PEKING October 28,

35 1958

R E V l EW Second Message to Compatriots In Taiwan from Defence Ministry

A A¢¢

The Victorious Return of the Chinese People's Volunteers

1. Welcome Home! (p. 3).

2. Last Units of C.P.V. leave Korea (p. 6).

" D " " " " 0 The Myth of ]mm]smng Returns" China's experience puts the last nail in the coffin of a

bourgeois economic "law" (p. 10).

Revolution in Farming Methods How the Chinese peasants are revolutionizing methods

and techniques in agriculture (p. 8).

Progress in Popularizing Phonetic Alphabet

the

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PEKING REVIEW

( B E I J I N G Z H O U B A O )

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE

NEWS AND VIEWS

October 28, 1958 Vo|. I No. 35

CONTENTS

R O U N D T HE W E EK What They Deserve; Conference on

People 's Communes ; Yangtse Will Feed Yellow River

D O C U M E N T S Second Message to Compat r io t s in Tai-

wan f rom the Minis t ry of Nat ional De fence

Order of the Chinese Minis l ry of Na- tional Defence

A R T I C L E S The Victorious Return of the Chinese

People 's Volunteers 6

Revolut ion in Fa rming Methods - - Yang Min 8

The Myth of "Diminish ing Re tu rn s " - - Wang Hs iang- shu 10

A Visit to a F a r m County in South China - - Chen Yi 12

Progress in Popular iz ing the Phonet ic Alphabet - - W e i Que (Wei Chueh)

S IDELIGHTS

R E S E A R C H

BOOKS

CHINESE PRESS O P I N I O N "Down with Kishi!" ; Wash ing ton - -

Enemy of Africa

CHINA AND THE W O R L D U.S. - - Hands Off China 's Affairs! ;

S ino-I raqi Fr iendship ; F ru i t s of Fr iendship; Briefs; Visi tors

FOREIGN TRADE NOTES

WHAT'S ON IN P E K I N G

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Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pai Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Recllstration No. 2-521

Printed in the People's Republic of China

Welcome Home! S this issue of Peking Review goes to press, the last units of

the Chinese People's Volunteers in Korea are on their way back home. The heroic exploits of the C.P.V. will go down in history as an inspiring example of the integration of a high sense of patriotism and internationalism. It is only natural that the entire Chinese people should be looking forward eagerly to t he return of their "most beloved" ones and extend to them a hearty "Welcome home !"

The war of 1950-1953 in which the C.P.V. fought shoulder to shoulder with the Korean People's Army was a patriotic war by the peoples of the two countries to defend their independence against U.S. aggression. Eight years ago when U.S. imperialism unleashed its aggressive war in Korea, it forcibly seized China's Taiwan at the same time; More than that, U.S. troops in Korea, in ut ter disregard of repeated warnings by the Chinese Govern- ment, crossed the 38th Parallel in an at tempt to overrun the whole of Korea and threaten China's northeastern provinces.

But the warmongers in Washington soon found to their ut ter dismay that their mil i tary adventures in Korea were extremely costly in every respect u politically, mili tari ly and financially. Some U.S. commentators described the Korean war as a "rat hole," while a top ranking Pentagon brasshat referred to it as the "wrong war" with the "wrong enemy" at the "wrong time and wrong place."

The final outcome of the Korean war t augh t many useful lessons. The victory of the Chinese and Korean peoples safe- guarded their independence and security and peace in Asia. It reinforced the struggle of the colonial peoples for their freedom and independence and inspired the peoples of the world in their firm resolve to fight for peace and against aggression. People can see from the Korean war that U.S. imperialism which puts on a strong appearance is to all intents and purposes a paper tiger. It has also become clear that peace can be secured only by putting up a determined fight against imperialist aggression. Imperial- ists are imperialists after all. When they seize you by the throat or stab you in the back, there is no use pleading mercy. The proper thing to do is to face up to them and fight it out. To take it lying down would only court disaster. Determined struggle is the only way out.

The complete withdrawal of C.P.V. from Korea is a potent move for peace. It is another serious effort on the part of the .Chinese people to facilitate the peaceful unification of Korea and to reduce international tension.

In striking contrast, U.S. imperialism still refuses to pull out its armed forces from south Korea and makes no secret of its policy of using south Korea as a base for aggression in Asia. But this serves only to show the U.S. up for the out and out im- perialist that it is. The people in south Korea will natural ly ask: Now that the C.P.V. have wi thdrawn from north Korea, why are the Americans still bossing over us around here?

The friendship between the Chinese and Korean peoples has been welded in blood. It has been tested in the flames of war. As the C.P.V. have stated more than once, should U.S. imperialism dare once again to launch aggression against the Korean Democratic People's Republic, the Chinese people, should the Korean people so desire, would again send volunteers to fight side by side with the Korean people and deal crushing blows to the aggressors.

ROUND THE WEEK

What They Deserve By order of National Defence Minister

Peng Teh-huai the artil lery units of the People's Liberation Army resumed the shelling of Quemoy at 18:00, October 20. This was a punitive action taken against the authorities in Taiwan for introducing American mili tary escort to the water area of Quemoy, in violation of the con- dition laid down for the original tem- porary suspension of the shelling of the islands.

The artil lery men and officers spoke for the whole People's Liberation Army when they condemned the Taiwan author- ities for ignoring the warning given by the Ministry of National Defence and "leading the wolf into the house," as the Chinese saying goes, against the national interests of all Chinese. They must be taught a lesson, said the men who man the guns on the Fukien front. So after a fortnight's silence the immense array of heavy batteries went into action again. The shell'mg was so heavy and con- centrated that the sky over the Quemoy islands was red with art i l lery fire. That should knock some sense into the heads of the Taiwan reactionaries, said the P.L.A. men.

In Peking, the democratic parties and people's organizations and people from different walks of life applauded the action, too. The Chiang Kai-shek clique has asked for it and they are getting what they deserve, they said. Chang Chih-chung, formerly one of Chiang Kai- shek's top-ranking generals, spoke at a meeting of those members of the Na- tional Committee of the Chinese Peo- ple's Political Consultative Conference who are now in Peking to discuss the Taiwan Straits situation and said that the resumption of the shelling was entirely necessary. He added that the fact that Dulles openly labelled the Tai- wan authorities as "foolish" and so forth, indicates that it is risky for them to throw in their lot with American im- perialism, for one day they will certainly be left in the lurch. Like many others who voiced their views at the meeting, he expressed the hope that when they realize the true interests of the nation, they will take action to return to the fold of the motherland.

All the political parties and public bodies pointed out once again that Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu being Chi- nese territories wi l l sooner or later be restored to China. The recovery of these islands is a purely internal affair which

4

concerns only Chinese who will not tolerate any butting in by the American imperialists, they declared.

Conforonoo on People's Communes A 9-day regional conference (north and

northeast China) on co-ordination in agriculture and the coming steps in the advance of the people's communes was held in Sian (October 10-18). Leading cadres of Communist Par ty organizations and the provincial agricultural depart- ments of north and northeast China and the municipality of Peking participated. Deepening communist education and efficient administration of the various welfare services for the commune mem- bers are considered important keys to strengthening the .newly-founded peo- ple's communes in the countryside.

The conference went into various as- pects of the development of rural peo- ple's communes. It discussed production policies, the question of the organization of labour, the distribution of income and the supply system. But attention cen- tred on the structure of the communes, the delegation of power to the commune's in the management of finances, food and trade from the county level downwards and especially the two key questions: the launching of the campaign to educate members of the communes in socialism and communism (see Peking Review, No. 31, Sept. 30) and providing adequate wel- fare facilities for the commune mem- bers, and in the first place community dining-rooms, nurseries and creches.

While the development of industry and agriculture goes hand in hand, the con- ference pointed out, agriculture will con- tinue to occupy the centre of the stage in the communes. This year all the prov- inces in north China, including the suburbs of Peking, have, reaped an ex- ceptionally rich harvest, greater than last year 's by more than 100 per cent. Although northeast China didn't do quite as well, it bettered last year 's record by 42 per cent. The conference therefore decided to double the 1958 farm output in the coming year and to obtain high yields from extensive areas, roughly from one-tenth of the areas sown to crops.

The record-breaking harvests gathered in all areas this year were analysed. In the opinion of the conference, success was due, first of all, to the vigorous political leadership given by the Com- munist Par ty organizations at all levels, to the fact that "political understanding is in command," as the current saying

goes. Practical measures also played a big part, namely the building of irriga- tion projects, liberal application of fertilizers, deep ploughing, extensive use of better seeds, and close planting. These measures as a whole are known in China today as the CharLer of Agriculture. The conference recommended popularization of the Charter so as to ensure even big- ger crops in 1959.

Since all communes are engaged in steel-making and a hundred and one other jobs in addition to farming, the conference envisaged a continued labour shortage. It proposed a number of ways to cope with this problem and stressed improving the social welfare facilities, particularly the communal canteens, nurs- eries, etc., to enable the vast number of women to feel free to go out to work. Stress was also laid on the improvement of work tools and vehicles, such as tow cables for deep ploughing, which will be popularized in all areas before the year is out.

Yangtse Will Feed Yellow River Southern waters from the Yangtse will

be diverted north to the Yellow River-- by means of a canal which is to be con- stucted. This will unite China's two longest rivers. The project, bold in con- ception and exacting in execution, will utilize part of the flow of the Yangtse to feed the water-deficient Yellow River. It will also be used to tap the water resources of both rivers for a general development of their valleys.

Four tentative routes have been chosen by a group of 18 surveyors who spent six months in difficult country, travelling a distance of 16,000 kilometres and often crossing mountain peaks eternally covered with snow.

The Yellow River, nicknamed China's Sorrow, was known before liberation for its chronic floods which caused great losses in lives and property year after year. But its annual flow has never been adequate to meet the needs of industrial and agricultural expansion. The Yangtse River, on the other hand, has a flow 29 times as great as that of the Yellow River. Hence the idea of borrowing water from the Yangtse to provide irriga- tion and power for industry, agriculture and navigation on the Yellow River. The Yangtse River can supply a total of 142,000 million cubic metres of water to the Yellow River annually.

When the canal is finally completed, it will, in addition, form an important span in a projected network of canals to link up all the existing waterways and open up inland steamship navigation between Peking in the north and Canton in the far south.

SECOND MESSAGE TO COMPATRIOTS IN TAIWAN

Following is the iull text of the Second Message to Compatriots in Taiwan issued by the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China in Peking on October 25, 1958. --Ed.

Compatriots, mili tary and civilian, in Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu:

We are fully aware that the overwhelming ma- jority of you are patriots, and only ext remely few among you are willing slaves of the Americans. Com- patriots! Chinese problems can only be settled by us Chinese. If they are difficult to settle for the t ime be- ing, things can be talked over at length. The American political broker Dulles likes to poke his nose into other people's business. He wants to take a hand in the matter of the long-standing dispute be tween the Kuo- mintang and the Communist Party, and order Chinese to do this or that, to harm the interests of the Chinese and serve the interests of the Americans. That is to say: step one, to isolate Taiwan; step two, to place Taiwan under trusteeship. If things do not turn out to their liking, they can resort to the most sinister measures. Do you know how General Chang Tso-lin met his death? There is a place called Huangkutun in northeast China, and it was there, that he was done to death. No imperialist in the world has any conscience. And the American imperialists are es- pecially vicious, at least no bet ter than the Japanese who did Chang Tso-lin to death. Compatriots! I advise you to be a little more careful. I advise you not to depend too much on other people, lest all your rights and authori ty be taken away. To arrange things between our two Parties is very easy. I have already ordered our troops at the Fukie.n front not to shell the airfield in Quemoy and the wharf , beach and ships at Liaolo Bay on even days of the calendar, so that the compatriots, both mili tary and civilian, on the big and small islands of Greater Quemoy, Lesser Quemoy, Tatan, Erhtan and others may all get sufficient sup- plies, including food, vegetables, edible oils, fuels and military equipment, to facilitate your ent renchment for a long time to come. If you are short of anything, just say so and we will give it to you. It is t ime now to turn from foe into friend. Your ships and aircraft should not come on odd days. We will not necessarily conduct shelling on odd days. But you should refrain from coming, to avoid possible losses. In this way, half of each month will be free for transportation, and supplies would not be lacking. Some of you suspect that we want to undermine the uni ty between your troops and civilians and between your officers and men.

No, compatriots! We hope you will strengthen your unity, so as to act in unison in facing up to the foreigners. Fight-fight-stop-stop, half-fight, half- stop: this is no trick but a normal thing in the present specific circumstances. Our refraining from shelling the airfield, the wharf, the beach and the ships is still conditional on not introducing American escorts. Exception will be taken if there should be escorts. In the Chiang-Dulles talks, you have suffered a little loss. Now you have only the right of speaking for "Free China"; in addition, you are still permit ted to represent a small part of the overseas Chinese. The Americans have conferred upon you the title of a small China. On October 23, the U.S. Depar tment of S ta t e published an interview Dulles had given to a correspondent of a British broadcasting company which was recorded in advance on October 16. The interview was made public as soon as Dulles took off f rom Taiwan. Dulles said that he saw a China of the Communists, that, since this country actually exists, he was willing to deal with it, and so on. Thank heaven, our country is seen by an American lord. This is a big China. Under the force of circumstances, the Americans have changed their policy and treated you as a "de facto political unit," that is to say, in fact, not as a country. Such a "de facto political unit" is still needed by the Ameri- cans at the initial stage starting from the present time. That means isolating Taiwan. In the second stage, Taiwan is to be placed under trusteeship. Friends of the Kuomintang[ Do you not yet sense this danger? Where is the way out? Please. think it over. The document issued after the Chiang-Dulles talks this time was only a communique devoid of legal force. It is easy to shake yourselves free, depending on wheth- er you have the determination or not. There is only one China, not two, in the world. On this we agree. All Chinese people, including you and compatriots abroad, absolutely will not allow the American plot forcibly to create two Chinas to come true. The pres- ent age is an age full of hope. All patriots have a fu ture and should not be afraid of the imperialists. Of course., we are not advising you to break wi th the Americans right away. That would be an unrealistic idea. We only hope that you will not yield to Ameri- can pressure, submit to their every whim and will, lose your sovereign rights, and so finally be deprived of shelter in the world and thrown into the sea. These words of ours are well-intentioned and bear no ill-will. You will come to understand them by and by.

PENG TEH.HUAI Minister of National De~ence

ORDER OF THE CHINESE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENCE

Following is the lull text of the order of the Ministry of National Delence ol the People's Republic of China issued at 3 p.m., October 20, 1958.~Ed.

Comrades of the People's Liberation Army at the Fukien front:

The order for our a rmy to suspend the shelling of Quemoy is hereby annulled because the Taiwan authorities introduced American military escorts to the Quemoy water

area from the night of the 19th to the morning of the 20th.

