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SEA LAMPREY
Co urtesy of Michigan Conservation D partment
UNITED STATES DEPART MENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
BUREAU OF COMMERC IAL FISHERIES
Fishery Leaflet 580
ITE
tan l
FI H A
T PARTM IT ' T , I
daH,
' RVI E , la r n F . P a utzk, ommi.,sloner
B RE A OF OMMER IAL FI HERIES, D ona ld L . McK ernan. Director
Sea Lamprey
By
LOLA T . DEES
Fishery Leaflet 580
Washington, D.C . August 1965
CONTENTS
In roduc ion .....
Effec of lampre . a acks on he fishery
Coopera ve researc n 0 contro_ :he lampre
,a ra ory.
Spa '"Ding ..
Larva lampreys .
Adul lampreys .
'alue of lampreys . ,
Contr o of ampreys .
Re s oring he lake trout
Refe r ences ..
Pa e
2
3
4
4
Sea lamp rey
By
LOLA T. DEES , Edito r
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries , Branch of Reports Washington, D . C .
INTR ODUCTION
In 1829 when t he engmeers flnlshed the Welland Canal which connects Lake Ont ario wit h Lake Erie t hey t hought they we r e providing a passage for ships only . They could not know t hey were lett ing in a "monster " fro m t he Atlant ic Ocean , t he sea lamprey , which about a hundred years laterwastodestroythe 10-m lllion - pound lake tro ut f i s hery of t h Great Lakes .
The sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus , is found in the North Atlantic Ocean from Iceland and northern Eu rope to northweste rn Africa and from the Grand Banks and Gulf of St. Lawrence to northern Florida . The adult lamprey, onc e found in marine wa t ers only, has becom e w e ll es tabli shed in the lakes of wes tern and northern New York and in the
I Great Lakes. No one knows when the lampreys, m embe rs
of the family Petromyzonidae, fir s t moved into the Finge r Lakes of New York S tate , whe r e they abound. They probably cam e from Lake Ontario t h rough the canals b e t ween Oswego and Buffalo . .
Sea lampreys move each spring from the Atlantic Ocean into the coastal streams of E urope and No rth Ame rica to bulld nests, d l' posit eggs, and die. Some, howe ver, deserted the Atlantic Ocean to live in the fres h wate r of Lake Ontario, feeding on it s fish, spawning, and dying in its tributary streams. l\"iaga r a Falls pr e v e nte d the l ampr eys from migrating i to the other Gr eat Lakes. Howeve r, i n 1 R29 the Canadian Gove r nment finishe d the Welland Ship Canal, which provided the lampreys a route a r ound Niagara Falls.
E ven after t he canal was completed, the lampreys se e m t o have been slow in establishing the ms elves in Lake E rie . The first lamprey was caught the r e in 1921 . They did not thrive in Lake Erie as t he wate rs were too warm and the spawning conditions poor . By the 1930 ' s t l,ey reached Lakes Hu ron and Michigan, wh re the food supply, cold wa te r s, and clear, grav el- bottom ed tributary streams wer e id e al for growth and survival. Then they moved to a r d Lake Superior, but the dam and t he navigation locks at t he head of St . fary's
iv r slowed t he r ate of invasion into th u; la Ke .
Revis ion of Fl her ' 1 eaflt.'t -lQl, larch l QbO.
Howeve r, enough lampre ys arrive d In th lak to es t ablish a rapidly growing popul a ti o n . T h first specimens we r e taken off Isle Ro y al,' a n d Whitefish Po int in 1946 .
