SECESSION AND SECESSION AND THE CIVIL WARTHE CIVIL WAR

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

The Storm GathersThe Storm Gathers

• Secession does not necessarily mean Secession does not necessarily mean warwar

• One last attempt to reconcile North and One last attempt to reconcile North and SouthSouth

• Federal response to secession Federal response to secession debateddebated

The Deep South SecedesThe Deep South Secedes

• December 20,1860: South Carolina December 20,1860: South Carolina secedessecedes

• February, 1861: Confederate States of February, 1861: Confederate States of America formedAmerica formed– Included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,

Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and TexasAlabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

SecessionSecession

The Deep South SecedesThe Deep South Secedes

• Government headed by moderates Government headed by moderates • Confederate constitution resembles U.S.Confederate constitution resembles U.S.• Aim to restore pre-Republican Party Aim to restore pre-Republican Party

Union Union • Southerners hope to attract Northern Southerners hope to attract Northern

states into Confederacystates into Confederacy

The Failure of CompromiseThe Failure of Compromise

• Crittenden Plan: Extend the Missouri Crittenden Plan: Extend the Missouri Compromise line to the PacificCompromise line to the Pacific

• Lincoln rejects compromiseLincoln rejects compromise– Does not think it will end secession Does not think it will end secession – Misperceived depth of support for secession Misperceived depth of support for secession

and thought compromise would demoralize and thought compromise would demoralize union sympathizersunion sympathizers

– Viewed as repudiation of majority rule Viewed as repudiation of majority rule

And the War CameAnd the War Came

• North seeks action to preserve UnionNorth seeks action to preserve Union• April 13, 1861: Fort Sumter, S.C, fallsApril 13, 1861: Fort Sumter, S.C, falls• April, 15: Lincoln calls out Northern April, 15: Lincoln calls out Northern

state militias to suppress Southern state militias to suppress Southern insurrectioninsurrection

• April–May: Upper South secedesApril–May: Upper South secedes• Border states: Slave states remain in Border states: Slave states remain in

UnionUnion• War defined as effort to preserve War defined as effort to preserve

UnionUnion

Adjusting to Total WarAdjusting to Total War

• North must win by destroying will to North must win by destroying will to resistresist

• Total War: a test of societies, Total War: a test of societies, economies, political systems as well as economies, political systems as well as armiesarmies

Resources of the Union Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, and the Confederacy,

18611861

Prospects, Plans, and Prospects, Plans, and ExpectationsExpectations

• South adopts defensive strategy: North South adopts defensive strategy: North must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrain must fight in unfamiliar, hostile terrain

• Lincoln adopts two-front strategy Lincoln adopts two-front strategy – Capture Confederate capital, Richmond, Capture Confederate capital, Richmond,

Va.Va.– Seize control of the Mississippi RiverSeize control of the Mississippi River– Deploy navy to blockade Southern portsDeploy navy to blockade Southern ports

Overview of Civil War Overview of Civil War StrategyStrategy

Mobilizing the Home Mobilizing the Home FrontsFronts

• 1862: North and South begin conscription1862: North and South begin conscription• Northern mobilizationNorthern mobilization

– Finance war through taxes, bonds, paper Finance war through taxes, bonds, paper moneymoney

– Private industry supplies Union armies wellPrivate industry supplies Union armies well

• Confederate mobilizationConfederate mobilization– Government arsenals supply Confederate Government arsenals supply Confederate

armiesarmies– Efforts to finance lead to runaway inflationEfforts to finance lead to runaway inflation– Transportation system inadequateTransportation system inadequate

Political Leadership: Political Leadership: Northern Success and Northern Success and

Southern FailureSouthern Failure• Lincoln expands wartime powersLincoln expands wartime powers

– Declares martial law Declares martial law – Imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without Imprisons 10,000 "subversives" without

trialtrial– Briefly closed down a few newspapersBriefly closed down a few newspapers

• Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis– Concerned mainly with military duties Concerned mainly with military duties – Neglects civilian morale, economyNeglects civilian morale, economy– Lacks influence with state governmentsLacks influence with state governments

Early Campaigns and Early Campaigns and BattlesBattles

• Northern achievements by 1862Northern achievements by 1862– Total naval supremacyTotal naval supremacy– Confederate troops cleared from West Confederate troops cleared from West

Virginia, Kentucky, much of TennesseeVirginia, Kentucky, much of Tennessee– New Orleans captured New Orleans captured

• Confederate achievements by 1862Confederate achievements by 1862– Stall campaign for the Mississippi at ShilohStall campaign for the Mississippi at Shiloh– Defend Richmond from captureDefend Richmond from capture

