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SECONDARY
TRAUMA
S I GN
S , S Y P TO
MS ,
S UP PO
RT S
Ohio Primary Parent Advisory Council
Ohio Family Care Association1151 Bethel Rd, Suite 104BColumbus, Ohio 43220Phone: 614-401-OFCA (6322)Email: [email protected] The Voice of Ohio’s Foster, Adoptive, Kinship & Respite Resource Familieswww.ofcaonline.org
COMPA
SSIO
N
FATI
GUE• A physical, emotional and
spiritual fatigue or exhaustion that takes over a person and causes decline in his/her ability to experience joy or to feel and care for others.
• Synonymous with secondary traumatic stress syndrome, vicarious trauma
(Figley, 1995; Friedman, 2002)
COMPA
SSIO
N
FATI
GUE• The prolonged occurrence of
the natural behaviors and emotions that arise from knowing about a traumatizing event experienced by another.
• It’s this constant outputting of compassion and caring over time that can lead to these feelings of total exhaustion.
(Figley, 1995; Friedman, 2002)
COMPA
SSIO
N
FATI
GUEA one-way street in which individuals are giving out a great deal of energy and compassion to others over a period of time, yet aren’t able to get enough personal support to reassure themselves that the world is a hopeful place.(Figley, 1995; Friedman, 2002)
BURNOUT VS. SECONDARY TRAUMA
A seven year, 5 state study of 600+ child welfare professionals concluded that over 50% had symptoms of secondary trauma and reported feeling trapped and hopeless about their work with clients, being in danger while working with clients, and avoiding thoughts and feelings about their clients.
Key indicators of higher secondary trauma symptom scores were younger professionals, those with less experience and those who had experienced trauma as a child.
Burnout:• Generally occurs over time• Often related to feelings that a
job’s perceived or actual demands are not supported by the employee’s sense of reward
• Possibly manifest symptoms that are fairly consistent and prevalent day to day (e.g. irritability, apathy, tardiness. lack of attention to detail)
• Can be alleviated by change in duties, change in career, increase in rewards, etc.
Secondary Trauma:• May occur over time or quickly• Often tied to exposure to
specific events or experiences that are viewed as horrific
• Possibly manifest symptoms that are inconsistent and extremes in responses associated with triggers that may or may not be anticipated
• Cannot be alleviated by a job/role change but can be helped in a variety of other ways
BURNOUT VS. SECONDARY TRAUMA
Secondary Traumatic Stress and the Child Welfare Professional; Pryce, Shackelford, & Pryce (2007)
POST-T
RAUMATIC
STRESS D
ISORDER
A. RECURRING INTRUSIVE RECOLLECTION OF THE TRAUMA:
Intrusive thoughts. dreams. flashbacks. 'dissociative' events. intense emotional and physiological distress when re-exposed to trauma associated stimuli
All rights reserved© 1999 Bruce D. Perry
POST-T
RAUMATIC
STRESS D
ISORDER
B. AVOIDANCE OF TRAUMA - ASSOCIATED STIMULI OR ‘NUMBING’:
Sense of detachment. restricted range of affect‘ dysphonia. loss of recently acquired developmental skill. sense of a foreshortened future
All rights reserved© 1999 Bruce D. Perry
POST-T
RAUMATIC
STRESS D
ISORDER
C. PERSISTENT PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERAROUSAL
Sleep difficulties. hypervigilance, difficulty concentrating, increased startle response liability, impulsivity, irritability, physiological hyperreactivity
All rights reserved© 1999 Bruce D. Perry
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
The symptoms developed by persons suffering from PTSD or Secondary Trauma are nearly identical. The only difference is that, with Secondary Trauma, the traumatizing event experienced by one person becomes a traumatizing event for the second person.
Copyright 2002, childtraumaacademy.com
SYMPTO
MS O
F
SECONDARY
TRAUM
AExperts in secondary trauma advocate using an employer administered tool or self-assessment tool annually or more often to identify warning signs for secondary trauma.
There is great value in creating safety and trust around the exercise of acknowledging and discussing this important issue.
Please See Attached
Assessment Tools
Examples of Compassion Fatigue/Burnout SymptomsAreas of Personal and Professional Function
Cognitive Emotional Behavioral Spiritual PersonalRelationships
Physical/Somatic
WorkPerformance
Loweredconcentration
Powerlessness Impatient Questioning themeaning of life
Withdrawal Shock Low morale
Decreasedself-esteem
Anxiety Irritable Loss of purpose Decreasedinterest inintimacy or sex
Sweating Low motivation
Apathy Guilt Withdrawn Lack ofself-satisfaction
Mistrust Rapid heartbeat Avoiding tasks
Rigidity Anger/rage Moody Pervasivehopelessness
Isolation fromothers
Breathingdifficulties
Obsession aboutdetails
Disorientation Survivor guilt Regression Anger at God Over protectionas a parent
Aches andpains
Apathy
Perfectionism Shutdown Sleepdisturbance
Questioning ofprior religiousbeliefs
Projection ofanger or blame
Dizziness Negativity
Minimization Numbness Nightmares Loss of faith in ahigher power
Intolerance Increasednumber andintensity ofmedicalmaladies
Lack ofappreciation
Preoccupationwith trauma
Fear Appetitechanges
Greaterskepticism aboutreligion
Loneliness Other somaticcomplaints
Detachment
Thoughts ofself-harm orharm to others
Helplessness Hyper-vigilance Increasedinterpersonalconflicts
Impairedimmune system
Poor workcomm.
Sadness Elevated startleresponse
Staff conflicts
Depression Accidentproneness
Absenteeism
Emotional rollercoaster
Losing things Exhaustion
Depleted IrritabilityWithdrawal fromcolleagues
Overly sensitive
Figley, C., Figley, K.R., Crisis Y2K (2002): The Green Cross Project., Camden, Maine, copyright 1995-2006.
Please See Table
1.1
SYMPTOMS OF SECONDARY TRAUMA
• How does confidentiality impact caregiver and worker ability to seek
support?
• What role do labels and humor play in coping with the stress of this
work?
• Mom is a “frequent flyer.”
• Mom was regularly raped as a child and tends to choose abusive
partners.
• “Baby Daddy” is a “druggy.”
• The father was raised in and out of residential treatment with no strong
positive father figure.
MAKING A
PERSONAL
COMMITMENT
TO
ONESELF A
ND
ONE’S W
ORK WHY?
• Because I hurt
• Because I matter
• Because my clients
matter
• Because the work I do
matters
• Because the profession
matters
• Because I must
MAKING A
PERSONAL
COMMITMENT
TO
ONESELF A
ND
ONE’S W
ORKHOW?
• Not alone; get a buddy or a
group
• One day at a time; positive
outlets
• Do something in each realm
• One change at a time; be
realistic
• Increase mindfulness and
acceptance
• Make time/space for what
you love to do
• Don’t forget and don’t give
up
• Anticipate obstacles;
prevention plan