EFFECT OF LAMPREY ATTACKS ON THE FISHERY
The effect o f the lamp r y atta cks on t ill' lake trout, the most priz.e d food fi sh a nd t h.· backbone of the fishing industry o f t h t' Gr"a t Lakes, was devastating . For th .. I O- yea r p"r lOd of 1930 - 39 fishe rm e n too k a n nu, lly abo u 5 million pounds of la kE' trout fr o m l.ak ,· Hu r on and the same amount fro m Lak.· Ilchl!!au . By 1950 the total catch in bo t h lak!" s \~ aS onl y about 0 . 5 million pounds -- a dec li ne o f Q') pl' rcent . By 19 6 0 t he catch am ount pd to I .. s" han 2 , 000 pounds . In La kp Su p, rio r ca t ch.·" d,· clined r apidly comm t' n c ing In I Q") 3. By I It u the catch am ou nte d t o only 10 p.· r et·n t f 1\1" ave rag e fo r t he 10 - yea r p" rlod I Q·il -
The hr pr e ys no t only b r ought h v th .. large, pl" ntiful la kp tr ou o f Lal<,·s Ihro'1. , Michigan, and Supe rio r, but t rwy p r "Y"n f •• ,..IV _
ily on the large r chu bs a n d wlu t ,·fl.,h . -; r.t· • species, like the la k!" tr ou t, Inhabit th.· det ! wate r environme nt which IS dlso t h .. IdlY I-'f< )',,'
domain . As a res u lt o f tr(' !amp r .·y In\'a.,lr",
comm e rcial f i s ht> r ml'n o f t n" I r e" i! t r • dq
lost an a nnual i ncom.~ o f rr Off' t haI. - k n , .I Jr • •
Loss e s t o othe r channels in t hO" rad.·..1 1 ~
sport fis he ri e s cannot Oc c"tlmd .. d .
COOPERATIVE HE ' EAHC.H 10 CONTROL THE LA~tPHFY
T he Gr e at La1q> " St :l t ." _ .:>rl< , I "n', -sylvani a , OhIO , ,lichlgan, Indl1nd , 1.11n 1 ,
Wisconsi n , and • finn" "o t a) , tr,t> rO\'ln<')( O ntar io and t he Fed~ r a~ C )V" :-nrr "'lt f Ca na da a n d t h.· CniteCl S .l t t' ttl\", n e ffo rt s t o save h.> 1al<(' t r out f:- ')fT r, . de struc t ion . In 1 -1 th L 111 Cl ') In Canada bf'gan coop(' r a 1 \ '('
t o find mpan" to cont:-o: Sept mbe r I , I ~5; , p,. ... Jo m actIOn and t hl' G r a L m j,," lon ~a,. t' 'il In 1 ')
Effective methods for controlling the lamprey i n the Great Lakes co uld no t be d e v e l oped until scientists l ea rned more abo ut its life cycle. They thought that during ce rta in p e riod s of its life it might b e vulnerable to m e thods of control. From studies they found that lampreys spend 12 to 20 months in the l akes and in l at e winter cong r egate in bays andes tuaries of rivers to mature the ir sex products. Prio r t o spawning, the sex glands g ro w e normously while the muscles, skin, and eyes degene r a t e . The digestive tract shrinks , and t he lampreys do not feed but live on their s t o r ed fats and body tissues.
NATURAL HISTORY
Spawning
After t he streams warm to about 40 0 Fahrenheit the lampreys ascend those that contain gravel, clea r wate r, and a moderately strong current. The spawning m i gration may last 20 week s.
When a satisfactory spawning site in the stream has b ee n chosen, a male lamprey star ts building a nest and is joined bya fema l e , who he lps in the c onstruction . They clea r a
small a r ea , picking up stones w ith the ir mouth s and piling th e m i n a cr e scent-shaped mound on the downstream side o f th e n e st .
A ft e r the nest is finish e d and the water is wa rm eno u gh (o ve r 50 0 ) spawni ng b egins . T he f e mal e , which l ays an average of 6 1,500 egg s , deposits a few eggs a t first, and the male at onc e fertilizes t hem . The curr e nt carries t he eggs t o t he rim of the nest , whe r e they l odge in the spaces among the stones. Then th e f emale l ays another batch of eggs and the process i s repeated . The pa ir continu e laying and f e rtiliz ing eggs u n til they a r e spent--spa wning may tak e from 1 t o 3 days - - and then both di e wi thin a few hours and decompos e rapidl y . The lam preys that have no oppor tunity to spawn die also .
Larval Lampreys
Less than 1 percent of t hese heavy, small eggs ha t ch . Depending on the water t e mpera ture, ha t ching occurs in 2 to 3 weeks.
