Chapter 11Kingdom’s and Trading

States of AfricaSection 1

Location: Southern Nile River Valley, Present day Sudan

AKA: Kush Time Period: 1500 BC-350AD Under Egyptian control from

1500 BC-1100 BC◦ Adopted Egyptian traditions

730 BC Piankhi conquered Egypt

670 BC conquered by Assyrians forced to leave Egypt

Nubia

Meroe ◦ Capital by 500 BC◦ Center of trade

Reasons for Success◦ Location

Access to Mediterranean and Asia

◦ Resources Iron Ore & Timber

◦ Traded gold, ivory, animal skins, perfumes, and slaves

Splendor

Developed own culture

Culture

Apedemak (Lion Headed warrior god)

Artistic Freedom

Alphabet (not deciphered)

Phoenicians 800 BC – 146 BC◦ Great power in Northern Africa◦ Empire from Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco to Southern Europe◦ Destroyed by the Romans

Rome ~500s AD◦ Controlled narrow strip between Mediterranean and Sahara

Desert◦ Used land as a granary◦ Spread Christianity

Arab Rule ~690s AD◦ Conquered Berbers (nomads)◦ Islam replaced Christianity◦ Arabic replaced Latin◦ Cairo, Fez, Marrakesh◦ Spread Islam to West Africa

North Africa

Trade ◦ Salt for Gold ◦ Gold was widely

available in Ghana, Nigeria, and Senegal

◦ Trade 1 pound of salt for 1 pound of gold

Prosperous trade led to development of cities and kingdoms

West Africa

Time: 800 AD -1050 AD

Where: Convergence of Niger and Senegal Rivers (Present Day Mali)

AKA: “Land of Gold”

Ghana

East Africa Kingdoms11.3

Time: 300 BC – 600 AD Where: South East of

Nubia, Present day Ethiopia to Eritrea

Who: descendants of African farmers and people from the Middle East who brought Jewish traditions

Language: Geez Wealth: Trade Network

connecting Africa, India & Mediterranean

Axum

Religion: Christianity in 300sIsolated in the 600s bythe spread of Islam

Trading centers were set up under the protection of local African Rulers

Trade with Asia and Indonesia brought cultural diversity

Trade made independent city-states strong and successful

Most city-states competed for trade, but relations were peaceful

Trading Cities

Societies in Medieval Africa

11.4

◦ Basic unit of society◦ Nuclear family

Parents and children living and working together◦ Extended family

Include parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.

◦ Patrilineal Kinship ties pass through the Father’s side

◦ Matrilineal Kinship ties passed through the Mother’s side

◦ Lineage Group of households who claim a common ancestor Combine several to form a clan

Family Life

Smaller societies shared power◦ Usually a chief, or village elders

Women sometimes took the dominant role in the marketplace

Consensus was often used to make decisions In kingdoms all the villages had to obey rules

made at far away courts ◦ Taxes◦ Provide soldiers

Limited Power◦ King with appointed chiefs ◦ No standing army◦ Elected

Political Life

Complex religions with many gods/ goddesses

Try to influence nature spirits with rituals and ceremonies

Creator◦ Ruler of the universe, helped by lesser spirits

closer to earth

Religion

Much of African history was recorded in Arabic and gathered in cities like Timbuktu

Griots◦ Professional story tellers◦ Sundiata Epic

Literature

Chapter 14 Section 2Turbulent Centuries in Africa

Built small forts to collect food and water and to repair ships

Established trading posts

Left enough men to defend their forts

Attacked East African cities and kicked out Arabs

Stayed near coasts No strong lasting

legacy

Portugal

1500’s the relationship shifted again◦ Slaves became the most important part of African

trade Portugal quickly joined the slave trade and

other Europeans followed◦ Plantations ◦ Servants

Relied on Africans to supply slaves

Slave Trade

Triangular Trade

Affonso I ◦ Ruler of Kongo◦ Tortured by Christian missionaries as a young man◦ Asked for help from the Portuguese to develop a

modern Christian nation ◦ Portuguese took advantage and were more

interested in buying slaves

African Resistance

States disappeared Asante capitalized on the trade

◦ Osei Tutu united his people and monopolized the gold and slave trade

◦ Increased competition between Europeans to build powerful kingdom

Oyo Empire◦ Yoruba people of Nigeria◦ Large military◦ Conquered neighbors

Changing Africa

British, Dutch, French established permanent settlements in 1600s

Cape Town 1652◦ 1st permanent settlement◦ Southern Tip of Africa◦ Boers –Dutch farmers

Believed they were the chosen of God Killed & enslaved native Africans

Late 1700s interest in the Nile River causes exploration to explode

Expanding European Presence

Dividing Africa24.2

Islamic Influence in North Africa, West Africa and East Africa remained (minus the ports and colonies set up by Europeans)

Southern Africa Zulu ruled and conquered lands spreading displaced people and eventually contacting Boers

Before European Conquest 1800s

European nations outlawed the slave trade in the early 1800s

British resettled freed slaves in Sierra Leone

Liberia was used by the United States

End of the Slave Trade

Explorers begin to venture into the interior of Africa◦ Mapped major rivers

Missionaries followed explorers◦ Built schools, medical clinics, and churches◦ Paternalistic view

Dr. David Livingstone◦ Traveled Africa for 30 years writing about the

people he met

Exploration

King Leopold II◦ Civilizing Mission in the Congo

Berlin Conference◦ Divided up Africa into European colonies◦ 20 years later nearly the entire continent had

been partitioned

Colonies

Nationalism in Africa27.2

Africans were forced to work difficult jobs and often their wages went to pay taxes to colonial governments

Kenya◦ Forced off the best land◦ Carry ID cards◦ Restricted living space◦ Tax

Africa Early1900s

Many Africans fought in WWI

Western Educated Africans criticize Imperialism

Protests and opposition grew

Post WWI

System of racial segregation to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy

Restricted better paying mining jobs to whites

ID Cards Live on Reserves No voting rights 1948 Apartheid became law ANC-formed by African’s demanding rights

South Africa

Emphasized the unity of Africans “Africa for Africans” Red-blood that unites all Africans Black-skin color Green- Rich land of Africa

Pan-Africanism