Twice our army has suspended shelling, yet the Taiwan

authorities have not shown any repentance. The Taiwan

authorities have persisted in their obstinate attitude, re-

fused to hold peace talks,, stepped up war preparations and clamoured loudly for an attack to return to the mainland.

Now, on the eve of the arrival of Dulles in Taiwan, whom

they have invited to plan fur ther implementation of the U.S.-Chiang "Treaty," they introduced U.S. naval vessels to provide escort for as long as five hours. This is an open violation of the condition for our temporary suspension of shelling. If this can be tolerated, what is intolerable? Shelling must therefore be resumed as a punitive measure.

It is our sacred national duty absolutely not to permit the Americans to meddle in Chinese affairs. Those who obstinately refuse to come to their senses are after all very few. It appears that some time will have to pass before the Taiwan authorities wake up to the necessity of turning back from the wrong road and accept a peaceful settle- ment, and we continue to hold hope for such an eventuality.

It will not do for the Americans to hang on in Taiwan and the Taiwan Straits. It is absolutely impermissible for

the Americans to interfere in China's internal affairs. And we absolutely will not accept any American machinations

to utilize the Taiwan authorities to infringe on our coun-

try's govereignty. Patriotic military men and civilians in Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu should wake up.

Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu must return to the

embrace of the motherland.

PENG TEH-HUAI

Minister of National Defence.

3 p.m., October 20, 1958

C.P.V. Withdrawal from Korea

The Victorious Return of the Chinese People's Volunteers

T HE General Headquarters of the Chinese People's Volunteers left Korea for China on October 25 with

the last contingents of the C.P.V. Eight years ago, on this same date in 1950, the Chinese People's Volunteers entered the Korean war. Now their withdrawal from Korea,-which started early this year, is complete.

In Pyongyang and throughout the Korean Democratic People's Republic, in these last days there was a special quality to the warm friendship that has grown between

the Korean and Chinese peoples; it was inspired by memories of the bitter war they fought shoulder to shoulder against the U.S. invaders, their common efforts in rebuilding war-ravaged Korean towns and villages and, above all, by a growing confidence that U.S. imperialist aggression against their countries will be

smashed.

On October 24, Premier Kim I1 Sung of Korea, speak- ing at a state banquet in honour of the officers and men

of the departing C.P.V. General Headquarters, paid tribute to the "great deeds of the C.P.V. which the Korean people can never forget" and which "gave the world a splendid example of proletarian internationalism." "Your blood and sweat and your warm love have gone into the making of the cities and villages of our country which are today advancing to prosperity," he said. The C.P.V. withdrawal from Korea, the Premier pointed out, has greatly con- tributed to the peaceful unification of Korea and to easing tension in the East. It is an indication of the growing strength of the Korean and Chinese peoples and a con- crete demonstration of the unprecedented power of the world forces of peace.

Two Peoples Stand Together

Condemning the continued U.S. occupation of south Korea and intensified U.S. war provocations against China

in the Taiwan Straits area, Premier Kim I1 Sung said

that the Korean people will always be at the side of the Chinese people in the struggle to defend their revolution-

ary gains and oppose imperialist aggression. The U.S. imperialists should pull out from south Korea and Taiwan

as soon as possible, he said. If they defy new realities and persist in their policy of aggression, they will cer- tainly suffer an even more disastrous defeat than in the Korean war; they will be utterly buried.

General Yang Yung, Commander of the C.P.V., in his

reply, stressed that the great ooncern and all-round sup- port and the living education in internationalism given to the officers and men of the C.P.V. by the Korean people,

the Korean Workers' Party, the Korean Government and Premier Kim I1 Sung himself "are an important source of

our achievements in battle and in work." Comparing the situation eight .years ago when the C.P.V. first entered

the Korean war and now, General Yang Yung sounded

the same note of confidence. He declared: "We draw the

conclusion that no force can hold back the progress of

our just cause. We are firmly confident that the peaceful unification of the heroic Korean people will be realized.

The shameless interference of the U.S. aggressors in our country and in Korea will certainly be smashed. The

people of our two countries hold the ends of the nooses

around the neck of United States imperialism. If the U.S. aggressors refuse to come to their senses, we know how to tighten those nooses by our joint strength till they are hanged."

On the afternoon of October 24, Pyongyang held a big farewell rally for the returning C.P.V. Headquarters. An album containing the letter of thanks to the C.P.V. and the Chinese people, signed by 6,847,439 Korean people was presented to the C.P.V. commander. The C.P.V., on their part, presented their Korean comrades with a letter of farewell signed by both officers and men.

At the rally, Vice-Premier Kim I1 of Korea spoke on the historic significance of the Korean-Chinese victory over the imperialist invaders. The people's armed forces of Korea and China, the Vice-Premier said, "com-

pletely shattered the myth of the so-called 'strength' of the U.S. imperialist aggressors, the leader of world im- perialism; they forced the Western imperialists to yield to us Eastern peoples who had been down-trodden and oppressed by them for so long."

General Yang Yung, speaking at the rally, recalled the early days of the Korean war. At that time, he said, conditions were extremely difficult. New China had only

been founded a year, the scars of many years of war and destruction had not yet healed. During the first stage of the C.P.V.'s entry into Korea, they had little else to fight with but machine-guns, rifles, bayonets and hand-grenades against the troops of the leading imperialist power that enjoyed "naval and air superiority." In spite of this, General Yang Yung continued, after bitter fighting for

37 months, the C.P.V. and the heroic Korean People's Army finally defeated the U.S. pirates with their claim

to world hegemony, forced them to admit defeat and sign the armistice agreement.

Eight years ago, it may be recalled, the erstwhile

cocky U.S. invaders were sent tumbling down the Korean Peninsula all the way from the Yalu to the 38th Parallel.

Before the United States reluctantly accepted the armi- stice at Panmunjom in July 1953, the forces of aggression

suffered casualties of more than 1,090,000 killed, wounded

and captured. Of this number, more than 390,000 were American casualties. Over 12,200 enemy planes were shot

down or damaged by the Korean and Chinese people's

forces; 257 enemy war vessels of all types were sunk or

damaged; and huge quantities of the enemy's war material were destroyed or captured. Even the United States

admitted that this "little war" in Korea cost it more lives and treasure than the "Great War" with Japan.

Warning U.S. Aggressors

Warning the U.S. imperialists to remember the lessons

of the Korean war, General Yang Yung said that the complete withdrawal of the C.P.V., at a time when the imperialists are making fresh trouble in the Far East, once again shows the sincerity of the Chinese and Korean peoples in seeking a peaceful settlement of the Korean

question. It also testifies to their strength and confidence

that they can safeguard the fruits of their struggle. The

withdrawal of the Volunteers from Korea, he emphasized,

"does not mean that the Chinese people have given up

their internationalist duty to the people of their fraternal

neighbour, Korea. Following the withdrawal, the rep-

resentatives of the C.P.V. to the Korean Armistice

Commission, together with the representatives of the Korean People's Army, will continue the task of super- vising the carrying out of the Korean Armistice Agree- ment."

On this side of the Yalu, the Chinese people are giving a hear t -warming welcome to the returning Vol- unteers, their sons and daughters who have long become known throughout the country as "our best beloved ones."

Agriculture

Revolution in Farming Methods by YANG MIN

C HINA'S peasants are revolutionizing the country's system of farming. Having doubled crop yields this

year, members of the newly founded people ' s communes are not resting on their laurels. They are now working for even more spectacular results next year. The system of ultra-intensive farming now practised on a vast scale by the people's communes in Hopei, Shansi, Shensi and Shantung Provinces is the new direction in which China's agriculture is developing. Here a r e some concrete examples.

Ankuo County, Hopei Province, which harvested 3,600 j i n of grain from every single m u of its land this year, has now set a target of 5,000 j i n per m u from all its 400,000 m u of land planted to w h e a t - - a b o u t ten times the average yield in Denmark which leads the world in wheat yield per unit area.

To attain this goal, the programme put forward by the Communist Party 's county committee includes three basic measures: sowing to strict specifications; localization of planting and garden farming with good strains of seeds. Concrete regulations governing operations, as precise as in modern factories, have also been drawn up. Twenty- two "high-yielding tracts" with a total area of 180,000 m u , or nearly half the land planted to wheat, are under cultivation. Within this area, a number of smaller "sput- nik plots" (super-high-yielding plots) from which ex- tremely high yields are expected are also under cultivation. The idea is to introduce intensive farming on a consider- able portion of the land to ol~tain very high yields so that the area sown to food crops may gradually be reduced.

Ankuo is an impressive sight these days. The wheat fields of the entire county are so carefully cultivated that they look like vegetable gardens tended by the most metic- ulous horticulturists. Flat tracts stretch out as smooth as mirrors and the ridges are straight as rulers. The tracts are deep ploughed from 1.2 to 1.5 feet. From thirty thousand to 50,000 j i n of compost has been applied to every m u of the ordinary wheat fields. For the 180,000 mu of "high-yielding tracts" and the 80,000 m u of "sputnik plots" the figures are 80,000-100,000 j i n and 220,000 j i n

respectively. Ploughing, the applicat ion of compost, watering, seeding, harrowing, etc. are all done to strict specifications.

Changchih Special Administrative Region, Shansi Province has decided to continue the system of "basic fields" which has been proved extremely effective this year. By concentrating efforts on the "basic fields" and leaving part of the land uncultivated, its estimated grain yield reached the unprecedented figure of 1.85 million tons.

At a recent meeting of first secretaries of the Com- munist Par ty committees of the various counties and towns of the special administrative region, an over-all plan for the coming year was drawn up for the entire region. According to this plan, out of a total of 8.6 mil- lion rnu of arable land, 600,000 m u of poor land up in the mountains will be turned over to afforestation; 1 million m u of small scattered terraced fields and mountain slopes will be cultivated in an extremely extensive way without any specific targets set for them; 7 million ~nu of the best land will be intensively cultivated as the "basic fields." One million m u of the "basic fields" will be planted to industrial crops and vegetables and 6 million m u will be planted to food crops. The "basic fields" are further divided into two categories: 3 million ~nu will be most intensively cultivated and per m u yield of 5,000 f in

is expected from these lands; per m u yield of 2,000 ji~ is expected from the other 3 million m u to be cultivated relatively less intensively.- When this plan is fulfilled, harvests from the "basic fields" alone will reach 10.5 million tons, or more than six times the total yield from all the land this year.

New Charter of Agriculture

It is expected that irrigation, deep ploughing and soil improvement, the application of compost, "good seeds and close p l an t ing - -compr i s ing the new Charter of Agri- c u l t u r e - - w i l l all be strictly observed. Half a million peasants are now deep ploughing the land at a rate of over 100,000 m u per day.

Peasants of Changan County, Shensi Province are busily cultivating "sputnik plots" of winter wheat too. It is expected that per m u yields of 6,000 j i n and more will be harvested from some 200,000 m u , or 36 per cent of all land planted to wheat.

Over a thousand specialized brigades and teams are waging a technical revolution centering around close planting. Everything is being calculated carefully. On tracts from which per Inu yield is expected to reach 6,000 j in , the land is ploughed to a depth of 1.5 feet and 100,000 j i n of compost is being applied; on plots f rom which per m u yield of more than 10,000 jin is expected, the land is ploughed to a depth of 2 feet, 5 feet, or even 10 feet and up to 2 million j i n of compost is applied to every m u . To solve the question of irrigation once and for all, wells from which water is lifted by mechanical devices are being sunk on the plains and reservoirs of varying sizes are being built on the plateau. All of the field work is as meticulous as garden farming.

Shanhsien County, Shantung Province also aims high in wheat production next year. The peasants there expect

to achieve a per m u yield of 6,000 f i n on 600,000 m u out of a total of 930,000 m u planted to wheat. The measures taken are similar to those described above.

These are only a few examples. But they are suffi- cient to show that Chinese agriculture is in the throes of profound transformation. The cultivation of "high- yielding tracts" and "sputnik plots" by peasants in Hopei and elsewhere constitutes a revolution in wheat growing. Wheat is no longer cultivated on scattered plots as when the peasants worked on their own tiny plots or when the co-ops were small. Instead, planting has been localized on large tracts of land most suited to the crop. Localization makes it possible for the people's communes to concentrate manpower and technique for the most intensive kind of garden farming on a very large scale.

T h e " T h r e e - T h r e e S y s t e m "

The introduction of such "high-yielding tracts" and "sputnik plots" represents a significant step forward from the "experimental plots" of much smaller a r e a s - - a n extremely important innovation made earlier this year. In fact, the concentration of water for irrigation, compost, farm equipment and skilled hands on a considerable area chosen for "high-yielding tracts" or "basic fields" is a significant step towards realizing the ideal of the "three- three system" put forward by Chairman Mao Tse-tung (to grow crops on one-third of the arable land; afforest another third and let the rest lie fallow). This system of high yields from relatively small areas not only makes room for afforestation on a tremendous scale but will also eventually release manpower for the development of industry and other fields of national construction.

The case of Changan County cited above demonstrates this clearly. It is expected that next year a total of 760,000 tons of winter wheat will be harvested on the "sputnik plots" alone. This is more than seven times the winter wheat harvest this year. Add to this the autumn harvest, also from the "sputnik plots" and these plots alone will yield enough for the upkeep of the popula- tion of the county and part of the land can be turned to afforestation or lie fallow. The Changan county com- mittee of the Communist Par ty has already presented a preliminary programme for the realization of the "three- three system," This programme provides that, by 1962 when per m u grain yield will reach the level of 10,000 j i n , all of the 2 million m u of distant mountainous lands in the county will be afforested and turned into the county's timber base. Forty thousand m u of nearby hilly land will be planted with industrial trees and 80,000 m u

of terraced fields bordering on the mountains will be turned into orchards. The rest of the land will be cultivated or lie fallow in rotation.

That all this can be realized has already been shown by the super-high yields achieved on the experimental plots this year. But some people still have doubts. They say that it may be possible to achieve high yields on a very small plot but it will be impossible to do so on large tracts. These people err on two counts: they simply do not understand the relationship between large and small and they grossly underestimate the power of men, partic- ularly men organized in people's communes.

There is no unbridgable abyss between the small and the large and all large things grow out of small things.

The super-high yields achieved on the experimental plots this year are not accidental. They are the result of drastic changes in the conditions of irrigation, fertiliza- tion and soil, etc. achieved by boldly introducing new techniques and by the heroic labour of the people. All this can be done on a large-scale just as well. The fact is that people experimented enthusiastically on small plots this year to acquire the experience necessary to effect a drastic increase in crop yields. The experiences ac- cumulated have already showed themselves as invaluable in the present autumn ploughing and planting.