The newly ha t ched la rvae r emain in the nest until about t he 20 t h day . Then, about a qua rte r of an inch long, they drift downstream to quiet waters. In the soft bottom each larva digs a bur r ow that will be its horne for about 5 years unless erosion washes i t away. Throughout the ir l arval life the young lampreys, termed am mocetes (fig . 1), are blind and ha rmless. They
Figure l.--Stages of developme nt in the sea la mprey of the Great Lakes . A. An eyeless la rva 1 3/ 4" lo ng and about 1 year old. B. A 3- yea r - old larva 4 1/ 2" long in the nonparasitic life history s tage. C. A juve nile parasitic lampre y wh ich recently meta morphosed fro m the nonparasitic form.
2
suck food, mainly microscopic organisms, from th wat r passing the mouth of the bur r ow. A filt e ring apparatus in the throat keeps out debris and passes food organisms to the dig e stive tract.
After about 5 years each larva develops large prominent e yes, a round mouth lined with horny teeth, a filelike tongue, and enlarged and unpair ed fin s . Its slim body, with a soft skeleton of cartilage r ather than bone, becomes dark blue above and silvery white beneath . Now 4 to 7 inches long , it may emerg from its burrow when late fall rains
rai se the stream level , bu u,ually It until the spring ice br akup and hl h before migrating down tream 0 th It will fe ed there upon the blood , bod' and dissolved n sh of fish, its sol, food .
Adult Lampreys
This jawless predator, whlch does no chool , attaches its suckerlike mouth (Ii . 2) to almo t any part of a fish . Sometimes s v ral ldrr preys feed upon one fish at the sam t1m .
Fi ure 2. -- l ou[h of [he sea lamprey \\hlch is I1n~d \\\[h horn} ["erh. In Ihl Len r r [he mouth is [he raspin' lOnrue .
.3
The vict im t h ras he s a bout v iole ntly, but rar e ly s h akes off t he lamprey. The strong t ee th and the r as p ing tong u e soon p e n e trate the fish's scales and skin. L amphr edi n, a substance in the lampr e y ' s sa liva , d i ssolves t h e t o r n fl e s h and k e e p s the b l ood from clo tting . Feeding s t ops w h e n t he host fish die s o r t he l am pre y becom e s g lu tt e d . The lamp r ey may r e m a in a ttache d to a fish for w e eks , b ut some fish ma y die i n as few as 4 hou r s . If a fish esc a pes , it is scarre d s o badl y it is often u nma r ke t ab l e .
F ee ding upo n a succ e ss io n o f fi sh, the l am p r ey, which d e stroys no less t han 2 0 pounds o f fi sh i n i t s life , g row s r a pid l y, attaining a l e n g t h of 12 t o 2 4 i n c he s and a we ig h t o f abo u t 8 o unce s. A lam p r e y r a r ely we i gh s mo r e t han 1 pound.
VA LUE OF LAMPREYS
Efforts t o fi nd comme rcia l u ses for t he l amp r eys t o c ompens a t e f o r t he de struc tio n they ca u se were u n successful. They a r e n o t pa latable t o t he peopl e of t he Uni t ed Stat e s although they a r e ea t en i n many E uropean countries . Ana l yses i ndica t e t ha t vi tam i n A potency and o il y i e l d o f t he l a m prey are m uc h too low fo r c omme r c i a l expl o i ta t ion . B i o l o gical suppl y houses r equi re onl y a few as study specimens.
CONTROL OF LAMPR EYS
Knowledge about the l amp r ey , wh i ch ha s no known na t ural enemies , s u ggested seve r a l po s sibilities fo r control. The r esearche rs f o und that the most vul nerab l e pe r iod s in the l a m prey's life are when it i s in the s tr eam a s a larva or a young mig r ant and l a t e r when it e nters the stream as an adul t t o s pawn. Effo rts were made to prevent adult lampr eys f r om en tering str eams to spawn. Me c hanica l we irs , insta ll e d fo r thi s purpose a s physica l b a rri e rs to mig r a t ion , proved expens ive a nd und e p end ab l e and flash fl oods washed t he m o ut.
