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Search engines and copyrightCardozo 10 Sep 2007
Jon BingNorwegian Research Center for Computers and Law
First search engine 1995
Another search enginge
Basic information system
Functions of an information system
1. Search function – index
2. Relevance assessment – KWIC, abstract
3. Source function – relative to requirement of domain: For law, authentic document
Outline search engine
Search request – example
Retrieval
Data base
Matching alphabetical file
Search term
Retrieved documents
Problem
Relevance assessment
User
Information system
IndexAddress of term
D/P/S/W
Key-word in context (KWIC)”Snippets” -- Relevance
function for texts
Thumbnails – relevance function for images
Hyperlinks
Link to original site Link to snapshot stored by engine
Possible copyright issues
Copy on which indexing is based
1.Is the extract from the site a ”copy”?2.Importance of robot.txt or similar
commands?User-agent: macrobotDisallow: cat.htm
Copy retained (”cached”)
1. Cached copy relevant in copyright terms2. Is the two different aspects of cached copies relevant for discussion?3. Use for relevance function necessary – included implicit consent4. Use as alternative to original moral rights or competition5. Should rights holder be required to govern situation by metatags or
otherwise
Inverted file: reproduction?
Index file and addresses (”inverted file”) have sufficient information to re-create a reprodction of the original text – relevant legal issue?
Hyperlinks
Link to original site
Link to snapshot stored by engine
Is link to original site an example of ”making the work” available to the public?
Snippet
Link to original site Link to snapshot stored by engine
1. Is snippet a ”citation”?2. Is snippet a reproduction original work?3. Is snippet included implicit consent?
Thumbnails
1. Is thumbnail a ”citation”?2. Is thumbnail a reproduction original work?3. Is thumbnail included implicit consent?
Three possible alternatives
1. Extend rights holder control through formalised statements (”robot.txt”)
2. Rely on implied consent (or fair use)3. Legislative solution
Legislative solution
1. Permit reproduction for indexing2. Permit caching for providing of
snippets only (and low resolution thumbnails)
3. Authorise rights holder controls through formalised statements (like robot.txt or metatags)
4. Sanction lack of compliance with such statements when valid