Of course, it would be inconceivable for garden farm- ing to be practised on any considerable scale without a suitable form of organization. But given the excellent system of the people's communes, garden farming can and is already being introduced on a large scale. This is pos- sible because the communes which embrace entire town-" ships can utilize land and manpower in the most rational manner. Let us turn to the example of Ankuo County cited above. To introduce garden farming of the highest order, the communes set up 200 field headquarters and 11,006 combat units. All the manpower is organized in brigades or teams specializing in ploughing, transporting compost, sowing, watering, etc. In deep ploughing alone, one quarter of a million people joined the battle. The results have already been described above.

China's agriculture is entering a new phase of devel- opment. The food problem has already been funda- mentally solved this year and it will be solved once and for all in another year or t w o - - i n a way never attempted before in the history of man.

The miracle of one 7n~ of land! Woodcu t ~n eolour by Ku Vuan

The Myth of "Diminishing Returns" by WANG HSIANG-SHU

T HE doubling of China's food crops in a single yea r - - from 185 million tons in 1957 to an estimated 350-400

million tons for 1958 is one of the greatest victories of man over nature in history. It is not only of great significance politically and economically, but it also sheds new light on the theory and science of agriculture. Among other things, it completely buries the so-called "law of diminishing returns" which bourgeois economists claim to be universally true.

This "law," stated simply, asserts that each successive investment of labour and capital in land brings a diminish- ing quantity of products. This "law" holds true only when the technique of production remains unchanged with the investment of additional labour and capital. But this, as Lenin pointed out long ago in his A g r a r i a n Q u e s t i o n a n d

the " C r i t i c s o f M a r x , " is an empty abstraction because the level of technical development, the state of productive forces, is the most important thing to be considered. "In- deed," Lenin wrote, "the very term 'additional [or succes- sive] investments of labour and capital' p r e s u p p o s e s

changes in the methods of production, reforms in technique. In order to increase the quanti ty of capital invested in land to any considerable degree, the i n v e n t i o n of new machinery, new systems of land cultivation, new methods of livestock farming, of transporting products, and so on and so forth are required." (Lenin's original italics.)

The "law," as it is crudely applied, is in fact nothing but a convenient trick to fool the people - - especially those in "backward c o u n t r i e s " - - i n t o thinking that poverty, is not caused by the feudal or capitalist systems under which the peasants are ruthlessly exploited and the productive forces are shackled, but by the niggardliness of nature.

What has happened in China this year not only dis- proves the existence of any such "law," but shows that "land will yield as much as man dares make it," as the peasants now say. The chart on the next page shows how crop yieIds in China shot up this year.

From these facts it is clear that in the socialist system, under which land can be utilized in a rational way and the initiative of the peasants can be developed to the full, crop yields need not be confined to gradual rises. They can be increased by scores of per cent or even dou- bled in a single year. By doubling grain yield, China has fundamental ly solved her food problem. Per capita grain output rose from 570 j i n in 1957 to over 1,000 j i n in 1958 and in some provinces the figure is 1,500 j i n or more. The assertion, repeated ad n a u s e a m , that China has too many people and too little land and that the food problem cannot be solved, is thoroughly and definitively disproved.

Worthy of special note is the fact that China has out- stripped the U.S.A. this year in two major crops: wheat

(China: 40 million tons; U.S.A.: 38.65 million tons) and cotton (China: 3.5 million tons; U.S.A.: 2.6 million tons). What this means becomes clearer if it is borne in mind that wheat is the main food crop in the United States but not in China where rice is the main food crop and China leads the world in r ice production.

H i g h per U n i t A r e a Yie lds

China is getting greatly increased yields chiefly from land already under cultivation, not by reclaiming new land. This is done by raising per unit area yields. It is estimated that high yields in excess of 1,000 f i n per m u

have been gathered from 100 million m u of the national total of 1,800 million m u of land sown to food crops. Wheat used to be considered a low-yielding crop. But this year per m u wheat yield of more than 1,000 jin has been achieved on no less than 2 million m u of land. Honan, Anhwei, Kiangsu and Hupeh have become the first prov- inces to reach the 1,000-jin mark in per m u rice yield. Shouchang County in Shantung Province harvested over 5,000 j i n of grain from every one of its half a million m u of land planted to food crops. The Red Sun People's Commune in Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region harvested 17,000 j i n of semi-late rice from every one of its 96 m u of land. Super-high yields have been obtained on many experi- mental plots as shown in the following table:

Winter wheat 7,320 j in per m u The Peace Co-op (Honan) Spring wheat 8,585 jin per mu Saishike Farm (Chinghai) Early rice* 16,260 jin per m u The Chingping Township No.

2 Co-op (Hupeh) Cotton (ginned) 1,611 j in per m u The Star No. 3 Co-op

(Kiangsi) Rapeseed 1,146 j in per m u Minchi Township No. 1 Co-op

(Hupeh) Peanuts 35,424 j in per mu Yonghong People's Com-

mune (Hupeh)

These high yields have been obtained prior to the mechanization of agriculture and before large quantities of chemical fertilizers have become available. To get the high yields, the organized peasants adopted the follow- ing key measures:

Irrigation: 480 million m u have been brought under irrigation since last winter, raising the percentage of irri- gated land from 31 in 1957 to 59.5 in 1958. China now has the largest irrigated area in the world (over one-third the world total).

Fertilizers: An average of more than 20,000 jin of manure, silt and other types of compost have been applied to

*By transplanting growing shoots from other plots onto a a single plot, the Jianguo No. 1 Co-op of Macheng County, Hupeh Province created a record of 36,956 j i n per vnu.

every m u of land. The figure last year was only 2,000 j i n per m u .

Deep ploughing and soil improvement: Deep ploughing has been applied to 120 .million m u of land and soil im- provement has been extended to 140 million m u . Yields can generally be raised from 50 to 100 per cent by deep ploughing. Sometimes the increase is as high as three to five fold.

Close planting: On fields that produced 1,000 j i n of wheat per m u there were 400,000 to 600,000 ears to a m u ; on fields that produced 10,000 jin of rice, there were over 1.8 million ears to a m u . Close planting has been one of the most important factors in raising per unit area yield.

Selection of better strains of seed: Last spring alone, good strains of seed were used on 1,650 million m u , i.e. 68.7 per cent of the sown area.

In addition, large amounts of work and care have been invested in the fields.

Let us take the example of the Peace Co-op in Honan Province, which achieved a record wheat yield of 7,320 j in per m u , to see how these measures contributed to raising the yield. Members of this co-op deep-ploughed their experimental plot of 2 mu 4 times. The depth of the ploughing was 2 feet. They watered the field once before seeding. Tbirty-five j i n of good seeds were sown to each m u and then the field was watered seven times more. A total of 120,000 j i n of compost was applied. To control pests, insecticides were sprayed 6 times.

Does it pay to put in more labour and capital? Numer- ous facts show that it does. A survey recently made in Shouchang County, Shantung Province, shows that to get a per m u maize yield of 10.000 to 20,000 j in . 133.26 man days were required; for a yield of 7,000 j in , 123.8 man days were required; and for a yield of 1,300 j in , 42.4 man days were required. This means that to boost outuut from 1,300 jin to 10,000-20,000 j i n - - 7 to 16 times--90.86 more man days, or 3 times more labour were reauired; to raise per m u maize yield from 7,000 to 10,000-20,000 j in , only ten more man days were needed.

All this shows that the additional investment of la- bour and capital necessarily entails changes in technique and methods of farming and these create increasing, rather than diminishing returns.

We may note that while these measures have been carried out on a vast scale, there is nothing mysterious about them. The reason they were never adopted in China before liberation or in capitalist countries is simply that under the system of private ownership of the land and payment of rent for land the unorganized peasants are exploited and have neither the will nor the means to introduce technical reforms.

In New China, following the completion of the land reform and the organization of the co-operatives the peas- ants were emancipated from private land ownership. They are now able to pool their resources and make rational use of the land. The rectification campaign and the general line of socialist construction helped the peasants emancipate their minds from conservative ideas. As a re- sult, their wisdom and initiative was brought into full play.

Total food crops"

CROP YIELDS IN 1958 - - I N MILLION TONS- -

N

1957 = 100

o IOO

o f o o

Winter wheat .I

Spring wheat .~

Early rice Semi.late rice* ~

Cotton*

Rapeseed

Soyo beans*

Peanuts"

Sesame*

3 5 0 ~ 4 0 0 m, Ions

34.45 m. tons

5 m, tans

- - ~ 43.5 m. tans

56.5 m. tons

0 I 0 0

!

r - -1

J J L

r~,

FI'

3.5 m. tans

1.35 m, fans

12.$ m. tons

6.3 m. tons

0.7 m, tons

PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF PER MU YIELD

1957 = 100

0 I 0 0

Winter wheat

Spring wheat . . . . . . . .

Early rice l~[ - - l

Cotton" - - V . _ - ~

Rapeseed ~

Soya beans* ~ ~

Peanuts* / - - -

Sesame*

* Estimate

A

171

183

I~2

2 3 9 . 5

141.$

:60

233. / /

230

At the same time, the Communist Par ty has also given more guidance. Together with experienced peasants, Par ty cadres cultivated experimental plots. The high yields from these experimental plots testify to the effec- tiveness of such leadership. In short, the factors making for these "miracles" are Par ty leadership plus the initiative of the peasant masses.

Still Greater Things to Come Can this tremendous rate of agricultural growth be

maintained? The answer is yes. In fact even higher rates of growth can be expected. The good harvests this year are only the first step in China's agricultural big leap for- ward. This year witnessed only the beginning of the ap- plication of the measures described above and their full

11

effects and potency are yet to be seen. For instance, less than 10 per cent of the cultivated land was deep-ploughed last spring. The Chinese peasants now plan to deep- plough all land in two to three years and increase the fertility of the soil greatly.

As to the accumulation of fertilizers, next year the peasants will produce over 30 million tons of chemical fertilizers from their own small, native-style plants. It is estimated that this alone (not counting the amount to be supplied by large modern plants) will result in an in- crease in grain output of 60 million to 90 million tons. Add to this huge quantities of compost, which the 4~easants will collect and prepare, and the" amount applied to each m u will be twice as high as this year. Even closer plant- ing than this year will be introduced and by the spring of 1960, water will be brought to virtually all land under cultivation that can possibly be irrigated and ordinary floods and droughts will be brought under control.

Mechanization and over-all modernization of agricul- ture will be accomplished in the not distant future as a result of the big leap forward in industry. Modern technol- ogy will be widely applied in agriculture and the produc- tive forces will be developed to heights undreamed of in the past.

All this is ensured by the tremendous upsurge in the movement to form people's communes. Within a few months, over 90 per cent of all peasant households in the country have joined people's communes. These people's c o m m u n e s - - w h i c h combine agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, side lines and fishery and merge industry,

agriculture, trade, education and military affairs in one m are in a position to organize human and material re- sources in a much more effective way.

More Food from Less Land

Next year, the output of food crops will be 500 mil- lion tons or more which means 1,500 to 2,0(}0 j in per capita. The cotton crop and vegetable oil production will be about 5 million and 6 million tons respectively, providing each person with 15 j i n of ginned cotton and 18 j in of vegetable oil. A life of abundance in food and clothing, which the Chinese peasants have aspired to for thousands of years, is being appoached for the first time. In fact. food is already free in many of the people's com- munes.

Some advocates of the "law of diminishing returns" may say: if the returns from the land increase, it would be senseless to reclaim more land and enlarge the cul- tivated area. Precisely. With yield per m u rising sharply, China will gradually reduce the area of land planted to food crops. Hopei Province has already decided to reduce the. cultivated area by a half within two or three years when grain yield per mu is expected to reach 2,000 to 3,000 j i n . More land will be allocated to forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. In a few years ' time, it will be possible to plant food crops on one-third of the land, afforest another third and let the rest lie fallow. When per m u yield reaches the level of 10,000 jSn, less than 200 million mu will be needed for the upkeep of 650 million people. Then the entire country will be transformed into a huge garden.

A VISIT TO A FARM COUNTY IN SOUTH CHINA

by CHEN YI

I N April this year I visited the Shunjiang Agricultural Co-operative in Neikiang County, Szechuan. For the

first time I was startled by the great changes taking place in the fields there. I saw with my own eyes 50,000 j in of sweet potatoes growing on a m u of land. I was told by comrades in the co-operative that during the autumn harvest of sweet potatoes last year, this strip of land was two chi (1 chi~--0.3333 metre--Tr.) above ground level; potato sprouts were planted in eight lines covering the entire plot of land and the creepers were supported with trellis-work which looked like a forest of trees. Sweet potatoes grew in a: cluster and piled up like a pagoda. The

This reportage appeared in Renmtn Ribao under the title of "A Visit to Panyu County, Kwangtung Province." The author of the impressions of a journey to the south is Vice-Premier and Minister of Foreign Affairs, a veteran leader of the Chi- nese People's Liberation Army and a well-known poet too. m E d .

actual yield last au tumn was well over 50,000 fin. At another field near by I also saw an experimental plot where 20,000 sugar, canes were densely planted for a yield of 30,000 j in to a m u . At that time I thought such yields were pretty high.

Before I left Peking for Szechuan, I didn't really believe it when I heard that experiments were being conducted to produce such high yields. I am a native of Szechuan and forty years ago, when I was still studying in middle school, I used to cultivate potatoes and sugar cane at my home during the summer vacations. In those days the yield of potatoes was somewhere around 1,000 j i n per m u and sugar cane about several hundred j in.

Based on my personal experience, I could not very well conceive how such a great increase of output per m u could be achieved all at once. But when I went there and saw it with my own eyes, I was convinced.

Recently I made a trip to Canton accompanying Prince Sihanouk on his way home. There I was told that in Kwangtung Province there were high-yield experimental plots producing one million jin of sweet potatoes, 600,000 jirt of sugar cane and 50,000 jirt of paddy rice per m u (all the seedlings in these instances were not transplanted from other plots but were planted where they grew from the very outset). On hearing this, I was startled for the second time. That was why I decided to visit Panyu.

Plenty of S w e e t Potatoes

On the morning of September 4, we left the outskirts of Canton and after two ferry crossings we were at Tashih Township, Panyu County. It was a heroic township of heroic people. The wisdom of the masses there was like flowers in full bloom. Accompanied by the secretary of the Communist Par ty committee of the county, the secretary of the Par ty committee of the township and technicians who were most eager to show me around, I first went to see the experimental plot for sweet potatoes. It looked like a green mount or a row of tall buildings painted green. The imposing sight attracted me even from a distance.

At first I was perplexed by such questions: How many potato sprouts had to be planted to make one rnu of land yield one million j i n of sweet potatoes? Was there enough room to plant them? And even if they were all planted, was there enough room for them to grow? But as soon as I got there, looked around and talked things over with the local people, everything was clear. I was fully convinced.