The r esearche r s the n d e v e loped a combination of mecha n ical tr ap s and e l ectrical barriers. An e l e ctrica l fi e ld p r odu ced i n a stream by e l e ctr i c al barrie r s was found t o b lock t he u pstr e am m i g ration o f l amp r eys . These e l ec trical barr ie rs w e r e supe rio r to conventional we irs a s t he y we r e les s vul n erable to b e ing w as he d o ut by floods . They d i d not clog w ith d e bri s and the y we r e cheape r t o ins t all and main tain . Fish and s ome lam p r eys ent e r trap s plac e d at each e n d o f t he elec tr ica l barri e r w hile othe rs pene tr a t e t he elec trica l fi e l d and ar e k illed. A d iffe r e nt typ e o f barrie r , w hich i s e n e r gized b y p ul sed , dir e c t - c urre nt e l e ctric i ty, i s use d in streams whe r e move m e nts of i mpo r ta n t fo o d fi s he s c oinc ide w ith t h e lampr e y m i g ration. T h is
4
device guides the fish and most of the lampreys into traps where they can be sorted and separated. The fish are passed upstream and the lampre ys destroyed . An e lectric barrier (we ir) is sho w n in figure 3.
A tte mpts we re made to stop the downstream m igration of juve nile lampreys. Mechanical, i n cline d- plane s c reens that strain all of the w ate r of a s tre am were installe d. These are e xtr e m ely vu l ne rable to flo ods and accumulat ions o f deb ris, which occur dur i ng the h e i ght o f t he down s tre am m igration of lamp r eys .
R e placing t h i s t ype o f s truc t u r e wit h d e vices d e signe d t o elec trocute immediate ly all d owns t r e am mig r a n ts is no t econom i c ally fe asible . Vo ltag e s t hat kill fish only s tun y ou ng l am p r e y s and e n o ugh e lec tricity to kill l ampr e ys at this stage would cos t an exo r b itan t am ount .
T he r e s e a r che r s next co n sid e r e d us ing s e l e ctive pois o ns to k ill juvenile lampr e ys. Aft e r 3 yea r s o f t e sting some 5 , 000 chemica ls (fig . 4 ), t he y found that h aloge na t e d ni tr ophe no l s succe ssfully k ill la r vae in s treams , bu t d o n o t h ar m fi sh .
O ne o f t he s e chem i cal l a mpr icide s, 3 -trifluo rm e t hyl- 4 - ni t rophe nol , was use d t o de stroy lampr ey larvae in s t r eams tr ibuta r y to L ake Supe rio r . Applica t ion o f t hi s chemical into lam p r e y i nfe ste d stream s r equi r e s great s k ill a n d p r e cision by r es e a r ch t e ams . T he p r o c e dur e first i nvolve s a s t r e am su r ve y with p o rtable e l e ctric s h ocking d e vic e s t h at d rive burie d lampr e y la r va e ou t o f t he bo ttom fo r captur e and counting . A t wo - ma n c r e w makes t he surve y, and a r e co r d is mad e of t he a bundanc e and dis tr ibution of la r vae . If la r vae are p r e s e nt , o t he r b i olog i st s map t he s tr eam , m e asu r e w a t e r flo w s a t a n u mber o f si tes , r un ana l yses o f the chemic a l p r ope rt ies o f t he wat e r, and de t e r m i ne t he po ints whe r e t he c hem i cal should be intro duced t o p rov ide compl e t e cov e r a g e .
J u s t p r io r t o treat me nt, a t e st i s run in whic h l amp r e y lar v a e a n d gam e fis h ar e p lace d i n a s e rie s o f j ars cont a ining ae rate d stre am w ate r a t t he p r eva i ling t e m pe ratur e . Into t he jars va r y ing amou n ts o f l am pricide ar e adde d to de t e r m ine t he conc e ntration and tim e of exposur e t ha t should b e us e d to obtain a compl e t e ki ll of l a mpre y larvae and a m inimum l o s s o f game fish.
O n ce t hi s pre treat me nt information is col l e cted a n d a n a lyzed , l a mpricide is introduc e d by propo rt ioning pum p s into an infested stream a t a r a t e so t ha t t he d e sir e d concentration is a c hieved t h r oughout the w ate r course. C he mi cal t e st s are m a d e at numerous site s during t he pe riod of treat me nt to e nsure that the con ce ntration of l a mpric ide is ade quate.
