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What is a Practice Framework• In social work, it is not possible to separate
theory from practice
• In fact, practice is the process of using knowledge and applying theory in order to bring about specific types of change
• A framework can be thought of as an outline of ideas that help one to understand people, how people function, and how people change.
TYPES OF PRACTICE FRAMEWORKS
• Perspective: – it is a lens through which one views human
behavior and social structures –guide the selection of intervention
strategies. –It serves to focus on or magnify a particular
feature while placing other features in the background.
• Examples : Ecosystem, strengths, feminist, and ethnic-sensitive practice
TYPES OF PRACTICE FRAMEWORKS
• Theory offers an –explanation of certain behaviors or
situations –broad guidelines about how those
behaviors or situations can be changed. – It serves as a road map for an intervention
that will bring about a certain type of change.
• Examples: behavioural theory, psychodynamic theory
TYPES OF PRACTICE FRAMEWORKS
• Practice Model is a –set of concepts and principles used to
guide certain interventions. –A model is not tied to a particular
explanation of behavior. –They are step-by-step guides for client
sessions and develops out of actual experience or experimentation.
• Example: crisis intervention, task centered
ECO-SYSTEM/ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Purpose: Guides the social worker’s focus toward viewing the client as a person-in-environment
• Description:– Theory: based on ecology and systems theory,
it emerged as a model during the 1960s in opposition to the medical model
– Environmental factors were shown to be as important as internal factors in causing a client’s problems.
– Ecology focuses on the relationship between organisms and their environment
ECO-SYSTEM/ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Individuals develop within ecosystems • The person’s environment can promote
or curtail the opportunities and well-being of individuals
• Emphasises the dysfunctional transactions between people and their physical and social environments.
• Highlights a range of factors that might otherwise been overlooked
ECO-SYSTEM/ECOLOGICAL PERSP
client
Macro: cultural, religion,
economic etc
Microhome
Meso:school,
neighbourhood
Exo: powerful
institutions and
practices
ECO-SYSTEM/ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
• Application–Most useful during the assessment stage of
the helping process–Understand the issues and strengths in your
client individually and also in their relationships, community and society
• The social worker using this model can focus on:–The client and seeks to develop their problem-
solving, coping and adaptive capacities
ECO-SYSTEM/ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
–Relationship between a client and the systems and link the person with needed resources, services and opportunities– seek to reform systems to meet the needs
of the individual more effectively (e.g. Brazil universities)– Use of an Ecomap: a tool used to draw a
client’s eco-system (also Genogram)• Client groups: individual with personal,
relational and resource needs
ECOMAP• It is a visual tool that can provide useful
information about clients and their social context• A ecomap should be undertaken with the client
using the following steps:1. On a board or large paper and draw a large circle in
the centre with the client’s name in the middle2. Draw between six to ten smaller circles around the
large one with the following labels: friends, partner or lover; religion, work, recreation, health etc.
3. Draw a straight line (______)= strong relationship; (-----) = relationship is stressed4. Review the eco-map with your client
BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
• Purpose: to improve the social functioning of clients by helping them learn new behaviours or stop behaviours that are ineffective or inappropriate
• Description:–Theory: Behaviorism (psychological theory)–Central belief is that behaviour is the
outcome of learning–Humans react to stimuli in their
environment.
BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH
• Behaviourists (e.g. Freud, Erickson) believe that human beings learn from what they see and therefore imitate or model their behaviour
• The behavioural approach is scientific because it measures behaviour prior to, during and after an intervention
• Underpinned by operant condition, social learning and cognitive behaviour modification
BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES: APPLICATION
• Behaviour modification:– a method of teaching people to change
their behaviour thru systematic use of reinforcements and punishments– Seeks to reduce unwanted behaviour
(e.g.tantrums) and increase positive or socially acceptable behaviour.– Increase particular behaviour by rewarding
or reinforcing (tangible e.g. toys, trips or intangible e.g. praise, attention, hugs)
BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES: APPLICATION• Social worker who uses this approach must:– Identify with the client the behaviour to be changed– Help the client understand the damage or harm that
behaviour has caused– Client must be open to learn a new behaviour
• Goal or objective• Objective must be observable and measurable.
– Professional monitors increase or decrease in the behaviour for change
• Client groups: self-mutilation and dependency on alcohol
CRISIS INTERVENTION• Purpose: – It seeks to address individuals who are in an acute
psychological crisis.• Description– People face a crisis when they perceive or
experience an event which find it extremely difficult or impossible to handle
– their normal methods of problem-solving do not seem to work and they can’t understand how services might be organized to help them through
– Can be brought on by a single event or a series of mishaps
CRISIS INTERVENTION• Application– The crisis intervention model has six steps
(James & Gilliland, 2001)• Define the problem• Ensure client safety• Provide support• Examine alternatives•Make plans• Obtain commitment
IMPORTANCE OF PRACTICE FRAMEWORKS
• They provide a structure for analyzing complex and often highly emotional human problems and situations
• They organize information, beliefs, and assumptions into a meaningful whole
• They provide a rationale for action and decision making
• They promote a systematic, orderly, and predictable approach to work with people
• They facilitate communication among professionals.