This experimental plot, 1.5 m u in size, was terraced land raised by seven ridges of earth to a height of eight chi. Each strip of land had 6,000 sweet potato sprouts, making a total of 42,000. Each sprout, the secretary of the Party committee of the township told me, yielded 25 j in (sweet potatoes were pulled out at different intervals and replaced by new sprouts), making a total of 1,050,000 jirt to a m u in a year.

the output turns out to be 40 per cent less, it would still be something new and great in agricultural science. As a result of the tremendous increase in the grain output per m u , the cultivated area on which grain will be raised can naturally be reduced greatly. All "theories" that China is over-populated and lacks land are thus swept away by the practical deeds of the people. This was proved by the experimental plot I visited at Neikiang and by what has happened at Panyu.

We also visited two experimental plots for high-yield paddy rice. On one of them the sprouts were planted with an anticipated yield of 50,000 j i n of rice per m u ; on the other seeds were sown directly with an anticipated yield of 30,000 j i n to a m u . The plants in both were grow- ing well. In the former, 12 to 13 sprouts were planted in every square cun of land (cun is a Chinese inch. 1 curt

equals 0.0333 metre or 3.3 cm.--Tr.), making a total of some 7 million. There were no fixed distances between the sprouts or between the rows of sprouts. Some ten or more co-op members, both men and women, were using sticks of bamboo to separate the rice sprouts one by one according to the prescribed techni- cal measures so that there would be sufficient ventila- tion and more photosynthesis. The unusually high yields of the small experimental plots are only of value for scientific research, but the bumper harvest experimental plots extending over large areas are of general significance. Having seen the small high-yield experimental plots, we again went to see the large 10,000 m u high-yield experi- mental plot with immense interest. On a vast tract of land, I saw some thousand men and women co-op mem- bers working in the field in groups, some "feeding" the young plants with "food" (spreading fertilizer), some "dressing and cutting hair" of the young sprouts (pruning away the leaves). One of them pulled up a handful of young plants at random to show us that they were deep- rooted with strong stalks and numerous sprouts. Comrade Kuo Tien, secretary of the Communist Par ty committee of the township told me that the anticipated yield for this "10,000-mu garden", would be 15,000 j i n per ~nu. Now

Renovat ion in Agricultural Sc ience

This experimental plot, I must say, dis- plays the unrivalled creative power of the masses and their high scientific level. It had this special feature: three dimensional cultiva- tion. This expansion into "space" greatly enlarged the cultivated area so that sweet potatoes had the room to grow. A four-storeyed bamboo framework formed like a pyramid was built on the terraced land to carry the prolific creepers so that they would not take nutritions away from the potatoes, so that the sun-lit area could be expanded to intensify the photosynthesis. Use was made of the method of "fertilization at fixed positions," more popularly known as "giving injections," i.e., spreading fertilizer at points selected before- hand, where potatoes were led to grow. This, as I see it, was a major renovation in science. In my opinion, the fulfilment of the target of one million jin per m u is certain; even if

The r i s ing w a v e of the b u m p e r h a r v e s t o v e r w h e l m s a scept ic Peasan t drawing lrom Ktangsu Pi'OVtnCe

p 13

everybody was working hard to make the young plants grow with as many ears and grains as possible. I asked them if they were sure that they could reach their target and the answers from the co-op members were unanimous: "Yes!" This was the voice of the ordinary peasants show- ing that the peasants themselves had now mastered science. The question of securing food has been the most impor- tant question since man began to keep a writ ten record of history. The bourgeoisie abroad often talk about over- population in C h i n a - - a big headache! But the Chinese people have succeeded in solving this problem by means of their great scientific inventions. This is an event that will have an incalculably strong influence on the whole world.

Later we went to see the experimental plot for sugar canes at Chengchiao Township in the same county. It was cultivated by the secretary of the Communist Par ty com- mittee of the county in collaboration with the secondary school students and students from a normal school. They had transplanted 90,000 sugar canes to a m u of land, each now weighing about three fin, making a total of 270,000 j~n. These sugar canes had already grown to the height of a man; they were so crowded together it seemed to me that even bullets "could not penetrate. There were still four months to go before the harvest would be in. A harvest of 600,000 j in was quite certain. This was also an experiment of great significance because its success would break down superstitions effectively. Its greater significance, however, lay in the fact that it was carried out by students under the leadership of the Communist Party committee of the county. Very soon these laymen would become experts and the experts more professionally competent.

College of a New Type

Panyu County has founded an agricultural college. When we visited it, students were at work constructing a three-storey building. Panyu, with a population of over 320,000 and more than 630,000 m u of cultivated land, really needs such an institute to conduct experiments and re- search in agricultural science. Students study theory and at the same time work on experimental farm plots. It is a college that combines theory with practice. It is a college of the most up-to-date type in the world with a most promising future. As yet it is only a beginning in its budding stage and its rich fruits are still to come. In colleges run by the bourgeoisie, students are taught to read books day in and day out; those who study agriculture do not take up the ploughs themselves and are trained to be mere bookworms. All this must be gotten rid of com- pletely in our colleges and universities. The way Panyu runs its college is an example of thinking and doing things boldly. I was told by Comrade Kuo Hsin-min, secretary of the Communist Par ty committee of the county, that they planned to open another school of industrial tech- nology. Now that the county has set up nearly 3,000 factories, large and small, there is a great need for such a school to train industrial technicians so that the simul- taneous development of industry and agriculture can be effected. Panyu has built a gaint methane power station; it also has a shipyard and agricultural machinery works of its own. Chu Ko, a young technician, for instance, who had only a middle school education before, has already become an expert in the course of productive practice.

His book on how to utilize methane has been a bestseller of more than 200,000 copies. Near the methane power station, there is an automatic grain fertilizer plant. "Who made these machines?" I asked. "It 's hard to say," they replied, "we learnt something during our visits to plants elsewhere, also something from the newspapers and created something on our own." An excellent reply indeed, and a correct one at that. The bourgeoisie always label every invention with personal trade marks in order to enjoy the so-called patent rights, attributing' what is created by the millions to personal labour. Here in our country, all inventions are the fruit of the collective wisdom of the masses.

People's Commune

Just the day before my visit to Panyu, the founding of a people's commune had been announced. I talked to everyone I came across on the road, at the dining-room, and in the fields so as to learn their opinions on this big event. Those I spoke to included heads of the production teams of the agricultural co-ops, co-op members and old women. They were all very excited and praised the com- mune without exception. One said: The people's com- mune is a new system. Everybody works and all share one purse. All for one and one for all. There is nothing to worry about now. Others said: You don't have to pay for your meals, for consulting a doctor and for your education. In addition, everyone who works will also be paid ten or twenty yuan a month. It never occurred to us that our gradual transition to communism would be so soon. When I asked the opinions of two old women sitting under the shade for a rest, they replied similarly: "Why, that 's wonderful. Enough to eat and enough to wear; everybody has some work to do. That 's simply wonderful !"

Panyu has all the conditions to build a commune that will embrace the population of the entire county. It is situated in a plain where there is a continuous stretch of land and the population is rather concentrated. Both the productive levels and living standards of the different agri- cultural co-operatives there are more or less the same. During the big leap forward in production this year, it is estimated that the total value of industrial and agricul- tural output of the entire county will amount to over 316 million yuan (an average of 976 yuan per capita), an increase of 268 per cent compared with last year. Judging from the conditions of this county, which was already a fairly rich place in the past and where there has been a rather big leap forward in production, it is possible to establish a single commune in the whole county, and to introduce the food supply system (under which the com- mune provides everybody with food without any charge - -T r . ) to the whole population, both in the towns and rural areas, together with a wage system under which everyone is paid according to various established categories of work. Now they were working out a plan for the com- mune, making arrangements to lead the people to a really wonderful and happy future.

Unrivalled Strength

During my one-day visit to Panyu, I was just "riding past to see the flowers." But new sights, new inventions and new achievements which I would not think of in daily life were to be seen everywhere. In 1949, we succeeded

14

in seizing p o w e r - - t h a t was, of course, a big victory. But then our ease of mind was not so great as it is today. Now our country is prospering, making rapid advances every day; grain production in our country has jumped to the foremost ranks of the world and other fields too will follow. Really, twenty years are now concentrated in one day and several hundred years in one. This unrivalled strength is the result of the fact that Marxist theories have gripped the masses and the masses have mastered the unmatched power of Marxism.

Events in Panyu also bear out the fact that agricul- tural science and even industrial science are not anything beyond the reach of the common people. With the mass line, science can be released from its narrow confines and make progress by leaps and bounds. Tens of thousands of jin of paddy rice to a mu, several hundred thousand jin of sugar canes to a mu, one million fin of sweet potatoes to a mu, methane power stations, automatic fertilizer plants . . . who are the real inventors of all these? No one can tell, the people say. But these things are done under the leadership of the Communist Party, they add.

This is the mass line in science and technology. This is letting "a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend" in action. In the past, experts and scholars described science and technology as something beyond ordinary reach and declared that workers and peas- ants could have no say in these matters. Today the pro- ductive practice of the workers and peasants has forced the experts and scholars to "rub their eyes and look at them from a different angle." In the face of the facts the experts must change their views. "The situation is pressing," we say. In other words, the masses have created a situation in which every one of us is forced to press ahead consistently. And we are just beginning. For several hundred years, the bourgeoisie thought they had mastered science, and thought they were very great. But they were just like a tortoise creeping on sand.

Through a drop of water one can see t h e s u n in per- spective. The place I visited is only an ordinary village in Panyu, the basic unit in our country. When I saw the changes there I could see that the 600 million Chinese people are doing things that shake the world!

Language Reform

Progress in Popularizing the Phonetic Alphabet by WEI QUE (Wei Chueh)

Member of the Standing Committee of the Committee for Reforming the Chinese Written Language

S INCE the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet was approved by the National People's Congress in

January 1958, it has been zealously "pushed" in the press and publications, in schools, the cinema and other com- munication mediums. It has been particularly widely used for the phonetic annotation of Chinese characters as an aid to readers. And because phonetic annotation is based on the pronunciation of the "common speech," its populariza- tion has served simultaneously as a key means of populariz- ing the "common speech."

" C o m m o n S p e e c h " C o n t e s t

Especially good results have been achieved in popu- larizing the "common speech" in schools. According to in- complete statistics, over 1,700,000 primary and secondary school teachers have been trained already to use the "com- mon speech" as the medium of instruction. Training is still in progress. At present, almost all primary school pupils and secondary school students are learning the "com- mon speech."

*Names of places and people in this article are written in the new Chinese phonetic script. See Peking Review, March 11, for the letters of the phonetic alphabet and their pronunciation.

In an impressive review of accomplishments in teaching the "common speech" in schools in July this year, students and teachers from all parts of China participated in a national "common speech" contest held in Beijing (Peking}. With the exception of teachers, most contestants were in their teens. The youngest ones were only seven. They presented a great variety of items, such as recitations, story-telling, comedy monologues, songs, spelling and one- act plays. Most first spoke a few words in their own local dialects, and then spoke or sang their items in the "com- mon speech." This brought out sharply the often very great differences between local dialects and the "common speech." Pr imary school pupils aged seven or eight, who spoke local dialects that were incomprehensible to those who knew only the "common speech," got delighted ap- plause when they switched Over to fluent putong huh, or the "common speech." One eight-year-old, Chen Yazhu, gave an exhibition of faultless spelling in the phoneties. In discussions arranged at the same time teachers passed on their experience in learning and teaching the "common speech." Many spoke so well that one would think that they had been born and brought up in Beijing. Altogether it was an impressive demonstration that with the aid of the phonetics and other means the "common speech" can

15

be learnt rapidly and well. All the teachers and pupils in the pr imary school on Shunxing Road at Qingdao (Tsingtao) learnt to speak the "common speech" in one month. This was only one of m a n y examples cited.

Popularization of the "common speech" has gone beyond school walls to whole villages, towns and districts. In Fujian (Fukien) Province, Wushan Village in Ddtian County was the first village to popularize the "common speech." Wushan is surrounded by mountains, and com- munications with the outside are difficult. The villagers speak a mixed dialect very hard for outsiders to under- stand. When they go to other places even in their own county, they find it difficult to make themselves under- stood. Finally led by the local committee of the Com- munist Par ty, they started a campaign to popularize the "common speech." Many study groups were organized and the whole communi ty set about learning to speak the "common speech," practising e v e r y w h e r e - - a t home, and in the fields, workshops and offices. After 50 days of hard study, 77.7 per cent of the adults and young people had learnt to speak the "common speech." Quite a number of the older people were making progress. That was in May this year. Visitors to Wushan today hear the "com- mon speech" spoken everywhere. Other villages in Datian County soon followed Wushan's example. By the end of August, Fujian Province had five counties whose popula- tions had learnt to speak the "common speech." These are remarkable results, considering that dialects in Fujian are so different f rom the "common speech."

Fujian's success has prompted other provinces to fol- low suit. J iangsu (Kiangsu), Hebei (Hopei) and Shandong (Shantung) Provinces have each a t least one county which has popularized the "common speech." Kunshan County in J iangsu gives an idea how this was actiieved. Kunshan lies on the Nanjing (Nanking)-Shanghai Rai lway not fa r f rom Shanghai. Its dialect, while not so difficult to under- stand as those in Fujian, is also very different f rom the "common speech." Kunshan completely wiped out illiteracy in the middle of April, and in August began to popularize the "common speech." The schools were then in their summer vacation, so Kunshan could enlist the help of the teachers and students to push forward the campaign. Within a week almost everybody in the county was learn- ing to speak the "common speech." By the end of Septem- ber, 160,000 adults and young people had learnt to speak the "common speech" and Kunshan had earned the title of the "common speech" county. Other provinces are also pushing ahead popularization of the "common speech." I t is expected that within a year or so practically all the p r imary school pupils and secondary school students will have learnt to speak it. Within three years or so prac- tically all adults (the older generat ion excepted) and young people will be able to do so.

Aid in Liquidating Illiteracy

The phonetic alphabet is also being used to l iquidate illiterac~y. China has over 2,000 counties (administrat ive unit next below the province). In 1,483 of these illiteracy has been eliminated. Over 94 million people have com- pleted the course for liquidating illiteracy, and phonetic annotations were included in the language textbook for p r imary schools and l i teracy classes. Since last spring suc- cessful experiments have been carried out among peasants

and workers in Jiangsu, Shandong and Hebei Provinces, in using the phonetic a lphabet to help illiterates, semi- illiterates and those who have just completed the course for l iquidating illiteracy, to learn additional characters.

Chinese characters are composed of strokes which do not indicate pronunciation. In the old days characters with the same pronunciat ion were reciprocally used to indicate pronunciation. I t can be readily seen that this method presupposes a knowledge of a sufficient numbe~" of characters and therefore is of no help to illiterates. The use of the alphabet for phonetic annotat ion not only enables illiterates to learn the pronunciation of a character, hut also helps them to link the respective character with what they already know verbally. Take for example, the characters ~:~2]~-~'~, meaning "rose." When he sees them writ ten thus in Chinese script, an illiterate cannot under- stand what they mean; but when phonetically annotated as meiguihua, he can grasp the meaning r ight away if he has taken the little trouble needed to master the phonetics. Phonetic annotat ion is thus a great help to illiterates in learning characters.