Aft e r the tr e atm e nt, biologists traverse the stre am w ith e l ectric shockers to check on the pre s e n ce of live larvae . Seldom are live larvae
F igure 4. - - A bioassay section of th labo ratory a t Ham mo n d S a y, M i c h., which is used to scr een selectiv chemica ls for la mpre contro l.
5
near 1 udin ton, left , the alternatln curr ,nt 1 trod s ar suspend d upstream to prevent thL passa e of fish and lampreys. [)ownStrlam on the rl ht Is a suspend ·d dlr ct current electrode arra} uSld to
guide fish and lamprq5 ml ratIng upstream Into the two trap .
fo nd bec aus p of h e c ar e ake n in tr e a ing ~ :-.p ,,~r p a m . If many live la rvae ar e found, tr.e 5 r ea m is re - r eated .
Chpmical c o n rol ope r a ion s by Canadian a n d 'm ed Sates r es e a r ch t e ams be gan on " r pa • " tr ib ta ry t o La ke Supe rior in 195 . Bv ~).,,, P!'.d o f 1 ,..0 , c he mical t r ea tm e nts we r e corrp.ptpc on ~2 "t r e ams . An additio nal 53 lam p r p',' lr:fp st pd 5 r f' ams we r e tr ea t e d, and some "t :- earn" wp r e r e - reat e d by 19 5. The result o f t'.:" (or.tr o: p ffo r "~'as fi s t evident in 1962 ,~rpr. t p SILe o f he adult lampr ey population r!('c::n"d -2 pe r c ent ove r the 195 7 - 61 l e v e l. :r. ." j ar.d I yEA t he abundance o f adult lam ') , "y" lnc r pa s pd s li g h tl y , but r ema ined 77 pe rCf'n t \-)e:0 '. t na o f 19 57 - 1 .
GOOd p r og r es s has bee n made i n tr e ating ,Irrp rt"( lr.f e :; ed st r e ams t r i b u t a ry t o La ke .. :ir' I~lr •. By t he e nd o f I 6 -1 , 7 str e a m s had
L f Pr: ., lccP !:i!:ifull y tr e ate d . It is an ti cipated t 'It th.- r ema Ining Z I st r e ams w i ll be chem i -
I: y t r ed pd by t he l att e r pa r t of 1 Q66 . The r e If~"r ~o r '~ w i ll co mrr p nce in t he Lake Hu ron I p·a . I. a dd lt ior. , biologists will c he m ica lly '~"1' "lnY r P lnfe st e d streams t r ibu tary to
," ,>ww r io r and /l.1ic h igan be fo r e lam pr e y I:" If' l r e old p no ul:! h t o metamo r p hose a nd
,I', t)thela k f's.
REST ORING T HE LAKE TROUT
It l~h r educpd substant ially, it is no t ~. ~ '1P nf' r hp lam p r ey po p ulation is low 1': to pf' r ml com ple te r e cove r y o f t he
I'" tr"ll t popula t ion . Howeve r , s ince 1961 "" : .. ' t r out popu latio n h as r esponded f a vo r-1) h' ) r .·dele, d lam pr ey p r e dation . Old e r and d r ,:' r r ')ut a rt' mo r e a b undant, and a dec line
" lccu rp d In t hp inc idence of f r e s h la m 'r(')" ~'ound" on tr ou t.
To ,lid In " · ,,to ring lake trout, 10 .7 mi lli o n It( h" r \' - r pa r f'd ypa rLng t r out, p r oduced in t It.- , f pd" r al , a nd P r o v i ncial h atche r ie s, IV,' ,-pn plant e d in Lake Supe r io r sin ce 19 5 8 ,
I' 1<; "!:itiml , 1 t ha t 3 .-! million t r ou t will b e .. ) t<t'd In . .1K.'S S u pe rio r and M ichi gan in t he
,1'1' of 1 S . The past plant i n gs in L a ke •• p'- rlor n1ve bee n !:iu c c e ssful , and t hese fis h
'10.' c.om!'rl,,!' t he b u lk o f the younge r fi sh in t , Pit(', •
R E F E R E CES
) r'il , (. \ \ ~.CH.D \ . -/.. . I'h p -p po r abl .. fee ders fo r mete r ing
c. \-,-mlcl1 int o s tr pams fo r cont rol o f ,-a. rrp rt·y . P r og r . FIsh - Cult . 24(4 ):
• -0 - I l~. I I l.E .• A • E,
''>lJ. \ r 1 hI sto ry o f t h sal mp r y, I , • r omyz.on m nnu s , in Michig n . l.J .5 . f- \ cli. Serv. , ~pec.. SCI. R p . F s . 'ie;. II. ~ ~ p .
