Slide 1

Seawater Desalination with Solar Energy Technologies and Potential

REM Conference Ravenna, March 1, 2012

Massimo Moser, German Aerospace Center (DLR)

Slide 2

MENA Water Supply Scenario

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

450.000

500.000

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

400.000

450.000

500.000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Wat

er P

rodu

ctio

n [M

CM

/y]

Year

Efficiency GainsUnsustainable ExtractionsRenewable DesalinationConventional DesalinationWastewater ReuseSurface Water ExtractionsGroundwater ExtractionsTotal Demand BaU

Decreasing renewable water resources

Increasing gap between demand and sustainable supply

Slide 3

Conventional Desalination Plant

Screening, Filtration

Tunel Intake

Desalination Plant

Direct Discharge

Power Plant

Heat / Power

FuelFuel

Anti-Scaling Anti-Foaming Anti-Corrosion Desinfection

Slide 4

Impacts of Conventional Seawater Desalination Seawater intake for desalination and for the cooling system may cause impingement and entrainment of organisms Airborne emissions of pollutants and carbon dioxide are caused by the generation of electricity and heat required to power the desalination plants Chemical additives and biocides used to avoid fouling, foaming, corrosion and scaling of the desalination plants may finally appear in the brine Discharge of hot brine with high salt concentration to the sea may affect local species

Slide 5

Advanced CSP-Desalination Plant

Nano- Filtration

Horizontal Drain Intake or Micro- & Ultrafiltration

Desalination Plant

Multiport Diffuser Discharge

Power Plant

Heat / Power

Concentrating Solar Collector & Storage FuelFuel

Source: catalanadeperforacions.com; cormix.info

Slide 6 IWMI 2006

Global Water Scarcity

Slide 7

Global Potential for Concentrating Solar Power

REACCESS 2009

Slide 8

Fossil fuels cost 2002 - 2012 Coal (Australia)

x 4.2

Crude Oil

x 5.6

Natural Gas

x 1.2 Natural Gas (Russia)

x 4.4

www.indexmundi.com

Slide 9

Learning Curves for Renewable Energies

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

PV

Wind

Biomass CHP

Geothermal CHP

Concentrating solarthermal

LEC

[US$

cent

/kW

h]

EREC

Slide 10

Renewable Energies for Desalination: why CSP?

Desalination plants require continuous operation Conflict with the intermittent nature of renewable energies CSP offers the option of thermal energy storage Hybrid operation is possible in the same power block (no “shadow power plant” required)

A fair technology comparison has to be carried out by definition of a load profile!

To Wind and PV cost, storage (if available) and back-up cost have to be considered Grid import is not for free

Wind PV CSP

Power Supply Profile - PV + Fossil Backup

0.02.55.07.5

10.012.515.017.520.022.525.0

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161

Hour of the week [-]Po

wer

[MW

]

PV Power PV Dump Fossil Backup Power Demand DES

Power Supply Profile - Wind + Fossil Backup

0.02.55.07.5

10.012.515.017.520.022.525.0

1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 101 111 121 131 141 151 161

Hour of the week [-]

Pow

er [M

W]

Wind Power Wind Dump Fossil Backup Power Demand DES

Power Supply Profile - CSP Hybrid

0.02.55.07.5

10.012.515.017.520.022.525.0

1 13 25 37 49 61 73 85 97 109 121 133 145 157 169

Hour of the week [-]

Pow

er [M

W]

01002003004005006007008009001000

Stor

ed E

nerg

y [M

Wh]

CSP solar CSP fossil Demand DES Stored Thermal Energy

Slide 11

CSP Technology Overview

www.dlr.de/desertec; www.dlr.de/enermena

Slide 12

CSP Scheme

Solar FieldFossil Back-up Re-heater

Steam Turbine

Steam Generator

Thermal Storage

G

395 °C

295 °C

385 °C

285 °C

377 °C100 bar

Temperature depends on the configuration

Slide 13

Membrane stacks and high pressure pumps

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Source: DME

Heat 0 kWhth/m³ Power 3 - 6 kWhel/m³

Slide 14

Multi Stage Flash (MSF)

Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia 267,000 m³/day

Stages 20 - 40 Heat 70 - 125 kWhth/m³ Power 3 - 5 kWhel/m³

www.dlr.de/tt/aqua-csp

Slide 15

Abutaraba – Libya 40,000 m³/day Stages 8 - 12 Heat 70 - 125 kWhth/m³ Power 1.5 kWhel/m³

Multi Effect Distillation (MED)

Slide 16

Possible CSP-DES Configurations

CSP: Parabolic Trough 2 desalination technologies:

MED: Multiple-Effect-Distillation RO: Reverse Osmosis

Desalination: 100,000 m3/d Power: ca. 100 MWel

Storage: 7.5 h (design) Plant operation: 8,000 h/y including fossil fuel back-up Levelized cost of electricity:

20 – 24 US$cent/kWh Levelized water cost:

1.5 – 1.9 US$/m3

Pre-treatment

MED

G

1

Sea

2 3 4 14

73 °C0,35 bar

377 °C16,5 bar

377 °C100 bar

Water intake

Brine discharge

Re-heater

Steam Turbine

Permeate

Brine

Pre-treatment

Once-ThroughCooling

G

SeaRO

Water intake

Brine discharge

377 °C100 bar

40 - 50 °C

Slide 17

Conclusions

High uncertainty on future water availability! Unmet water demand of MENA in 2050 between 85 km3 and 283 km3 (average scenario 199 km3) A set of countermeasures is urgently required: increased efficiency of water production, distribution, end-use and management, re-use of waste water, sustainable desalination Yearly adaptation cost US$ 103 Billion €2010.

Yemen (11.8%), Iraq (7.5%), Morocco (4.7%), Jordan (4.0%) and Egypt (2.4%) will face the highest cost in relation to the GDP Almost all countries have enough potential to develop CSP also on coastal areas Start to act now in order to build-up the required industrial capacities. Political support is required!

Slide 18

Thank you for your attention!

For more Info: www.dlr.de/tt/menawater

www.med-csd-ec.eu www.dlr.de/tt/aqua-csp

massimo.moser@dlr.de