The experience of Jiangsu, Shandong and Hebei has proved that phonetic annotat ion not only speeds up the liquidation of illiteracy, but also helps people to retain the characters learnt in their memory and increases their ability to read. I t was thought that it might be difficult for the masses to learn the phonetic alphabet. Experience has proved otherwise. Peasants and workers can learn the alphabet and its use in spelling in an average of 12 hours. They can go on to complete the course for learning 1,5{}0 characters in about 45 hours. In the old days some 400 hours were needed to complete such a course.

A few concrete examples may be of interest to readers. In the collective f a rm in Shuiquan Village in Sishui County, Shandong Province, 29 peasants enrolled in a li teracy class. They spent one or two hours daily for 40 days to complete the course. Their final examinat ion showed that they could all read the lessons in their textbook without the aid of the phonetic annotations. Twenty-seven of them could read fluently, unders tand the meaning perfectly and, in addition, could write simple compositions of about two hundred words. Two of them were able to understand and write 60 per cent of the text, but they too could write out receipts, simple notices, and keeP notes.

There are natural ly others who learn more quickly. Zhang Jixi, a worker in the Tongeheng Spinning MiU at J inan (Tsinan), having learnt the alphabet, finished reading the textbook of 52 lessons in eight days. His final exami- nation showed that he had mastered the 1,500 characters, was able to wri te a siml:le composition of about a hundred words and could read a simple newspaper. Qi Qingjun, a peasant woman and mother of five children, completed the course in 21 evening and one noon sessions. She got full marks in her final examination.

Experience both in Shandong and in Hebei shows that the phonetic annotat ion helps peasants to recall forgotten characters and increase their reading ability. Wang Meirong, a peasant woman, completed the course for liquidating illiteracy but did not know phonetic annota- tion; in a subsequent test, it turned out that she had for- gotten over 44 per cent of the characters she had learnt. With the aid of phonetic annotation, she soon regained all

16

the forgot ten characters and w e n t on

quickly to l ea rn more.

As expla ined in an ar t icle in the

March 11 issue of Peking Review, simplif icat ion of characters and pop-

u lar iza t ion of the "common speech"

and the phonet ic a lphabe t cons t i tu te

the presen t tasks of l anguage re form

in China. The progress made in pop-

u la r iz ing the phonet ic a lphabe t has

been inspi red by the big leap in social-

ist const ruct ion. At first s ight it m a y

seem tha t the advance made in l an -

guage re form seems to be ins ignif icant ,

compared wi th the u n p r e c e d e n t e d

achievements in agr icu l tu re and in -

dustry. But w h e n it is r e m e m b e r e d

that language r e fo rm is only one of

the ma in tasks in the cu l tu ra l r evo lu -

tion which is going ahead h a n d in

hand wi th the technical revolu t ion ,

and that once h u n d r e d s of mi l l ions of

workers and peasan t s are in c o m m a n d

of the wr i t t en language , there wil l be

a fu r the r immense release of the i r

boundless resourcefulness and energy,

the significance of the progress made

in language re form takes on a more impos ing aspect.

We have a l ready made a big leap

in school educat ion: there are 92,610,000

chi ldren in p r i m a r y schools; over 14

mi l l ion boys and girls in secondary

schools; 700,000 s tuden t s in colleges

and univers i t ies . These figures do not

include the ve ry large n u m b e r of

adul ts s tudy ing in all sorts of pa r t -

t ime schools. Seven h u n d r e d and

seventy-fou~ count ies and m u n i c i p a l -

ities have es tabl ished colleges and u n i -

versi t ies; every vil lage in 1,546 coun-

ties has its own secondary schools; and

1,936 counties have carr ied out u n i -

versal p r i m a r y educat ion, tha t is to

say, all ch i ldren of school age are

enrol led in p r i m a r y schools. In addi -

t ion to all this, the speedy l iqu ida t ion

of i l l i teracy and popu la r i za t ion of

educat ion among the masses of people

is adding fresh m o m e n t u m to the cul-

tu ra l revolu t ion and consequen t ly the

technical revolut ion . C h a i r m a n Mao

Zedong (Mao Tse- tung) has predic ted

that Ch ina wil l emerge as a h igh ly

cu l tured na t ion . At the ra te she is

going now, tha t p red ic t ion wil l be-

come real i ty much sooner t h a n was thought .

SIDELIGHTS When the Guns Are Silent. One artillery unit of the People's Liberation Army on the Fukien front has initiated a move- ment among the officers and men to put down in writing the experience gained in the course of their duties. So far several thousand articles have been written. The topics range from the science of directing campaigns to a study of gunners ' move- ments. The problems raised and analysed in many of the articles were found to be of considerable significance in planning campaigns, giving battle orders and building up the artil lery forces.

Top-Notch Melon Grower. Vice-Chair- man Chu Teh, who is fond of doing manual work whenever he finds time, has five giant size melons that he and some of his co-workers have grown on display at the exhibition of the latest achievements in science and technology in Peking. The biggest weighs 67 jim, is two and a half feet long, and has a diameter of one foot. Vice-Chairman Chu Teh cultivates grapes and flowers too. Whenever duties permit, he works in his kitchen garden, doing the watering, manur ing and weeding himself.

Busmen's Holiday. If you take the long- distance bus plying between Weihai and Yentai, in Shantung Province, you will probably be struck by the conspicuous absence of the bus conductor. You will say "Well, we'll have to make do and go without him, the poor fellow must have missed his bus!" The fact is, he didn't. There have been no conductors on any of the five buses serving this route since July. A new system has been tried out here, known as the "conductorless buses." When passengers get on the bus, someone volunteers to act as a temporary con- ductor. Or they just tear off the desired tickets from a book hanging in the bus and put the exact fares into a box. At the end of the first month, out of a cash total of more than 15,000 yuan there was only an error of some 20 yuan, caused, as it was later found out, by passengers taking the wrong tickets. The people i,n both cities have gladly taken to this new system.

Five Bridges. The biggest bridge in south China, 735 metres long, is now under construction in Canton. Work on the twin-purpose railway and high- way bridge began on October 19. When completed sometime towards the end of next year, it will link the Peking- Canton Railway with the Canton- Shamshui l ine west of Canton. I t is four times as long as the present bridge across the Pearl River in this famous south China city.

Four other major bridges are now under construction in the country. At

Chengchow, capital of Honan Prov- ince, a bridge 2,890 metres long is being built across the Yellow River. It will be completed in 1960.

Work on another bridge across the Yangtse, 820 metres long, was begun at Chungking last month.

In Honan Province, a 568-metre-long bridge to span the Changho River, went into construction in July.

In Kiangsi Province, construction of a new bridge across the Kanehiang River, 1,256 metres long, was also started last month.

Peking Municipality Enlarged, By de- cision of the State Council on October 20 the municipali ty of Peking will be enlarged to include the four outlying counties to the northeast of the capital-- Huaiyu, Miyun, Pingku and Yenching. With this new addition, the municipality of Peking now embraces an area of some 17,000 square kilometres with a total population of 6.23 million.

More Local Airlines. A civil airline has just been inaugurated between Sian and Yenan, the old revolutionary base in northwest China. This is the first airline in Shensi Province. Two more will be opened sho~'tly in the province to ease the congestion of traffic and freight on the trains and motor transport, which is a common occurrence in these days of im- mense industrial and agricultural produc- tion.

The Magic Word. A phone call is put through immediately if you say "steel" in Hsinyang, Honan Provicme. Yes, "steel" means extra urgent and is given top priority. There are "steel" trucks, "steel" pork, etc. which means they must be dispatched without delay. This is the busy season for all tailoring shops in the province, but breathe the word "steel" and you will find the effect really elec- trifying. A people's commune placed an order for a banner to be presented to steel workers, it was ready in two hours.

In Anshan, steel workers take preced- ence over all other customers at the bar- ber shops. The same is t rue of the restaurants. A special section is reserved for steel workers where they are served right away.

17

RESEARCH

N e w P o l i t i e a l E c o n o m y T @ x t b o o k A group of economis t s a n d r e s e a r c h

worke r s in P e k i n g is a t p r e s e n t engaged in wr i t i ng a sec t ion on soc ia l i sm for a n e w t ex tbook of pol i t ica l economy. A p a r t i c u l a r f e a t u r e of th i s wi l l be t he w a y the gene ra l M a r x i s t - L e n i n i s t expos i t ion of the sub jec t is closely l i n k e d w i t h a c t u a l condi t ions in China . I t wi l l c e n t r e r o u n d the ac tua l p r o b l e m s of the Ch inese r evo- lut ion. In acco rdance w i t h th is scheme , the sec t ion on soc ia l i sm wi l l h a v e as i ts f r a m e w o r k the gene ra l l i ne for t he bu i ld ing of socia l ism in Ch ina , w h i c h embodies C h a i r m a n Mao T s e - t u n g ' s t each - ings on the two k inds of c o n t r a d i c t i o n s

those b e t w e e n t he e n e m y a n d ourse lves , and those w i t h i n the r a n k s of the people

and on t he " T e n Sets of Re l a t i onsh ip s . " In ana ly s ing t he economic process, fu l l a t t e n t i o n wil l be pa id to t he s u b j e c t i v e in i t i a t ive of m a n a n d t h e in f luence of t h e social s u p e r s t r u c t u r e on t h e economic base and on t he d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e p roduc t ive forces. T h e w r i t e r s h a v e se t t hemse lves t h e t a sk of m a k i n g a t h o r o u g h c r i t i c i sm of bourgeois ec tmomic t h o u g h t and m o d e r n r ev i s ion i sm a n d e d u c a t i n g r eade r s in a c o m m u n i s t outlook.

The sec t ion as a t p r e s e n t p l a n n e d deals wi th : (1) T he bas ic cha r ac t e r i s t i c s of social is t p r o d u c t i v e r e l a t i ons ; (2) i n t e r n a l r e la t ions of the economy of o w n e r s h i p by the who le people ; (3) i n t e r n a l r e l a t ions of the economy of co l lec t ive o w n e r s h i p a n d its r e l a t ion to t he economy of o w n e r s h i p by the whole people ; (4) the s i m u l t a n e o u s d e v e l o p m e n t of i n d u s t r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r e wh i l e g iv ing pr io r i ty to the d e v e l o p m e n t of h e a v y i n d u s t r y ; (5) t he s i m u l t a n e o u s d e v e l o p m e n t of c e n t r a l a n d local i ndus - tr ies, a n d of big, smal l , and m e d i u m - s i z e d i ndus t r i e s ; (6) C h ina ' s p a t h of t e c h n i c a l r evo lu t ion ; (7) t h e r e l a t i on b e t w e e n com- merce and ag r i cu l t u r e ; (8) socia l is t d i s t r i - bu t ion of the na t i ona l income; (9) t he p l a n n e d m a n a g e m e n t of a socia l i s t ~na- t iona l economy; (10) the role of the Com- m u n i s t Par ty , g o v e r n m e n t a h d people in t h e bu i ld ing of a socia l is t e c o n o m y ; (11) i n t e r n a l r e la t ions of t he economic s y s t e m of the social is t c a m p ; (12) t he s t rugg l e b e t w e e n t h e economic sys t ems of t he socia l is t c a m p a n d t he cap i t a l i s t c a m p ; (13) t he c o m m u n i s t m o d e of p roduc t ion .

g e o n o t n l e l t e s e a r e h in. a C o m m u n e In l ine w i t h the t imes, r e s e a r c h w o r k

on economics is n o w by no m e a n s con- f ined to academic i~s t i tu tes . U n d e r t he l e a d e r s h i p of t he C o m m u n i s t P a r t y com- mi t tee , t he T u a n p o w a Peop le ' s C o m m u n e of C h i n g h a i County , Hope i P rov ince , h a s f o r m e d a 1 7 - m e m b e r economic r e s e a r c h

group. I ts g roup l e a d e r is the f i rs t secre- t a r y of t h e c o m m u n e ' s C o m m u n i s t P a r t y commi t t ee .

The g roup pu t s spec ia l e m p h a s i s on p r a c t i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d r e s e a r c h work . I t is n o w engaged i~ d r a w i n g up a com- p r e h e n s i v e p l a n of d e v e l o p m e n t fo r the c o m m u n e , a n d do ing r e s e a r c h on the d iv i - s ion of a u t h o r i t y b e t w e e n p r o d u c t i o n t eams , p r o d u c t i o n b r igades a n d the com- m u n e m a n a g e m o n t ; t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n sys- t e m of p a r t supp ly a n d p a r t p a y m e n t in wages ; the ques t i on of l a b o u r o rgan iza - t ion a n d d e p l o y m e n t of m a n p o w e r ; the ques t i on of co -o rd ina t i on of w o r k ; a s y s t e m of a w a r d s for good w o r k in the c o m m u n e , ~nd so on. To fac i l i t a t e i ts work , i t has e s t ab l i shed close t ies w i t h t he R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e of A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m y of the Ch inese A c a d e m y of A g r i c u l t u r a l Science.

l l i s t o r y o f C a p i t a l i s t F i r m s T h e S h a n g h a i R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e of

Economics of the Ch i n e s e A c a d e m y of Sc iences is n o w compi l i ng a ser ies of s tud ies of typ ica l cap i t a l i s t e n t e r p r i s e s in S h a n g h a i as r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l for t h e scient i f ic s t u d y of t h e b i r th , g r o w t h and e l i m i n a t i o n of c a p i t a l i s m in Shangha i .

I n s t i t u t e field w o r k e r s h a v e dug in to o r ig ina l files, le t te rs , r ecords of mee t ings , a n d accoun t books, i n t e r v i e w e d old w o r k - ers , s tud ied records of d iscuss ions , m e m - oi rs of cap i t a l i s t s a~d cul led m a t e r i a l f r o m the press to comple t e t h r e e r epor t s : "H i s to r i c a l M a t e r i a l s of the N a n y ~ n g B r o t h e r s Tobacco Co.," " T h e E s t a b l i s h - men t , D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a n s f o r m a t i o n of t he T a l u M a c h i n e Works ;" a n d " T h e E s t a b l i s h m e n t , D e v e l o p m e n t a n d T r a n s - f o r m a t i o n of t h e H e n g f e n g Cot ton Mill ."

