SECTION 1 - GEOGRAPHY

Europe

Europe is 3,837,000 Sq. Miles - 6.7% of Earths surface North America is 9,365,000 Sq. Miles

Texas is 268,580 sq mi

Physical Characteristics

North –

Middle –

South -

Scandinavian Peninsula and Kjolen Mountains (Norway, Sweden, Finland)

European Plains extend throughout the center of WE

More extremely high mountains Alps in South France & Northern Italy Pyrenees between France and Spain Apennines in Italy Balkans of Greece and Albania

Physical Characteristics

small – only 3% of Earth’s landmass contains a diverse

landscape with a variety of physical features

Physical Characteristics

River systems

Most important

Many European cities are located on the banks of rivers They crisscross their way

through the cont. carrying much of the regions commerce

Rhine and the Danube

Climates

2 Major Climates

1. Marine West Coast Creating this climate so far

north of the equator are… the Prevailing Westerlies Gulf Stream

2. Mediterranean Warm summers with cool

winters

Ecosystems

Like in other industrialized nations in the world, much of the original forests have been cleared for farming and pastures

Large animals like the bison have lost their habitats Most can only be found today in preserves or zoos

Despite the destruction, there is still a variety of wildlife that exists in WE ecosystems

Ecosystems

People and Cultures

One of the most densely populated regions in the world unevenly distributed

Germany and the Netherlands in comparison to the Nordic Nations

Population Density

Languages of EuropeWHY IS IT SO DIVERES?The most salient reason -the fact that Europe has been colonized and invaded many times over the past 15,000 years - by many different ethnicities coming mostly from Asia, the Caucusus (mountains) and the Russian Ukraine.

- Anthropologists believe that fair skin and blue eyes common among many northern Europeans originated in the Ukraine about 10,000 years ago.

SECTION 2 – THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE

Europe

Timeline of Europe

5400 B.C.Farming spread from SW Asia into

Western Europe (cultural diffusion) Writing developed in Afr. (Egypt)

and Middle East and spread to Greece From Greece came powerful

civilizations that spread to Italy, Spain, and France

Before Dark AgesGreece

Why Greece Becomes Europe's Most Sophisticated Civilization

Could have migrated from Asia down through Europe or seafaring people who settled along the coast of Greek Isles

Due to proximity to advanced civilizations to the east.

Geography & fertile lands around Med. Sea's eastern shores brought large & diverse cultures into contact with one another interacting through trade learning from one another pushing each other toward greater progression.

Greek Philosophers

Socrates(c. 469-399 B.C.)

Plato(c. 427-347 B.C.)

Aristotle(384-322 B.C.)

Before Dark AgesRome

Migrated from the basin of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Romans - inhabitants of a small town in Italy, conquered first the entire western basin

and then the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea

Then began to conquer land north into Europe and south into Africa

Where they came from

Roman Empire at it’s height

Rome – Considered heart of the Ancient world and remains a model for Western Civilization

Lead in… Architecture Road building Infrastructure Engineering Military Uniform currency Government

Greece – Had many different cultures Sparta Athens Other City-states make up

the Balkan Penn.

Lead in… Politics – 1st democratic

gov’ts Philosophy Art Architecture

Time Line continued:

DARK AGES– By 500 A.D.

Fall of Roman Empire created a time characterized by poverty, disease, political conflict, and warfare Several hundred years of no learning or

education Roman Catholic Church comes into

power as a result of lack state rulers/leaders (kings)

Dark Ages

early medieval period of western European history.

Refers to the time (476–1000) no Roman (or Holy Roman)

emperor in the West No kings or countries in

control marked by frequent

warfare and a virtual disappearance of urban life

• Video

period of intellectual darkness

economic regression that occurred in Europe following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

Timeline continued

MIDDLE AGES1066 -1500s

Powerful new states developed

England, Spain, France, Portugal and the Netherlands

1066 – Battle of Hastings

William Duke of Normandy - Major lord in France Claimed right to English Throne

King Harold II of England – Said nope its mine

William invades England through the English Channel fights and kills King Harold (Shot in eye by arrow) Becomes the new king of England New era begins (Middle Ages) French and English languages

combined creating “Middle English” (Shakespeare)

Feudalism

set of legal and military customs

flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries

structured society - the holding of land in exchange for service or labour.

