16 June 2009.^ About the Millennium Development Goals, OECD Development Co-operation Directorate website, retrieved 16 June 2009.^ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml etc.^ MDG Monitor^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/MDGsOfficialList2008.pdf - list of goals, targets, and indicators^ MDG Monitor:Goal 1^ MDG Monitor:Goal 2^ MDG Monitor:Goal 3^ MDG Monitor:Goal 4^ MDG Monitor:Goal 5^ MDG Monitor:Goal 6^ MDG Monitor:Goal 7^ MDG Monitor:Goal 8^ http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BRA&cd=^ http://www.mdgmonitor.org/country_progress.cfm?c=BEN&cd=^ a b http://econ.lse.ac.uk/staff/rburgess/wp/jep11.pdf

^ "Achieving the MDGs: The fundamentals". Overseas Development Institute. September 2008. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1933&title=achieving-mdgs-fundamentals. ^ a b c E. Carrasco, C.McClellan, & J. Ro (2007), "Foreign Debt: Forgiveness antetretetred Repudiation" University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development E-Book^ 'After 2015: Rethinking Pro-Poor Policy' Institute of Development Studies (IDS) In Focus Policy Brief 9.1. June 2009.^ a b c d Vandemoortele, Milo (2010) The MDGs and equity Overseas Development Institute^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (6):467-478.^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/press/07.htm^ a b http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/reports/costs_benefits2.htm^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/07_aconf198-11.pdf^ http://www.usunnewyork.usmission.gov/fact_sheet/ecosoc_Chapter_4_apr15.pdf^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/EUExternalRelations24May.pdf^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2007/06/08/borgen-on-capitol-hill/^ http://bproject.wordpress.com/2006/12/10/borgens-2006-congressional-meetings/^ http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/documents/endorse_TI_19Jan05.pdf^ "Bush Balks at Pact to Fight Poverty". BusinessWeek online. September 2nd, 2005. http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2005/nf2005092_5264_db039.htm. ^ http://www.ausaid.gov.au/media/release.cfm?BC=Media&ID=5854_3696_6753_7484_7221^ Singer, M. 2008. Drugs and development: The global impact of drug use and trafficking on social and economic development. International Journal of Drug Policy 19 (6):467-478^ http://www.micahchallenge.org.au/^ http://www.8visionsofhope.org/^ http://www.developmenteducation.info//^ http://teachmdgs.net///[edit] External links

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive and inappropriate external links or by converting links into footnote references. (July 2009)

[edit] United NationsUN Millennium Development Goals Review Summit 2010United Nations Millennium DeclarationUN Stats Division - MDGs MDG Report 2008(2007) (2006) (2005)MDG Report Statistical Annex 2007 (2006)MDG Progress Chart 2008 (2007) (2006) (2005)UN Development Programme - Section on MDGs[edit] Others

8 Visions of Hope - Where Art meets the UN Millennium Development GoalsQuality of Life IndexBlueprint for a Better World - the Millennium Development Goals and YouCaritas Australia - Make Poverty History with the Millennium Development GoalsMillennium Development Goals Browser at OpenEconomics.net (includes full dataset in easily downloadable form)Millennium Development Goals Indicators: MDG Dashboard (downloadable database)MDG Progress Monitor produced by UNWorld Bank Site on MDGsDevelopment Goals information siteEnd Poverty 2015 - UN Millennium CampaignIdeas for Development - blog of heads of International Development AgenciesMDG Africa Steering GroupGeneration 21The International Many articles on MDGsCountry profile on Maternal and Newborn Health by Making Pregnancy Safer, World Health OrganizationRight to education ProjectCollaborative short film shot in Yemen, Egypt, Jordan and Morocco on the MDGs produced by Cortlan McManusTime for School An ongoing PBS documentary series that follows 7 children from 7 countries who are struggling to achieve a basic education. The series continues through 2015, the U.N.’s target date for achieving universal education (MDG #2)Masterclass on MDGs ReviewIPS News - MDGs Special ======================================================

What are the Millennium Development Goals?

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the most broadly supported, comprehensive and specific development goals the world has ever agreed upon. These eight time-bound goals provide concrete, numerical benchmarks for tackling extreme poverty in its many dimensions. They include goals and targets on income poverty, hunger, maternal and child mortality, disease, inadequate shelter, gender inequality, environmental degradation and the Global Partnership for Development.

Adopted by world leaders in the year 2000 and set to be achieved by 2015, the MDGs are both global and local, tailored by each country to suit specific development needs. They provide a framework for the entire international community to work together towards a common end – making sure that human development reaches everyone, everywhere. If these goals are achieved, world poverty will be cut by half, tens of millions of lives will be saved, and billions more people will have the opportunity to benefit from the global economy.

The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators.

← Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

← Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

← Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

← Goal 4: Reduce child mortality

← Goal 5: Improve maternal health← Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

← Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability

← Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development

Implementation of the MDGs

At the midpoint in MDG timeline, great progress has already been made. Reducing absolute poverty by half is within reach for the world as a whole. With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, primary school enrolment is at least 90 percent. Malaria prevention is expanding, with widespread increases in insecticide-treated bed-net use among children under five in sub-Saharan Africa. In 16 out of 20 countries, use has at least tripled since around 2000. One point six billion people have gained access to safe drinking water since 1990.

Alongside the successes are an array of goals and targets that are likely to be missed unless more action is taken urgently: about one quarter of all children in developing countries are considered to be underweight and are at risk of long-term effects of undernourishment; more than 500,000 prospective mothers in developing countries die annually in childbirth or of complications from pregnancy; in Sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of people living on just over a dollar a day is unlikely to be cut in half.

Additionally, in middle income countries like Mexico, Brazil, Romania, Macedonia, and Indonesia, inequality has also led to ‘pockets of poverty’ – socially-excluded groups that will need specific attention if their countries are to reach the MDGs.

The global economic crisis also threatens to destabilize progress, as a better future for the world’s most vulnerable people could fall victim to contraction of trade, remittances, capital flows and donor support. At a time when investing in development is more vital than ever to ensure social stability, security and prosperity, donor governments are called upon to renew rather than revoke their commitment to reaching the MDGs.

At the international level, UNDP works with the UN family to advance the Global Partnership for Development. At the national level, UNDP works in close collaboration with UN organizations to:

1. • Raise awareness of MDGs and advocate for countries and sub-national regions to adopt and adapt MDGs.

2. • Provide leadership and UN coordination to develop capacity in countries to assess what is needed to achieve the MDGs, to conceptualize policies and to design strategies and plans. For this purpose, UNDP organizes consultations and training, conducts research, develops planning and information management tools.

3. • Provide hands-on support to countries to scale up implementation of initiatives to achieve the MDGs, in areas such as procurement, human resources and financial management.

4. • Assist countries to report on their progress. MDGs Fast Facts

← What you need to know about the Millennium Development Goals

What Will It Take To Achieve the MDGs?

← An International Assessment UNDP presents eight action points to achieve the MDGs in the next five years

Malaria

← 10 facts on malaria World Health Organization

Initiatives

← Keeping the Promise, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon

← MDG Gap Task Force

← Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, at G8 Development Ministers' Meeting

← The UN System's work on the MDGs

← Looking back: 2005 World Summit on the MDGsCalendar of Events

← UN Calendar of Events

← Millennium Campaign Calendar

← UN Development Group CalendarThe MDGs after the economic crisis

← Global Monitoring Report 2010 The World Bank

← The human face of the economic crisis

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