T h e s e t h r e e e n t e r p r i s e s w e r e a m o n g t h e o ldes t se t up by t h e n a t i o n a l capi ta l i s ts . T h e y w e r e a lso a m o n g t h e l a rges t a n d h a d t h e i r o w n d i s t i nc t i ve f ea tu r e s w h i c h in one w a y or a n o t h e r re f lec ted the l a w of d e v e l o p m e n t of ~ a t i o n a l - c a p i t a l i s t en- t e rp r i se s in a s e m i - f e u d a l and semi-colo- n ia l society. Th i s is u n d o u b t e d l y a v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e s tudy of t h e economic h i s to ry of m o d e r n China , the c h a r a c t e r of t h e n a t i o n a l bourgeois ie , and t h e socia l is t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of p r i v a t e en- t e rp r i ses in r e c e n t years .

. ~ t a d y o f T u n h , # a n g T r e a s u r e s In 1899, o v e r 20,000 copies of B u d d h i s t

su t ras , p a i n t e d b a n n e r s , mi sce l l aneous scrolls , books a n d o t h e r h i s to r ica l docu- m e n t s w e r e fo tmd in a h i d d e n c h a m b e r of t he M o k a o Caves in T u n h u a n g , K a n s u Prov ince . W h a t h a s b e e n r evea l ed a l r e a d y of t h e i r con t en t s h a s b e e n i n v a l u a b l e to t h e s t u d y of m e d i e v a l h i s to ry a n d co,ndi- t ions of l i fe in C h i n a a n d C e n t r a l Asia. Bu t t h e bes t p a r t of these m a t e r i a l s we re f i lched by va r ious agen t s of t h e imper ia l i s t s .

In 1924, scho la r s in P e k i n g o rgan ized a socie ty for the p r e s e r v a t i o n a n d ed i t ing of

t h e T u n h u a n g documen t s . They s t a r t ed t h e w o r k of co l lec t ing a n d compil ing, and a t the s a m e t i m e d id w h a t t hey could u n d e r t h e c o r r u p t w a r l o r d r eg imes of the t i m e to s top these a n d o the r va luab le h i s to r i ca l f inds f rom be ing t a k e n abroad. Ch inese scho la rs wh o h a v e s tud ied the T u n h u a n g d o c u m e n t s kep t in B r i t a i n and F r a n c e h a v e sen t back repor t s of the i r i~ves t iga t ions .

In 1956, t h e l i b r a r y of the Chi,nese A c a d e m y of Sc iences b o u g h t micro-copies of those T u n h u a n g d o c u m e n t s in the col- l ec t ion of t h e Br i t i s h Museum. The g r e a t e r p a r t of the T u n h u a n g finds are t h e r e f o r e now a v a i l a b l e in Pek ing . The w o r k of compi l ing , ed i t i ng and pub l i sh ing t h e s e m a t e r i a l s so t h a t t hey can be m a d e a v a i l a b l e to a b r o a d e r pub l ic as soon as poss ib le h a s b e e n c o n c e n t r a t e d in the Sec- ond R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e of H i s to ry of the Ch i n e s e A c a d e m y of Sciences. I t has jus t a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h e f irst v o l u m e wil l be off t h e presses in a m a t t e r of man ths .

BOOKS B o o k s o n N a t i o n a l M i n o r i t i e s

T h e R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e of Na t iona l i t i e s Affa i r s of t h e Ch inese A c a d e m y of Sc iences wil l s h o r t l y issue four books on Ch i n a ' s n a t i o n a l minor i t i e s . The first, Nat iona l Reg ional A u t o n o m y , is a collec- t ion of g o v e r n m e n t policies, l aws and decrees on n a t i o n a l r eg iona l au tonomy, w i t h a d d e d m a t e r i a l on local condi t ions i,n p laces w h e r e n a t i o n a l minor i t i e s l ive in c o m p a c t communi t i e s . Th i s solid tome of a r o u n d 1,200,000 words is an i m p o r t a n t r e f e r ence book for t h e s t u d y of na t iona l r eg iona l a u t o n o m y in China .

T h e second, en t i t l ed Historical Mater ia ls Re la t ing to the T ibe tans , ga the r s toge the r i m p o r t a n t r e f e r e n c e m a t e r i a l for the s t u d y of t h e h i s to ry of t h e T i b e t a n people. Th e b u l k of th i s m a t e r i a l has been se lec ted f r o m Ching S h i h Lu (Authen t i c Records of the Ch ing Dynasty) .

T h e L e a p F o r w a r d in Research W o r k on the Nat iona l i t i e s is in two volumes . T h e first con ta ins add re s se s by W a n g Feng, V i c e - C h a i r m a n of t h e Nat iona l i t i e s Affa i r s C o m m i s s i o n of t he People ' s Re- pub l i c of Ch ina , a n d Hs ieh Fu -m in , Vice- C h a i r m a n of t h e Na t iona l i t i e s C o m m i t t e e of t h e N a t i o n a l People ' s Congress , and o t h e r l ead ing p e r s o n n e l to the m ee t i ng w h i c h c e l e b r a t e d t h e f o u n d i n g of t he Re- s ea rch I n s t i t u t e of Na t iona l i t i e s Affairs, a n d d u r i n g s u b s e q u e n t a cademic discus- sions. T h e second v o l u m e con ta ins re- por t s of i nves t iga t ions m a d e a m o n g t he Owenke , Yi, Tai , K a w a a n d U i g h u r peo- ples of China .

T h e f o u r t h book, Trans la t ions of Ar t i - cles on the His tory of China's Nat ional - i t ies, con ta ins a r t i c les se lected f r o m Sovie t pe r iod ica l s on t h e h i s t o r y of Ch ina ' s m a n y na t iona l i t i es .

18

CHINESE PRESS OPINION 'Down wi th K i sh i ]"

T h e pol i t ical s i t ua t i on in J a p a n ha s en- t e red a n e w s tage : the J a p a n e s e Soc ia l i s t P a r t y has ra i sed the s logan " D o w n w i t h the Kish i g o v e r n m e n t ! " wr i t e s Da Gong Bao's C o m m e n t a t o r on Oc tobe r 19.

He notes : T h e K i sh i g o v e r n m e n t , backed by t he U n i t e d Sta tes , is i n t e n s i f y - ing i ts fascis t ru le w i t h i n the coun t ry wh i l e fever i sh ly p r e p a r i n g for e x p a n s i o n and aggress ion over seas ; bu t , on t he o the r hand , the people a re i n t e n s i f y i n g t h e i r opposit ion. Ra l ly ing a r o u n d t h e Social is t P a r t y a n d the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y the democra t i c forces in J a p a n a re h i t - t ing back a t the Kishi g o v e r n m e n t . T h e outcome of th i s s t rugg le b e t w e e n t h e a d h e r e n t s of two d i f f e r e n t roads fo r J a p a n wil l h a v e a v i t a l b e a r i n g on the f u t u r e of J a p a n and f a r - r e a c h i n g conse- quences for peace in As ia a n d the wor ld .

I t was not fo r tu i tous t h a t d u r i n g his notor ious Oc tobe r 9 i n t e r v i e w w i t h a n A m e r i c a n co r r e sponden t , K i sh i shou ld come f o r w a r d as a n a l l -ou t s u p p o r t e r of W a s h i n g t o n jus t w h e n the l a t t e r found i tsel f u t t e r l y i so la ted in its w a r p r o v o c a - t ions in the T a i w a n St ra i t s . "Ki sh i was ou t to win g r e a t e r U.S. s u p p o r t for h is p l a n for a N o r t h e a s t As ia aggress ive a l l i a n c e wi th the S y n g m a n Rhee and C h i a n g Ka i - shek c l iques and t he r ev iva l of the ' G r e a t - e r Eas t As ia C o - P r o s p e r i t y S p h e r e ' u n d e r t he labe l of the so-cal led S o u t h e a s t As ia d e v e l o p m e n t fund."

Kish i ' s aggress ive fo re ign policy is o rgan ica l ly l i nked w i t h his i n t e r n a l policy. He is i n t ens i fy ing his r ep re s s ive ac t iv i t ies a t home. In fact, C o m m e n t a t o r notes, n e v e r before in t he h i s t o ry of Japa,n have so m a n y w o r k e r s a n d employees been jai led, d i s c h a r g e d or o t h e r w i s e pe r - secu ted as in th is year .

The n e w s logan of " D o w n w i t h the Kishi g o v e r n m e n t ! " is sure to w i n wide - sp read suppor t a m o n g t he J a p a n e s e people, C o m m e n t a t o r says. T h e y can c lear ly see t h a t Kish i is t r e a d i n g the old

T h e n u r s e By Ma Chih-yung

road t a k e n by T a n a k a a n d Tojo w h i c h led t h e i r c o u n t r y to d isas ter . They h a v e s t rugg l ed h a r d to h e a d Ki sh i off th i s road, bu t n o w the fac t s p rove t h a t i t is imposs ib l e to m a k e t h e Kish i gove rn - m e n t c h a n g e i ts pol icy a n d t h a t the on ly w a y ou t is to compel i t to s tep down.

" K i s h i ' s m i l i t a r i s m , " C o m m e n t a t o r dec la res , " is a t h r e a t w h i c h the people of C h i n a a n d o t h e r A s i a n coun t r i e s wil l no t to le ra te . Th e m a j o r i t y of the A s i a n peoples h a v e b e e n v i c t ims of J a p a n e s e m i l i t a r i s t aggress ion . T h e y reso lu te ly op- pose a n y a t t e m p t a t a c o m e b a c k by J a p a - ne se mi l i t a r i s m . T h a t is w h y they wil l g ive fu l l s u p p o r t to t h e p r e s e n t effor ts of the J a p a n e s e people ."

Obse rve r , in h i s c o l u m n in Renmin R~bao (Oct. 24), voices t h e Ch inese peo- p le ' s s u p p o r t for the d e m o c r a t i c c am- p a i g n n o w be ing w a g e d in J a p a n a g a i n s t t he Kish i g o v e r n m e n t .

He po in t s ou t t h a t i t is no t a m e r e co inc idence t h a t t h e Kish i c l ique is now t r y i n g to h u s t l e J a p a n f a s t e r a long t h e p a t h of w a r a n d fascism. I t c a n be r e g a r d - ed as p a r t of t h e ser ies of m i l i t a r y coup d ' e t a t s i,n As ia w h i c h h a v e been insp i red by U.S. i m p e r i a l i s m s ince t h e v ic to ry of t he I r a q i people. These coup d ' e t a t s a re des igned to supp re s s t h e s t rugg le of the A s i a n peop le for peace, i n d e p e n d e n c e and democracy , to t ie t he se coun t r i e s to t he U.S. w a r policy as p a w n s in i ts ag- g re s s ive w a r s for w o r l d w i d e conques t .

The m o v e m e n t a g a i n s t the Kish i gov- e r n m e n t , O b s e r v e r notes, is g a t h e r i n g force a m o n g t h e J a p a n e s e w o r k i n g people. B u t th i s s t rugg le wil l be a n a r d u o u s a n d p r o t r a c t e d one. T h e U n i t e d S ta t e s wil l c e r t a i n l y no t re - l ax i ts gr ip on J a p a n vo lun ta r i ly . The m o r e i t gets i so la ted f rom t h e peo- ples of As ia a n d the wor ld , the m o r e d e s p e r a t e wi l l be the effor ts of U.S. im- p e r i a l i s m to yoke J a p a n t i g h t e r to i t s w a r cha r io t . T h e f o r t h c o m i n g rev i s ion of t he J apan -U .S . Secu r i ty T r e a t y wi l l g r ea t ly i nc r ea se t h e m i l i t a r y ob l iga t ions t h a t c o u n t r y wil l a s s u m e in f a v o u r of t h e U n i t e d Sta tes . Bu t O b s e r v e r p red ic t s t h a t f inal v ic to ry wil l go to t h e J a p a n e s e people because , as he says, t h e I: /nited S t a t e s is a " p a p e r t ige r " a n d the l ackeys of a " p a p e r t ige r " a re n a t u r a l l y e v e n f r a i l e r t h a n t h e i r ma s t e r .

W a s h i n g t o n - - E n e m y o f A f r i c a B e h i n d a s m o k e s c r e e n of p r e t t y

p h r a s e s the U n i t e d S ta t e s is e n g a g e d in a r u t h l e s s c a m p a i g n to p l u n d e r a n d explo i t t h e A f r i c a n peoples a n d t u r n A f r i c a in to a s t ra teg ic ba se for w a g i n g . war . This is t h e gis t of a n a r t i c le by

Ke Yu- l in in 1~enmin Ribao of Oc tober 23. T h o u g h n o m i n a l l y i t h a s no colonies in Afr ica , W a s h i n g t o n ' s t en t ac l e s a r e sp read- ing to e v e r y c o r n e r of t h a t con t inen t , t h r o u g h the colonies of B r i t a i n a n d F rance , a n d to c o u n t r i e s w h i c h h a v e a l r e a d y w o n t h e i r pol i t ica l i ndependence .

" A m e r i c a n a id" i$ one of the key m e a n s of U.S. e x p a n s i o n in Afr ica. The a r t i c l e ci tes fac t s s h o wing h o w U.S. f u n d s a r e ac tua l ly f u n n e l l e d in to va r ious coun t r i e s to o b t a i n s t ra teg ic m a t e r i a l s a n d m a t e r i a l s in s h o r t supp ly in the U.S., a n d for t h e bu i l d ing of s t ra teg ic ra i lways , h i g h w a y s a n d ae rod romes . In e x c h a n g e for "a id" to the t u n e of $42 mil l ion, W a s h i n g t o n ,negot ia ted t he U.S. -Libya A g r e e m e n t of 1954 t h a t en t i t l ed i t to the use of a n a i r ba se in L i b y a for 20 years . F o r $100 mi l l ion p r o v i d e d in "a id" to E th iop i a s ince 1952, A m e r i c a n adv i se r s h a v e b e e n ab le to exe rc i se con t ro l ove r E th iop i a ' s fore ign, f inancia l a n d com- me r c i a l affairs .

P r i v a t e l:/.S, cap i t a l is also p e n e t r a t i n g t h e A f r i c a n economy. In the pas t e igh t years , p r i v a t e U.S. i n v e s t m e n t s in Af r i ca h a v e i n c r e a s e d f r o m $352 mi l l ion to $1,200 mil l ion.

T h e U n i t e d S ta t e s has set up a ser ies of m i l i t a r y bases in Afr ica. T h e A m e r - i can m i l i t a r y bases in Morocco and L ibya a r e some of the bes t equ ipped U.S. bases ou ts ide t h e U.S. i tself . T h r o u g h N A T O a n d a " g e n t l e m a n ' s a g r e e m e n t " w i t h France , t h e U n i t e d S ta te s has se t up i m p o r t a n t " s t r a t eg ic c e n t r e s " i,n Casa - b lanca , Oran , Tun i s a n d Bizer ta . I t is also w o r k i n g ene rge t i ca l ly in S u d a n and o t h e r coun t r i e s in a n a t t e m p t to b r ing the e n t i r e A f r i c a n c o n t i n e n t in to i ts p l ans for mi l i - t a r y aggress ion . T h e s e bases a r e ac tua l ly d i r ec t ed a g a i n s t the i n d e p e n d e n t coun t r i es in Af r i ca a n d t h e Midd le Eas t and the g r o wi n g n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e move - m e n t s in those regions . D u r i n g the r e c e n t Midd le Eas t cr is is la rge n u m b e r s of U.S. t roops f l own to the A d a n a Base in Turkey , w e r e a i r l i f t ed f r o m n o r t h A f r i c a n bases.