6
APP LEGATE , ER 0 C ., JOH H . HO ELL, and MA"NI G A . SMITH.
195 . Use of mononit r ophenol s containing halogens as selective sea lamprey larvicides . Science 12 7 (3294) : 336 - 338 .
APPLEGATE , ER 0 C ., JOH H . HOWELL, J AMES W. MOFFETT, B . G. H . JOH SON , and MA l I:'\G A . S 11TH.
1961 . Use of 3- trifluo r methyl- 4 - nitr ophenol as a selective s ea lampr ey larvicide . Great Lakes Fish. Comm ., T ech . Rep . I , 35 p .
A PPLEGATE, VER 0 C ., and EVERET T L . KI:\'G , JR .
196 2 . Compa rative toxicity o f 3 - trifluormethyl- 4 - nit rophenol (TFM) to larval lamp r eys and eleven species of fis hes . T ra ns . Ame r . Fish. Soc . 91(4 ): 342 - 345 .
A P P L E GATE, VERNO C ., and JAMES W . MOFFETT.
19 55 . The sea lamprey. Sci . A m e r. 192 (4): 36 - 41 .
B A LD WI " l\'ORMAN S . 1963 . Closing in on a silent kille r. Con
s e rvationist (State of N . Y . Conse r v . De p.) 17(3): 30 - 32 .
196 4 . S e a lamprey in the G r eat Lakes . C anad . Audubon 26(5 ): 142 - 147 .
B RAEM, ROBERTA., and WESLE Y J . EBEL. 19 6 1 . A back- pack shocke r for collecting
lamprey ammoce t es . Prog r. Fish- Cult . 2 3(2): 87 - 91 .
D ANIELS, STACY L ., LLOYD L . KEMPE , THOMA S J . BILLY , and ALFRED M . BEETO •
196 5 . Detect ion and me asurement of o r ganic lampricide r esidues . Great Lakes Fish. Comm ., Tech . Rep . 9 , 18 p .
EBEL, WESLEY J . 196 2 . A photoelec tric amplifier as a dye
detector . Great Lakes Fis h . Comm ., Tech . Rep . 4: 19 - 26 .
ESCHMEYER , P A UL H . 1957 . The nea r extinc t ion of lake trou t in
Lake Michigan. Trans . Ame r . Fish . Soc. 85 (1 955): 102 - 119 .
HILE, R A LPH • 19 57. U .S . Fede ral fishery r esea rch on the
Great Lakes through 1956 . U .S. Fish Wildl. Serv ., Spec . Sci . Rep . Fish . 226 , iii + 46 p .
H O VE LL, JOH H ., EVERETT L . KING , JR., A LLE J. SMITH, and LEE H . HANSO •
1964 . Syne rgism of 5, 2 1 - dichlo ro- 4 1-nitro _ sa l i c y lanilid e and 3 - trifluor me thyl - 4 -nitroph enol in a selective lamprey lar vic ide . Great Lakes Fish . Comm ., Tech . Rep . 8 , 21 p .
KA A Y A M A , RICHARD K . 1963 . T he us e of alkalinity and conductivity
m ea sure m e nts to e stimate concentr a tio n s o f 3 - trifluorm e thyl-4-nitrophenol r e q ui r e d for tr e ating lampre y streams . G r ea t Lakes Fi sh . C omm . , T ch . Rep . 7, lOp. ~
)
)
McLAI , ALBER TO L. 1952. Dis as s and parasites of t he s a
lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, in the Lake Huron Basin. Trans. Am r . Fish . Soc . 81 : 94 - 100 .