Civil War, Civil War, 1861-18621861-1862

The Diplomatic StruggleThe Diplomatic Struggle

• England England – Belligerent rights extended to Confederacy Belligerent rights extended to Confederacy – Conditions: Recognition of independence Conditions: Recognition of independence

on proof that South can win independence on proof that South can win independence

• France: Confederacy not recognized France: Confederacy not recognized unless England does so firstunless England does so first

• "King Cotton" has little influence on "King Cotton" has little influence on foreign policy of other nations foreign policy of other nations

Fight to the FinishFight to the Finish

• North adopts radical measures to winNorth adopts radical measures to win• 1863: War turns against South1863: War turns against South• Southern resistance continuesSouthern resistance continues

The Coming of The Coming of EmancipationEmancipation

• September 22, 1862: Antietam prompts September 22, 1862: Antietam prompts preliminary Emancipation Proclamation preliminary Emancipation Proclamation – Surrender in 100 days or lose slaves Surrender in 100 days or lose slaves

• January 1, 1863: Proclamation put into January 1, 1863: Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellioneffect for areas still in rebellion

• African Americans flee to Union linesAfrican Americans flee to Union lines

• Confederacy loses thousands of Confederacy loses thousands of laborerslaborers

African Americans andAfrican Americans andthe Warthe War

• 200,000 African American Union troops200,000 African American Union troops• Many others labor in Northern war effortMany others labor in Northern war effort• Lincoln pushes further for black rightsLincoln pushes further for black rights

– Organizes governments in conquered Organizes governments in conquered Southern states that abolish slavery Southern states that abolish slavery

– Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery Maryland, Missouri abolish slavery – January 31, 1865: 13th Amendment passedJanuary 31, 1865: 13th Amendment passed

The Tide TurnsThe Tide Turns

• May, 1863: War-wearinessMay, 1863: War-weariness– New York riots against conscriptionNew York riots against conscription– Anti-war activist like Congressman Clement Anti-war activist like Congressman Clement

Vallandigham arrestedVallandigham arrested– Grant bogged down at Vicksburg Grant bogged down at Vicksburg – Union defeated at ChancellorsvilleUnion defeated at Chancellorsville– Democrats “Copperheads” attack LincolnDemocrats “Copperheads” attack Lincoln

• July, 1863July, 1863– Confederate invasion of North fails at Battle of Confederate invasion of North fails at Battle of

GettysburgGettysburg– Vicksburg falls, North holds the MississippiVicksburg falls, North holds the Mississippi

Last Stages of the ConflictLast Stages of the Conflict

• March 9, 1864: Grant made supreme March 9, 1864: Grant made supreme commander of Union armiescommander of Union armies

• Union invades the South on all frontsUnion invades the South on all fronts– William Sherman marches through William Sherman marches through

GeorgiaGeorgia– Grant lays siege to Richmond, PetersburgGrant lays siege to Richmond, Petersburg

• September, 2: Sherman takes AtlantaSeptember, 2: Sherman takes Atlanta• November, 8: Lincoln re-elected November, 8: Lincoln re-elected

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Candidate Party Popular Vote Electoral Vote

Lincoln Republican 2,213,655 212McClellan Democratic 1,805,237 21

*Out of a total of 233 electoral votes. The eleven secessionist states—Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, NorthCarolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia—did not vote.

Civil War, Civil War, 1863-18651863-1865

Last Stages of the ConflictLast Stages of the Conflict

• Sherman’s March to the sea through Sherman’s March to the sea through GeorgiaGeorgia

• Scorched earth policyScorched earth policy• April 2, 1865: Grant takes Richmond April 2, 1865: Grant takes Richmond • April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders • April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinatedApril 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated• April 18, 1865: Last major Confederate April 18, 1865: Last major Confederate

force under Joseph Johnston force under Joseph Johnston surrender surrender

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

• 618,000 troops dead618,000 troops dead• Bereft women seek non-domestic Bereft women seek non-domestic

rolesroles• Four million African Americans free, Four million African Americans free,

not equalnot equal• Industrial workers face wartime Industrial workers face wartime

inflationinflation

Casualties of WarCasualties of War

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

• Federal government predominant over Federal government predominant over statesstates

• Federal government takes activist role Federal government takes activist role in the economyin the economy– Higher tariffs, free land, national banking Higher tariffs, free land, national banking

system system

An Organizational RevolutionAn Organizational Revolution

• Modern bureaucratic state emergesModern bureaucratic state emerges

• Individualism gives way to organized, Individualism gives way to organized, cooperative activitycooperative activity

• Catalyst for transformation of American Catalyst for transformation of American society in the late nineteenth centurysociety in the late nineteenth century