W a s h i n g t o n h a s the gal l to t ry and dece ive the A f r i c a n people a n d wor ld op in ion a b o u t i ts agg res s ive e x p a n s i o n i s t s c h e me s w i t h hypoc r i t i ca l c la ims t h a t i t is a g a i n s t co lonia l i sm. I t poses as a f r i e n d of t h e smal l , w e a k states. Bu t t he se c l a ims a r e be l i ed by i ts deeds. W a s h i n g t o n open ly e x p r e s s e d its "dis- a p p o i n t m e n t " a t t h e b i r t h of the A l g e r i a n Republ ic , a n d dec la red t h a t " t h e r e a re no g r o u n d s " for i t to e x t e n d recogni t ion . T h e found ing of t he Re- pub l ic of G u i n e a was s imi la r ly ignored. This , of course, is all in l ine w i t h the open s u p p o r t W a s h i n g t o n gives a t the U.N. to F r e n c h co lonia l i sm in A lge r i a and to i ts pol icy of s u p p l y i n g F r a n c e w i th w e a p o n s a n d m u n i t i o n s in i ts d i r ty wa r a g a i n s t the A l g e r i a n people.

Ig

C H I N A AND THE:

W O R L D U . S . - - l l a n d s O f f C h l n a ' s A f f a i r s !

Taiwan, Penghu , Quemoy and Mat su are Chinese te r r i to r ies and t h e r e is absolute ly no just i f icat ion for the Amer icans to be in Ta iwan and the TaN wan Strai ts , dec la red V i c e - P r e m i e r Marsha l Chen Yi, at a publ ic recep t ion in Pek ing on October 23.

"We ma in t a in t ha t China ' s affairs should be deal t wi th peaceab ly by the Chinese themse lves w i t h no A m e r i c a n meddl ing ," the V i c e - P r e m i e r cont inued. "To faci l i ta te a peacefu l se t t l ement , t he People ' s L ibera t ion A r m y t empora r i l y ha l ted the shel l ing of Quemoy. But t he Amer i cans have t aken it upcm t h e m - selves to but t into China ' s in t e rna l affairs. They violated the o rde r of the Chinese Minis t ry of Nat ional Defence by conduc t - ing escor t opera t ions , and consequen t ly , the shel l ing has had to be r e sumed as a pun i t ive measure .

"China ' s s tand is per fec t ly just. Dulles can w r a c k his b ra ins as m u c h as he wants , but v ic tory m u s t finally r e w a r d our jus t and pat r io t ic s tand. The Amer icans ' a t t e m p t to spli t China and occupy Ta iwan by force and the i r in t r igues to c rea te ' two Ch inas ' a re doomed to failure. W h e n the Ch inese people d e m a n d tha t the A m e r i c a n aggres -

so t s c lear out of T a i w a n and the Ta i wan St ra i t s , they wi l l have to c lear out ."

"We Chinese are wag ing a s t ruggle on two f ron t s , " Chen Yi said. "On the one ha.nd, we a re bu i ld ing socia l i sm by exe r t - ing our u tmos t efforts and p ress ing ahead cons i s ten t ly to achieve grea ter , fas ter , be t t e r and more economica l re- sults. At t he s a m e t ime we a re c rea t ing condi t ions for the t rans i t ion f r o m social- i sm to communi sm. On the o the r hand, w e a re wag ing a d e t e r m i n e d s t ruggle aga ins t the A m e r i c a n aggressors to l ibe ra te Ta iwan , Penghu , Quemoy and Mat su and comple te t h e unificat ion of t he mo the r l and . Ours is a gigant ic and diff icul t task, but w e a re conf ident tha t we will be able to fulfil t he grea t his tor ic miss ion of bu i ld ing up our m o t h e r l a n d and comple t ing its u,nification. We are conf ident t ha t the vas t ma jo r i t y of Chi- nese wil l un i t e u n d e r the b a n n e r of pa t r io t i sm so as to br ing about the uni- f ication of our grea t m o t h e r l a n d . "

S l n o - l r a q l F r i e n d s h i p Unity of the peoples of all na t ions will

m a k e the de fea t of the imper ia l i s t s in- evi table , dec la red P e n g Chen, Mayor of Peking , speak ing at a banque t in honou r of the v is i t ing I raq i People ' s F r i endsh ip

Delegat ion. Quot ing an old Chinese saying tha t

" those in the s a m e boat in a s to rm should he lp each o ther , " Peng Chen said, " t h e peoples of Ch ina and Iraq, the peo- ples of Asia and Afr ica , and of all na- t ions a r e in t he s a m e boat.

"Both China and I raq have a long his- tory and an anc ien t cul ture. Both suffered f r o m pro longed imper ia l i s t oppress ion and h a v e n o w defea ted the

enemies who oppres sed them. Today, the peoples of t he two count r ies st i l l have a c o m m o n e n e m y - - imper ia l i sm.

"Fo l lowing the v ic to ry of the Iraqi people ' s revolut ion, the U.S. imperial is ts b rough t the i r a r m e d forces into Lebanon and t h r e a t e n e d the secur i ty of the young Republ ic of Iraq. I t is t he se same im- per ia l i s t s who a re stil l forcibly occupying China ' s sac red t e r r i to ry of Ta iwan and h a v e car r ied out endless mi l i t a ry provoca- t ions aga ins t us. It is the s ame common e n e m y w h o is t h r e a t e n i n g our security. We have c o m m o n in te res t s ; there are no con t rad ic t ions b e t w e e n us. This fully shows tha t we are 'i.n the s ame b o a t . ' "

P e k i n g ' s Mayor said, " the U.S. im- per ia l i s t s have no t only m a d e the nooses to put a round the i r own necks, but are t i gh ten ing them. The Uni ted Sta tes is host i le to the people of China and Iraq, Asia and Afr ica , La t in Amer i ca and the whole wor ld ; it is sca t t e r ing its l imited s t r eng th th in ly all over the world. From anc ien t t imes till today, the re has n e v e r been a na t ion which has been host i le to the peoples of so m a n y countr ies , and been able to escape a c rush ing defea t in the end."

" T h a t is why , " he added, "un i ty among the peoples of China and Iraq, of Asia and Af r i ca and of the whole wor ld is a m a t t e r of such p a r a m o u n t importance. The visit of the I raq i People ' s Fr iendship Delegat ion to China is an act of suppor t for the Chinese peop l e wh ich we regard as a m a t t e r of p a r a m o u n t impor tance

tOO."

F r u i t s o f F r i e n d s h i p A Finn i sh edi t ion of the Selected Works

o] Mao Tse-tung came off the press in

The Record M o r e U . S . A r m e d I n t r u s i o n s a n d

Because of U.S. naval escort operations in the area of October 16 2 U.S. China's Quemoy Island, the Chinese Ministry of National De- fence, at 15:00 hours on October 20, issued an order for the shelling of Quemoy to be resumed. It should be noted that despite repeated warnings from the Chinese Government both October 17 before and after this date, U.S. warships and aircraft con- tinued their armed provocations and violations of Chinese October 19 territorial waters and air. Between October 11 and 22, the record of these violations is as follows (for previous violations, see Peking Review, Nos. 31 and 33): October 11 2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters

in the Matsu and Pingtan areas; 2 U.S. aircraft intruded over territorial waters

in the same areas. October 12 2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters

in the Matsu and Pingtan areas; 2 U.S. aircraft intruded over territorial waters in

the same areas. October 13 2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters October 20

in the same areas. October 14 2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters October 21

in the Matsu area; 2 U.S. aircraft intruded over Chinese territorial

waters in the Pingtan area and 1 aircraft over October 22 Wailinting Island in Kwangtung.

October 1B 2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters in the Pingtan area.

P r o v o c a t i o n s warships entered Chinese territorial waters

in the Pingtan and Matsu areas; 1 U.S. aircraft intruded over Tawanshan Island,

Kwangtung. 2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters

in the Pingtan and Matsu areas. 2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters

in the same areas. At 23:30 hours, the U.S. Oakhill (Landing Ship Dock) sailed to a spot over six nautical miles due south of Liaolotou, Quemoy and, acting as an escort for Kuomintang supply ships, entered Chinese ter r i tor ia l waters. At 23:50 hours, the U.S. dest royers Mocain, J. W. Thomason and Cogswell invaded the same area and for five hours stood cover for the LSD. They did not wi thdraw until 04:48 hours the following morning.

4 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters in the Pingtan and Matsu areas.

2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters in the same areas.

1 U.S. U-2 reconnaissance plane intruded over Fukien and Kwangtung areas;

2 U.S. warships entered Chinese territorial waters in the Pingtan and Matsu areas.

20

Helsinki on October 1, China's National Day.

Translated by the Finnish wri ter Lehen, the edition, i,n two volumes and nine hundred pages, covers Mao Tse-tung's important writings and speeches between 1924 and 1945.

A unique art experiment is attracting considerable attention in Sofia art circles. The well-known Bulgarian painter Stoian Venev has used Chinese-style brushes and hsuan paper for his latest series of water colours which are now on exhibi- tion. At the same exhibition are sculp- tures of Chinese people by the sculptor Ivan Funev.

Three Soviet doctors have recently ar- rived in China to study the t reatment of skin diseases and leprosy by traditional Chinese medical methods. During recent years, Soviet doctors have been to China to study Chinese methods of acupuncture (Zhen Jiu therapy) which they have introduced to medical practice in the Soviet Union.

llJrle|m

Mehdi Ben Barka, President of the Consultative Assembly of Morocco, has accepted an invitation from Liu Shao- chi, Chairman of the Standing Com- mittee of the Chinese National People's Congress, to visit China. The invitation was extended through the Chinese trade delegation now visiting Morocco.

The Chinese and Korean Governments have approved the recommendations of the preparatory committee for the build- ing of the big Unbong Hydro-Electric Power Plant on the Yalu River. This joint undertaking will be built on the principles of joint investments and equal rights.

Work has already started on the project. It will be completed in Decem- ber 1961.

The Chinese Acrobatic Troupe which arrived in Rio de Janeiro on October 20, will give a series of performances in Brazil. Chou Erh-fu, leader of the troupe, called on Clovis Salgado, the Brazilian Minister of Education, and Rio's Mayor, Sa Frelre Alvim.

¥111term A 15-member Hungarian Music and

Ballet troupe. The Japanese writer, Teru Takakura. P. S. Deshmukh, Indian Minister of Co-

operation. S. K. Chatterjee, Indian linguist and

President, and Gopal Haldar, writer and member, of the West Bengal Legislative Council.

The Polish artists, Professors S. Nackt- Samborski and L. Mlcharski.

FOREIGN TRADE NOTI:::S

• Brisk Business at Canton Fair Trade amounting to about £8,000,000

was transacted during the first five days of the Autumn Export Commodities Fair in Canton which opened on October 15. This rate is two and a half times the average daily volume of trade transacted at the Canton Fair last autumn.

Merchants from 25 countries and re- gions including Indonesia, Cambodia, Iraq, Ceylon, Denmark, France, Italy, Canada, Singapore and Britain transacted trade deals in local products, grains, vegetable oils, cotton cloth and knitwear, silks, foodstuffs and minerals.

Visitors to the Fair this year are im- pressed by the variety, high quality, and reasonable prices of the Chinese export commodities. Two Canadian businessmen were so favourably impressed by the Chinese piece goods, that they placed orders for one million Canadian dollars' worth of cotton cloth on the spot. Machines, lathes and motor cars made in China attracted special interest.

Many visitors came with lists of com- modities they want to sell to China, these including quality steel, nickel, silicon steel plates, various kinds of steel tubes, diesel engines, axle bearings, boring machines, etc. These businessmen are negotiating with the Chinese trading or- ganizations. Big transactions are expected soon.

Over 1,000 merchants and businessmen from 32 countries and regions visited the Fair by October 19.

• Sino-Canadian Trade Increases There has been a marked increase in

Sino-Canadian trade in 1950. In the first half of 1957 direct Chinese imports from Canada, according to the Canadian Cus- toms, amounted to little more than 310,000 U.S. dollars only, but rose to 4.31 million U.S. dollars in the first half of 1958.

Sino-Canadian trade has a long tradi- tion. But after the Canadian Govern- ment followed the United States in its "embargo" against China in 1950, the volume of trade between the two coun- tries shrank drastically. Thanks to the efforts of Chinese and Canadian indus- trial and business circles in recent years, trade contacts have been more frequent than before and the volume of trade has been increasing steadily.

China Resources Company in Hong- kong, representing China's foreign trade corporations, sent two representatives to visit Canada in May 1957. They estab- lished broad contacts with Canadian in- dustrial and business circles and explored the possibilities of developing trade be-

tween the two countries. In November of the same year, C.M. Forsyth-Smith, the Canadian Trade Commissioner in Hong- kong, visited Peking and contacted China's various import and export cor- porations, the China Committee for the Promotion of International Trade and other relevant bodies and exchanged views on the development of Sino-Cana- dian trade. On his return to Canada he proposed that Canadian businessmen pay more visits to China in order to promote trade between the two countries. In May 1958, the China Resources Company sent four representatives on a business visit to Canada which resulted in a consider- able amount of transactions.

In June, James Muir, Chairman and President of the Royal Bank of Canada, visited Peking and established business relations with the People's Bank of China. After returning to Canada he wrote a re- port highly commending the tremendous achievements made in various fields since the birth of New China (an extract of this report was later published in the Canadian daily The Globe and Mail). In his view the trade embargoes imposed on China by the Western countries have not hindered China's progress in any way. In the concluding part of his report, he stressed that Canada must recognize China and trade with her.

The exchange of visitors has deepened mutual understanding and has resulted in the actual expansion of trade.

The large-scale economic construction of the S.econd Five-Year Plan, now in progress, means that China can use more imported raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products. At the same time, due to the great advance in industrial and agricultural production, China is able to export more and more farm produce and products of rural side lines and an even greater variety and volume of industrial products, handicraft goods, mineral and aquatic products. The range of commodities China can exchange with Canada is very large. China can use a fairly large amount of Canadian copper, nickel and aluminium. She is also willing to buy from Canada chemicals, medicines, insecticides, fertilizers, steel products, steel plates, etc. Canada is in- terested in the Chinese exports of chest- nut kernels, carpets, tung oil, cotton tex- tiles and knitwear. With more contacts and a greater understanding Sino-Cana- dian trade can be expanded.