McLAI , ALBERTO L . , and WILLIS L . NiELSEN.
1953 . Direc ting the movement of fish with electricity. U .S . Fish Wildl. Serv ., Spec . Sc i. Rep . Fish. 93 , iii + 24 p.
McLAIN , ALBERTO L . , BERNARD R . SMITH, and HARRY H . MOO RE .
1965. Expe rimental control of sea lampreys wit h electricity on the south sho r e of Lake Superior, 1953 - 60 . Great Lakes Fish. Comm ., Tech. Rep . 10 , 48 p .
McVEIGH , EDWARD J . 1958. Showdown in the Great Lakes . Dow
Diamond, J une, 6 p . MOFFE TT, JAMES W.
195 8a . Attack on t he sea lamprey. Mich . Conserv . 2 7( 3): 21 - 27 .
1958b . Lake trout and sea lamprey. Conserv . Volunteer 21 (1 26): 18 - 23 .
1960. At t ack on t he sea lamprey - a r epo rt of progress. Mich . Conserv . 29(5): 7-9 .
PIA VIS, GEORGE W. 1961 . Emb r yological stages in the sea lam
prey and effects of tempe r ature on d e v e lopment. U . S . Fish Wild!. Se rv., Fish . Bull. 61 : 111-143.
1962 . Exposure of several developm ent al s t ages of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, t o selective larv icide s . Copela 1962 ( 3 ): 652 - 653 .
PYCHA, RICHARD L . 1963 . Great Lakes trout program showed
progress last year . Fish Boat 8 (9 ): 32- 35 .
7
ac 1 mprc y . 'opel
1959b . Eff cts of c mucus - produc Ing marinu::. . Tran::. . Am 305 - 309 .
SCH EBERGER , ED \ ARD. 1965 . Lak trout COIT eback . 'I . Con rv .
Bull. 30(1): 21 - 22 . SMITH, BER . 'ARD R ., and J.IVE.R H. . F.l. -
LIOTT . I 53 . 10vem nt of para ItlC-P~
lampreys in Lake::. Huron T r ans . Amer . Fl::.h . Soc . 2: 12~ - 12
SMITH , BER. ARD R. , nd A LlH.R YO McLAI ' .
1962 . Estimation of t h' brook and" 'c1 1.1 prey ammocete population" o f hr .. stream::. . Great Lake::. 1:"1 h . Comm . , Tech . H.ep . 4: 1_ 1><.
SMITH, MA ' ' I 'G A. ., Vl:;R 0 C. API'LrGA TE, and B, G . H . JOH 'SO .
1960. ColorimetriC determm;)tlOn )f h, I -genatp.d nit r ophpno\::. add.'d to "tr(' 1m as sea lamprpy larvicide::. . Anal. ( h"m . 32(12): I 70-lf75 .
19 61 . Physical properti .. ::. o f "oml' n110-nit r ophenols . J . Chem. r.ng . Datd f (I)
607 - 608 . THOMPSO i': , PAL L E .
1955 . Dracula of the Great Lak.>s . An (·r.cas 7(3): f - q.
WIGLEY , ROL \ 0 L . 1959 . Life r l~to ry of the ::.ea lamr r 'y of C -
yuga Llr", wYork. L.~. Fisn .'lId!. Serv ., Fi::.h . Bull . 5q : iv t p . ')1 I-I I • .
:::' . : II t
t • •
Created in 1849, the Department of the Interior--a department of conservation--is concerned with the management, conservation, and development of the Nation's water, fish, wildlife, mineral, forest, and park and recreational re sources. It also has major responsib1l1ties for Indian and Territorial affairs.
As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department works to assure that nonrenewable resources are developed and used wisely, that park and recreational re sources are conserved for the future, and that renewable resources make their full contribution to the progress, prosperity, and security of the United States--now and in the future .
C~ITED TATE DEPART:'IEXT OF TH E I ·TERIOR
FISH A X D WILDLIF E SER YICE
BUREAU OF CO !\nlERC IAL FHUERIES
'YA SH IXGTOX , D.C. 20240
OFFICI.o.L eUSINESS
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