The Crusades 1096 - 1272

9 Crusades over the time period

series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens (Muslims)

great military expeditions undertaken for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of Palestine & Jerusalem from the Muslims

Timeline continued

Renaissance, 1400’s – 1600s meaning “rebirth”

Rebirth and ExpansionWestern Europe rediscovered

knowledge of Ancient Greece and Romans This lead to increase in science

and technology

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsKSB-aT3ys

Renaissance – Began in Italy

Age of new discoveries,

both geographical (exploration of the New World) and intellectual.

Copernicus (1473-1543) attempted to prove that the sun rather than the earth was at the center of the planetary system, thus radically altering the view that had dominated antiquity and the Middle Ages.

Martin Luther (1483-1546) challenged and ultimately caused the division of one of the major institutions that had united Europe throughout the Dark & Middle Ages--the Catholic Church.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsrRqsSM97U

The Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

German Augustinian monk, posted 95 theses on a church door in the university town of Wittenberg

Luther - condemned the excesses and corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, for asking payment called "indulgences"—for the forgiveness of sins.

1. movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

Such as…2. Religious aspects were being

supplemented by ambitious political rulers who wanted to extend their power

3. Priests were pretty much the only educated people and had become VERY corrupt (Some nobles were educated)

4. The Church had complete control of every person’s life – From kings down to peasants

The Protestant Reformation

Key results – Growth of new churches

PROTESTANT CHURCHES Moved away from Catholic

traditions and formed “new types of faiths”

Challenged Church’s right to control its people

People started reading the written word for themselves instead of being told what the word said.

Political and national convictions began to outweighed religious convictions again.

King Henry VIII & Protestant Reformation

King Henry VIII (1509-1547) of England was married to Queen Catherine of Aragon Wanted a divorce so he

could marry Anne Boleyn Catholic church did(does)

not allow divorce, so… Henry broke away from

the Church (creating Church of England – Protestant) so he could divorce Catherine

Changes history of religion around the world

Renaissance Artist

Leonardo da Vinci

Michelangelo

Movable Type

The world's first known movable-type system for printing was created in China around 1040 A.D

Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg

invented the printing press and independently developed a movable type system in Europe - Began mass producing

writings - Spread information

quicker and faster

Timeline Continued

1700’s Industrialization and Democracy

Technology became much more advancedDevelopment of machines for product

production and for power (water, steam, fuel) Industrial revolution began in England and

spread to the rest of Western Europe by 1800’s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc

Cotton Gin (1793)

Eli Whitney - inventor of the cotton gin and a pioneer in the mass production of cotton.

Automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber

revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States. Prior to his invention, farming cotton required hundreds of

man-hours to separate the cottonseed from the raw cotton fibers.

Timeline Continued

1900 to present Conflict and Cooperation

Periods of intense conflict with Asia and Eastern Europe

Formation of European Union to help with trade

1900 to present Conflict and Cooperation

WWI – 1914-1918 Great War

Balkans was Europe's main trouble area – still is

Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece and Montenegro attacked Turkey (1912)

Bulgaria was defeated by Romania, Serbia and Greece

1914 - the assassination of the Archduke Franz

Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne by a Serbian – officially started WWI

Break down in communication b/t empires of Europe To many treaties allying one empire with each

other while disintegrating former treaties Post WWI – Empires break down into

smaller countries

1900 to present Conflict and Cooperation

Russian Revolution 1914, Russia declared war on Austria and Germany.

Russian Tsar Nicholas II stepped down due to war and famine Provisional Gov’t set up

The Bolsheviks tried to overthrow the government, winning popular support with their demand for "peace, land and bread".