• Exporting Vegetable and Fruit New methods to store, preserve and

transport vegetables and fruits have been worked out recently by the workers of

21

the Ch ina N a t i o n a l Foodstuffs E x p o r t Cor- pora t ion, T ien t s in B r anch . Th i s fac i l i t a t es the expor t of f ru i t s and vege tab les .

The p rob l em of f ru i t r o t t i ng h a s been solved w i th a chemica l so lu t ion in w h i c h f ru i t for j a m - m a k i n g and t i n n i n g can be soaked to r e t a i n t h e i r f r e s h n e s s for a yea r and more. Qu ick - f rozen v e g e t a b l e s sh ipped a b r o a d by r e f r i ge r a t ed sh ips a re now be ing expor ted . I m p o r t e r s r a t e the Ch inese f rozen vege tab le s w i t h t h e wor ld ' s best.

In the pas t only f r e sh vege t ab l e s w e r e sh ipped f r o m the por t of T i en t s in to Hongkong, S i n g a p o r e and Malaya . N o w more t h a n t en k inds of d r ied v e g e t a b l e s a re a v a i l a b l e for expor t . Of t he se d r i ed onions and on ion p o w d e r h a v e a roused f a v o u r a b l e i n t e r e s t a m o n g B r i t i s h i m p o r t - ers. A Br i t i sh f i rm has m a d e a t r i a l

p u r c h a s e of t h e a b o v e two i t ems a n d has d i sp l ayed a g rea t i n t e r e s t in gar l ic powder , s l iced garl ic , t o m a t o p o w d e r a n d d r i ed pota toes . I n t h e op in ion of th is f i rm these p roduc t s wil l fi.nd r eady m a r k e t s in Europe . I m p o r t e r s in Wes t G e r m a n y a n d I r a q h a v e also com- m u n i c a t e d t h e i r i n t e r e s t in these p rod - ucts. T h e p roduc t s a re h a n d l e d b y t h e C h i n a N a t i o n a l Foodstuffs E x p o r t Cor- pora t ion , T i en t s in B r a n c h : 48, Race Course Road, Tients in .

* Magnes;te T;les for Export Magnes i t e tiles, a n e w a n d a t t r a c t i v e

type of bu i ld ing m a t e r i a l w h i c h looks v e r y m u c h l ike m a r b l e , is n o w be ing wide ly used in Ch i n e s e u r b a n cons t ruc - t ion. I t is o~e of t h e l a t e s t p roduc t ions of Ch ina ' s c ivi l engineers . This good-

looking m a t e r i a l is inexpens ive , fire- r es i s t an t , and l igh t in weight . I t has h igh tens i l e s t r e n g t h a n d g rea t f lexibil i ty.

I t comes in m a n y d i f f e ren t colours : red, yel low, gree.n, b lack, w h i t e a n d grey, e i t h e r p la in o r w i th a m a r b l e d effect.

I t has a f in ished su r f ace as smoo th as po l i shed m a r b l e bu t is m u c h l igh te r t han marb le , t e r razzo ti les or ar t i f ic ial ma r - bles of c o m p a r a b l e su r f ace area. I t can w i t h s t a n d h e a v y p re s su re w i thou t c racking . Bes ides be ing fire-proof, it p rov ides good in su l a t i on and preserves hea t . Th i s m a k e s i t a d m i r a b l y adap ted to s u r f a c e ou t e r or i n n e r walls , roofs or floors of l a rge bui ld ings .

Th e T i e n t s i n B r a n c h of the Ch ina Na- t iona l M i n e r a l s C o r p o r a t i o n (2, J u n g Teh Li, Hopei Road South , T ien t s in , China) is h a n d l i n g al l expor t s of th is product .

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING - - Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

P r o g r a m m e s a r e s u b j e c t to c h a n g e . W h e r e t i m e s are n o t l i s t e d c o n s u l t t h e a t r e o r d a i l y p r e s s .

P E K I N G O P E R A

• Y U T A N G C H U N T h e w e l l - k n o w n o p e r a b a s e d o n t h e l o v e s t o r y o f a f a m o u s c o u r t e s a n in t h e M i n g d y n a s t y , n a m e d Y u T a n g C h u n , o r S u S a n . P r o d u c e d b y t h e P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y o f P e k i n g .

O a t . 29, 7:30 p . m . P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' C l u b

• D A U G H T E R S O F T H E P A R T Y A n e w P e k i n g o p e r a t h a t t e l l s o f t h e C h i n e s e p e a s a n t s ' d e e p - r o o t e d d e v o t i o n to t h e C o m - m u n i s t P a r t y t h r o u g h t h e s t o r y o f t h r e e p e a s a n t w o m e n w h o o v e r c a m e m a n y d a n g e r s to f i n d t h e P a r t y H .Q. i n o r d e r to w a r n t h e m o f a t r a i t o r i n t h e i r m i d s t . P r o d u c e d b y t h e P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y o f P e k i n g .

Oc t . 30, 7:30 p . m . R e n m i n T h e a t r e

P I N G J U O P E R A

• T H E G I R L W I T H P I G T A I L S A y o u n g g i r l h e l p s u n c o v e r a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y c l i q u e in P e k i n g . P r o d u c e d b y t h e P i n g j u O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Oct . 28-Nov . 3, 7:3{} p . m . Da Z h o n g T h e a t r e

• T H E C A S E O F H S U C H I U - Y I N G A n e w o p e r a b a s e d o n a t r u e i n c i d e n t . A g i r l w a s m y s t e r i o u s l y m u r d e r e d . H o w d i d t h i s l e a d t h e p u b l i c s e c u r i t y f o r c e s to a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y g a n g ? P r o d u c e d b y the P i n g j u O p e r a C o m p a n y o f P e k i n g .

Oc t . 30, 7:30 p . m . Y u a n E n Si T h e a t r e

N O T I C E : T h e C h i n a P i n g j u O p e r a T h e a t r e i s n e w v i s i t i n g t h e F u k i e n f r o n t to e n t e r - t a i n t h e P . L . A . f o r c e s t h e r e . T h e y a r e n o t e x p e c t e d to r e t u r n to P e k i n g u n t i l J a n u a r y 1959.

T H E A T R E

• T H E P A P E R T I G E R A s a t i r e u p o n t h e m e n in t h e W h i t e H o u s e w h o d r e a m of a n n e x i n g C h i n a ' s T a i w a n . T h e p l a y e n d s w i t h t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e W h i t e H o u s e a n d t h e d e £ c a t o f . t h e w a r m a n i a c s . P r o d u c e d b y t h e C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e .

Oc t . 28-Nov . 3, 7:30 p . m . C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e

• T H E M A S S E S A S T I R - - d e s c r i b e s h o w C h i n e s e w o m e n , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e in c e n t u r i e s , h a v e f reed themse lve s f r o m h o u s e h o l d d r u d g e r y a n d j o i n e d i n s o c i a l p r o d u c t i o n . E r l u n g R o a d in P e k i n g i s t h e s c e n e o f t h i s p l a y . P r o d u c e d b y t h e C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e .

Oct. 28-Nov . 3, 7:30 p . m . R e n m t n T h e a t r e

• U N I T E D T H E Y S U C C E E D - s e c o n d p a r t o f t h e t r i l o g y Hail t h e P e o p l e ' s C o m m u n e s . I t g i v e s a p i c t u r e o f t h e p e a s a n t s ' n e w l i f e a f t e r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e p e o p l e ' s c o m m u n e s .

S h t y a n T h e a t r e ( c o n s u l t t h e d a i l y p r e s s f o r d a t e )

• F L A M E O F Y O U T H A S o v i e t p l a y p r o - d u c e d b y t h e P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s T h e a t r e . R e m i n i s c e n c e s of a S o v i e t c o l o n e l ' s y o u n g d a y s , h o w h e f o u g h t a l o n g s i d e h i s c o m r a d e s i n t h e c a m p a i g n s a g a i n s t t h e G e r m a n i n v a d e r s a n d t h e W h i t e G u a r d s .

Oc t . 29 -Nov . 3, 7:15 p . m . S h o u d u T h e a t r e

F I L M S

• H U A N G P A O - M E I T h e t r u e s t o r y o f H u a n g P a p - m e t , a y o u n g w o m a n t e x t i l e w o r k e r of S h a n g h a i , a n a t i o n a l l a b o u r m o d e l . H u a n g P a p - m e t p l a y s h e r s e l f in t h e f i lm . P r o d u c e d b y t h e T i a n M a F i l m S t u d i o .

NOV. 1-3, S h o u d u C i n e m a , P e k i n g E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e C i n e m a , Da H u e , X i n J i e K o u , J i a o D e e K o u , Z h o n g y a n g

• R A T T L E F O R S T E E L T h e s c e n e i s a S h a n g h a i s t e e l p l a n t . E v e r b o d y i s d o i n g w h a t h e c a n t o b o o s t s t e e l p r o d u c t i o n .

N o v , 1-3, S h o u d u C i n e m a , P e k i n g E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e C i n e m a , Da H u e , E r t o n g , Z h o n g y a n g

• H E R O E S W I T H T H E C O U R A G E OF T I G E R S A t h r i l l i n g s t o r y o f t h e e a r l y d a y s o f l i b e r a t i o n . H o w d a r i n g P . L . A . f i g h t e r s w i p e o u t a g r o u p o f K u o m i n t a n g b a n d i t s .

Oc t . 29 & 30, G u a n g A n M e n , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' C l u b

Oct . 30 & 31 X i n Z h o n g G u o

• O R D E A L B Y F I R E A N D I R O N A f e a t u r e f i l m b y t h e T i a n M a F i l m S t u d i o a b o u t t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y u n d e r g r o u n d m o v e - m e n t i n S h a n g h a i i n 1948.

Oc t . 28 & 31 E r t o n g , P e k i n g T h e a t r e Oct . 29 Z h o n g y a n g Oct . 29 & 30 S h o u d u T h e a t r e Oct . 30 X t n J i e K o u , P e k i n g E x h i b i -

t i o n C e n t r e C i n e m a

E X H I B I T I O N S

• E X H I B I T I O N o f p a i n t i n g s i n C h i n e s e t r a d i t i o n a l s t y l e o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i s year ' s big l eap b y P e k i n g a r t i s t s .

Oc t . 28-31, 9:00 a .m . -5 :00 p . m . A t B e t h a t P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N O F N E W S C I E N T I F I C A N D T E C H N O L O G I C A L A C H I E V E M E N T S O p e n d a i l y ( e x c e p t M e n . ) 8:30 a . m . - 6 : 0 0 p . m . t i l l

N o v . 15 a t t h e n e w b u i l d i n g o f t h e C e n t r a l M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y i n T l e n c h l a o .

• N A T I O N A L E X H I B I T I O N OF I N D U S T R Y A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S O p e n d a i l y ( e x - c e p t M e n . ) 9:00 a .m . -5 :00 p . m .

A t P e k i n g E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e a n d B u i l d i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e

• E X H I B I T I O N O F N E W A C H I E V E M E N T S I N T H E M E D I C A L F I E L D Oct . 28-31, 8:00 a . m . - 6 : 0 0 p . m .

A t t h e W o r k i n g P e o p l e ' s P a l a c e o i C u l t u r e a n d Z h o n g s h a n P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N OF T H E R E F O R M OF C I I I N E S E W R I T T E N L A N G U A G E Oct . 28-31, 9:00 a . m . - 5 : 0 0 p . m . S p o n s o r e d b y t h e C o m - m i t t e e f o r R e f o r m i n g t h e C h i n e s e W r i t t e n L a n g u a g e .

A t B e i h a l P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N of t h e p a r t s o f t h e U .S . " S i d e w i n d e r " g u i d e d m i s s i l e s u s e d b y t h e C h i a n g K a i - s h e k a i r f o r c e i n r a i d s o v e r t h e m a i n l a n d . O p e n d a i l y ( e x c e p t M e n . ) 8-12 a . m . , 1;00-5:39 p . m .

A t t h e W o r k i n g P e o p l e ' s P a l a c e o f C u l t u r e

P E K I N G P L A N E T A R I U M

• S p e c i a l d a i l y s h o w i n g s : " ' T h e S p u t n i k " " M i r a c l e s i n t h e S k y " " T r i p T h r o u g h t h e U n i v e r s e "

F L O W E R S H O W

T h e a n n u a l g r a n d c h r y s a n t h e m u m s h o w at B e i h a i P a r k - b e g i n n i n g N o v . 1. O v e r eight h u n d r e d v a r i e t i e s w i l l b e o n d i s p l a y .

S P O R T S

• F O U R - N A T I O N V O L L E Y B A L L T O U R N A - M E N T P a r t i c i p a n t s : C h i n a , V l e t - n a m , K o r e a a n d M o n g o l i a . F i n a l on O c t . 28 at P e k i n g G y m n a s i u m .

• F O R T H C O M I N G S P O R T S E V E N T S T h e S o v i e t S p a r t a k V o l l e y b a l l T e a m a n d t h e P o l i s h W e i g h t - L i f t i n g T e a m w i l l s h o r t l y v i s i t t h i s c i t y a n d c o m p e t e a g a i n s t C h i n e s e t e a m s . W a t c h f o r i t .

A C R O B A T I C S

A s p e c i a l p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e C h i n a A c r o b a t i c T r o u p e i n h o n o u r of t h e r e t u r n - i n g C . P . V . A t P e k i n g G y m n a s i u m on O c t . 29.

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6 - colour cartons

MARIE 6. CO. Shanghai

China

II DHINA NATIONAL SUNDRIES EXPORT CORPORATION Shan|hai Branch

128 ~U Chlu Road, Shangha|, China Cable Address: SUNDRY SHANGHAI

Model

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I~or details please write t o : -

CHINA NATIONAL TRANSPORT MACHINERY IMPORT ( Importers ~, Exporters )

Head OfFice: l:rh Li Kou, Nsichiao, Peking Cable Address: TRANSMACH PEKING

Ideal for large printing and book binding factories

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Leng th o f cu t 1270 m m ( 5 0 " )

Height of cut 130mm (5~")

CORPORATION Shanghai 8ranch' 27 Chungshan Road I:: I, Shanghai Cable Add,ess : TRANSMACH SHANGHAI

Export Pharmaceutical Chemicals

rgotae • Tinctura D|g galae • Tinctura Auranfii?

~':~ ~:~'~'damomlar • Tincture Belli~ ~ ~-

Rhei. Tinctura Camphor ae ~ i~ ~;oscyami • minctura G enfi~.,

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Branch of CHINA NATIONAL NATIVE PRODUCE EXPORT CORPORATION Address: 308 Hsing An Road, Tientsin, China Cable Address: DRUGS TIENTSIN

Hongkong Agent: Teck Soon Hang Ltd., 38 Bonham Strand, W., Hongkong Cable Address: STILLON HONGKONG