Bolshevik revolutionaries ousted the provisional government and seized power – completing Russia’s second revolution in nine months

Vladimir Lenin - Takes over – Formation of USSR

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QD-Hn8foQwo

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KqBoxpE0HwY - History of…

1900 to present Conflict and Cooperation

WWII – 1939-1945

Germany extremely poor after WWI Goes on the aggressive side to

bring back “the glory of Germany” Hitler uses “Language families” to

invade several area and countries France and England – use policy

of “appeasement” at 1st Just letting him have what he wanted to

avoid war After invading 4-5 countries in

Europe in 1930s France & England declare war and WWII begins

1900 to present Conflict and Cooperation

Cold War 1946-1991

Korean War 1950-1953

time of tension and hostility between the USA and the USSR after 1945. No actual war was fought, it

was more of a psychological warPost WWII - Korea was split

into two areas: the Soviet-occupied North and

US-occupied South.

USSR and “The Eastern Block”

Eastern Block – Eastern European countries under Soviet control

The Cold War increased the number of reasons for the division of Europe into two parts along the borders of NATO and Warsaw Pact states.

Post WWII – Eastern Europe came under Soviet control

Communists gov’ts put in place by Soviets

Eastern Europe states - are historically and culturally different from Western Eur.

For the next 35-40 years all people are forced to practice NO religion (Atheism and Orthodoxy – very prominent today due to this policy)

Iron Curtain, the political, military, and ideological barrier erected by the Soviet Union after World War II to seal off itself and its dependent eastern and central European allies from open contact with the West and other noncommunist areas.

Eastern European Revolutions

the revolutions which overthrew the communist states in various Central and Eastern European countries.

The events began in Poland in 1989, and continued in Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Romania. One feature common to most of these developments was

the extensive use of campaigns of civil resistance demonstrating popular opposition to the continuation of one-party rule and contributing to the pressure for change

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snsdDb7KDkg – fall of Berlin wall http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N83F96b23w8 – revolutions

1900 to present Conflict and Cooperation

Balkan/Yugoslav Wars – 1990s

war crimes involved, including mass murder and genocide - ethnic cleansing

(Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Bosniaks & Slovenes) republics that sought sovereignty from Yugoslavia

The government in Belgrade on the other side wanted to either prevent their independence or keep large parts of that territory under its control.

Bottom line is they all fought and killed each other for much of the early 90s

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=el3x2pjk-xU – video footage

ECONOMICS, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENVIRONMENT

Sec 3

Economics, Technology, andEnvironment

WESTERN EUROPEDuring Industrial

Revolution factories and machines

began mass production of products

Aided by wealth of natural resources transformed agricultural society into industrial society

One of the most industrialized regions today

EASTERN EUROPEThe ex-communist economies

have not collapsed. But finding new ways to catch up with the West will be hard

Due to the type of land – economies are vastly different then in the west

Rely more on mining Commercial farming Fishing Poor manufacturing conditions

due to fall of USSR

Western Europe market-based

economies, with varying degrees of governmental participation and control

is industrially and technologically more advanced than eastern Europe.

Eastern Europe centrally planned

economiesSince the collapse of

RUSSIA rule – Countries have begun

to establish market-based economic systems

Throughout Europe - Transportation and communications services are generally government owned - some nations banks and numerous manufacturing enterprises are also nationalized.

European Economies

Consumes about third of the world's annual fuel output

Produces a major share of manufactured goods. European products account for more than 45 % of

the world's exports. Northern and western countries

Tourism -western & southern Europe, plays an important role in the economy creating jobs bringing in foreign currency to offset spending on

imports. Italy and Spain - rely heavily on income from

tourism.

North Europe

South Europe

Western Europe

Eastern Europe

Shipbuilding manufacturing tourism Forestry

Tourism Agriculture

Manufacturing Tourism

Agriculture Mining Fishing Forestry Trade

Service industries -produce services rather than goods, and include health care, finance, and government. - These industries employ more European workers than any other economic sector.

Europe -usually account for about half of the world's imports and exports by value. - accounts for more than three-fourths of this trade. -United States -China -Japan are the largest single trading partners

Shipping and Trade

Shipping and trade have been vitally important to WE economy

Rotterdam, in Netherlands – busiest port in world Mouth of the Rhine – can handle 300

cargo ships at a time.

European Union – 1950’s six WE nations formed a “common market”. Became the EU, and in 1999, introduced the Euro, a single currency to be used by member nations

Western European Economies

Eastern European Economies